Caltex International Ltd.

Caltex International Ltd. Caltex International Ltd.

Mold Remediation Mold Remediation TrainingTraining

Effects of MoldEffects of Mold Differences Between Biocides, Differences Between Biocides,

Cleaners, Encapsulants, Cleaners, Cleaners, Encapsulants, Cleaners, and Cal-Briteand Cal-Brite

Site InspectionSite Inspection How to Perform SamplingHow to Perform Sampling Setting Up the Work SiteSetting Up the Work Site PPEPPE RemediationRemediation

Mold Remediation Mold Remediation TrainingTraining

Post Remediation TestingPost Remediation Testing Disposal and Discarding of ItemsDisposal and Discarding of Items Pricing and MarketingPricing and Marketing SummarySummary

What Are Some Problems What Are Some Problems Mold Can Cause?Mold Can Cause?

Mold destroys the surface it grows on. Mold destroys the surface it grows on. Remember, mold is an organism whose job it Remember, mold is an organism whose job it is to cause decay.is to cause decay.

Mold can be multi-colored, wet and mushy, Mold can be multi-colored, wet and mushy, furry looking, and smelly. furry looking, and smelly.

Exposure to mold spores can cause Exposure to mold spores can cause respiratory distress, illness, and allergic respiratory distress, illness, and allergic reactions of various severities based on the reactions of various severities based on the individual, length of exposure, and the individual, length of exposure, and the amount of exposure.amount of exposure.

In areas of mold infestation there is often a In areas of mold infestation there is often a strong musty odor and dank air quality. strong musty odor and dank air quality.

All About MoldAll About Mold Mold can be found virtually everywhere. Mold can be found virtually everywhere.

They can grow on almost any organic They can grow on almost any organic substance as long as moisture and oxygen substance as long as moisture and oxygen are present. Many types of mold grow on are present. Many types of mold grow on wood, paper, carpet, food, and insulation. wood, paper, carpet, food, and insulation. When excess moisture is present in a When excess moisture is present in a building or its associated structures, building or its associated structures, mold growth will often occur, especially if mold growth will often occur, especially if the problem causing the mold is not the problem causing the mold is not corrected. While, eliminating all mold corrected. While, eliminating all mold spores in the indoor environment is not spores in the indoor environment is not realistic, it can be controlled indoors by realistic, it can be controlled indoors by controlling the moisture levels and controlling the moisture levels and removing already present mold.removing already present mold.

All About MoldAll About Mold

Mold spores reproduce by creating spores Mold spores reproduce by creating spores that are generally not visible to the naked that are generally not visible to the naked eye. Mold spores float through the air on a eye. Mold spores float through the air on a regular basis. When the spores land on a regular basis. When the spores land on a wet spot indoors or outdoors, they begin wet spot indoors or outdoors, they begin growing and eating whatever they are growing and eating whatever they are growing on in order to survive. Molds over growing on in order to survive. Molds over time destroy what they grow on because time destroy what they grow on because their food is many of your household their food is many of your household materials that contain cellulose. materials that contain cellulose.

All About MoldAll About Mold Mold requires water to grow in. This may take the form Mold requires water to grow in. This may take the form

of a puddle, flowing leak, or even very slight dampness. of a puddle, flowing leak, or even very slight dampness. Therefore, it is important to prevent moisture Therefore, it is important to prevent moisture problems in building. Moisture problems can have problems in building. Moisture problems can have multiple causes such as uncontrolled humidity, leaks multiple causes such as uncontrolled humidity, leaks etc. Other moisture problems have been linked to etc. Other moisture problems have been linked to changes in building construction practices over the last changes in building construction practices over the last several decades. Some of these changes have resulted several decades. Some of these changes have resulted in buildings that are tightly closed. They often do not in buildings that are tightly closed. They often do not have sufficient ventilation. In many instances this has have sufficient ventilation. In many instances this has led to moisture and mold problems. Moisture problems led to moisture and mold problems. Moisture problems can include roof leaks, landscaping problems such as can include roof leaks, landscaping problems such as insufficient grading, and leaking gutter problems, pipe insufficient grading, and leaking gutter problems, pipe condensation, cracked foundations, and unvented condensation, cracked foundations, and unvented combustion appliances. Delayed maintenance or combustion appliances. Delayed maintenance or insufficient maintenance are also associated with insufficient maintenance are also associated with moisture problems in buildings. moisture problems in buildings.

What Are the Major Types What Are the Major Types of Mold?of Mold?

Stachybotrys (stack-ee-BOT-ris) is member of the mold Stachybotrys (stack-ee-BOT-ris) is member of the mold family. This particular member is known to produce family. This particular member is known to produce airborne toxins. Some of the symptoms that Stachybotris airborne toxins. Some of the symptoms that Stachybotris produces are breathing problems, faintness, memory loss, produces are breathing problems, faintness, memory loss, hearing loss, and flulike symptoms. hearing loss, and flulike symptoms.

Two other commonly found mold types are Cladosporium Two other commonly found mold types are Cladosporium and Penicillium. These molds can grow quickly and produce and Penicillium. These molds can grow quickly and produce enough spores and intensity to cause allergic reactions. enough spores and intensity to cause allergic reactions. These reaction include asthma, breathing problems, sinus These reaction include asthma, breathing problems, sinus infections, headaches, coughing, and eye and throat infections, headaches, coughing, and eye and throat irritation. irritation.

There are two types of mold, Memnoniella and Aspergillus There are two types of mold, Memnoniella and Aspergillus versicolor, which are known for producing airborne toxins. versicolor, which are known for producing airborne toxins. Airborne toxins are technically termed mycotoxins. These Airborne toxins are technically termed mycotoxins. These can cause much more severe problems among which are can cause much more severe problems among which are chronic fatigue, loss of balance and memory, irritability and chronic fatigue, loss of balance and memory, irritability and difficulty speaking. difficulty speaking.

Adverse Symptoms of Mold Adverse Symptoms of Mold ExposureExposure

AsthmaAsthma Eye irritationEye irritation RhinitisRhinitis CoughingCoughing Chest CongestionChest Congestion Flu Like SymptomsFlu Like Symptoms Lung DamageLung Damage Memory LossMemory Loss FeverFever MoreMore

Mold, mildew, and algae Mold, mildew, and algae can be found in the can be found in the

following places:following places: HUD buildingsHUD buildings SchoolsSchools TrailersTrailers GaragesGarages RestaurantsRestaurants Retail EstablishmentsRetail Establishments Residences Residences Institutions Institutions Out buildings Out buildings All types of both commercial and residential All types of both commercial and residential

facilities.facilities.

There are a myriad of types of mold that There are a myriad of types of mold that possess different characteristics but the basic possess different characteristics but the basic

modus operandi of mold is the same.modus operandi of mold is the same.

Mold requires a food source: cellulose, found Mold requires a food source: cellulose, found in building materials such as wood, drywall, in building materials such as wood, drywall, wallboard, wallpaper, paper. and others. wallboard, wallpaper, paper. and others.

Mold processes oxygen and needs it to live. Mold processes oxygen and needs it to live. Mold cannot grow and reproduce without Mold cannot grow and reproduce without

access to a water source whether it is a leak or access to a water source whether it is a leak or pool of water. pool of water.

The only means of eliminating a mold problem The only means of eliminating a mold problem is to address the source of the leak or is to address the source of the leak or moisture problem. However, keep in mind that moisture problem. However, keep in mind that not all mold spores (like seeds) can be not all mold spores (like seeds) can be eliminated post remediation. eliminated post remediation.

Mold Facts Mold Facts Molds can be found almost anywhere. They can Molds can be found almost anywhere. They can

grow on most surfaces where moisture is found. grow on most surfaces where moisture is found. Molds can grow on papers, wallpaper, wallboard, Molds can grow on papers, wallpaper, wallboard, carpets, woods, food and other surfaces.carpets, woods, food and other surfaces.

Be sure to reduce indoor humidity to 30-60% to Be sure to reduce indoor humidity to 30-60% to reduce mold growth. This can be done by using reduce mold growth. This can be done by using dehumidifiers, using exhaust fans, air conditions, dehumidifiers, using exhaust fans, air conditions, and fans in cooking, laundry, and bathing areas.and fans in cooking, laundry, and bathing areas.

Fix the source of the moisture problem or mold Fix the source of the moisture problem or mold will continue to recur.will continue to recur.

Mold causes health issues such as allergic Mold causes health issues such as allergic reactions, asthma, and many respiratory reactions, asthma, and many respiratory problems. problems.

Mold FactsMold Facts All mold cannot be eliminated so it is essential to All mold cannot be eliminated so it is essential to

control moisture by eliminating moisture control moisture by eliminating moisture problems and leaks. problems and leaks.

Be sure to thoroughly dry any wet or even damp Be sure to thoroughly dry any wet or even damp building materials within no more than 48 hours building materials within no more than 48 hours to prevent mold growth.to prevent mold growth.

Prevent condensation on cold surfaces such as Prevent condensation on cold surfaces such as windows, pipes, exterior walls, roofs, and floors windows, pipes, exterior walls, roofs, and floors by installing insulation wherever possible. by installing insulation wherever possible.

Clean mold off the surfaces using the Caltex Clean mold off the surfaces using the Caltex System but be aware that if the surface is System but be aware that if the surface is absorbent and the mold infestation is severe, you absorbent and the mold infestation is severe, you may have to replace part or all of the surface. may have to replace part or all of the surface.

