CallNet (Pty) Limited MARC DHALLUIN · 2014. 1. 27. · frederick stigl1ngh human simeon gerald...

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CallNet (Pty) Limited 13th Floor Nedbank City East 120 End Street Doornfontein 2094 Republic of South Africa PO Box 17091 Doornfontein 2028 Johannesburg Republic of South Africa Tel (011)402-4694 Home (011)447-1100 Fax (011)402-4698 MARC DHALLUIN General Manager

Transcript of CallNet (Pty) Limited MARC DHALLUIN · 2014. 1. 27. · frederick stigl1ngh human simeon gerald...

CallNet (Pty) Limited13th Floor Nedbank C ity East 120 End Street Doornfontein 2094 Republic of South Africa

PO Box 17091 Doornfontein 2028 Johannesburg Republic of South Africa

Tel (011)402-4694 Home (011)447-1100 Fax (011)402-4698

MARC DHALLUINGeneral Manager

Mallinick Rgss Richman & Gloscnberg Inc. attorneys, notaries & conveyancers

16 September 1992

Ms Janet Thorpe c /o Advocate Brendan Manca 3rd Floor, Burger Building Keerom Street CAPE TOWN

BY HAND

Dear Janet

6th FLOOR, 2 LONG STREET

CAPE TOWN 8001

TELEPHONE (021) 419-4411

P.O.BOX 3667 CAPE TOWN 8000

DOC EX: 34 CAPE TOWN

TELEFAX: (021)217207

ourtR«f: M E/SK/38866

Your Ref:

re: CAS 0 8 7 LINES

with y°u> please find enclosed the proposed commentaries in respect of CAS’s087 lines.

I have made my comments in blue ink. I have avoided the temptation to comment on the grammar and wording and have tried to limit my comments to the legal issues raised in the commentaries. In general, however, the commentaries are well and accessibly worded and the drafters deserve to be complimented. They have managed to summarise complex legal arguments succinctly and clearly.

Returning to the specific commentaries:-

1. "I HAVE RECEIVED A CALL-UP WHAT SHOULD I DO?"

Be careful here about suggesting to conscripts that one of their options is to refuse to serve. This could potentially be in breach of Section 121C of the Defence Act.

2. "HOW MUCH MILITARY SERVICE DO I HAVE TO DO?"

TTie commentary states that the maximum length of any camp is 30 days per year. The Minister has made a number of announcements subsequent to the one on 20 April 1989. As far as I know, the present situation is that no camp can be longer than 60 days (as compared with the maximum 90 day camp provided for in Section 22(3) of the Defence Act).

3. "HOW DO I APPLY FOR EXEMPTION OR DEFERMENT?"

Exemption is often granted on a temporary basis, i.e. the Exemption Board may exempt for a period of, say, five years, after which the conscript must submit himself for a further medical examination to establish whether the disability has been cured or not,

CAS snould perhaps check with the SADF whether the dispensation regarding ballet oancers and jockeys still applies. 1 have not heard of anybody making use of this dispensation for some time. In the past the same arrangement (i.e. 10 years’ service) applied to other people who worked in certain government departments, ep. the Post Office.

DIRECTORS GERALD MALLINICK MICHAEL JOSEPH RICHMAN JEFFREY CLOSENBERG JOHN ADRIAN LEVIN HILTON OISCHEN MICHAEL RADOMSKY ALAN JAMES JBFTHA ABRAHAM ANDRE COBTZEE

JILL H IIARY SINGER STEPHEN CHARLES HARDING FREDERICK STIGL1NGH HUMAN SIMEON GERALD KORBER

ASSOCIATESALAN CHRISTOPHER DODSON MICHAEL JOHN READ EVANS LEN-MARI M ErCALF

CONSULTANTS ARNOLD SIMON RUCH PIERRE ANDRE DU PREEZ

GENERAL MANAGER ANDREW MICHAEL STANS FI ELD

REGISTRATION NUMBER84/08670/14

JOVERSEAS OFFICE 4 CARLTON GARDENS PALL MALL LONDON SWJY 5AA TELEPHONE: (07!) 930 m2 TELEFAX: (674) *W 1737

PAGE 2

4. "WHAT HAPPENS IF I FAIL TO REPORT FOR NATIONAL SERVICE OR FOR An A X < D * ) "

It is extremely unlikely that any conscript will be charged under Section 14 of the Military Disciplinary Code. In general, this section is only used in respect of those conscripts who go AWOL while on service.

