Cambridge University Press Edited by David Horner,...

INDEX

A Current Affair, 81ABCA Armies’ Program, 204Abigail, Brigadier Peter, 130Abyssinia, 14Accelerated Demining Program,

232ACFID

See Australian Council forInternational Development

Active Learning Network forAccountability and Performance inHumanitarian Action (ALNAP),183

ADFSee Australian Defence Force

ADPSee United Nations Accelerated

Demining ProgramAfghanistan, 273

Australians in, 55mine action, 224, 226, 229–31See also United Nations Assistance

Mission in AfghanistanSee also United Nations Mine

Clearance Training TeamAFP

See Australian Federal PoliceAfrican Contingency Operations

Training and Assistance program,254

African Union, 245, 246, 253

African Union Mission in Sudan(AMIS), 245, 247

Aga Khan, Prince Sadruddin, 46Age (newspaper), 79Agwai, General Martin, 247Al Muthanna

chemical weapons plant, 237–9Albania, 21Ali Mahdi Mohamed, 73ALNAP

See Active Learning Network forAccountability and Performance inHumanitarian Action

Amir Sjarifoeddin, 19AMIS

See African Union Mission in SudanAmnesty International, 96Anglo–French Condominium, 90Angola, 37Annan, Kofi, 117, 151, 248, 260, 264,

266, 271Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention

(Ottawa Treaty), 223, 234ASEAN

See Association of Southeast AsianNations

Asia Regional Forum, 152Asia–Pacific Centre for Military Law,

126, 245Association of Southeast Asian Nations

(ASEAN), 121

313

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press978-0-521-73592-6 - Australian Peacekeeping: Sixty Years in the FieldEdited by David Horner, Peter Londey and Jean BouIndexMore information

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314 Index

Attorney-General’s Department, 126AusAID

See Australian Agency forInternational Development

Austcare, 177, 197Australia

and Bougainville crisis, 95–101and Cambodia, 61–8and community level interventions,

99–101and League Assembly, 15and Papua New Guinea, 88–9and peacekeeping missions, 1, 34and regional aid, 89–90and regional garrisons, 107and regional neighbourhood watch,

84, 94, 107–10and Rwanda, 77–82and Somalia, 73–7and South Pacific Commission, 87and United Kingdom, 26, 43and United Nations Security Council,

44and United States, 26, 39, 43, 75and Yugoslavia, 68–73effectiveness of peacekeeping

missions, 54–7peacekeeping in future, 254

Australia Group, 236Australia’s Regional Security, 49Australia’s Strategic Planning in the

1990s, 57Australian Agency for International

Development (AusAID), 99, 105,126, 132, 133, 135, 147, 183, 188,190, 191, 193

Australian Army, 34, 41, 55, 110, 234in Cambodia, 64, 65in Iran, 54in Rhodesia, 27medical unit, 56mine clearance training teams, 46,

223size of, 149

Australian Capital Territory Police,139

Australian Catholic Relief, 64

Australian Command and Staff Course,125

Australian Council for InternationalDevelopment (ACFID), 188, 190–2

Australian Defence Association, 65Australian Defence College, 125Australian Defence Force (ADF), 99

and civilian monitors, 131and command and control, 125–6and culture, 122and defence of Australia, 47, 49and force structure, 118–20and integrated approach, 126and intelligence, 122–4and mine action, 229–33and non-government organisations,

173, 180, 185, 190and peacekeeping definition, 12and peacekeeping missions, 2, 187and regional arrangements, 120–2and responsibility to protect, 117–18and safety, 66, 91and United Nations doctrine, 187,

193and United Nations mandates,

114–17civil-military cooperation, 124–5in Bougainville, 97, 98in Cambodia, 64, 66, 231in East Timor/Timor-Leste, 103in Rwanda, 79, 80in the Solomon Islands, 105lessons learnt, 113–29medical contingents, 81Peacekeeping Centre, 119, 126, 144,

245peacekeeping skills, 113–14role in peacekeeping operations, 52,

83training, 119–20women in, 122working with Australian Federal

Police, 119, 126–7, 149–51Australian Development Assistance

Bureau, 90Australian Electoral Commission, 6,

126






Index 315

Australian Federal Police (AFP), 99,135, 140, 187, 193

and non-government organisations,173, 180, 185, 189, 190, 192

capacity development, 150–2casualties, 140External Policing Team, 144history of, 139in Bougainville, 98, 142, 143in Cambodia, 141, 143in Cyprus, 143in East Timor/Timor-Leste, 104, 139,

143in Haiti, 141, 143in Jordan, 143in Mozambique, 141, 143in Namibia, 143in Nauru, 143in the Solomon Islands, 133, 142–4in Somalia, 141, 143in South Africa, 143in Sudan, 143in Tonga, 143in Vanuatu, 143International Deployment Group

(IDG), 126, 127, 139, 142–6, 150,151, 188, 220, 251

lessons learnt, 147–9Operational Response Group, 151personal observations, 217–20predeployment training, 139qualities brought to peacekeeping,

146–7Thailand–Cambodia border, 143working with Australian Defence

Force, 119, 126–7, 149–51Australian government

and attitudes to peacekeeping, 25–8,75

and East Timor/Timor-Leste, 101,105

and human security, 180–1, 190and police, 144and United Nations doctrine, 187approach to peacekeeping, 38–41, 52defence policy, 41–4, 57–9defence white papers, 41–2

predeployment contingency planning,191

Australian Labor Party, 27, 39, 43, 64and international politics, 39and United Nations, 40

Australian Peacekeeper and PeacemakerVeterans’ Association (APPVA), 12

Australian policedeployments, 154releasing for peacekeeping, 164

Australian Red Cross, 144Australian Service Medal, 231Australian Strategic Policy Institute, 105Australian War Memorial, 2Austria, 34awards, 142, 231