Mold FactsMold Facts

Do not install carpet in areas where Do not install carpet in areas where there have been moisture problems or there have been moisture problems or where moisture is present such as where moisture is present such as bathroom, near drinking fountains, bathroom, near drinking fountains, sections of piping, or sinks. This sections of piping, or sinks. This removes a food source and ensures removes a food source and ensures easier cleanup. It also prevents easier cleanup. It also prevents potential destruction of materials. potential destruction of materials. Remember, an ounce of prevention is Remember, an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. worth a pound of cure.

How Can I Prevent Mold How Can I Prevent Mold From Growing?From Growing?

Fix leaky plumbing and leaks in the building Fix leaky plumbing and leaks in the building ASAPASAP

Watch for condensation and wet spots. Fix the Watch for condensation and wet spots. Fix the moisture source ASAP.moisture source ASAP.

Prevent moisture due to condensation by Prevent moisture due to condensation by increasing surface temperature or reducing the increasing surface temperature or reducing the moisture level in the air. To increase the surface moisture level in the air. To increase the surface temperature, insulate or increase air circulation. temperature, insulate or increase air circulation. To reduce the moisture level in air, repair leaks, To reduce the moisture level in air, repair leaks, increase ventilation (if air outside is cold and dry) increase ventilation (if air outside is cold and dry) or dehumidify (if outdoor air is warm and humid). or dehumidify (if outdoor air is warm and humid).

Keep heating, ventilation, and air conditioning Keep heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) drip pans clean, flowing properly, and (HVAC) drip pans clean, flowing properly, and unobstructed. unobstructed.

How Can I Prevent Mold How Can I Prevent Mold From Growing?From Growing?

Vent moisture generating appliances such as Vent moisture generating appliances such as dryers to the outside where possible.dryers to the outside where possible.

Maintain low indoor humidity, below 60% Maintain low indoor humidity, below 60% relative humidity, ideally 30-50%, if possible. relative humidity, ideally 30-50%, if possible.

Perform regular HVAC building inspections Perform regular HVAC building inspections and maintenance as scheduled.and maintenance as scheduled.

Clean and dry wet or damp spots within 48 Clean and dry wet or damp spots within 48 hours.hours.

Do not let foundations stay wet. Provide Do not let foundations stay wet. Provide drainage and slope ground away from the drainage and slope ground away from the foundation. Fix foundation cracks and foundation. Fix foundation cracks and waterproof basements. Ensuring proper waterproof basements. Ensuring proper external grading is also crucial. external grading is also crucial.

How Can I Control Moisture How Can I Control Moisture to Prevent Mold?to Prevent Mold?

You must fix leaks. If moisture is coming into You must fix leaks. If moisture is coming into the home from outside, for example seeping the home from outside, for example seeping into the basement, you could landscape and into the basement, you could landscape and ensure that the ground slopes away from the ensure that the ground slopes away from the house or perform basement excavation and house or perform basement excavation and waterproofing. water problems in the waterproofing. water problems in the basement can result from no gutter or poorly basement can result from no gutter or poorly installed gutters or water flowing toward the installed gutters or water flowing toward the home and basement. Pipe leaks create a home and basement. Pipe leaks create a place for mold to grow. Often leaks from place for mold to grow. Often leaks from pipes drip onto wooden surfaces such as pipes drip onto wooden surfaces such as joists where the mold can then grow and joists where the mold can then grow and seriously compromise the structureseriously compromise the structure

Suggestions for Reducing Suggestions for Reducing Mold GrowthMold Growth

Vent showers and other moisture-generating Vent showers and other moisture-generating sources to the outside. This reduces internal sources to the outside. This reduces internal humidity. Change filters in furnaces and humidity. Change filters in furnaces and ventilation systems regularly.ventilation systems regularly.

Use air conditioners and de-humidifiers. Be Use air conditioners and de-humidifiers. Be sure they are in proper working condition. sure they are in proper working condition.

Provide adequate ventilation to maintain Provide adequate ventilation to maintain indoor humidity levels between 30-60%. indoor humidity levels between 30-60%.

Use exhaust fans whenever cooking, Use exhaust fans whenever cooking, dishwashing, and cleaning in food service dishwashing, and cleaning in food service areas. Clean exhaust fans regularly so that areas. Clean exhaust fans regularly so that there is not buildup that could cause a mold there is not buildup that could cause a mold problem. problem.


Inspect the building for signs of mold, Inspect the building for signs of mold, moisture, leaks, or spills moisture, leaks, or spills

Check for moldy odors. Check for moldy odors. Look for water stains or discoloration on Look for water stains or discoloration on

the ceiling, walls, floors, and window sills. the ceiling, walls, floors, and window sills. Often this is a reddish brown color. Often this is a reddish brown color.

Look around and under sinks for standing Look around and under sinks for standing water, water stains, or mold . water, water stains, or mold .

.Inspect bathrooms for standing water, .Inspect bathrooms for standing water, water stains, or mold. .Do not let water water stains, or mold. .Do not let water stand in air conditioning or refrigerator stand in air conditioning or refrigerator drip pans.drip pans.


Be alert for musty smells and track them Be alert for musty smells and track them to their source when you smell them. to their source when you smell them.

Clean and dry any damp or wet building Clean and dry any damp or wet building materials and furnishings within 24-48 materials and furnishings within 24-48 hours of occurrence to prevent mold hours of occurrence to prevent mold growth. growth.

Fix the source of the water problem or Fix the source of the water problem or leak to prevent mold growth. leak to prevent mold growth.

Clean mold off hard surfaces with water Clean mold off hard surfaces with water and detergent, and dry completely. and detergent, and dry completely.


Absorbent materials such as ceiling tiles, Absorbent materials such as ceiling tiles, that are moldy, may need to be replaced that are moldy, may need to be replaced

Check the mechanical room and roof for Check the mechanical room and roof for unsanitary conditions, leaks, or spills. unsanitary conditions, leaks, or spills.

Prevent moisture condensation. Pipes are a Prevent moisture condensation. Pipes are a popular place for this to occur.popular place for this to occur.

Inspect pipes and fix leaks immediately. Inspect pipes and fix leaks immediately. Clean and disinfect under sinks regularly. Clean and disinfect under sinks regularly.

Signs of MoldSigns of Mold

Moist carpeting or stained ceiling tiles Moist carpeting or stained ceiling tiles may signal a leak. The source will have to may signal a leak. The source will have to be determined. be determined.

Musty odors. These often signal mold Musty odors. These often signal mold growth. growth.

Recently installed wallboard and other Recently installed wallboard and other cover-ups. Replacing ceiling tiles or cover-ups. Replacing ceiling tiles or painting stained wallboards can cover a painting stained wallboards can cover a moisture problem, such as a leaky roof or moisture problem, such as a leaky roof or cracked foundation. cracked foundation.

Signs of MoldSigns of Mold High humidity can indicate poor ventilation and High humidity can indicate poor ventilation and

a moisture problem. vents installed on the a moisture problem. vents installed on the external siding are another indicator of a home external siding are another indicator of a home moisture problem. Keep a temperature- moisture problem. Keep a temperature- humidity gauge in the classroom or your living humidity gauge in the classroom or your living room. Relative humidity should be consistently room. Relative humidity should be consistently below 60%. below 60%.

Heat or air conditioning being shut down for Heat or air conditioning being shut down for long periods such as summer vacation, long periods such as summer vacation, vacation, or in vacation or second homes. This is vacation, or in vacation or second homes. This is especially relevant in humid areas such as the especially relevant in humid areas such as the Southeastern United States Southeastern United States

Signs of MoldSigns of Mold Wall units or other such large items Wall units or other such large items

placed near external walls in humid placed near external walls in humid climates such as the Southeastern United climates such as the Southeastern United States. This can impair the potential for States. This can impair the potential for drying and promote condensation.drying and promote condensation.

Indoor plants are just another source of Indoor plants are just another source of moisture that can raise the moisture level moisture that can raise the moisture level if they are allowed to leak onto furniture if they are allowed to leak onto furniture or wooden surfaces where mold can or wooden surfaces where mold can grow. Always place a catch bowl beneath grow. Always place a catch bowl beneath plants and clean it regularly plants and clean it regularly

The primary step is to The primary step is to commence an inspection commence an inspection

for mold.for mold. This will entail looking under and above many This will entail looking under and above many

parts of a house/building. Do not to disturb or parts of a house/building. Do not to disturb or remove any building materials such as remove any building materials such as wallpaper, wood, carpeting, drywall, wallboard wallpaper, wood, carpeting, drywall, wallboard and more in areas that possess mold because and more in areas that possess mold because the spores can become airborne, be breathed the spores can become airborne, be breathed in, and cause a host of health problems and/or in, and cause a host of health problems and/or spread the mold. A boroscope, to look in spaces spread the mold. A boroscope, to look in spaces within ductwork and other hidden spots can within ductwork and other hidden spots can also be used. A moisture meter to determine also be used. A moisture meter to determine the level of moisture in the air can be used to the level of moisture in the air can be used to help determine areas of leaks and moist mold help determine areas of leaks and moist mold growth locations. growth locations.

How to Perform SamplingHow to Perform SamplingWhere to Send SamplesWhere to Send Samples

How to Interpret Test ResultsHow to Interpret Test Results

Why Perform Mold Why Perform Mold Testing?Testing?

It is essential to have mold testing and sampling It is essential to have mold testing and sampling performed because: performed because:

Mold spores are too small to be seen and Mold spores are too small to be seen and conclusively identified as a particular species of conclusively identified as a particular species of mold.mold.