Please note that, in terms of Section 59 of the Military Disciplinary Code, a person may only be tried and punished by a military court within a period of 3 months after his camp or initial service has been completed.

5. "WHAT IF I REFUSE TO DO MILITARY SERVICE OR CAMPS?"

Given the 1992 amendments to the Defence Act, it is wrong to sat that "it is likely that the Court will sentence you to do part-time unpaid community service" if you are convicted of refusing to do military service. The Act was amended specifically to ensure that a conscript is not again treated as leniently as someone like Douglas Tore was. I think CAS needs to reword the section relating to community service for those who refuse to do military service. Conscripts should be cautioned that they face a definite possibility of imprisonment although they would naturally be entitled to approach the Courts to suspend their sentence on condition that they perform unpaid community service.

It is also irresponsible to tell a conscript that, should he refuse to perform military service, it is "highly unlikely" that he will be charged. Once again, the 1992 amendment has been specifically designed to deal with this situation. I would suggest that this commentary be re-written entirely, to take account of the 1992 amendment. Perhaps when it is re-written it can be faxed to myself or Alan Dodson for further comment.

6. "WHAT HAPPENS IF I LEAVE THE COUNTRY?"

Although I no specific comments on this section, you do run close to Section 121C. It could be construed as encouraging a caller to leave the country in order to evade his call-up.

7. "IS THE WHITES ONLY CALL-UP LEGAL?"

For obvious reasons this was the weakest of the commentaries. I would suggest that it only written once the judgment in the Rule application is known.

8. I do not have any specific comments on the two remaining commentaries, i.e. the one . dealing with recognised conscientious objection and the one dealing with conscript’s

rights in the SADF.

As I mentioned to you, I will be out of office until Tuesday 6 October. I will hand my file to Alan Dodson in my absence. Either you or the Joburg drafters should liaise directly with him if you wish to discuss these commentaries further.

Kindocf

M I£ ---------------------

Encl.

27 Oct ?ber 1992

CALL^[NET

eth FLOOR, 2 LONG STREET

CAPE TOWN 8001

TELEPHONE (021) 41*4411 P.O.BOX 3667 CAPE TOWN 8000 DOC EX: 34 CAPE TOWN

TELEFAX; (021) 217207

Our RM: M E/SK /45082

Your Ref:Dear S irs

CONS CRIPTION ADVICE SERVICE 087 LINES

We ac fotlo

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

'Win

I have received a call-up. What should I do?

ijlow much military service do I have to do?

ijlow do I apply for exemption or deferment?

What happens if I fail to report for national service or for a camp?

> Vhat happens if I leave the country?

5 the whites-only call-up legal?

> Wiat are my rights when I am in the SADF?

I low do I become an officially recognised conscientious objector?

We with that n

th

YoursMAII

Enel,

on behalf of the Conscription Advice Service who have furnished us with copies of the ig scripts for their proposed 087 line:-

e worked in the field of defence legislation for a lengthy period of time and are familiare relevant laws and regulations, We have perused the above scripts and are satisfied

bthing stated therein is in breach of any law or regulation.

If you lave any specific queries in regard to the legality of the scripts, please do not hesitate to contaq; the writer.

faithfullyJNICK RESS RICHMAN & CLOSENBERG INC.

DIRECTORS GERALD M AU JNiQS MICHAEL JOSEPH Rl » M A N JEFFREY CLOSENfcB tG JOHN ADRIAN L E W HILTON OJSCHEN MICHAEL RA D O M S!*ALAN JAMES IETTW ABRAHAM ANDRE C 5ETZ2E

JILL HILARY SINGER STEPHEN CHARLES HARDING FREDERICK ?nG U N O H HUMAN SIMEON GEHALD KORBER ALAN CHRISTOPHER DODSON MICHAEL JOHN READ EVANS

CONSULTANTS ARNOLD SIMON RUCH F1ERRE ANt>RE PKBCZ

GENERAL MANAGERANDREW MICHAEL STANSFTBLH

REGISTRATION NUMBERM/08S7B/14

LONDON OFFICE

4 CARLTON GARDENS PALL MALL LONDON SW1Y5AATELEPHONE: (071) 930 8702TELEFAX: (071) *30 S7J7

DAT1S

TO

AIT

NO.

