Calorimetry and Muons Summary Talk€¦ · From M.Battaglia – Large Detector Meeting/Paris 2005....
Transcript of Calorimetry and Muons Summary Talk€¦ · From M.Battaglia – Large Detector Meeting/Paris 2005....
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Calorimetry and Muons
Summary Talk
Andy White
University of Texas at Arlington
LCWS05, SLAC
March 22, 2005
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Physics processes driving calorimetry and muon systems designs
Calorimeter system design
Different approaches to LC calorimetry
Integrated detector design issues
Electromagnetic Calorimeter Development
Hadron Calorimeter Development
Muon system/tail-catcher
Timescales - where we go from here!
Overview of talk
Note: Simulation and algorithm work reviewed in next talk.
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Physics examples driving calorimeter and muon system design
Jet energy resolution Muon
From M.Battaglia – Large Detector Meeting/Paris 2005
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Physics examples driving calorimeter design
Higgs production e.g. e+ e- -> Z h
separate from WW, ZZ (in all jet modes)
Higgs couplings e.g.
- gtth from e+ e- -> tth -> WWbbbb -> qqqqbbbb !- ghhh from e+ e- -> Zhh
Higgs branching ratios h -> bb, WW*, cc, gg, ττ
Strong WW scattering: separation of
e+e- -> ννWW -> ννqqqq e+e- -> ννZZ -> ννqqqq
and e+e- -> ννtt
Missing mass peak or bbar jets
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Physics examples driving calorimeter design
-All of these critical physics studies demand:
Efficient jet separation and reconstruction
Excellent jet energy resolution
Excellent jet-jet mass resolution
+ jet flavor tagging
Plus… We need very good forward calorimetry for e.g. SUSY selectron studies,
and… ability to find/reconstruct photons from secondary vertices e.g. from long-lived NLSP -> γG
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Calorimeter system/overall detector design
Initially two general approaches:
(1) Large inner calorimeter radius -> achieve good separation of e, γ, charged hadrons, jets,…
Matches well with having a large tracking volume with many measurements, good momentum resolution (BR2) with moderate magnetic field, B ~2-3T
But… calorimeter and muon systems become large and potentially very expensive…
However…may allow a “traditional” approach to calorimeter technology(s).
EXAMPLES: Large Detector, GLD
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Large Detector
GLD
Detectors with large inner calorimeter radius
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Calorimeter system/overall detector design
(2) Compact detector – reduced inner calorimeter radius.
Use Si/W for the ECal -> excellent resolution/separation. Constrain the cost by limiting the size of the calorimeter(and muon) system.
This then requires a compact tracking system -> Silicon only with very precise (~10μm) point measurement.
Also demands a calorimeter technology offering fine granularity -> restriction of technology choice ??
To restore BR2, boost B -> 5T (stored energy, forces?)
EXAMPLE: SiD
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SiDCompact detector
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SD: 1.27m
GLD: 2.1m
TESLA: 1.68
m
• Area of EM CAL (Barrel + Endcap)– SD: ~40 m2 / layer– TESLA: ~80 m2 / layer– LD: ~ 100 m2 / layer– (JLC: ~130 m2 / layer)
How big ??
Very large number of channels for ~0.5x0.5cm2
cell size!
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Can we use a “traditional” approach to calorimetry? (using only energy measurements based on the
calorimeter systems)
60%/√E 30%/√E
H. VideauTarget region for jet
energy resolution
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Results from “traditional” calorimeter systems- Equalized EM and HAD responses (“compensation”)
- Optimized sampling fractions
EXAMPLES:
ZEUS - Uranium/Scintillator
Single hadrons 35%/√E ⊕ 1%
Electrons 17%/√E ⊕ 1%
Jets 50%/√E
D0 – Uranium/Liquid Argon
Single hadrons 50%/√E ⊕ 4%
Jets 80%/√E
Clearly a significant improvement is needed for LC.
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A possible approach to enhancing traditional calorimetry
The DREAM (“Dual REAout Module)project – high resolution hadron calorimetry:
Use quartz fibers to sample e.m. component (only!), in combination with scintillating fibers
Structure
How to configure for a LC detector?