BACTEC International, 225Bainimarama, Commodore Josaia

Voreqe ‘Frank’, 107Balmaks, Captain Andris (Ziggy), 33Ban Ki-moon, 206Barnes, Captain Robert, 65Barton, Rod, 237Batley, James, 130Beazley, Kim, 33, 42–4, 46–8, 92Bell, Coral, 17Berkman, Tobias, 182, 187Bilney, Gordon, 76Blair, Tony, 256Blewett, Neal, 70, 72Bosnia

mine action, 232Bosnia-Herzegovina, 69, 70Bougainville, PNG, 273

and human rights, 96–7Australian Federal Police in, 98, 142,

143crisis, 95–101Department of Foreign Affairs and

Trade in, 130–2See also Peace Monitoring Group

(Bougainville)See also Truce Monitoring Group

(Bougainville)See also South Pacific Peacekeeping

Force (Bougainville)






316 Index

Bougainville crisisand Evans, Gareth, 95–7

Bougainville Revolutionary Army(BRA), 95–7

Boutros-Ghali, Boutros, 78Bowan, John, 63BRA

See Bougainville Revolutionary ArmyBrahimi, Lakhdar, 186Brahimi Report, 142, 145, 186, 252,

264Brashes, 70bravery awards, 142Breen, Bob, 5Britain

See United KingdomBritish Staff College, Camberley, 198Bruce, Stanley Melbourne, 15buffer zones

in Cyprus, 139, 140, 143in Rwanda, 80

Bulgaria, 21Bulwer-Lytton, Victor, 14Burton, John, 19, 20Bush, George H. W., 38, 50, 75, 256Butler, Richard, 56, 239Button, John, 43Byrne, Major Kevin, 30

Cambodia, 61–8, 273and Evans, Gareth, 48, 60, 62–6, 68,

83, 199Australian Federal Police in, 141,

143mine action, 225, 231–2personal observations, 197–202See also Cambodian Mine Action

CentreSee also United Nations Advance

Mission in CambodiaSee also United Nations Border

Relief Operation, ThailandSee also United Nations Transitional

Authority in CambodiaCambodia Criminal Justice Assistance

Project (CCJAP), 143Cambodia Year Ten, 63

Cambodian Mine Action Centre(CMAC), 225, 231–2, 273

Campbell, Major D. L., 19Canada, 34, 46Capstone Doctrine for Peacekeeping

Operations, 182, 186, 191CARE Australia, 61, 74–5, 76, 77, 80,

82CARE International, 61, 74, 75Carnation Revolution, 101casualties, 41, 54, 125

Australian police, 140in Cambodia, 65, 83

CCJAPSee Cambodia Criminal Justice

Assistance ProjectCentral America, 38centre of excellence, 189–90CERF

See United Nations CentralEmergency Response Fund

Challenges Project, 245Chan, Sir Julius, 90, 91, 97, 108chemical weapons

Iraqi use of, 236plant at Al Muthanna, 237–9

Chesterman, Commander Henry, 19Chifley, Ben, 25China, 15, 35, 36civilian monitors

and Australian Defence Force, 131in Bougainville, 131–2in East Timor/Timor-Leste, 132–3in Solomon Islands, 133women as, 131

civilian peacekeepers, 141civilian police, 24, 154, 167, 250

defined, 154in Cyprus, 153, 154See also Australian policeand military police, 128

civiliansand United Nations (UN), 266–8

civil-military cooperation (CIMIC),124–5, 173

CIVPOLSee civilian police






Index 317

Clark, Suzi, 81Clinton, Bill, 76CMAC

See Cambodian Mine Action CentreCMF

See Commonwealth MonitoringForce

CMTTUSee Commonwealth Military

Training Team, UgandaCold War, 35–8COMASC

See Commander AustralianContingent

Commander Australian Contingent(COMASC), 215

Commonwealth Military TrainingTeam, Uganda (CMTTU), 273

Commonwealth Monitoring Force(CMF), 25, 27, 31, 273

Commonwealth of Nations, 89, 92,96

Commonwealth Police, 139casualties, 140

community level interventions, 99–101Congo, 19, 24, 26, 80, 261, 264, 266,

273See also United Nations Operation in

the CongoConnor, John, 5Cosgrove, Major General Peter, 60Crawford, John, 70Croatia

independence, 69, 70Croatian Party of Rights, 72Croatians

in Australia, 69, 70, 72Cuba, 37culture

and Australian Defence Force,122

Cyprus, 29, 158, 273Australian Federal Police in, 143civilian police in, 153, 154See also United Nations

Peacekeeping Force in CyprusCzechoslovakia, 35

Dallaire, Major General Romeo, 78Dayan, General Moshe, 198DCP

See Defence Cooperation ProgramDeclaration on the Granting of

Independence to ColonialCountries and Peoples, 17

decolonisation, 16, 86–8Defence 2000 White Paper, 149Defence Cooperation Program (DCP),

88–9, 143Defence Department, 43, 45, 47Defence of Australia 1987, 41–2, 58Defence Science and Technology

Organisation (DSTO), 236Defence White Paper, 118Denmark, 34Department of External Affairs, 26Department of Foreign Affairs and

Trade (DFAT), 6, 51, 99, 126formation, 39gains from peacekeeping roles, 136–7in Bougainville, 130–2in East Timor/Timor-Leste, 132–3,

135in Solomon Islands, 133–5in Tonga, 136lessons learnt, 135–6Red Book, 199role in peacekeeping operations,

130–7with Peace Monitoring Group

(Bougainville), 131–2with Truce Monitoring Group

(Bougainville), 131–2Department of Foreign Affairs and

Trade civilian monitors, 131–2Department of Social Security, 72Desert Fox, 240DFAT

See Department of Foreign Affairsand Trade

DHASee United Nations Department of

Humanitarian AffairsDili, 104Diro, Brigadier Ted, 91






318 Index

displaced persons, 143, 181Dixon, Sir Owen, 22Dorward, David, 79Downer, Alexander, 75, 81,

103DPKO

See United Nations Department ofPeacekeeping Operations

DSTOSee Defence Science and Technology

OrganisationDunn, Peter, 236, 237Dunning, Adam, 141Dyke, Brigadier Lewis, 19

East Timor/Timor-Leste, 101–5,273

Australian Federal Police in, 104,139, 143

Department of Foreign Affairs andTrade in, 132–3, 135

non-government organisations in,187

personal observations, 218–20police in, 157–60, 167See also International Force East