FROM

TOT <L NUMBER OF PAGES (INCLUDING THIS PAGE): 2 (TWO)

Deai

CAS 087 LINES

Kind

Enel

F A C S I M I L E

6th FLOOR, 2 LONG STREET CAPE TOWN 8001

TELEPHONE (021) 419-W11 P.O.BOX 3667 CAPE TOWN 8000

DOC EX' 34 CAPE TOWN

TELEFAX: (021) 217207

27 OCTOBER 1992

CONSCRIPTION ADVICE SERVICE

DAVID BRUCE

(011) 834*3189

MICHAEL EVANS

DavidO ur Ref; ME/SK/45082

Transmitted herewith is a copy of my letter to Call-Net. I have not faxed it to them directly. If you would prefer them to receive an original signed letter please let me know.

I not ice that, in the script on the legality of the whites-only call-up, you have left in the conn lent that the Rule judgment was "a political judgment". Although I am satisfied that this c omment is not tn contempt of Court, I would still prefer it to be left out.

regards,

MlChAEL^VANS

DIRECTORS GERALD MALUNIC11 MICHAEL JOSEPH R CHMAN JEFFREY CLOSENBi RO JOHN ADRIAN LEVfi I HILTON GISCHEN MICHAEL RADOMSSY ALAN M M F5 J l f T H L ABRAHAM ANDRE < OfcTZEE

JILL HILARY SINGER STEPHEN CHARLES HARDING FREDERICK SJTGLtNGH HUMAN SIMEON GERALD KQRBER ALAN CHRISTOPHER DODSON MICHAEL JOHN READ EVANS

CONSULTANTS ARNOLD SIMON RUCH PlfJRRB ANDRE DU PREEZ

GENERAL MANAGERANDREW MICHAEL STANSFTELD

REGISTRATION NUMBER84/08670/14

LONDON OFFICE

4 CARLTON OARDKNS PALL MALL LONDON SWlY SAA TELEPHONE: (071) ?30 $702 TELEFAX; (071) 930 8737

27-DCT-199? 17:07 FROM MALLI NICKS TO 00118343189 P. 002

39 COTSWOLD DRIVE SAXONWOLD JOHANNESBURG 2196

c de V i l l i e r s EsqThe End C o n s c r i p t i o n C a m p a i g n O c t o b e r 1992Fax H u m b e r : 834 3189

T h a n k you for yo u r fax of 8th October. P.O. B o x 8825 J o h a n n e s b u r g will always r e a c h me/ but it does t a k e some time. The above

address, w i t h this fax (788 4418) is quicker-

As I think y o u know, the D.P. is in g e n e r a l s y m p a t h y w i t h the aims of the E C C , but w e h a v e n e v e r b e e n able to s u p p o r t y o u in c a l l i n g upon pe o p l e to b r e a k the law, and we c a n n o t do so now.

I r e a lise that the m e s s a g e u n d e r r eply does not go q u i t e as far as that; but to ask g o v e r n m e n t to d e s i s t f r o m p r o s e c u t i n g l a w - b r e a k e r s is in a s i m i l a r w a y u n a c c e p t a b l e - bad t h o u g h the law m a y be.

Please be a s s u r e d that we shall c o n t i n u e to p r e s s for an end to the

w h i t e c a l l - u p as soon as possible.