The extent of contamination cannot be The extent of contamination cannot be determined without sampling and testing.determined without sampling and testing.

Species of mold have varying health ramifications.Species of mold have varying health ramifications. It is essential to have a pre-remediation air It is essential to have a pre-remediation air

sampling to compare to the post remediation air sampling to compare to the post remediation air testing (also compared to outdoor air quality).testing (also compared to outdoor air quality).

To educate the customer particularly if they are To educate the customer particularly if they are mold sensitive and to take appropriate action to mold sensitive and to take appropriate action to protect the customer and your staff members.protect the customer and your staff members.

2 Main Types of 2 Main Types of SamplingSampling

Surface sampling entails taking physical Surface sampling entails taking physical samples of mold growth from growth locations. samples of mold growth from growth locations. A tape sample can be taken by placing the tape A tape sample can be taken by placing the tape on the mold covered surface. The mold then on the mold covered surface. The mold then adheres to the tape. The tape is put onto a slide adheres to the tape. The tape is put onto a slide and the analyzed by the laboratory which and the analyzed by the laboratory which generates a report documenting the type of generates a report documenting the type of mold. Tape sample results only reflect the type mold. Tape sample results only reflect the type of mold. To determine the extent of mold of mold. To determine the extent of mold contamination, air sampling will have to be contamination, air sampling will have to be performed. We will discuss this later in this performed. We will discuss this later in this section. section.

Swab SamplingSwab Sampling

Another method of gaining surface Another method of gaining surface samples for testing is to perform a samples for testing is to perform a swab test. A swab is wiped across swab test. A swab is wiped across the moldy surface section and then the moldy surface section and then placed on an agar plate (this plate placed on an agar plate (this plate then grows the mold into viable then grows the mold into viable colonies). The mold testing colonies). The mold testing laboratory identifies the type of laboratory identifies the type of mold. mold.

Air SamplingAir Sampling

It is also essential to perform pre-remediation It is also essential to perform pre-remediation air sampling. This will determine the levels of air sampling. This will determine the levels of spores in the air. Since mold releases spores spores in the air. Since mold releases spores into the air and spores travel on air currents, into the air and spores travel on air currents, you will know the extent of the contamination you will know the extent of the contamination by taking air samples from various areas in by taking air samples from various areas in the structure. It is essential to use both bulk the structure. It is essential to use both bulk sampling (taking physical samples of the mold sampling (taking physical samples of the mold form the growth source) and air sampling form the growth source) and air sampling because NOT all types of mold go airborne because NOT all types of mold go airborne easily (refer to section on types of mold). easily (refer to section on types of mold).

Air Sampling Involves the Air Sampling Involves the use of 1 of the Methods use of 1 of the Methods

listed Belowlisted Below Basically air sampling involves selection Basically air sampling involves selection

and use of one of the following methods:and use of one of the following methods: Hole impactionHole impaction Sieve impaction Sieve impaction Centrifugal Centrifugal FiltrationFiltration Gravity basedGravity based Material settlementMaterial settlement Multiple hole impactionMultiple hole impaction Liquid impingementLiquid impingement

Culture MethodCulture Method

A culture methodology has the air flow A culture methodology has the air flow impacting upon a culture disk. the viable impacting upon a culture disk. the viable spores are grown into colonies, the type spores are grown into colonies, the type of mold(s) identified, and based on the of mold(s) identified, and based on the air flow the amount of mold colonies per air flow the amount of mold colonies per cubic meter of air can be mathematically cubic meter of air can be mathematically determined. This method is helpful determined. This method is helpful because the contactor gets a definitive because the contactor gets a definitive answer as to what type of mold he or she answer as to what type of mold he or she is dealing with. is dealing with.

Air Sampling-Sticky Air Sampling-Sticky ImpactionImpaction

Air sampling using a sticky source, allows the Air sampling using a sticky source, allows the laboratory to take an exact count of spores in laboratory to take an exact count of spores in the air per cubic meter of air. This provides an the air per cubic meter of air. This provides an accurate answer to the quality of air in the accurate answer to the quality of air in the structure. This is helpful if homeowner’s have structure. This is helpful if homeowner’s have complained about not feeling well and complained about not feeling well and respiratory problems. Either way, air sampling respiratory problems. Either way, air sampling is essential to perform pre-remediation and is essential to perform pre-remediation and post-remediation combing with mold post-remediation combing with mold remediation and repair of the source of the remediation and repair of the source of the moisture problem to ensure a job well done. moisture problem to ensure a job well done.

Charges and Getting Test Charges and Getting Test ResultsResults

The samples are sent to the laboratory for The samples are sent to the laboratory for testing. Swab and culture sampling typically testing. Swab and culture sampling typically take several more days to get results because take several more days to get results because the mold must have time to grow into colonies. the mold must have time to grow into colonies. Air impact on sticky substrate provides a mold Air impact on sticky substrate provides a mold count and takes less time to get results. The count and takes less time to get results. The customer should have a basic time frame as to customer should have a basic time frame as to when results will come in. Charges for mold when results will come in. Charges for mold sampling usually range from $120.00-sampling usually range from $120.00-$125.00+ based on the complexity of the $125.00+ based on the complexity of the project and the number and type of samples project and the number and type of samples taken. This average price also takes into taken. This average price also takes into account communicating the results with the account communicating the results with the customer and the cost and labor of 2 visits. customer and the cost and labor of 2 visits.

How To Interpret Air Sampling How To Interpret Air Sampling Results?Results?

Air sampling devices have different flow Air sampling devices have different flow rates. Different air samplers have rates. Different air samplers have different rates of efficiency. It is different rates of efficiency. It is important to use the same exact type of important to use the same exact type of air samplers. It is essential to compare air samplers. It is essential to compare apples to apples. Never compare results apples to apples. Never compare results from different air sampling equipment from different air sampling equipment types and never take samples for types and never take samples for different durations of time and compare different durations of time and compare results. results.


Several common types of air sampling Several common types of air sampling devices are as follows:devices are as follows:

Spore traps:Spore traps: Air-O-Cell cassettesAir-O-Cell cassettes MCE filter cassettesMCE filter cassettes Allergeno samplersAllergeno samplers Burkhard samplersBurkhard samplers These types of air samples collect spores These types of air samples collect spores

on a receiver or membrane. on a receiver or membrane.


When this type of sample is submitted to a When this type of sample is submitted to a laboratory for testing, all of the mold and laboratory for testing, all of the mold and fungus parts are counted and identified. The fungus parts are counted and identified. The accuracy of total spore count results is very accuracy of total spore count results is very similar to that of the culture plate method. similar to that of the culture plate method. Culture plates usually result in less Culture plates usually result in less mold/fungal collection than a spore trap mold/fungal collection than a spore trap method. Why is this? Collection via culture method. Why is this? Collection via culture plate only grows viable spores. Therefore, non-plate only grows viable spores. Therefore, non-viable or dormant spores cannot grow into viable or dormant spores cannot grow into colonies on the plate. The advantage of using a colonies on the plate. The advantage of using a culture plate methodology is that the types of culture plate methodology is that the types of mold/fungus can be properly identified. mold/fungus can be properly identified.

How Are Airborne Mold/Fungus How Are Airborne Mold/Fungus Spores Results Arrived at From the Spores Results Arrived at From the

Spore Counting Method?Spore Counting Method? Follow the steps herein. The contractor may Follow the steps herein. The contractor may

not need to use all of the steps. If a step is not need to use all of the steps. If a step is not applicable to your case, go on to the next not applicable to your case, go on to the next step. step.

If there is a large sampling of airborne spores If there is a large sampling of airborne spores from the total spore counting method, you from the total spore counting method, you might be able to define what is considered a might be able to define what is considered a low, moderate or high level to screen your low, moderate or high level to screen your results. This type of data should only be used results. This type of data should only be used for performance evaluation and cannot be for performance evaluation and cannot be used as criteria for a health evaluation.used as criteria for a health evaluation.


Spore Counting Method?Spore Counting Method? Compare total concentrations from outdoor, indoor, Compare total concentrations from outdoor, indoor,

areas without apparent issue, and areas with areas without apparent issue, and areas with mold/spore issues. Indoor mold/spores levels should mold/spore issues. Indoor mold/spores levels should be less than outdoor air quality. However, be less than outdoor air quality. However, remember that building with many open remember that building with many open windows/door especially in the summer and better windows/door especially in the summer and better weather seasons or locations without can have weather seasons or locations without can have spore levels that are higher than outside air levels. spore levels that are higher than outside air levels. Locations without spore growth should generally Locations without spore growth should generally have lower spore counts than areas with have lower spore counts than areas with actual/suspected spore growth.actual/suspected spore growth.

Compare spore type and species, indoor versus Compare spore type and species, indoor versus outdoor air quality, and involved versus non-outdoor air quality, and involved versus non-involved area. Large indoor spaces may not always involved area. Large indoor spaces may not always reflect the same spore/mold types as outdoors reflect the same spore/mold types as outdoors because of the large space over which the spores because of the large space over which the spores may be spread. may be spread.


Spore Counting Method?Spore Counting Method? Compare the data from involved locations to assess what Compare the data from involved locations to assess what

spores are consistently found. If the samples from all spores are consistently found. If the samples from all involved areas indicate that a consistent level of spores involved areas indicate that a consistent level of spores is found, then the mold source is probably nearby. is found, then the mold source is probably nearby.