TimorSee also International Security ForceSee also United Nations Integrated

Mission in Timor LesteSee also United Nations Mission in

East TimorSee also United Nations Mission of

Support in East TimorSee also United Nations Office in

Timor-LesteSee also United Nations Transitional

Administration in East TimorEaton, Charles, 19Economic Community of West African

States (ECOWAS), 246ECOWAS

See Economic Community of WestAfrican States

ECPSee Enhanced Cooperation Program

Edwards, Peter, 13

Egypt, 27, 28elections

in Cambodia, 62, 63–5, 67, 68, 202in East Timor/Timor-Leste, 103,

157–60in Mozambique, 143in Namibia, 45, 47, 55, 143in South Africa, 143

emotional intelligence, 146Enhanced Cooperation Program (ECP),

143Eritrea, 273

mine action in, 233See also United Nations Mission in

Ethiopia and EritreaEspiritu Santo rebellion, 90–1Ethiopia, 273

and Somalia, 73See also United Nations Mission in

Ethiopia and EritreaEuropean Landmine Solutions, 225European Union (EU), 245, 246European Union Police Mission in

Bosnia-Herzegovina, 245Evans, Gareth, 28, 39, 47–9, 54, 58,

71, 75, 81, 92, 260and Bougainville crisis, 95–7and Cambodia, 48, 60, 62–6, 68, 83,

199and Rwanda, 78–80and South Pacific region, 94, 108and United Nations General

Assembly, 34, 47, 50Evatt, Herbert Vere, 14, 17, 25, 31–2,

34, 87Exercise Pirap Jabiru, 121Exercise Talisman Sabre, 119

faminein Somalia, 73–5

Federal Bureau of Narcotics, 139Fiji, 93, 107

coups, 91–4Fijian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and

External Trade, 133Finland, 34Foley, Paul, 135






Index 319

Folke Bernadotte Academy of Sweden,245

Ford, Major General Tim, 206personal observations, 203–8

Foreign Correspondents Association,95

France, 15, 36, 46, 73, 87and Vanuatu, 90

Fraser, Malcolm, 26, 45, 60, 88and CARE Australia, 61, 74, 75

Fraser, Phoebe, 61, 74, 75, 80–1Frente Popular de Liberacion de Saguıa

el Hamra y Rıo de Oro(POLISARIO), 54

Fukuyama, Francis, 58

G8 Global Peace Operations Initiative,254

Gallagher, Lieutenant Colonel Kerry,33

Gee, John, 236–7Geneva International Centre for

Humanitarian Demining (GICHD),228

Germanyand Indonesia, 85

GICHDSee Geneva International Centre for

Humanitarian DeminingGittoes, George, 2Goma

refugees at, 80–1Gorbachev, Mikhail, 36, 38, 50Gordon, Major General Ian, 206,

213–14governance, 181–2Greece, 21Guatemala, 273

See also United Nations VerificationMission in Guatemala

Guehenno, Jean-Marie, 186Gulf War, 51Gyani, General, 154

Habibie, B. J., 102, 103, 109Habyarimana, Juvenal, 77Hackett, Patrick, 140

Haiti, 273See also Multinational Force,Australian Federal Police in, 141,

143Hammarskjold, Dag, 113, 261Hammond, Squadron Leader Owen,

239Handicap International (France),

225Hanisch, Erica, 217–20Hawke, Bob, 38, 39, 44, 46, 48, 50, 69,

72, 92Hawke government, 39Hayden, Bill, 27, 39–41, 44, 46, 48, 60,

65Hazardous Area Life-Support

Organisation (HALO Trust),225

Herald Sun, 65Hewson, John, 67, 75, 78Hezbollah, 212, 244Hill, Robert, 64–8, 75, 83HIV/AIDS, 267HMAS Darwin, 50HMAS Manoora, 121HMAS Tobruk, 131Holt, Victoria, 182, 187Horner, David, 5Howard, John, 103, 109, 256Howard, Keith, 209–11Hudson, W. J., 86human rights, 181

and Bougainville, PNG, 96–7human security, 173, 179–81, 190

and governance and development,181–2

and protection of civilians, 182–5Human Security Report, 257humanitarian demining

and commercial organisations, 225and non-government organisations,

225defined, 224

Hun Sen, 62, 67Hussein, Prince Zeid, 266Hussein, Saddam, 44, 54Hutu, 77, 80






320 Index

IASCSee United Nations Inter-Agency

Standing CommitteeICRC

See International Committee of theRed Cross

IDGSee Australian Federal Police

IMATTSee International Military Advisory

and Training TeamIn Larger Freedom, 245, 248India, 21, 28, 273

See also United NationsIndia-Pakistan ObservationMission

Indonesia, 30, 84, 273and East Timor/Timor-Leste, 101–3and Netherlands, 18–21, 85See also United Nations Commission

for IndonesiaSee also United Nations Committee

of Good OfficersSee also United Nations Consular

CommissionIndonesian National Police

See Polisi Negara Republik IndonesiaInformation Management System for

Mine Action, 228intelligence

and Australian Defence Force, 122–4intelligence operations, 122–4INTERFET

See International Force East TimorInternational Campaign to Ban

Landmines, 225International Commission of Jurists, 63International Commission on

Intervention and State Sovereignty,248

International Committee of the RedCross (ICRC), 102, 224

and protection, 184, 183–5International Deployment Group

See Australian Federal PoliceInternational Force East Timor

(INTERFET), 103, 116–18, 273

Department of Foreign Affairs andTrade with, 132–3

International Meeting on MineClearance, 227

International Military Advisory andTraining Team (IMATT), 273

International Mine Action Standards,227, 228

International Peace Monitoring Team(IPMT), 105, 143, 155, 273

Department of Foreign Affairs andTrade with, 133

International Security Assistance Force(ISAF), 223, 233, 245

International Security Force(Timor-Leste) (ISF), 118, 187, 273

International Standards forHumanitarian Mine ClearanceOperations, 227

interpreters, 72IPMT

See International Peace MonitoringTeam

Iran, 273Iraqi use of chemical weapons, 236See also United Nations Iran-Iraq

Military Observer GroupIran–Iraq War, 36, 42Iraq, 51, 273

weapons inspections, 235–40See also Operation HabitatSee also United Nations Iran-Iraq