Sincerely,

Fax : (Oil) 788 4418

30 October 1992

CALL-NET

6tfl FLOOR, 2 LONG STREET CAFE TOWN 3001

TELEPHONE (021) 419-4411 P.O.BOX 3667 CAPE TOWN 8000 DOCFX: 34 CAPE TOWN TELEFAX; (021) 217207

Dear Sirs

CONSCRIPTION ADVICE SERVICE 087 LINES

our ME/SK/45082

Y o u r fief:

We act on behalf of the Conscription Advice Service who have furnished us with copies of the following scripts for their proposed 087 line:-

1. I have received a call-up. What should I do?

2. How much military service do I have to do?

3. How do I apply for exemption or deferment?

4. What happens if I fail to report for national service or for a camp?

5. What happens if I leave the country?

6. Is the whites-only call-up legal?

7. What are my rights when I am in the SADF?

8. How do I become an officially recognised conscientious objector?

9. What if I refuse to do military service or camps?

We have worked in the field of defence legislation for a lengthy period of time and axe familiar with the relevant laws and regulations. We have perused the above scripts and are satisfied that nothing stated therein is in breach of any law or regulation.

If you have any specific queries in regard to the legality of the scripts, please do not hesitate to contact the wnter.

Yours faithfullyMALLINICK RESS RICHMAN & CLOSENBERG INC.

DIRECTORS GERALD MALLINICK MICHAEL JOSEPH RICHMAN JEFFREY CLOSENBERC JOHN ADRIAN LEVIN MILTON GISCHEN

JILL HILARY SINGER STEPHEN CHARLES HARDINGf b e d b r j c jc s h g u n g h h u m a nSIMEON GERALD KORBER ALAN CHRISTOPHER DODSON MICHAEL. JOHN READ EVANS

CONSULTANTS ARNOLD SIMON RUCH FTBRUe ANDRE DU PREEZ

GfNSRAL MANAGERANDREW MICHAEL STANSFIELD

kjHiISikaIION NUMBER

LONDON OFFICE

4 CARLTON CARDENS PALL MALL LONDON SWIYSAATELEPHONE; (071) *30 8702TELEFAX: (071) 930 5737

s

30 October 1992

To: Call-Net Att: RoFrom: David Bruce P a g e s : 5

Dear Ro

|K

With this fax is a final version of the script on "What if I refuse m ilitary service or camps" as well as a revised copy of the letter from our lawyer, Michael Evans, which confirms that he has given his approval to this script as well.

Yours sincerely

David Bruce

P.O.Box 34436, Jeppestow n, 2043 (■=■ 0 1 1-648-5887) P.O.Box 15467, Vlaeberg, 8018 (•» 021-6891194)

To: Call-Net Att: RoFax No: 402-4698 Pages: 3

Dear Ro

28 October 1992

lV-

With this fax is a copy of the letter from our attorney, Michael Evans, confirming that he has approved 8 of the 087 scripts.

However you should take note of the fact that he has recommended that the words "the opinion has been e x pr essed that this was a political judgement" (ie. the 1st sentence of the 2nd last paragraph of script no. 6) should be deleted from this script.

Neil also asked me that I inform you that we are still finalising the wording of the 9th script (ie. "What if I refuse to do military service"). I hope to give you final con fi rm at io n about this s c ript by Friday.

Yours sincerely

David Bruce

P.O.Box 34436, Jeppestow n, 2043 (w 0 1 1 - 6 4 8 - 5 8 8 7) P.O.Box 15467, Vlaeberg. 8018 (» 021-6891194)

Mallinick R6ss Richman & ClosGnbGrg Inc. attorneys, notaries & conveyancers

30 October 1992

CALL-NET

6th FLOOR, 2 LONG STREET CAFE TOWN 8001

TELEPHONE (021) 41&4411 P.O.BOX 3867 CAPE TOWN 8000 DOC EX 34 CAPE TOWN TELEFAX; (021) 217207

Dear Sirs

CONSCRIPTION ADVICE SERVICE 087 LINES

our net ME/SK/45082

Y o u r M .

We act on behalf of the Conscription Advice Service who have furnished us with copies of the following scripts for their proposed 087 line:-

1. I have received a call-up. What should I do?

2. How much military service do I have to do?

3. How do I apply for exemption or deferment?

4. What happens if I fail to report for national service or for a camp?

5. What happens if I leave the country?

6. Is the whites-only call-up legal?

7. What are my rights when I am in the SADF?

8. How do I become an officially recognised conscientious objector?

9. What if I refuse to do military service or camps?

We have worked in the field of defence legislation for a lengthy period of time and are familiar with the relevant laws and regulations. We have perused the above scripts and are satisfied that nothing stated therein is in breach of any law or regulation.