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The Energy Flow Approach Energy Flow approach holds promise of required solution and has been used in other experiments effectively – but still remains to be proved for the Linear Collider!-> Use tracker to measure Pt of dominant, charged particle energy contributions in jets; photons measured in ECal.
-> Need efficient separation of different types of energy deposition throughout calorimeter system
-> Energy measurement of only the relatively small neutral hadron contribution de-emphasizes intrinsic energy resolution, but highlights need for very efficient “pattern recognition” in calorimeter.
-> Measure (or veto) energy leakage from calorimeter through coil into muon system with “tail-catcher”.
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Don’t underestimate the complexity!
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���������� DHCal Study at UTA-A ReportVenkatesh Kaushik
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Electromagnetic
Neutral Hadrons
Charged Hadrons
What is a jet?
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Note: - It is popular to quote the averages of these distributions, however
-there are wide variations, and we will have to develop efficient procedures for events with e.g.
Electromagnetic
Neutral Hadrons
Charged Hadrons
25% neutral hadrons, 40% EM (all photons?), 35% Charged hadrons
> Challenging task to find all neutral clusters (and notmis-associate them with a track!)
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Integrated Detector Design
Tracking system EM Cal HAD Cal Muon
system/ tail
catcher
VXD tag b,c
jets
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Integrated Detector Design
So now we must consider the detector as a whole. The tracker not only provides excellent momentum resolution (certainly good enough for replacing cluster energies in the calorimeter with track momenta), but also must:
- efficiently find all the charged tracks:
Any missed charged tracks will result in the corresponding energy clusters in the calorimeter being measured with lower energy resolution and a potentially larger confusion term.
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Integrated Detector Design
- provide excellent two track resolution for correct track/energy cluster association
-> tracker outer radius/magnetic field size – implications for e.m. shower separation/Moliere radius in ECal.
- Different technologies for the ECal and HCal ??- do we lose by not having the same technology?
- compensation – is the need for this completely overcome by using the energy flow approach?
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Integrated Detector Design
- Services for Vertex Detector and Tracker should not cause large penetrations, spaces, or dead material within the calorimeter system – implications for inner systems design.
- Calorimeters should provide excellent MIP identification for muon tracking between the tracker and the muon system itself. High granularity digital calorimeters should naturally provide this – but what isthe granularity requirement?
- We must be able to find/track low energy ( < 3.5 GeV) muons completely contained inside the calorimeter.
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Calorimeter System Design
Identify and measure each jet energy component as well as possible
Following charged particles through calorimeter demands high granularity…
Two options explored in detail:
(1) Analog ECal + Analog HCal
- for HCal: cost of system for required granularity?
(2) Analog ECal + Digital HCal
- high granularity suggests a digital HCal solution - resolution (for residual neutral energy) of a purely
digital calorimeter??
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Calorimeter TechnologiesElectromagnetic Calorimeter
Physics requirements emphasize segmentation/granularity (transverse AND longitudinal) over intrinsic energy resolution.
Localization of e.m. showers and e.m./hadron separation -> dense (small X0) ECal with fine segmentation.
Moliere radius -> O(1 cm.)
Transverse segmentation ≈ Moliere radius
Charged/e.m. separation -> fine transverse segmentation (first layers of ECal).
Tracking charged particles through ECal -> fine longitudinal segmentation and high MIP efficiency.
Excellent photon direction determination (e.g. GMSB)
Keep the cost (Si) under control!