Military Observer GroupSee also United Nations Monitoring,

Verification and InspectionCommission

See also United Nations SpecialCommission

Iraqi police cadets, 217–18Iraqi Police Service, 143Ireland, 34ISAF

See International Security AssistanceForce

ISFSee International Security Force

(Timor-Leste)






Index 321

Israel, 28, 29, 211, 273See also United Nations

Disengagement Observe ForceSee also United Nations Truce

Supervision OrganizationIsraeli Controlled Area (ICA), 211Italy, 14, 46, 73Ivcic, Tomislav, 69

Japan, 14Java, 18JIPTC

See Jordan International PoliceTraining Centre

JordanAustralian Federal Police in, 143

Jordan International Police TrainingCentre (JIPTC), 143, 217

journalists, 65justice systems

and police, 147

Karadzic, Radovan, 71Kashmir, 22, 26, 29, 273

See also United Nations MilitaryObserver Group in India andPakistan

Keating, Paul, 67, 81KFOR

See Kosovo ForceKhmer Rouge, 61–8, 197, 202Kissinger, Henry, 198Korea, 29, 273

United States in, 29See also United Nations Commission

for the Unification andRehabilitation of Korea

See also United Nations Commissionon Korea

Korean War, 15Kosovo, 73Kosovo Force (KFOR), 245Kraljevic, Braza, 72Krulak, General Charles, 118Kumul Force, 91Kuwait, 51

mine action, 225

landmines, 223See also mine action

Laosmine action, 228

League Assembly, 14League of Nations, 5, 13, 256

mandate, 17Learmont, Brigadier John, 25Lebanon, 29, 211, 212, 214, 215, 273

See also United Nations InterimForce in Lebanon

Liberal Party, 63, 65, 66Lini, Father Walter, 90, 91logistic support, 252Londey, Peter, 3–5London Metropolitan Police Force,

155Loosley, Stephen, 96

MACSee Mixed Armistice Commission

MacArthur, General Douglas, 4MacDonald, General Sir Arthur, 41Macedonia, 69, 70Macedonians

in Australia, 69, 70Mackinnon, Don, 97Makin, N. J. O., 259Maritime Interception Force (MIF), 55,

273Martin, Ray, 81Mathews, Bob, 236McKinnon, Don, 108MDG

See Millennium Development GoalsMeacham, Lieutenant Colonel Andrew,

214–16Mechem, 225media, 5, 43, 71, 164, 197, 239, 244

and Cambodia, 65and CARE Australia, 74, 80, 82and Fiji, 92and Rwanda, 77, 79, 81, 82and Somalia famine, 73, 82

medical contingents, 81Melanesia, 84Menzies, Robert, 24, 26






322 Index

Menzies government, 24, 26Merrifield, Simon, 133Merrillees, Robert, 63MFO

See Multinational Force andObservers

Middle East, 273personal observations of military

observers, 209–16See also United Nations Truce

Supervision OrganizationMIF

See Maritime Interception Forcemilitary forces

and non-government organisations,173, 175–9

military observerSee United Nations Military

Observermilitary police

and civilian police, 128defined, 154

Millennium Development Goals(MDGs), 171, 186, 188

Miller, Professor T. B., 39Milosevic, Slobodan, 256mine action, 47

and Australian Defence Force (ADF),229–33

first phase of, 224five pillars of, 228future of, 233in Afghanistan, 224, 226, 229–31in Angola, 226in Bosnia, 232in Cambodia, 225, 231–2in Eritrea, 233in Kuwait, 225in Laos, 228in Mozambique, 225, 229, 232origins, 223second phase, 226standards, 227third phase, 228

Mines Advisory Group, 225Mine-Tech, 225MINUGUA

See United Nations VerificationMission in Guatemala

MINURSOSee United Nations Mission for the

Referendum in Western SaharaMixed Armistice Commission (MAC),

209, 211Miyet, Bernard, 146Mladic, General Radko, 71MNF

See Multinational ForceMohamed Farah Aidid, 73Mohamed Siad Barre, 73Moir, Alan, 93, 247Morocco, 54Mortlock, Brigadier Roger, 131Mozambique, 273

Australian Federal Police in, 141mine action, 225, 229, 232police in, 160, 168See also United Nations Accelerated

Demining ProgramSee also United Nations Operation in

MozambiqueMugabe, Robert, 25Multinational Force (MNF), 262, 273Multinational Force and Observers

(MFO), 27, 27, 39–41, 65, 198,204, 262, 273

multinational operationspersonal observations, 203–8

Namibia, 37, 47, 273Australian Federal Police in, 143Australians in, 55police in, 153See also United Nations Transition

Assistance GroupNasser, Gamal Abdel, 24National Army of Democratic

Cambodia (NADK), 198National Party, 63, 65, 66NATO

See North Atlantic TreatyOrganization

NauruAustralian Federal Police in, 143






Index 323

Nauru Police Force, 143neighbourhood watch, 84, 94Netherlands, 15, 34, 87

and Indonesia, 18–21, 85colonial powers, 18

Netherlands East IndiesSee Indonesia

New HebridesSee Vanuatu

new world order, 38New York Times, 68New Zealand, 15, 34, 46, 70, 87New Zealand Defence Force (NZDF),

132New Zealand Ministry of Foreign

Affairs, 133Nimmo, Lieutenant General Robert

‘Putt’, 23, 23Nkomo, Joshua, 25Noble, Captain Roger, 238non-government organisations

and Australian Defence Force, 173,180, 185

and Australian Federal Police, 173,180, 185, 189, 190, 192

and human security, 179–81and humanitarian demining, 225and military forces, 175and military/police interaction, 173,

175–9and United Nations doctrine, 187,

193civil–military cooperation, 124–5coordination, 192humanitatian principles, 172in East Timor/Timor-Leste, 187role in peacekeeping operations,