Look for fungal spores that are usually associated with Look for fungal spores that are usually associated with water damage. Common spores associated with water water damage. Common spores associated with water damage are: Chaetomium, Stachybotrys, Menoniella, damage are: Chaetomium, Stachybotrys, Menoniella, Ulocladium. and Eurotium. Reproductive structures of Ulocladium. and Eurotium. Reproductive structures of spores such as ascus, conidophores, and ascomata can spores such as ascus, conidophores, and ascomata can indicate active mold growth due to water damage, indicate active mold growth due to water damage, condensation, or high humidity levels. Eurotium, for condensation, or high humidity levels. Eurotium, for example, often indicates high humidity, condensation example, often indicates high humidity, condensation problems, and poor ventilation. Aspegillus and problems, and poor ventilation. Aspegillus and Penicillium types of spores are common both indoor and Penicillium types of spores are common both indoor and outdoors. However, if they are found in higher levels outdoors. However, if they are found in higher levels indoors, this is indicative of a water damaged indoors, this is indicative of a water damaged environment. environment.


Spore Counting Method?Spore Counting Method? Low levels of spores in winter indoors do not Low levels of spores in winter indoors do not

indicate a healthy indoor air quality environment. In indicate a healthy indoor air quality environment. In winter, water freezes and temperatures drop winter, water freezes and temperatures drop thereby putting mold and its spores into dormancy thereby putting mold and its spores into dormancy and a non-reproductive state. This can significantly and a non-reproductive state. This can significantly change in spring and summer when temperatures change in spring and summer when temperatures are warm and leaks have unfrozen. Ex: A leaky are warm and leaks have unfrozen. Ex: A leaky moldy basement does not actively leak at 10 moldy basement does not actively leak at 10 degrees F or appear as smell and moldy until the degrees F or appear as smell and moldy until the spring thaws hit. spring thaws hit.

If Stachybotrys spores are detected consult the If Stachybotrys spores are detected consult the “Guidelines on Assessment and remediation of “Guidelines on Assessment and remediation of Stachybotrys atra in Indoor Environments” by the Stachybotrys atra in Indoor Environments” by the NYC Department of Health. This can be found at NYC Department of Health. This can be found at www.ci.nyc.us/html/doh/epi/moldrpt1.htmlwww.ci.nyc.us/html/doh/epi/moldrpt1.html


Spore Counting Method?Spore Counting Method? Be sure to correlate customer complaints, site Be sure to correlate customer complaints, site

inspection, and lab results to determine if there inspection, and lab results to determine if there is mold/fungal growth. If there is mold/fungal is mold/fungal growth. If there is mold/fungal growth, there is a moisture/water problem growth, there is a moisture/water problem nearby. The source of this moisture problem nearby. The source of this moisture problem must be fixed so that it does not recur. must be fixed so that it does not recur.

Understand the background of the type(s) of Understand the background of the type(s) of spores found and identified in the laboratory spores found and identified in the laboratory results. Some spores such as Eurotium are results. Some spores such as Eurotium are xerophobic and grow where there is low water xerophobic and grow where there is low water activity. Others such as Chaetomium, activity. Others such as Chaetomium, Memnoniella, Stachybotrys, and Ulocladium Memnoniella, Stachybotrys, and Ulocladium grow where there is a great deal of water grow where there is a great deal of water present. present.

Bulk Sampling Bulk Sampling TechniqueTechnique

Bulk sampling can be performed on Bulk sampling can be performed on the following materials (but not the following materials (but not limited to): limited to):

Carpet FibersCarpet Fibers Drywall MaterialsDrywall Materials HVAC System Liners/materialsHVAC System Liners/materials SheetrockSheetrock

Bulk Sampling Bulk Sampling TechniqueTechnique

Use a knife to cut out the section to be sent out bulk Use a knife to cut out the section to be sent out bulk sampling. Be sure to wear health care type of gloves for sampling. Be sure to wear health care type of gloves for personal protection and to protect the sample. Always personal protection and to protect the sample. Always alcohols swab your cutting tool both before and after alcohols swab your cutting tool both before and after taking the bulk sample. taking the bulk sample.

Cut a 1-4 square inch sample and put this in a zip lock Cut a 1-4 square inch sample and put this in a zip lock bag. Be sure to be gentle when cutting out the sample so bag. Be sure to be gentle when cutting out the sample so that you do not disturb the spores/mold/fungus source. that you do not disturb the spores/mold/fungus source. Label the sample and record it on the sample sheet. Label the sample and record it on the sample sheet. Record site, sample location, sample size, time and date. Record site, sample location, sample size, time and date.

Send the samples to the laboratory ASAP. If the bulk Send the samples to the laboratory ASAP. If the bulk samples are damp or moist ship them in ice by overnight samples are damp or moist ship them in ice by overnight courier. Contact the laboratory and inform then that wet courier. Contact the laboratory and inform then that wet samples are on their way and to get them tested samples are on their way and to get them tested immediately. Verify that you send all samples with the immediately. Verify that you send all samples with the data sheet and chain of custody to the lab. data sheet and chain of custody to the lab.

How to Perform Spore How to Perform Spore Trapping Samples?Trapping Samples?

Attach the exit end of the cassette to the tube and air Attach the exit end of the cassette to the tube and air pump.pump.

Be sure to record the location and all required chain of Be sure to record the location and all required chain of custody information.custody information.

Out the cassette and pump down on a stable surface in Out the cassette and pump down on a stable surface in the location of where the air sampling is to be done.the location of where the air sampling is to be done.

Do not disturb the area while the sampling is taking Do not disturb the area while the sampling is taking place.place.

Set the sampling time (all samples should be set for the Set the sampling time (all samples should be set for the same time period for apples to apples comparison)same time period for apples to apples comparison)

When the sampling is completed, re seal the sample When the sampling is completed, re seal the sample inlet slit and remove the sample from the pump inlet slit and remove the sample from the pump mechanism. mechanism.

Send the sample to the laboratory with the chain of Send the sample to the laboratory with the chain of custody documentation (keep copy for your records).custody documentation (keep copy for your records).


Spore Counting Method?Spore Counting Method?

How Are Airborne Mold/Fungus Spores How Are Airborne Mold/Fungus Spores Results Arrived at From the Spore Counting Results Arrived at From the Spore Counting Method?Method?

Your initial site investigation and visual Your initial site investigation and visual observations are essential to this process. The observations are essential to this process. The contractor should be mapping out the locations contractor should be mapping out the locations of water damage, extent of damage, types of of water damage, extent of damage, types of materials damaged, humidity issues, building materials damaged, humidity issues, building history, and more. Via this means, the history, and more. Via this means, the contractor can correlate the mold testing results contractor can correlate the mold testing results with the location issues where the samples with the location issues where the samples derived. This can be used in the process of derived. This can be used in the process of making remediation recommendations.making remediation recommendations.

Wipe and Swab SamplingWipe and Swab Sampling To perform wipe/swab sampling do the following:To perform wipe/swab sampling do the following: Follow the directions on your wipe/swap kit but first Follow the directions on your wipe/swap kit but first

moisten the swab.moisten the swab. Take the sample by wiping the surface.Take the sample by wiping the surface. Wipe 1 square or 4 square inches.Wipe 1 square or 4 square inches. If the surface looks significantly dirty, double the If the surface looks significantly dirty, double the

surface swabbing area.surface swabbing area. Properly label the samples. This should include the Properly label the samples. This should include the

size of each area sampled. Send a copy of the data size of each area sampled. Send a copy of the data sheet with the samples.sheet with the samples.

Send the samples to the lab via overnight courier. Ice Send the samples to the lab via overnight courier. Ice packs may be used and are often helpful is retaining packs may be used and are often helpful is retaining a viable sample. a viable sample.

The laboratory will analyze the samples and send you The laboratory will analyze the samples and send you the results as soon as they are available. the results as soon as they are available.

Mold Testing LaboratoriesMold Testing Laboratories

Mold testing laboratories can be found in the Yellow Mold testing laboratories can be found in the Yellow Pages of your local phone book. Galson Laboratories Pages of your local phone book. Galson Laboratories at 888-432-5527 provides kits . at 888-432-5527 provides kits .

Galson requires that microbiological samples be Galson requires that microbiological samples be shipped via overnight courier in a cooler with blue shipped via overnight courier in a cooler with blue ice. The utilize potato dextrose agar (PDA) for fungal ice. The utilize potato dextrose agar (PDA) for fungal cultures and Trypticase Soy agar (TSA) for bacteria cultures and Trypticase Soy agar (TSA) for bacteria testing.testing.

Please refer to the Galson Laboratories Handouts. Please refer to the Galson Laboratories Handouts. These handouts document how to take a sample These handouts document how to take a sample using different sampling devices, how to send in using different sampling devices, how to send in samples, equipment rentals, and much more!samples, equipment rentals, and much more!

SKC at SKC at www.skcinc.comwww.skcinc.com also rents equipment and also rents equipment and provides a full range of testing services. provides a full range of testing services.

There is Mold-Now There is Mold-Now What?What?

What structural repairs are involved? How will this be done? What structural repairs are involved? How will this be done? Who will do this?Who will do this?

Where is hidden mold located? Is the structure Where is hidden mold located? Is the structure compromised? What materials must be removed to get at he compromised? What materials must be removed to get at he hidden mold? hidden mold?