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SLAC-Oregon Si-W ECal R&D
Readout development – M.Breidenbach
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CALICE – Si/W Electromagnetic CalorimeterWafers:
Russia/MSU and Prague
PCB: LAL design, production –Korea/KNU
New design for ECal active gap -> 40% reduction to 1.75m, Rm = 1.4cm
Evolution of FE chip: FLC_PHY3 -> FLC_PHY4 -> FLC_TECH1
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CALICE-ECal - results
Move (completed) module to Fermilab test beam late 2005
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ECal work in Asia
Rt= a layer / tungsten = 15.0/3.5 = 4.8(CALICE ~ 2)
Eff. Rm = 9mm * (1 + Rt) = 52mmTotal 20 layers = 20 X0, 30cm thick19 layers of shower sampling
Si/W ECal prototype from Korea
Results from CERN beam tests 2004:
29%/√E (vs. 18%/√E for GEANT4)
S/N = 5.2Fit curve of 29%/√E
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ECal work in Asia (Japan-Korea-Russia)Fine granularity Pb-Scintillatorwith strips/small tiles and SiPM
New GLD ECal design
Previous Pb/Scint module with MAPMT readout
Study covering
Laser hitting area(9 pixels)
ECal test at DESY in 2006? YAG - 2μm precision
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Scintillator/W – U. Colorado
Half-cell tile offset geometry
Electronics development is being pursued with industry
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Hybrid Ecal – Scintillator/W with Si layers –LC-CAL (INFN)
• The LCcal prototype has been built and fully tested.• Energy and position resolution as expected:
σE/E ~11.-11.5% /√E, σpos ~2 mm (@ 30 GeV)• Light uniformity acceptable.• e/π rejection very good ( <10-3)
•45 layers
•25 × 25 × 0.3 cm3 Pb
•25 × 25 × 0.3 cm3 Scint.: 25 cells 5 × 5 cm2
•3 planes: 252 .9 × .9 cm2 Si Pads at: 2, 6, 12 X0
11.1%/√E
Low energy data (BTF) confirmed at high energy !!!
e-
σ=2.16 mm
σ=2.45 mm
σ=3.27 mm
Si L1Si L2
Si L3
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Calorimeter TechnologiesHadron Calorimeter
Physics requirements emphasize segmentation/granularity (transverse AND longitudinal) over intrinsic energy resolution.
- Depth ≥ 4λ (not including ECal ~ 1λ)
-Assuming EFlow:
- sufficient segmentation to allow efficient charged particle tracking.
- for “digital” approach – sufficiently fine segmentation to give linear energy vs. hits relation
- efficient MIP detection
- intrinsic, single (neutral) hadron energy resolution must not degrade jet energy resolution.
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Hadron Calorimeter – CALICE/analog
Minical –results from electron test beam
Full 1m3 prototype stack – with SiPM readout. Goal is for Fermilab test beam exposure in Spring 2006
APD chips from Silicon Sensor used
AD 1100-8, Ø 1.1 mm, Ubias~ 160 V
SiPM
APD
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Hadron Calorimeter – CALICE/analog
Cassette production
Support structure being provided by DESY for test beam at Fermilab
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Hadron Calorimeter – CALICE/digital(1) Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) – based DHCAL
500 channel/5-layer test mid -’05 30x30cm2 foilsRecent results: efficiency
measurements confirm simulation results, 95% for 40mV threshold. Multiplicity 1.27 for 95% efficiency.
Next: 1m x 30cm foil production in preparation for 1m3 stack assembly.
Joint development of ASIC with RPC
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Hadron Calorimeter – CALICE/digital(2) Resistive Plate Chamber-based DHCAL
Pad arrayMylar sheet
Mylar sheet Aluminum foil
1.1mm Glass sheet
1.1mm Glass sheet
Resistive paint
Resistive paint
(On-board amplifiers)
1.2mm gas gap
-HVGND
Low noise
Tests Results
Charge Avalanche mode ~0.1 ÷ 5 pCStreamer mode 5 ÷ 100 pC
Efficiency Greater than 95 %Drops to zero at spacer
Streamer fraction Plateau of several 100 V whereefficiency > 95% and streamer fraction < few percent
1 – gas gap versus 2 – gas gap Larger Q with 1 – gas gapSimilar efficiency
Noise rate Small ~0.1 – 0.2 Hz/cm2
Different gases Best: Freon:IB:SF6 = 94.5:5:0.5
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Muon System/Tail Catcher
- Muon identification/measurement essential for LC physics program.
- Role(s) of muon system/tail catcher:
-> Identify high Pt muons exiting calorimeter/coil. But…how much can we do with calorimeter alone?