193–4North Atlantic Treaty Organization

(NATO), 72, 245, 246Implementation Force Stabilisation

Force, 233Norway, 34Norwegian People’s Aid, 225Nuclear Disarmament Party, 39NZDF

See New Zealand Defence Force

O’Shannesssy, Captain M., 37Observer Group Egypt, 214Observer Group Golan–Damascus, 214Observer Group Golan–Tiberias, 214Observer Group Lebanon (OGL), 214,

215OCHA

See United Nations Office forCoordination of HumanitarianAffairs

Off, Carol, 80OGL

See Observer Group LebanonONUC

See United Nations Operation in theCongo

ONUCASee United Nations Observer Group

in Central AmericaONUMOZ

See United Nations Operation inMozambique

Operation Banner, 231Operation Bel Isi, 99, 100Operation Coracle, 232Operation Habitat, 53, 273Operation Lagoon, 97, 130Operation Mayflower, 29Operation Provide Comfort, 53Operation Salam, 229Operation Serene, 143Operation Tokoni, 143Operation Wantok Durua, 90, 91Organisation des Nations Unies au

CongoSee United Nations Operation in the

CongoOslo Guidelines on the Use of Military

and Civil Defence Assets inDisaster Relief, 186

Other People’s Wars, 3Ottawa Treaty

See Anti-Personnel Mine BanConvention

Pacific Islands Forum, 90, 152Pacific Islands Regiment (PIR), 91






324 Index

Pakistan, 22, 46, 273Australians in, 55See also United Nations

India-Pakistan ObservationMission

See also United Nations MineClearance Training Team

Palestine, 21, 29Papalia, Lieutenant Paul, 238Papua New Guinea (PNG)

and Australia, 88–9Papua New Guinea Defence Force

(PNGDF), 88–91, 95–8, 108Papua New Guinea police, 95Patriotic Front, 25, 31peace enforcement, 175Peace Monitoring Group (Bougainville)

(PMG), 98, 98, 99, 100, 131, 143Australian Federal Police with, 142Department of Foreign Affairs and

Trade with, 131–2Peace Operations 2010, 186peacebuilding, 175, 186, 244

and peacekeeping, 248–50peacekeepers

and non-government organisations,176–9

skills required by ADF, 114peacekeeping

and human security, 179–81and peacebuilding, 248–50and protection, 191assessing, 28–31Australian government approach to,

38–41countries contributing to, 35defined, 3, 11–13, 171, 174–5deployments, 243–5doctrine, 192, 206effectiveness of Australian missions,

54–7in future, 253–4, 268–9integrated approach, 126inventing, 18–21lessons learnt, 113–29predeployment contingency planning,

191

progress of, 21–5qualities police bring to, 146–7regional centre of excellence, 174,

189–90reviews of, 245–7

peacekeeping definitionUnited Nations Department of

Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO),174

peacemaking initiatives, 175Peach, Major, 4Peacock, Andrew, 70, 81Pearson, Lester, 24, 261Perez de Cuellar, Javier, 64, 236Persian Gulf, 42, 50, 53, 237

See also Maritime Interception Forcepersonal observations

commanding multinationaloperations, 203–8

Ford, Major General Tim, 203–8Gordon, Major General Ian,

213–14Hanisch, Erica, 217–20Howard, Keith, 209–11Meacham, Lieutenant Colonel

Andrew, 214–16Sanderson, Lieutenant General John,

197–202Symon, Keith, 211–13United Nations Department of

Peacekeeping Operations, 205–7United Nations police, 217–20United Nations Transitional

Authority in Cambodia, 199–202United Nations Truce Supervision

Organization, 204–5UNTSO military observers, 209–16

Petersen, Captain Paul, 57Pilger, John, 61, 63, 64PIR

See Pacific Islands RegimentPlaut, Martin, 270PMG

See Peace Monitoring Group(Bougainville)

PNGSee Papua New Guinea






Index 325

PNGDPSee Papua New Guinea Defence

ForcePol Pot, 63, 198police, 250

and non-government organisations,173, 175–9

history as peacekeepers, 153–4in Namibia, 153qualifications and training, 162–3qualities brought to peacekeeping,

146, 157rank structures, 160–2releasing for peacekeeping, 163–5role in peacekeeping missions, 138role in peacekeeping operations,

142training advice, 143why use for peacekeeping, 155–60See also Australian Federal PoliceSee also Australian policeSee also civilian policeSee also military policeSee also United Nations police

POLISARIOSee Frente Popular de Liberacion de

Saguıa el Hamra y Rıo de OroPolisi Negara Republik Indonesia

(POLRI), 158–60POLRI

See Polisi Negara Republik IndonesiaPope John Paul II, 102Popular Front for the Liberation of

Saguia el Hamra and Rio de Oro(POLISARIO), 54

Portugal, 85, 101, 102Powell, Colin, 176Power, Captain Peter, 22Prosser, Peter, 240protection

and International Committee of theRed Cross (ICRC), 184, 183–5

concepts of, 183integrated approach, 191of civilians, 182–5responsibility to protect (R2P), 175,

185–6, 191, 248, 261

Quadripartite StandardizationAgreements, 203

R2PSee responsibility to protect (R2P)

RAAF (Royal Australian Air Force), 11,27, 27, 61

Rabuka, Colonel Sitiveni, 91, 92RAMSI

See Regional Assistance Mission toSolomon Islands

Rand Corporation, 265rank structures, 160–2Rankin, Squadron Leader, 4Ray, Robert, 58, 74, 75, 78, 80, 81Red Army, 36Red Book, 199Red Sea, 53, 73

See also Maritime Interception ForceRegional Assistance Mission to

Solomon Islands (IPMT), 143Regional Assistance Mission to

Solomon Islands (RAMSI), 106,142, 144, 145, 155, 273

Department of Foreign Affairs andTrade with, 133–5

regional neighbourhood watch, 84, 94Report of the High-level Panel on

Threats, Challenges and Change,245

Report of the Panel on United NationsPeace Operations (BrahimiReport), 142, 145, 186, 245, 252,264