How many rooms are involved? How many rooms are involved? How will I seal the remediation zone(s)How will I seal the remediation zone(s) How many cleaning stations will need to be set up?How many cleaning stations will need to be set up? What materials can be cleaned and dried?What materials can be cleaned and dried? What materials must be discarded? What materials must be discarded? How much time and how may staff members will this project How much time and how may staff members will this project

require? require? What are my overhead costs-materials, time labor, wages What are my overhead costs-materials, time labor, wages

and benefits, insurance costs etc.?and benefits, insurance costs etc.? The contractor must plan for all of the issues above and The contractor must plan for all of the issues above and

more in planning to prepare a quote to discuss with the more in planning to prepare a quote to discuss with the customer. customer.

Communicating Test Communicating Test ResultsResults

When the report comes back from the When the report comes back from the laboratory, the contractor must communicate laboratory, the contractor must communicate the type of mold that is present and from the the type of mold that is present and from the air sampling the amount of spores per cubic air sampling the amount of spores per cubic meter of air. The contractor should compare meter of air. The contractor should compare the indoor air quality to what normal outdoor the indoor air quality to what normal outdoor air quality conditions in terms of the number of air quality conditions in terms of the number of spores per cubic meter of air are. It is essential spores per cubic meter of air are. It is essential for the homeowner to know how their indoor air for the homeowner to know how their indoor air quality compares to normal outdoor air quality quality compares to normal outdoor air quality (this is the post remediation test-to have the (this is the post remediation test-to have the post remediation indoor air quality test the post remediation indoor air quality test the same or better than normal outdoor air quality). same or better than normal outdoor air quality).

Safety Tips for Evaluating Safety Tips for Evaluating and Investigating Mold and Investigating Mold

ProblemsProblems Do not touch mold or moldy items with bare Do not touch mold or moldy items with bare

hands. Be sure to have plastic gloves on for hands. Be sure to have plastic gloves on for sampling/remediating. sampling/remediating.

Do not get mold or mold spores in your eyes. use Do not get mold or mold spores in your eyes. use safety goggles with side shields that fit snugly safety goggles with side shields that fit snugly around your eyes and face. around your eyes and face.

Do not breathe in mold or mold spores. Be sure Do not breathe in mold or mold spores. Be sure to have your respirator on at all times while to have your respirator on at all times while within the containment zone. within the containment zone.

Follow the PPE and containment guidelines as Follow the PPE and containment guidelines as contained in this manualcontained in this manual

When addressing mold the minimum PPE is an When addressing mold the minimum PPE is an N-95 respirator, gloves, and eye protection. N-95 respirator, gloves, and eye protection.

Mold Remediation Steps Mold Remediation Steps

Select a remediation managerSelect a remediation manager Assess the size of the mold problem and Assess the size of the mold problem and

note the type of mold damaged itemsnote the type of mold damaged items Communicate with the all people Communicate with the all people

involved in the project throughout the involved in the project throughout the process as appropriate to the situations.process as appropriate to the situations.

Identify the source of the moisture Identify the source of the moisture problemproblem

Plan the remeditation to fit the scope Plan the remeditation to fit the scope and type of remediation situationand type of remediation situation

Mold Remediation StepsMold Remediation Steps

Select the PPESelect the PPE Select containment equipmentSelect containment equipment Select remediation staffSelect remediation staff Remediate using either in house or Remediate using either in house or

out of house personnelout of house personnel Clean and dry moldy materialsClean and dry moldy materials

Mold Remediation StepsMold Remediation Steps

Discard moldy items that can’t be Discard moldy items that can’t be cleanedcleaned

Dry non moldy items within 48 hoursDry non moldy items within 48 hours Check for return of the mold and Check for return of the mold and

moisture problem.moisture problem. If hidden mold is discovered, If hidden mold is discovered,

reevaluate your remediation plan, and reevaluate your remediation plan, and recommunicate to all parties involved recommunicate to all parties involved the revised remediation plan. the revised remediation plan.

Before RemediationBefore Remediation

Are there already existing moisture problems Are there already existing moisture problems in the building?in the building?

Have building materials been wet more that 48 Have building materials been wet more that 48 hours?hours?

Are there hidden sources of water or is the Are there hidden sources of water or is the humidity too high (high enough to cause humidity too high (high enough to cause condensation)?condensation)?

Are people reporting musty or moldy odors? Are people reporting musty or moldy odors? Where in particular?Where in particular?

Are people reporting health problems or Are people reporting health problems or sneezing a lot with runny noses? What ar they? sneezing a lot with runny noses? What ar they?

Before RemediationBefore Remediation

Are the building materials or furnishings Are the building materials or furnishings visibly damaged? Is mold readily apparent?visibly damaged? Is mold readily apparent?

Has maintenance been delayed or the Has maintenance been delayed or the maintenance plan changed?maintenance plan changed?

Has the building been recently remodeled Has the building been recently remodeled or changed? Look at the plans?or changed? Look at the plans?

Is consultation with health professional Is consultation with health professional indicated?indicated?

Have there been grading problems or Have there been grading problems or streams/springs nearby?streams/springs nearby?

How Do I Determine What Type of Mold It Is How Do I Determine What Type of Mold It Is and How It Should Be Treated?and How It Should Be Treated?

Laboratory testing to determine the type of mold Laboratory testing to determine the type of mold is often needed in case a person is or does is often needed in case a person is or does become ill from mold. A doctor will ask what it is become ill from mold. A doctor will ask what it is prior to prescribing treatment. prior to prescribing treatment.

Mold sampling is needed to ascertain the proper Mold sampling is needed to ascertain the proper remediation procedures.remediation procedures.

An environmental professional who is specifically An environmental professional who is specifically trained for this task should perform mold testing trained for this task should perform mold testing and sampling. and sampling.

Samples are sent to an environmental laboratory Samples are sent to an environmental laboratory where testing is conducted to determine the type where testing is conducted to determine the type and severity of contamination. Often, it will take and severity of contamination. Often, it will take several days to complete the lab testing. several days to complete the lab testing.

The three basic tools used to The three basic tools used to determine the relevant determine the relevant

remediation plan are as follows:remediation plan are as follows:

Visual inspectionVisual inspection Photographs Photographs Laboratory analysis Laboratory analysis

The written remediation The written remediation plan will accomplish the plan will accomplish the

following tasks:following tasks:

Types of personal protective Types of personal protective equipment (PPE) should be usedequipment (PPE) should be used

A level of containment that must be A level of containment that must be erectederected

Procedures to be followed to clean Procedures to be followed to clean and/or remove moldy building and/or remove moldy building materials. materials.

SalvagableSalvagable

MetalsMetals GlassGlass CeramicsCeramics PlasticsPlastics WoodWood Concrete materials Concrete materials Fabrics that have only a small amount of mold Fabrics that have only a small amount of mold

and can be cleaned are a judgment call.and can be cleaned are a judgment call. * These materials must be structurally sound be * These materials must be structurally sound be

able to be cleaned.able to be cleaned.

DiscardDiscard

Porous materialsPorous materials Ceiling tiles Ceiling tiles InsulationInsulation Wallboards with more than a small Wallboards with more than a small

area of contamination should be area of contamination should be removed and discarded. removed and discarded.

Setting the Remediation Setting the Remediation PlanPlan

The first step is to assess the size of the mold The first step is to assess the size of the mold and/or moisture problem and the type of and/or moisture problem and the type of damaged materials before planning the actual damaged materials before planning the actual work. Select a remediation manager for large work. Select a remediation manager for large or medium sized jobs. The plan should include or medium sized jobs. The plan should include the steps to fix the water or moisture problem the steps to fix the water or moisture problem or potential reoccurrence. The plan should or potential reoccurrence. The plan should cover the use of appropriate PPE and include cover the use of appropriate PPE and include steps to carefully contain and remove mold steps to carefully contain and remove mold building materials to avoid spreading the building materials to avoid spreading the molds. A remediation plan can vary greatly molds. A remediation plan can vary greatly based on the job size, complexity, and possible based on the job size, complexity, and possible revisions to the plan. revisions to the plan.

People FirstPeople First

The most important factor is to The most important factor is to protect the health and safety of the protect the health and safety of the occupants and the remediation staff. occupants and the remediation staff.

This may mean the relocation of This may mean the relocation of people to an alternate location while people to an alternate location while the remediation is taking place. the remediation is taking place. Remediation should be conducted Remediation should be conducted during off hours because people will during off hours because people will not be in the area. not be in the area.

PPEPPE As a contractor, it is essential that you ensure the As a contractor, it is essential that you ensure the

safety of your staff and comply with OSHA and safety of your staff and comply with OSHA and EPA guidelines. On a mold remediation work site, EPA guidelines. On a mold remediation work site, the following types of PPE are recommended:the following types of PPE are recommended:

Goggles/Safety GlassesGoggles/Safety Glasses Full Body Suit with Booties and HoodFull Body Suit with Booties and Hood Hearing ProtectionHearing Protection Work Boots Preferably Steel ToesWork Boots Preferably Steel Toes Hard Hat (to protect from falling objects)Hard Hat (to protect from falling objects) GlovesGloves N-100 Respirator for Organic Particulates (comply N-100 Respirator for Organic Particulates (comply

with OSHA respiratory protection standard)with OSHA respiratory protection standard)

CommunicationCommunication The homeowner/building owner is often quite perturbed The homeowner/building owner is often quite perturbed

about the situation and the impact on the about the situation and the impact on the business/occupants. business/occupants.