If you have any specific queries in regard to the legality of the scripts, please do not hesitate to contact the wnter.

Yours faithfully MALLINICK RESS

DIRECTORS GERALD MALLINICK MICHAEL JOSEPH RICKMAN JEFFREY CLQSENBERG JOHN ADRIAN LEVIN HILTON GISCHEN

JILL HILARY SINGER STEPHEN CHARLES HARDING FREDERICK STIGLJNGH HUMAN SIMEON GERALD KORBER ALAS CHRISTOPHER DODSON MICHAEL JOHN READ EVANS

A » e tu « w j v n s s m s r r t t

CONSULTANTS ARNOLD SIMON RUCH PIEW tfl ANDRE DU PREEZ

G tS U U L MANAGERANDREW MICHAEL STANSFIELD

KKiriM KAliON NUMMRm/ihstu/h

LONDON OFFICE

* CARLTON GARDENS PALL MALL LONDON SW1YJAATELEPHONE (071) «30 #702TELEFAX; (071) 5JO *737

Mallinick Ress Richman & Closenberg Inc.

F A C S I M I L E

DATE ; 30 OCTOBER 1992

TO : CONSCRIPTION ADVICE SERVICE

ATT : DAVID BRUCE

NO. : (011) 834-3189

FROM; MICHAEL EVANS

ATTORNEYS, NOTARIES & CONVEYANCERS

6th FLOOR, 2 LONG STREET

CAPE TOWN 8001

TELEPHONE (021) 419-4411 P.O.BOX 3667 CAPE TOWN 8000 DOC EX 34 CAPE TOWN TELEFAX (021) 217207

TOTAL NUMBER OF PAGES (INCLUDING THIS PAGE): 2 (TWO)

Dear DavidOur ReJ: M E/SK /45082

CAS 087 LINES

Thank you for your fax of yesterday. I transmit herewith a revised version of my letter to Call-Net in which I include reference to the latest 087 script. You and Neil seem to have done a very good job of amending the original script without losing the thrust of your message.

Kind regards,

DIRECTORS GERALD MALUNIOC MICHAJtt JOSfipH RICHMANJEFFREY CLOSENBERG JOHN ADRIAN LEVIN HILTON GISCHEN MICHAEL RADOMSKY ALAN JAMES JEFTHA ABRAHAM ANDRE COETZEF

JILL HILARY SINGER STEPHEN CHARLES HARDING FREDERICK SmOUNGH HUMAN SIMEON GERALD KORBER ALAN CHRISTOPHER DODSON MICHAEL JOHN READ EVANS

CONSULTANTS ARNOLD SIMON RUCH PIERRE ANDRE DU PRBEZ

GENERAL MANAGER ANDREW MICHAEL STANSFIELD

REGISTRATION NUMBER 84/09570/14

LONDON OFFICE

4 CARLTON GARDENS PALL MALL LONDON SW1YJAA TELEPHONE; (071) 930 S702

TELEFAX: (071) 930 *737

TO-OCT-1992 14:36 FROM MALL INICKS TO 00118343189 P. 002

Phone: 836-8423 Fax: 834-3189

To: Mallinick Ress Richman & Cl o se nb ur g Inc.Att: Michael Evans Fax No: 021-21-7207 Pages: 4

P.O. Box 537 Kengray 2100

Dear Michael

Thanks for the letter which you sent through to us for Call-Net.

With this fax is a revised version of the script on "Refusing". I wonder if you could have a look at it and let me know what you think about this one.

I said to Call -N et that I would try and get back to them by tomorrow (Friday), so if i t’s possible could you try and get back to me as soon as possible.

Hope I ’m not rushing you.