Responsibility to Protect, 248responsibility to protect (R2P), 175,

185–6, 191, 248, 261Rhodesia, 25Risalpur Training Camp, 229RONCO Consulting, 225Rose, General Sir Michael, 188Royal Australian Engineers, 229, 230Royal Australian Regiment (1RAR),

75–7, 115Royal Canadian Mounted Police, 144Royal Marines, 90Royal Navy, 43






326 Index

RPFSee Rwandan Patriotic Front

Ruddock, Philip, 70rule of law, 250–1Rwanda, 78, 77–82, 273

and Evans, Gareth, 78–80See also United Nations Assistance

Mission for RwandaRwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), 80

Sanderson, Lieutenant General John,64, 71, 200

personal observations, 197–202Santa Cruz massacre, 102Scholes, Gordon, 40Seamen’s Union of Australia, 43Seiple, Chris, 171Sembler, Melvin, 75Senate Standing Committee on Foreign

Affairs, Defence and Trade, 51Serbian National Council of Victoria,

69Serbs

in Australia, 69, 70, 72SFOR

See Stabilisation ForceShalders, Captain R., 50Shalikashvili, John, 176Sierra Leone, 273

See also International MilitaryAdvisory and Training Team

Silent death of Cambodia, 61Sinai, 11, 24, 27, 41, 60, 65, 82, 210,

273See also Multinational Force and

ObserversSee also United Nations Emergencey

Force II (UNEF II)Six Day War, 26, 210SLA

See South Lebanon ArmySlovene War, 69Slovenes

in Australia, 69Slovenia

independence, 69, 70Smith, Major General Mike, 197

Solarz, Steven J., 63Solomon Islands, 105–7, 121, 144, 273

Australian Federal Police in, 133,142–4

Department of Foreign Affairs andTrade in, 133–5

See also International PeaceMonitoring Team

See also Regional Assistance Missionto Solomon Islands

Solomon, Richard H., 64Somalia, 73–7, 273

Australian Federal Police in, 141,143

famine in, 73–5See also Unified Task Force (Somalia)See also United Nations Operation in

Somalia ISee also United Nations Operation in

Somalia IISon Sen, 197South Africa

Australian Federal Police in, 143South Africa Police, 31South Lebanon Army (SLA), 212, 213South Pacific Bureau of Economic

Cooperation, 89South Pacific Commission, 87South Pacific Forum, 89–92, 96, 97South Pacific Peacekeeping Force

(Bougainville) (SPPKF), 97, 273South Pacific region

and Evans, Gareth, 94, 108South Pacific Regional Trade and

Economic Cooperation Agreement(SPARTECA), 90

South West Africa People’sOrganization (SWAPO), 45, 55

Soviet UnionSee USSR

Spain, 54, 85SPARTECA

See South Pacific Regional Trade andEconomic Cooperation Agreement

SPPKFSee South Pacific Peacekeeping Force

(Bougainville)






Index 327

Stabilisation Force (SFOR), 273Stop the war in Croatia, 69Stuart, Colonel Russell, 66, 199, 200Sturkey, Douglas, 63Sudan, 273

Australian Federal Police in, 143See also United Nations Mission in

the SudanSuharto, President, 101Sumatra, 18Sun-Herald, 64, 71SWAPO

See South West Africa People’sOrganization

Sweden, 34Sydney Morning Herald, 43, 74, 79Symon, Keith, 211–13Syria, 273

See also United NationsDisengagement Observe Force

Ta Mok, 198Te, Andrew, 106Templer, Field Marshal Sir Gerald, 194Tep Khunal, 197Thailand, 53, 273

exercise Pirap Jabiru, 121See also United Nations Border

Relief Operation, ThailandThailand–Cambodia border, 199, 273

Australian Federal Police at, 143See also United Nations Border

Relief Operation, ThailandThomas, Lew, 140Three Block War, 118Timor-Leste

See East Timor/Timor-LesteTimor-Leste Police Development

Program (TLPDP), 143Tito, Josip Broz, 69TLPDP

See Timor-Leste Police DevelopmentProgram

TMGSee Truce Monitoring Group

(Bougainville)Tonga, 107

Australian Federal Police in, 143Department of Foreign Affairs and

Trade in, 136Tonga Police, 143training

Afghan refugees, 224, 229and United Nations (UN), 252Australian Defence Force, 119–20centre of excellence, 189–90civil–military cooperation, 125DPKO training modules, 205, 252exercise Pirap Jabiru, 121integrated common, 126Iraqi police cadets, 217–18military observers, 204of local police, 165, 167predeployment, 139, 144, 145use-of-force continuum, 146

Tran, Captain Tam, 56Truce Monitoring Group (Bougainville)

(TMG), 98–100, 143, 273Department of Foreign Affairs and

Trade with, 131–2Turkey, 29, 46Tutsi, 77, 80

Uganda, 77, 273See also Commonwealth Military

Training Team – UgandaUNAMA

See United Nations AssistanceMission in Afghanistan

UNAMETSee United Nations Mission in East

TimorUNAMIC

See United Nations Advance Missionin Cambodia

UNAMIDSee United Nations African Union

Hybrid Mission in DarfurUNAMIR

See United Nations AssistanceMission for Rwanda

UNAVEMSee United Nations Angola

Verification Mission






328 Index

UNBROSee United Nations Border Relief

Operation (Thailand)UNCI

See United Nations Commission forIndonesia

UNCIPSee United Nations Commission in

India and PakistanUNCOK

See United Nations Commission onKorea

UNCURKSee United Nations Commission for

the Unification and Rehabilitationof Korea

Under the Barrel of a Gun, 96UNDOF

See United Nations DisengagementObserve Force

UNDPSee United Nations Development

ProgrammeUNEF

See United Nations Emergency ForceUNEF II

See United Nations Emergency ForceII

unexploded ordnanceSee mine action

UNFICYPSee United Nations Peacekeeping

Force in CyprusUNGOC

See United Nations Committee ofGood Offices

UNGOMAPSee United Nations Good Offices

Mission in Afghanistan andPakistan

UNHCRSee United Nations High

Commissioner for RefugeesUnified Task Force (Somalia)