In addition, the insurance adjustor must understand what In addition, the insurance adjustor must understand what the written remediation plan is, and how the project is the written remediation plan is, and how the project is progressing. The initial report and plan are also given to the progressing. The initial report and plan are also given to the adjustor. adjustor.

The employees must receive a through safety training on The employees must receive a through safety training on mold, the appropriate safety gear, and how to wear it. They mold, the appropriate safety gear, and how to wear it. They need to be aware of the adverse health conditions that can need to be aware of the adverse health conditions that can result if they do not comply with the required safety gear. In result if they do not comply with the required safety gear. In addition, there must be sanctions if they choose not to addition, there must be sanctions if they choose not to comply and wear the required safety gear. Be sure to comply and wear the required safety gear. Be sure to communicate in a manner that does not alarm the communicate in a manner that does not alarm the homeowner, or create additional or unnecessary liability or homeowner, or create additional or unnecessary liability or cost for the insurance company/building owner. cost for the insurance company/building owner.

HVACHVAC

Do not run the HVAC system if you suspect that it is Do not run the HVAC system if you suspect that it is contaminated with mold or if mold is located near contaminated with mold or if mold is located near the intake to the system. If the occupants inform you the intake to the system. If the occupants inform you that they know there if mold in the HVAC system that they know there if mold in the HVAC system because when they turn it on, the mold smell because when they turn it on, the mold smell becomes much stronger all over, there is probably becomes much stronger all over, there is probably mold in the HVAC system. If the occupants have mold in the HVAC system. If the occupants have been running this system regularly, the mold spores been running this system regularly, the mold spores are probably all over and air testing will have to be are probably all over and air testing will have to be done with the system on. The HVAC system will also done with the system on. The HVAC system will also have to be remediated. and the system not run until have to be remediated. and the system not run until it has been thoroughly remediated and the air tested it has been thoroughly remediated and the air tested post remediation post remediation

Hidden Mold SourcesHidden Mold Sources Back side of dry wall, wallpaper or panelingBack side of dry wall, wallpaper or paneling Top of ceiling tilesTop of ceiling tiles Underside of carpets and pads etc. Underside of carpets and pads etc. Pie chases and utility tunnelsPie chases and utility tunnels Walls behind furniture Walls behind furniture Condensate drain pans inside air handling units, porous Condensate drain pans inside air handling units, porous

thermal or acoustic liners inside ductwork thermal or acoustic liners inside ductwork Roof materials above ceiling tiles (due to rook leaks or Roof materials above ceiling tiles (due to rook leaks or

insufficient insulation). Materials such as dry wall with vinyl insufficient insulation). Materials such as dry wall with vinyl wallpaper over it or wood paneling can act as vapor barriers wallpaper over it or wood paneling can act as vapor barriers which trap moisture underneath and provide a moist which trap moisture underneath and provide a moist environment for mold. You may suspect hidden mold if a environment for mold. You may suspect hidden mold if a building smells moldy but you cannot see the source, or if building smells moldy but you cannot see the source, or if you know there has been water damage and building you know there has been water damage and building occupants are reporting health problems. Be sure to use the occupants are reporting health problems. Be sure to use the required PPE when investigating hidden mold sources. required PPE when investigating hidden mold sources. Removal of wallpaper can lead to a massive release of spores Removal of wallpaper can lead to a massive release of spores from mold growing on the underside of the paper. from mold growing on the underside of the paper.

Small Mold AreasSmall Mold Areas

A small mold remediation area is defined as 10 square feet A small mold remediation area is defined as 10 square feet or less. This may be a small section of tile or wallboard, or or less. This may be a small section of tile or wallboard, or simply that the mold problem has been caught early on simply that the mold problem has been caught early on before it had a chance to cover and extensive area. before it had a chance to cover and extensive area.

Remediation can be conducted by maintenance staff. Such Remediation can be conducted by maintenance staff. Such persons should receive training on proper clean up methods, persons should receive training on proper clean up methods, personal protection, and potential health hazards. Training personal protection, and potential health hazards. Training is essential. You must comply with the OSHA Hazard is essential. You must comply with the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200). Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200).

Respiratory protection must be worn. It is important to Respiratory protection must be worn. It is important to ensure that you and all staff within the containment areas ensure that you and all staff within the containment areas comply with the OSHA respiratory protection standard (29 comply with the OSHA respiratory protection standard (29 CFR 1910.134), is recommended. Gloves and eye protection CFR 1910.134), is recommended. Gloves and eye protection should be worn. An N 95 respirator must be worn while in should be worn. An N 95 respirator must be worn while in the containment zone and while remediating.the containment zone and while remediating.

Small Mold AreasSmall Mold Areas The work area should be unoccupied except by The work area should be unoccupied except by

the remediators. Vacating people from spaces the remediators. Vacating people from spaces adjacent to the work area is not necessary in all adjacent to the work area is not necessary in all casescases

Remove the following people from areas nearby Remove the following people from areas nearby the remediation zone: infants of less than 1 the remediation zone: infants of less than 1 year old, persons who recently had surgery, year old, persons who recently had surgery, immune suppressed people, or people with immune suppressed people, or people with lung diseases or allergies.lung diseases or allergies.

Containment of the work area is not always Containment of the work area is not always necessary . Dust and mold suppression necessary . Dust and mold suppression methods, such as misting surfaces prior to methods, such as misting surfaces prior to remediation, should also be employed. remediation, should also be employed.

Small Mold AreasSmall Mold Areas Contaminated materials that cannot be Contaminated materials that cannot be

cleaned should be removed from the building cleaned should be removed from the building in a sealed plastic bag. Moldy bagged in a sealed plastic bag. Moldy bagged materials can simply be placed in the regular materials can simply be placed in the regular garbage. garbage.

The work area and areas used by remedial The work area and areas used by remedial workers for egress should be cleaned with a workers for egress should be cleaned with a mop and the Caltex System. This is important mop and the Caltex System. This is important to prevent the spread of mold spores which to prevent the spread of mold spores which may have been tracked in and out. may have been tracked in and out.

The job site should be left, clean, dry, with no The job site should be left, clean, dry, with no debris or obvious mold problem debris or obvious mold problem

Medium Sized AreasMedium Sized Areas

A medium sized areas is defined as being 10- 30 square feet. A medium sized areas is defined as being 10- 30 square feet. This can include any of the surfaces commonly devoured by This can include any of the surfaces commonly devoured by mold.mold.

Remediation can be conducted by maintenance staff. Such Remediation can be conducted by maintenance staff. Such persons should receive training on proper clean up methods, persons should receive training on proper clean up methods, personal protection, and potential health hazards. Training is personal protection, and potential health hazards. Training is essential. You must comply with the OSHA Hazard essential. You must comply with the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200). Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200).

Respiratory protection must be worn. It is important to ensure Respiratory protection must be worn. It is important to ensure that you and all staff within the containment areas comply with that you and all staff within the containment areas comply with the OSHA respiratory protection standard (29 CFR 1910.134), the OSHA respiratory protection standard (29 CFR 1910.134), is recommended. Gloves and eye protection should be worn. is recommended. Gloves and eye protection should be worn. An N 95 respirator must be worn while in the containment An N 95 respirator must be worn while in the containment zone and while remediating.zone and while remediating.

The work area should be unoccupied except by the The work area should be unoccupied except by the remediators. Vacating people from spaces adjacent to the work remediators. Vacating people from spaces adjacent to the work area is not necessary in all casesarea is not necessary in all cases

Medium Sized AreasMedium Sized Areas Remove the following people from areas Remove the following people from areas

nearby the remediation zone: infants of less nearby the remediation zone: infants of less than 1 year old, persons who recently had than 1 year old, persons who recently had surgery, immune suppressed people, or surgery, immune suppressed people, or people with lung diseases or allergies.people with lung diseases or allergies.

Containment of the work area is not always Containment of the work area is not always necessary . Dust and mold suppression necessary . Dust and mold suppression methods, such as misting surfaces prior to methods, such as misting surfaces prior to remediation, should also be employed. remediation, should also be employed.

The work area should be covered with a The work area should be covered with a plastic sheet(s) and sealed with tape before plastic sheet(s) and sealed with tape before remediation, to contain dust/debris. remediation, to contain dust/debris.

Medium Sized AreasMedium Sized Areas The work area and areas used by remedial workers The work area and areas used by remedial workers

for egress should be HEPA vacuumed ( a vacuum for egress should be HEPA vacuumed ( a vacuum equipped with a High-Efficiency Particulate Air equipped with a High-Efficiency Particulate Air filter) and cleaned with a damp cloth and/or mop and filter) and cleaned with a damp cloth and/or mop and a detergent solution. a detergent solution.

Contaminated materials that cannot be cleaned Contaminated materials that cannot be cleaned should be removed from the building in a sealed should be removed from the building in a sealed plastic bag. Moldy bagged materials can simply be plastic bag. Moldy bagged materials can simply be placed in the regular garbage. placed in the regular garbage.

The work area and areas used by remedial workers The work area and areas used by remedial workers for egress should be cleaned with a mop and the for egress should be cleaned with a mop and the Caltex System. This is important to prevent the Caltex System. This is important to prevent the spread of mold spores which may have been tracked spread of mold spores which may have been tracked in and out. in and out.

The job site should be left, clean, dry, with no debris The job site should be left, clean, dry, with no debris or obvious mold problem or obvious mold problem

Large Mold AreasLarge Mold Areas A large mold problem is defined as being 30- A large mold problem is defined as being 30-

100 square feet.100 square feet. Microbial investigations should be performed Microbial investigations should be performed

prior to remediation activities to provide prior to remediation activities to provide guidance. guidance.