Regards

David Bruce

o o

27 Oct Dber 1992

CALL-NET

eth FLOOR. 2 LONG STREET

CAPE TOWN 8001

TELEPHONE (021) 419M411

P.O. BOX 3667 CAPE TOWN 8000 DOC EX: 34 CAPE TOWN

TELEFAX; (021) 217207

our Ree ME/SK/45082

Y o o r Hof:

US

CONSCRIPTION ADVICE SERVICE 087 LINES

We ac folio>wng

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

I have received a call-up. What should I do?

much military service do I have to do?

do I apply for exemption or deferment?

happens if I fail to report for national service or for a camp?

happens if I leave the country?

the whites-only call-up legal?

are my rights when I am in the SADF?

do I become an officially recognised conscientious objector?

How

How

IVhat:

matI;

m a t

How i

We ha/i with tli that n<

YoursMALI

Encl.

on behalf of the Conscription Advice Service who have furnished us with copies of the scripts for their proposed 087 line:-

e worked in the field of defence legislation for a lengthy period of time and are familiar e relevant laws and regulations. We have perused the above scripts and are satisfied

4thing stated therein is in breach of any law or regulation.

If you lave any specific queries in regard to the legality of the scripts, please do not hesitate to contact the writer.

faithfullyINICK RESS RICHMAN & CLOSENBERG INC

DIRECTORS GERALD MALUMCX! MICHAEL JOS ETH R1 3JMAN JEFFREY CLOSENBE IG JOHN ADRIAN L E W HILTON OISCHEN MICHAEL RADOMS1&ALAN JAMES r e r r a / ABRAHAM ANDRE C 3ETZEE

JILL HILARY SINGER STEPHEN CHARLES HARDTNO FREDERICK STIGUNOH HUMAN SIMEON GERALD KORKEK ALAN CHRISTOPHER DODSON MICHAEL JOHN READ EVANS

CONSULTANTS ARNOLD SIMON RUCH PIERRE ANDRE DU t REBZ

GENERAL MANAGERANDREW MICHAEL STANS FIELD

REGISTRATION NUMBER 84/08S70/14

LONDON OFFICE

4 CARLTON GARDENS PALL MALL LONDON 5W1Y5AA TELEPHONE: (071) 930 *702 TELEFAX; (971) « 0 *7S7

6th FLOOR, 2 LONG STREET

CAPE TOWN 8001

DATS

Deai

CAS

I noli comm this

F A C S I M I L ETELEPHONE (021)419-M11 P.O.BOX 3667 CAPE TOWN 8000

DOC EX: 34 CAPE TOWN

TELEFAX (021) 217207

27 OCTOBER 1992

CONSCRIPTION ADVICE SERVICE

DAVID BRUCE

(011) 834*3189

MICHAEL EVANS

TO

ATT

NO.

FROM

TOT iL NUMBER OF PAGES (INCLUDING THIS PAGE): 2 (TWO)

DavidOur Bef: ME/SK/45082

D87 LINES

Transmitted herewith is a copy of my letter to Call-Net. I have not faxed it to them diredtly. If you would prefer them to receive an original signed letter please let me know.

ice that, in the script on the legality of the whites-only call-up, you have left in the lent that the Rule judgment was "a political judgment". Although I am satisfied that

cjomment is not in contempt of Court, I would still prefer it to be left out.

Kind regards,

Enel

DIRECTORS GERALD M A L U N IC t MICHAE L JOSEPH JEFFREY CLOSENB: JOHN ADRIAN LEV® HILTON G1SCKEN MICHAEL RADOV a i a n j a m e s n r m kABRAHAM ANDRE

RJCHMANJRC

JILL HILARY SINGER STEPHEN CHARLES HARDING FREDERICK STIGLINGH HUMAN SIMEON GERALD KQRBER ALAN CHRISTOPHER DODSON MICHAEL JOHN READ EVANS