-> ? Contribute to muon Pt measurement ? Poor hit position resolution, but long lever arm…
-> Measure the last pieces of high energy hadron showers penetrating through the coil – but, this is really measuring the “tail of the tail”.
-> ? Identify possible long-lived particles from interactions?
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Muon TechnologiesScintillator-based muon system development
Extruded scintillator strips with wavelength shifting fibers.
Readout: Multi-anode PMTs
GOAL: 2.5m x 1.25m planes for Fermilab test beam
U.S. Collaboration
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Muon TechnologiesEuropean – CaPiRe Collaboration
TB @ Frascati
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TCMT – CALICE/NIU
Goal: Test Beam Fermilab/2005
SiPM location
Extrusion Cassette
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CALICE SiW ECAL
CALICE TILE HCAL+TCMT
Combined CALICE TILE
OTHER ECALs
CALICE DHCALs and others
Combined Calorimeters
PFA and shower library Related Data Taking
20082007 2006 2005 2009 >2009
ILCD R&D, calibration
Phase I: Detector R&D, PFA Phase I: Detector R&D, PFA development, Tech. Choicedevelopment, Tech. Choice
Phase IIPhase IIPhase 0: Phase 0: Prep.Prep.
Timeline of Beam Tests
μ, tracking, MDI, etc
From Jae Yu
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Timescales for LC Calorimeter and Muondevelopment
We have maybe 3-5 years to build, test*, and understand, calorimeter and muon technologies for the Linear Collider.
By “understand” I mean that the cycle of testing, data analysis, re-testing etc. should have converged to the point at which we can reliably design calorimeter and muonsystems from a secure knowledge base.
For the calorimeter, this means having trusted Monte Carlo simulations of technologies at unprecedented small distance scales (~1cm), well-understood energy cut-offs, and demonstrated, efficient, complete energy flow algorithms.
Since the first modules are only now being built, 3-5 years is not an over-estimate to accomplish these tasks!
* See talk by Jae Yu for Test Beam details
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GDE (Design) (Construction)
TechnologyChoice
Acc.
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
CDR TDR Start Global Lab.
Det. Detector Outline Documents
CDRs LOIs
R&D PhaseCollaboration Forming Construction
Detector R&D Panel
TevatronSLAC BLHCHERA
T2K
Done!
Detector
“Window for Detector R&D
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Comment on R&D efforts
- It is clear that there are a number of parallel/overlapping R&D efforts.
- This was inevitable, and desirable, in the early LC R&D period.
- R&D funding is generally limited – we must make optimal use of those resources we have.
- A World Wide Study R&D panel has been formed.
- Each detector concept will survey R&D activity, needs
-> Hopefully this will provide a basis for more efficient use of limited R&D resources
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Calorimeter Technology Groups
Silicon-Tungsten BNL, Oregon, SLAC
Silicon-Tungsten UK, Czech, France, Korea, Russia
Silicon-Tungsten Korea
Electromagnetic Scintillator/Silicon-Lead Italy
Scintillator/Silicon-Tungsten Kansas, Kansas State
Scintillator-Lead Japan, Russia
Scintillator-Tungsten Japan, Korea, Russia
Scintillator-Tungsten Colorado
Calorimeter Technology Groups
Scintillator-Steel Czech, Germany, Russia, NIU
Scintillator-Lead Japan
GEM-Steel FNAL, UTA
RPC-Steel Russia
RPC-Steel ANL, Boston, Chicago, FNAL
Scintillator – Lead/Steel Japan, Korea, Russia
Scintillator – Steel Northern Illinois/ NICADD
Scintillator-Steel FNAL, Northern Illinois
RPC-Steel ItalyTail catcher
Hadronic (digital)
Hadronic (analog)From K.Kawagoe @ ACFA 07
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CONCLUSIONS
- A vigorous program of Linear Collider calorimetry and muon/tail catcher development is underway !
- Many results from prototypes – but we should avoid too much duplication.
- A lot of work has been done with very limited detector R&D budgets.
- It is critical to carry out an R&D survey and ensure that Detector R&D proceeds in a timely manner alongside Accelerator R&D.
This is particularly critical for U.S.-based calorimeter development which faces significant financial hurdles, and a long test beam program!