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Transcript of Cam's Science Project
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Chemistry Project
By: Cameron MacDonald
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Atoms, Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons
Atoms
Electrons
Neutrons
Protons
Atoms are composed of three different parts:
Protons, neutrons, and electrons. When these
three parts combine, they i!e the atom a
positi!e, neati!e, or neutral chare "hich "e
#no" as $electricity%.
Protons are one of the three parts of an atom.
Protons al"ays ha!e a positi!e chare. &f
ma'ority of the atom is protons, then the atom is
called a $cation%.
(he neutron ot its name because of its neutral
chare. &t "ill al"ays ha!e )ero chare. (he
number of neutrons in an atom affects "hether
the atom has a neutral chare, or not.
Electrons are the other parts of an atom. (hey
"ill al"ays ha!e a neati!e chares. &f the
ma'ority of the atom is electrons, it "ill be
called an $anion%.
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Molecules, Elements, andMatter
Molecules are made up of
different *uantities of atoms.
(hey also ma#e up matter,
"hich ma#es up the "hole
atmosphere. Molecules canbe found any"here.
Elements are compositions of different
molecules and atoms. Elements are
mi+ed to create all li!in thins that "e
see today.
Matter is "hat ma#es up the
uni!erse. &t is found in states
such as: as, plasma, solid,
and li*uid.
Matter
Molecules Elements
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Endothermic & Exothermic
Endothermic E+othermic&nner (emp. -uter (emp.
Produces its o"n heat
from the inside. ets its heat from another
source.
!s.
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Physical/ChemicalProperties
hape
i)e
/le+ibility
0uster
Mass
Malleability
Combustion 1eat
Meltin Point
Physical Properties
/ree)in Point
/lammability
Boilin Point
(o+icity
Chemical Properties
A physical property is a
property of an ob'ect that can
be seen, felt, etc.
A chemical property is a property
that can not be seen or felt. &t is all
"ithin the element.
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Physical/ChemicalChanges
Physical Chane
A physical chane can be seen.
(he identity of the ob'ect can not
be altered
Chemical Chane
A chemical chane is a chane in
identity. &f t"o elements combine, it
"ill ma#e a ne" one.
2Water
2 Cold 3&ce Na 4sodium5 Cl 4chloride5
3NaCl 4salt5
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Compounds
Compounds are combinations of different molecules that
compose a ne" substance. /or e+ample: ("o hydroen
molecules and one o+yen molecule form 1 - 4"ater5.6
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Density andMass
Density is a measurement of
molecules. (he denser an ob'ect is,
the closer toether the molecules
"ill be. (hat creates a reater mass
per s*uare inch.
&n an e+periment li#e the one on the left,
4"hich "as also done in class5 the different
colored li*uids ha!e different measurements
of density. (he denser colors are closer to
the bottom and the less dense ones are closer
to the top.
Mass is a measurement of the amount
of matter in an ob'ect. &t is measured
in rams or #ilorams.
(he "ord $mass% is often misused as "eiht.
Weiht is a measurement of ra!itationalforce, "hen mass is a measurement of
matter.
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Solids, Liquids, andGases
olid 0i*uid as
Molecules are pac#ed close
toether creatin more mass
in a i!en area.
Molecules aren7t as close
toether "hich ma#es less
mass in a certain area.
Molecules ha!e plenty of free
space to mo!e. &t ma#es them
less dense in a i!en area.
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Meltingandree!ing
Meltin /ree)in
Meltin occurs "hen an
elements molecules are heated
up. (his causes the moleculesto mo!e around and become
li*uid. (hat is because the
molecules aren7t pac#ed closely
toether and ha!e more space to
mo!e. &t brea#s the bond
bet"een them.
/ree)in occurs "hen an elements
molecules are e+posed to the cold.
(his turns a li*uid into a solid.Water turns into ice. (his #eeps
the molecules in one place and
i!es them less space to mo!e.
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Su"limation, Condensation, andE#aporation
ublimation Condensation E!aporation
ublimation is the transition from
a solid, to a as. (his process
doesn7t occur in many elements,
but it does in dry ice, naphthaline,and iodine.
Condensation is the
transition from a as to
a li*uid. (his happens"hen "ater is e+posed
to heat in a bottle,
there is de" on rass,
etc.
E!aporation is the transition from
a li*uid, to a as. (his process
creates clouds, steam, fo, etc.
(his happens "hen "ater ise+posed to heat.
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Solutions and Mixtures
A solution is a combination of t"o
components. (he minor solute ise!enly distributed to the ma'or solute,
creatin a solution.
A mi+ture is a combination of t"o or
more elements8substances that ma#es ablend. Mi+tures can be thins such as:
Concrete, soda, salt "ater, lass, ca#e,
etc.
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