C OETZEE

CONSULTANTS ARNOLD SIMON RDCH PlftRRS ANDRE DU PREEZ

GENERAL MANAGERANDREW MICHAEL STANSFTELD

REGISTRATION NUMBER64/08670/14

LONDON OFFICE

4 CARLTON GARDENS PALL MALL LONDON SWlY SAA TELEPHONE: (071) M0 S702 TELEFAX' (071) 930 S737

344 P01 ECC NRTIONRL 10-21-32 1H:00

Mallinick Rgss Richmon & ClosenbGrcj Inc. attorneys, notaries & conveyancers

F A C S I M I L E

DATE : 30 OCTOBER 1992

TO i CONSCRIPTION ADVICE SERVICE

ATT : DAVID BRUCE

NO. : (011) 834-3189

FROM: MICHAEL EVANS

6th FLOOR, 2 LONG STREET

CAPE TOWN 8001

TELEPHONE (021) 41&-4411 P.O.BOX 3667 CAPE TOWN 8000 DOC EX 34 CAPE TOWN TELEFAX; (021) 217207

TOTAL NUMBER OF PAGES (INCLUDING THIS PAGE): 2 (TWO)

Dear Davidouriw: ME/SK /45082

CAS 087 LINES

Thank you for your fax of yesterday, I transmit herewith a revised version of my letter to Call-Net in which I include reference to the latest 087 script. You and Neil seem to have done a very good job of amending the original script without losing the thrust of your message.

Kind regards,

mCHAELJEyAISS

Encl.

DIRECTORS GERALD MALUNIOC MICHAEL JOSEPH RICHMAN JEFFREY CLOSENBERG JOHN ADRIAN LEVIN'HILTON GISCHEN MICHAEL RADOMSKYALAN JAMES JEFTHA ______ABRAHAM ANDRE COETZFE

JILL HILARY SINGER STEPKEX CH ARLES HARDING FREDERICK STIGLINGH HUMAN SIMEON GERALD KORBER ALAN CHRISTOPHER DODSON MICHAEL JOHN READ EVANS

CONSULTANTS ARNOLD SIMON RUCH PIERRE ANDRE DU PRBEZ

GENERAL MANAGER ANDREW MICHAEL STANSFTELD

REGISTRATION NUMBER 84/09570/14

LONDON OFFICE

4 CARLTON GARDEN'S PALL MALL LONDON SW1YJAA TELEPHONE; (071) 930 ET02 TELEFAX; (071) 930 8737

Standard Bank of South Africa

The SecretaryThe Conscription Advice ServiceP 0 Box 2861Durban4000

Smith Street West Branch

PO Box 15314000 Durban

440 Smith Street4001 DurbanS.W.I.F.T. Address SBZA ZAJJ Telegrams 'SMiTHWEST Telex 6-20606 Telefax (031) 304-5985 Telephone (031) 301-0571

Date 29 July 1991 In reply please quote our reference

PM/bs

Your reference

Dear sir

Current Account No. p .5 Q86 348 7______

Ltie observe from our records that your account, which is in credit by R 72-90 , was last operated cn 26 March 1991.

Lde mould be pleased to learn whether you wish to continue to conduct your account in our books, if so, please advise us accordingly.

The Standard Bank of South Africa Lim ited Reg. No. 62 /0073 8 /0 6 Registered Bank

Directors: H.P. de V illiers (Chairman), A.M. Rosholt (Deputy Chairman), Dr C.B. Strauss (Vice-Chairman), M.H. Vosloo (Managing), D.R. Busse (Deputy Managing),S.K. Anderson, L.A. Beard, D.E. Cooper, N.M. Cullinan, Prof. P.C. Fourie, £.L.G. G eeling, D.A. Hawton, J.M. Kahn, P.F. Retief, J.C. Robbertze, C.J. Saunders, E.P. Theron, M, W interton, B. Wunsh.

Standard Bank of South Africa

The SecretaryConscription Advice ServiceP 0 Box 2861DURBAN4000

Umgeni Operations Processing Centre

PO Box 47047 4023 Greyville

96-100 First AvenueGreyville4001 DurbanS.W.I.F.T. Address SBZA ZAJJ Telex 6-24504 Telephone (031) 308-3611

Date 19 July 1991 In reply please quote Your referenceour referenceHMMC/mak

Dear Sirs,

ACCOUNT NO 05 086 348 7

Our records show that the above account has not been operated recently and we write to enquire whether you wish it to remain open.