(UNITAF), 75, 76, 273UNIFIL

See United Nations Interim Force inLebanon

UNIIMOGSee United Nations Iran–Iraq

Military Observer GroupUNIPOM

See United Nations India–PakistanObservation Mission

UNITAFSee Unified Task Force (Somalia)

United Kingdom, 15, 29, 36, 43, 73,87

and Australia, 26, 43and India, 21and Indonesia, 85and Iraq, 239and Palestine, 21and Vanuatu, 90police rank structures, 161

United Nations (UN)and civilians, 266–8and command and control, 125–6and humanitarian demining, 224and police, 157, 165–9and responsibility to protect, 117–18and training, 252assessing peacekeeping, 28–31Best Practices Polict Unit, 245collective security, 258–60commanding multinational

operations, 203–8deployments, 35–6doctrine, 173, 182, 186established, 13in Baghdad, 123, 240Integrated Support System, 250Joint Mission Analysis Centre, 250Joint Operations Cell, 250logistic support, 252mandates, 114–17, 248, 249Millennium Development Goals

(MDGs), 171, 186, 188pacific settlement, 257–8Peace Building Commission, 250Peace Building Support Office, 250peacekeeping deployments, 36,

243–5peacekeeping doctrine, 192, 206peacekeeping in future, 253–4,

268–9






Index 329

peacekeeping operations, 249–50,262–4

peacekeeping reviews, 245–7, 265–6reforms to peacekeeping, 186–8rule of law, 250–1

United Nations Accelerated DeminingProgram (ADP), 273

United Nations Advance Mission inCambodia (UNAMIC), 53, 64, 66,83, 225, 273

United Nations African Union HybridMission in Darfur (UNAMID),247

United Nations Angola VerificationMission (UNAVEM), 37

United Nations Assistance Mission forRwanda (UNAMIR), 77, 80–2,273

United Nations Assistance Mission inAfghanistan (UNAMA), 273

United Nations Border ReliefOperation, Thailand (UNBRO),143, 155, 273

United Nations Central EmergencyResponse Fund, 186

United Nations Charter, 4, 11, 29,31–2, 40, 49, 243, 262

Article 74, 87Article 99, 257Chapter VI, 13, 16, 114, 116, 257Chapter VII, 13, 16, 114, 116, 118,

245, 248, 259Chapter XI, 17, 87failure of, 13–18

United Nations Commission forIndonesia (UNCI), 243, 273

United Nations Commission for theUnification and Rehabilitation ofKorea (UNCURK), 273

United Nations Commission in Indiaand Pakistan (UNCIP), 22

United Nations Commission on HumanRights, 96

United Nations Commission on Korea(UNCOK), 4, 15, 273

United Nations Committee of GoodOffices (UNGOC), 4, 18, 20, 243,273

United Nations Consular Commission,4, 19, 20, 273

United Nations Department ofHumanitarian Affairs (DHA), 226,227

United Nations Department ofPeacekeeping Operations (DPKO),186, 193, 265

and intelligence, 123and police, 169Brahimi Report, 142, 145, 186, 252,

264capstone doctrine, 246, 251Criminal Law and Judicial Division,

250Disarmament Demobilisation and

Reintegration Section, 250Military Division, 205–7Mine Action Service, 250Office of Rule of Law and Security

Institutions, 250peacekeeping definition, 174Standard Training Modules, 205, 252

United Nations Mine Action Service,227

United Nations Police Division, 250United Nations Standing Police

Capacity, 251United Nations Development

Programme (UNDP), 228, 231,232

United Nations Disengagement ObserveForce (UNDOF), 204, 205, 211,213–16, 262, 273

United Nations Emergency Force(UNEF), 24, 26, 28, 261

United Nations Emergency Force II(UNEF II), 26, 27, 211, 262, 273

United Nations General Assembly, 17,118

and Evans, Gareth, 34, 47, 50and Palestine, 21

United Nations Genocide Convention,63

United Nations Good Offices Missionin Afghanistan and Pakistan(UNGOMAP), 36






330 Index

United Nations High Commissioner forRefugees (UNHCR), 225

United Nations Human Rights Charter,156

United Nations India–PakistanObservation Mission (UNIPOM),273

United Nations Institute of Trainingand Research (UNITAR), 252

United Nations Integrated Mission inTimor-Leste (UNMIT), 143, 187,273

United Nations Integrated Mission inTimor-Leste (UNTAET), 143

United Nations Integrated TrainingServic, 145

United Nations Inter-Agency StandingCommittee (IASC), 183

United Nations Interim Force inLebanon (UNIFIL), 35, 198, 204,205, 213–16, 244, 262, 273

United Nations Iran-Iraq MilitaryObserver Group (UNIIMOG), 33,36, 44, 47, 54, 273

United Nations Logistic Base, 252United Nations Military Observer

(UNMO)and alcohol, 204conduct required, 20in Indonesia, 19personal observations, 209–16role in peacekeeping operations,

19United Nations Military Observer

Group in India and Pakistan(UNMOGIP), 22, 40, 273

United Nations Mine Action Service(UNMAS), 227

United Nations Mine ClearanceTraining Team (UNMCTT), 37,229–31, 273

United Nations Mission for theReferendum in Western Sahara(MINURSO), 54, 57, 273

United Nations Mission in East Timor(UNAMET), 142, 143, 155, 273

police with, 157–60, 164

United Nations Mission in Ethiopiaand Eritrea (UNMEE), 233,273

United Nations Mission in Liberia(UNMIL), 247

United Nations Mission in the Sudan(UNMIS), 143, 155, 273

United Nations Mission of Support inEast Timor (UNMISET), 104, 143,273

United Nations Monitoring,Verification and InspectionCommission (UNMOVIC), 240,273

United Nations Observer Group inCentral America (ONUCA), 38

United Nations Observer Mission inSouth Africa (UNOMSA), 143

United Nations Office for Coordinationof Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA),178, 190, 193

United Nations Office for theCoordination of Humanitarian Aidto Afghanistan (UNOCHA), 229,230