Respiratory protection must be worn. It is Respiratory protection must be worn. It is important to ensure that you and all staff important to ensure that you and all staff within the containment areas comply with the within the containment areas comply with the OSHA respiratory protection standard (29 CFR OSHA respiratory protection standard (29 CFR 1910.134), is recommended. Gloves and eye 1910.134), is recommended. Gloves and eye protection should be worn. An N 95 respirator protection should be worn. An N 95 respirator must be worn while in the containment zone must be worn while in the containment zone and while remediating.and while remediating.

Large Mold AreasLarge Mold Areas The work area should be unoccupied except by the The work area should be unoccupied except by the

remediators. Vacating people from spaces adjacent to remediators. Vacating people from spaces adjacent to the work area is not necessary in all casesthe work area is not necessary in all cases

Remove the following people from areas nearby the Remove the following people from areas nearby the remediation zone: infants of less than 1 year old, remediation zone: infants of less than 1 year old, persons who recently had surgery, immune suppressed persons who recently had surgery, immune suppressed people, or people with lung diseases or allergies.people, or people with lung diseases or allergies.

Containment of the work area is not always necessary . Containment of the work area is not always necessary . Dust and mold suppression methods, such as misting Dust and mold suppression methods, such as misting surfaces prior to remediation, should also be surfaces prior to remediation, should also be employed. employed.

The work area should be covered with a plastic The work area should be covered with a plastic sheet(s) and sealed with tape before remediation, to sheet(s) and sealed with tape before remediation, to contain dust/debris. contain dust/debris.

Large Mold AreasLarge Mold Areas The work area and areas used by remedial workers The work area and areas used by remedial workers

for egress should be HEPA vacuumed ( a vacuum for egress should be HEPA vacuumed ( a vacuum equipped with a High-Efficiency Particulate Air equipped with a High-Efficiency Particulate Air filter) and cleaned with a damp cloth and/or mop filter) and cleaned with a damp cloth and/or mop and a detergent solution. and a detergent solution.


The work area and areas used by remedial workers The work area and areas used by remedial workers for egress should be cleaned with a mop and the for egress should be cleaned with a mop and the Caltex System. This is important to prevent the Caltex System. This is important to prevent the spread of mold spores which may have been spread of mold spores which may have been tracked in and out. tracked in and out.

Large Mold AreasLarge Mold Areas

Seal ventilation ducts/grills in the work Seal ventilation ducts/grills in the work area and areas directly adjacent with area and areas directly adjacent with plastic sheeting. plastic sheeting.

If the remediation process will generate a If the remediation process will generate a lot or dust or involve a lot of scraping and lot or dust or involve a lot of scraping and surface agitation or there are blankets or surface agitation or there are blankets or mold, follow the highest remediation mold, follow the highest remediation guidelines available.guidelines available.

The job site should be left, clean, dry, with The job site should be left, clean, dry, with no debris or obvious mold problem.no debris or obvious mold problem.

Extra Large Mold SiteExtra Large Mold Site A super size mold site is defined as being over 100 A super size mold site is defined as being over 100

square feet.square feet. Microbial investigations conducted before remediation Microbial investigations conducted before remediation

for project guidance. for project guidance. A staff trained in hazardous material processes. Full-A staff trained in hazardous material processes. Full-

face respirators with high efficiency particulate air face respirators with high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) cartridges Disposable protective clothing (HEPA) cartridges Disposable protective clothing covering both head and shoes. Gloves must be worn covering both head and shoes. Gloves must be worn also. also.

Containment of the remediation areas must be done by Containment of the remediation areas must be done by ensuring thorough isolation of containment zone from ensuring thorough isolation of containment zone from inhabited areas using plastic sheeting sealed with duct inhabited areas using plastic sheeting sealed with duct tape. Any opening into the containment zone must also tape. Any opening into the containment zone must also be plastic sheeted and duct taped to prevent air flow be plastic sheeted and duct taped to prevent air flow out. The use of an exhaust fan with a HEPA filter to out. The use of an exhaust fan with a HEPA filter to generate negative pressurization. It is important to set generate negative pressurization. It is important to set up a decontamination zone also. up a decontamination zone also.

Extra Large Mold SiteExtra Large Mold Site Remove the following people from areas nearby the Remove the following people from areas nearby the

remediation zone: infants of less than 1 year old, remediation zone: infants of less than 1 year old, persons who recently had surgery, immune persons who recently had surgery, immune suppressed people, or people with lung diseases or suppressed people, or people with lung diseases or allergies.allergies.

The contained area and decontamination room should The contained area and decontamination room should be HE A vacuumed and cleaned with the Caltex be HE A vacuumed and cleaned with the Caltex System. The containment zone should be clean to the System. The containment zone should be clean to the naked eye. Only then should the containment barriers naked eye. Only then should the containment barriers be removed. be removed.


Air monitoring should be conducted prior to Air monitoring should be conducted prior to occupancy to determine if the area is fit to reoccupy. occupancy to determine if the area is fit to reoccupy.

Be Sure to Use These Cleaning Be Sure to Use These Cleaning MethodsMethods

Wet vacuum. This works very well on hard materials. Wet vacuum. This works very well on hard materials. Be sure that they are thoroughly dried. Steam Be sure that they are thoroughly dried. Steam cleaning may be an alternative for carpets and some cleaning may be an alternative for carpets and some upholstered furnitureupholstered furniture

Wipe surfaces down using surfactant or The Caltex Wipe surfaces down using surfactant or The Caltex System depending on what surface you are cleaning. System depending on what surface you are cleaning.

HEPA vacuum after the material has been thoroughly HEPA vacuum after the material has been thoroughly dried. Dispose of the contents of the HEPA vacuum in dried. Dispose of the contents of the HEPA vacuum in tied plastic garbage bags. Place in regular garbage.tied plastic garbage bags. Place in regular garbage.

Tear down and throw away water damaged materials Tear down and throw away water damaged materials and seal in plastic garbage bags. Be sure to close and seal in plastic garbage bags. Be sure to close them tightly while inside the containment area. them tightly while inside the containment area.

CleanupCleanup

Mold growth can cause significant structural damage Mold growth can cause significant structural damage over time. If a mold/moisture problem has not been over time. If a mold/moisture problem has not been addressed for a long time it can weaken floors, and addressed for a long time it can weaken floors, and walls. This is because mold feeds on wet wood. If you walls. This is because mold feeds on wet wood. If you believe that mold has weakened the structural integrity believe that mold has weakened the structural integrity of a building, consult a structural engineer or a of a building, consult a structural engineer or a professional with expertise in this field. professional with expertise in this field.

Wet vacuums collect water but should not be used on Wet vacuums collect water but should not be used on porous materials because they can damage the material. porous materials because they can damage the material. Wet vacuums can spread spores if the surface being Wet vacuums can spread spores if the surface being vacuumed is not sufficiently wet. The tanks, hoses, and vacuumed is not sufficiently wet. The tanks, hoses, and various attachments of the vacuum should be thoroughly various attachments of the vacuum should be thoroughly cleaned and dried after use because the mold and cleaned and dried after use because the mold and spores may remain on its surfaces.spores may remain on its surfaces.

CleanupCleanup Mold can usually be removed from non porous surfaces Mold can usually be removed from non porous surfaces

by wiping and scrubbing with water and The Caltex by wiping and scrubbing with water and The Caltex System. Dry these surfaces quickly and thoroughly System. Dry these surfaces quickly and thoroughly after wiping to discourage further mold growth. Porous after wiping to discourage further mold growth. Porous materials that are wet and have mold growing on them materials that are wet and have mold growing on them can be discarded. Be sure not to paint or caulk over can be discarded. Be sure not to paint or caulk over moldy surfaces. Do not paint over moldy surfaces. moldy surfaces. Do not paint over moldy surfaces.

HEPA vacuums are used for the final cleanup of the HEPA vacuums are used for the final cleanup of the remediation area after the materials have been remediation area after the materials have been removed and the surfaces wiping and dried. Be sure removed and the surfaces wiping and dried. Be sure that the filter is placed properly on the vacuum. This is that the filter is placed properly on the vacuum. This is important because all air must pass through the filter important because all air must pass through the filter to ensure the particulate matter is removed from the to ensure the particulate matter is removed from the surface/air. Wear the proper PPE when changing the surface/air. Wear the proper PPE when changing the vacuum filter to avoid exposure to the mold. The filter vacuum filter to avoid exposure to the mold. The filter and HEPA bag contents must be disposed of in a well and HEPA bag contents must be disposed of in a well sealed plastic bag. sealed plastic bag.

The Advantages of Cal-Brite The Advantages of Cal-Brite Versus Cleaners, Biocides, Versus Cleaners, Biocides,

Sanitizers, and EncapsulantsSanitizers, and Encapsulants There are 4 basic categories that There are 4 basic categories that

base most of the mold remediation base most of the mold remediation products available today. These are products available today. These are as follows:as follows:

CleanersCleaners BiocidesBiocides SanitizersSanitizers Encapsulants. Encapsulants.

CleanersCleaners

A cleaner by definition loosens the A cleaner by definition loosens the surface material and thus makes it surface material and thus makes it easier to wipe off or “clean”. easier to wipe off or “clean”. Cleaners do not kill the bacteria or Cleaners do not kill the bacteria or mold.mold.