United Nations Office in Timor-Leste(UNOTIL), 104, 273

United Nations Operation inMozambique (ONUMOZ), 143,155, 160, 168, 232, 273

United Nations Operation in Somalia I(UNOSOM I), 2, 73, 74, 114, 116,273

United Nations Operation in Somalia II(UNOSOM II), 76, 116, 143, 155,273

United Nations Operation in the Congo(ONUC), 262, 273

United Nations Peacekeeping Force inCyprus (UNFICYP), 24, 29, 143,155, 262, 273

Australian police with, 139United Nations Peacekeeping Force in

Cyprus (UNFYCTP), 34police with, 154

United Nations Peacekeeping Fund,250






Index 331

United Nations police, 19, 165–8, 250deployment practices, 168–9in East Timor/Timor-Leste, 157–60,

167in Mozambique, 160, 168personal observations, 217–20rank structures, 160–2women in, 217–20

United Nations Police Division, 163,169

United Nations Protection Force(UNPROFOR), 70, 72, 263, 273

United Nations Relief and WorksAgency (UNRWA), 30

United Nations Security Council, 13,35, 239

and Australia, 44and East Timor/Timor-Leste, 101and intelligence, 123and United Nations Charter, 13–18Commission of Investigation, 21resolutions, 20, 35, 44, 101, 103,

109, 199, 237, 240, 244, 247United Nations Special Commission

(UNSCOM), 53, 56, 235–40, 273lessons learnt, 240

United Nations Special Committee onthe Balkans (UNSCOB), 21, 30

United Nations Special Sevice Medal,231

United Nations Temporary ExecutiveAuthority (UNTEA), 273

United Nations Transition AssistanceGroup (UNTAG), 26, 37, 45, 45,48, 143, 153, 199, 273

and police, 169United Nations Transitional

Administration in East Timor(UNTAET), 104, 114, 116, 273

United Nations Transitional Authorityin Cambodia (UNTAC), 53, 64–6,68, 71, 83, 143, 155, 197, 198,231–2, 273

personal observations, 199–202United Nations Truce Supervision

Organization (UNTSO), 4, 21, 30,34, 35, 243, 273

personal observations, 204–5personal observations of military

observers, 209–16United Nations Verification Mission in

Guatemala (MINUGUA), 273United Nations Voluntary Trust Fund

for Mine Clearance, 227United Nations Yemen Observation

Mission (UNYOM), 273United States, 4, 38, 46, 73, 260,

265and Australia, 26, 39, 43, 75and Iran-Iraq War, 42and Iraq, 239and mine action, 46and new world order, 38and South Pacific Commission, 87and USSR, 47, 48in Korea, 29State Department, 15United Nations Security Council,

36United States police, 165, 169UNMAS

See United Nations Mine ActionService

UNMCTTSee United Nations Mine Clearance

Training TeamUNMEE

See United Nations Mission inEthiopia and Eritrea

UNMILSee United Nations Mission in

LiberiaUNMIS

See United Nations Mission in theSudan

UNMISETSee United Nations Mission of

Support in East TimorUNMIT

See United Nations IntegratedMission in Timor-Leste

UNMOSee United Nations Military

Observer






332 Index

UNMOGIPSee United Nations Military Observer

Group in India and PakistanUNMOVIC

See United Nations Monitoring,Verification and InspectionCommission

UNOCHASee United Nations Office for the

Coordination of Humanitarian Aidto Afghanistan

UNOMSASee United Nations Observer

Mission in South AfricaUNOSOM

See United Nations Operation inSomalia

UNOTILSee United Nations Office in

Timor-LesteUNPROFOR

See United Nations Protection ForceUNSCOB

See United Nations SpecialCommittee on the Balkans

UNSCOMSee United Nations Special

CommissionUNTAC

See United Nations TransitionalAuthority in Cambodia

UNTAETSee United Nations Transitional

Administration in East TimorUNTAG

See United Nations TransitionAssistance Group

UNTEASee United Nations Temporary

Executive AuthorityUNTSO

See United Nations TruceSupervision Organization

UNYOMSee United Nations Yemen

Observation MissionUSSR, 27, 35–8, 46, 49, 51, 73, 199

and League Assembly, 15

and peacekeeping missions, 36and United Nations Good Offices

Mission in Afghanistan andPakistan (UNGOMAP), 36

and United States, 47, 48in Afghanistan, 229, 230

Vanstone, Amanda, 142Vanuatu, 90–1

Australian Federal Police in, 143Vanuatu Mobile Force (VMF), 91Vanuatu Police Force Capacity Building

Project (VPFCBP), 143Vietnam, 53Vietnam Veterans of America

Foundation, 228Vietnam War, 13, 47, 60, 61, 65VMF

See Vanuatu Mobile ForceVPFCBP

See Vanuatu Police Force CapacityBuilding Project

Ward, Sergeant Ian, 140Warner, Nick, 134Warren, Colonel Richard, 46Waterside Workers’ Federation, 18weapons inspections, 235–40weapons of mass destruction (WMD),

235, 237West, Stewart, 43West New Guinea, 29, 273

See also United Nations TemporaryExecutive Authority

West Timor, 116Western Sahara, 54, 56, 273

See also United Nations Missionfor the Referendum in WesternSahara

Whiteley, Michael, 64Whitlam, Gough, 26Wilson, Colonel John, 70WMD

See weapons of mass destructionwomen

as civilian monitors, 131in Australian Defence Force, 122in United Nations police, 217–20






Index 333

Woolcott, Richard, 34, 63, 64World Bank, 126, 148, 186World Summit, 2005, 245World War, First, 236World War, Second, 86Wright, Tony, 79, 80

Yeltsin, Boris, 49Yemen, 273

See also United Nations YemenObservation Mission

Yom Kippur War, 211

Young, Peter, 43Yugoslav National Army, 69Yugoslavia, 21, 68–73, 273

See also Stabilisation ForceSee also United Nations Protection

ForceYugoslavians

in Australia, 69

Zimbabwe, 30, 273See also Commonwealth Monitoring

Force






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