BiocidesBiocides A biocide refers to an agent that kills bacteria and A biocide refers to an agent that kills bacteria and

mold-biological agents. The last 4 letters of the mold-biological agents. The last 4 letters of the word mean “kill/death”. Therefore, it means the word mean “kill/death”. Therefore, it means the death of a biological organism. There are several death of a biological organism. There are several types of biocides. Fungicides are developed to kill types of biocides. Fungicides are developed to kill mold. Virucides are created to kill viruses. True mold. Virucides are created to kill viruses. True biocides are created to kill bacteria. However, biocides are created to kill bacteria. However, different types of biocides are not effective against different types of biocides are not effective against all molds or kinds of contamination. A virucide may all molds or kinds of contamination. A virucide may have no effect against mold. Some biocides claim to have no effect against mold. Some biocides claim to be very effective but they are not necessarily as be very effective but they are not necessarily as effective as a dedicated virucide or fungicide. no effective as a dedicated virucide or fungicide. no biocide is 100% effective against all types of mold biocide is 100% effective against all types of mold and bacteria; a few spores may survive. and bacteria; a few spores may survive.

SanitizersSanitizers

A sanitizer can kill bacteria or mold A sanitizer can kill bacteria or mold but renders inactive the mold or but renders inactive the mold or bacteria and makes it much harder bacteria and makes it much harder for mold or bacteria to regrow on for mold or bacteria to regrow on the treated sanitized surface.the treated sanitized surface.

EncapsulantsEncapsulants

An encapsulant covers the surface thereby An encapsulant covers the surface thereby not allowing any particles or items to not allowing any particles or items to escape from underneath the sealed escape from underneath the sealed surface. This does not kill the bacteria or surface. This does not kill the bacteria or mold. They are typically painted on and mold. They are typically painted on and when they dry, the surface is sealed and when they dry, the surface is sealed and hard to the touch. Therefore, nothing can hard to the touch. Therefore, nothing can penetrate up through the sealed surface. penetrate up through the sealed surface. These can be used later in the remediation These can be used later in the remediation process with additives to deter regrowth. process with additives to deter regrowth.


For example, zinc based encapsulants For example, zinc based encapsulants often deter the regrowth of mold. often deter the regrowth of mold. However, one must remember that the However, one must remember that the core cause of the moisture problem core cause of the moisture problem must be fixed (eg. structural repairs) or must be fixed (eg. structural repairs) or it will recur. Encapsulants should it will recur. Encapsulants should never be used in place of a mold never be used in place of a mold remediation. An encapsulant such as remediation. An encapsulant such as drylock should never be placed over drylock should never be placed over mold/fungus. mold/fungus.


Remember, not all encapsulants work on Remember, not all encapsulants work on all surfaces. The contractor should always all surfaces. The contractor should always perform a spot test before fully applying perform a spot test before fully applying the encapsulant. Bubbles, cracks. and the encapsulant. Bubbles, cracks. and peeling indicate that the encapsulant has peeling indicate that the encapsulant has failed. If this occurs, another encapsulant failed. If this occurs, another encapsulant should be used or another remediation should be used or another remediation conducted. Even encapsulants that conducted. Even encapsulants that contain biocidal agents are not effective contain biocidal agents are not effective on actively growing mold. on actively growing mold.


Neither are encapsulants (e.g. Drylock) Neither are encapsulants (e.g. Drylock) permanent solutions. Over time permanent solutions. Over time encapsulants fail and then more encapsulants fail and then more permanent steps would have to be permanent steps would have to be undertaken. This may involve structural undertaken. This may involve structural repairs. Therefore, encapsulant coated repairs. Therefore, encapsulant coated surfaces requires regular inspection and surfaces requires regular inspection and maintenance. Some encapsulants create maintenance. Some encapsulants create hazardous wastes which require proper hazardous wastes which require proper disposal. disposal.

Cal-BriteCal-Brite

Cal-Brite is a sanitizer and when Cal-Brite is a sanitizer and when used will kill as much mold as a used will kill as much mold as a more chemically potent or harmful more chemically potent or harmful biocide. In addition, it retards the biocide. In addition, it retards the regrowth of mold. regrowth of mold.

BleachBleach Chlorine bleach is a biocide. However, it is Chlorine bleach is a biocide. However, it is

hazardous to people and should never be mixed hazardous to people and should never be mixed with other compounds such as ammonia. Bleach with other compounds such as ammonia. Bleach leaves the surface wet or damp and slightly slimy leaves the surface wet or damp and slightly slimy to the touch. Since bleach does NOT retard the to the touch. Since bleach does NOT retard the growth of mold like Cal-Brite does, the mold can growth of mold like Cal-Brite does, the mold can regrow again leading to a vicious cycle of regrow again leading to a vicious cycle of bleaching and mold growing. Eventually, the bleaching and mold growing. Eventually, the homeowner may become frustrated and ask if there homeowner may become frustrated and ask if there if anything that does not act as a fertilizer that if anything that does not act as a fertilizer that actually retards the regrowth of mold. Biocides are actually retards the regrowth of mold. Biocides are not recommended because the mold parts can still not recommended because the mold parts can still cause allergic reactions after they are dead. This is cause allergic reactions after they are dead. This is especially applicable to sensitized individuals. especially applicable to sensitized individuals.

The Cal-Brite SolutionThe Cal-Brite Solution

Cal-Brite will kill the mold or bacteria Cal-Brite will kill the mold or bacteria AND retard its regrowth. Using Cal-AND retard its regrowth. Using Cal-Brite and following all EPA mold Brite and following all EPA mold remediation project guidelines and remediation project guidelines and cleaning steps if performed correctly by cleaning steps if performed correctly by the contractor ensures that the mold the contractor ensures that the mold and bacteria are killed and that the dead and bacteria are killed and that the dead mold parts are vacuumed and removed mold parts are vacuumed and removed to prevent allergic reactions in to prevent allergic reactions in sensitized individuals. sensitized individuals.

Guidelines for Response To Water Guidelines for Response To Water Damage within 24-48 Hours To Damage within 24-48 Hours To

Prevent Mold GrowthPrevent Mold Growth Books and Papers DiscardBooks and Papers Discard Photocopy important itemsPhotocopy important items Discard originals Discard originals Freeze or freeze dry Carpet and Backing-Freeze or freeze dry Carpet and Backing-

dry w/i 24-48 Hrs.dry w/i 24-48 Hrs. Remove water with water extraction Remove water with water extraction

VacuumVacuum Reduce ambient humidity with dehumidifierReduce ambient humidity with dehumidifier Accelerate drying process with fansAccelerate drying process with fans Ceiling Tiles Discard and replaceCeiling Tiles Discard and replace Cellulose Insulation Discard and replaceCellulose Insulation Discard and replace


Prevent Mold GrowthPrevent Mold Growth Concrete or cinder block surfacesConcrete or cinder block surfaces Remove water with water extraction Remove water with water extraction

vacuumvacuum Accelerate drying process with Accelerate drying process with

dehumidifiers, fans, and/or heatersdehumidifiers, fans, and/or heaters


Prevent Mold GrowthPrevent Mold Growth Fiberglass insulation-Discard and Fiberglass insulation-Discard and

replacereplace Flooring-Vacuum or damp wipe with Flooring-Vacuum or damp wipe with

water and mild detergent and allow to water and mild detergent and allow to dry; scrub if necessarydry; scrub if necessary

Check to make sure underflooring is Check to make sure underflooring is dry, dry underflooring if necessarydry, dry underflooring if necessary

Plastics, metals-Vacuum or damp Plastics, metals-Vacuum or damp wipe with water and mild detergent wipe with water and mild detergent and allow to dry; scrub if necessaryand allow to dry; scrub if necessary


Prevent Mold GrowthPrevent Mold Growth Upholstered furniture-Remove water with Upholstered furniture-Remove water with

water extraction vacuumwater extraction vacuum Accelerate drying process with Accelerate drying process with

dehumidifiers, fans, and/or heatersdehumidifiers, fans, and/or heaters May be difficult to completely dry within May be difficult to completely dry within

48 hours. if the piece is valuable, you may 48 hours. if the piece is valuable, you may wish to consult a restoration water damage wish to consult a restoration water damage professional who specializes in furnitureprofessional who specializes in furniture

Wallboard (drywall/gypsum) May be dried Wallboard (drywall/gypsum) May be dried in place if there is no obvious swelling and in place if there is no obvious swelling and seams are intact. If not, remove, discard, seams are intact. If not, remove, discard, and replace. Ventilate the cavity, if and replace. Ventilate the cavity, if possible.possible.


Prevent Mold GrowthPrevent Mold Growth Drapes-Follow laundering or cleaning Drapes-Follow laundering or cleaning

instructions recommended by the instructions recommended by the manufacturer.manufacturer.

Wood surfaces-Remove moisture immediately Wood surfaces-Remove moisture immediately and use dehumidifiers, gentle heat, and fans and use dehumidifiers, gentle heat, and fans for drying (Use caution when applying heat to for drying (Use caution when applying heat to hardwood floors) Treated or finished wood hardwood floors) Treated or finished wood surfaces may be cleaned with mild detergent surfaces may be cleaned with mild detergent and clean water and allowed to dry.and clean water and allowed to dry.

Wet paneling should be pried away from wall Wet paneling should be pried away from wall for drying.for drying.

Caltex International Ltd.

Documents

Transcript of Caltex International Ltd.