We shall be pleased to hear whether the account will be activated in the near future and your early reply will be appreciated.

Yours faithfully,

The Standard Bank of South Africa Lim ited Reg. No. 62 /0073 8 /0 6 Registered Bank

Directors: HP. de V illiers (Chairman), W.A.M. Clew low (Deputy Chairman), Dr C.B. S trauss (Vice-Chairman), M.H. Vosloo (Managing Director), D.R. Busse (Deputy M anaging Director), L.A. Beard, D.E. Cooper, N.M. Cullinan, Prof. P.C. Fourie, K.L.G. G eeling, D.A. Hawton, R.J. Khoza, Prof. E.T. M okgokong, B.S. Rayner, J.C. R o t C.J. Saunders, E.P. Theron, M. W interton, B. Wunsh. *

H.M. (MRS)ACCOUNTANT : LEDGERS

Box 2861D u r b a n40 0 0

0 3 1 - 3 0 1 . 5 6 6 3 (o) 4 5 . 6 5 7 4 (h)

M a r c h 11, 1988

D e a r G e r a l d i n e

T h a n k s for the i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t the f u n d i n g w h i c h a r r i v e d today, and for the w o r k y o u ha v e d o n e in th i s regard.

U n f o r t u n a t e l y t h e r e s e e m s to be a pa g e m i s s i n g : the o r g i n a l b u d g e t a p p l i c a t i o n and p r o p o s e d r e g i o n a l a l l o c a t i o n s . P l e a s e will you send this so that we can r e s p o n d to y o u r pro p o s a l by the end of March.

I'd like to m a k e a few c o m m e n t s a b o u t the f u n d i n g and a l l o c a t i o n in the m e a n w h i l e .

The f irst is that w e n e e d to be c a r e f u l a b o u t c o n f u s i n g C D S G and CAS. C 0 S G o n l y e x i s t s in J o h a n n e s b u r g and D u r ban, w h i l e C A S is f u n c t i o n i n g in J o h a n n e s b u r g , Durban, C a p e Town, P i e t e r m a r i t z b u r g , and G r a h a m s t o w n . C A S is o p e r a t i n g q u i t e i n d e p e n d e n t l y in a r e a s w h e r e t h e r e is no C0SG, eg in C a p e Town w h e r e CAS is set up as an o r g a n i s a t i o n w i t h a c o n s t i t u t i o n , etc. I think it w o u l d be helpful to see the 5 C A S s as s e p e r a t e e n t i t i e s f r o m the 2 COSGs, even t h o u g h s o m e of the s a m e p e o p l e are i n v o l v e d in them. So I p r o p o s e that C 0 S G and C A S m a k e s e p e r a t e a p p l i c a t i o n s for funding fr o m the a m o u n t y o u have recei v e d .

C S G o p e r a t e s c o m p l e t e l y i n d e p e n d e n t l y f r o m C 0 S G and CAS, w i t h g r o u p s in o t h e r r e g i o n s as well, eg B l o e m f o n t e i n , so o b v i o u s l y their a p p l i c a t i o n s need to be s e p e r a t e as well.

In the p r oposal it s a y s that the J h b r e g i o n will a d m i n i s t e r the funding. D o e s this me a n J h b COSG, or CAS, or CSG, or a c o m b i n a t i o n of the 3? I think it is q u i t e i m p o r t a n t that we are c l e a r a b o u t w h a t s y s t e m of a d m i n s t r a t i o n is being propo s e d , e s p e c i a l l y as C A S and C S G have t h e i r own s t r u c t u r e s and are not a n s w e r a b l e to C O S G or ev e n r e l a t e d to C O S G in m o s t r e gions. CSGs a l r e a d y h a v e a n a t i o n a l t r e a s u r e r and t h e i r own s y s t e m of a d m i n i s t e r i n g w h a t e v e r f u n d s are a l l o c a t e d to them. CSG, CAS and C O S G t o g e t h e r n e e d to d e c i d e who w o u l d be the m o s t a p p r o p r i a t e a d m i n i s t e r i n g g r o u p or groups.

P e r h a p s you will r e m e m b e r that at the c o n f e r e n c e D u r b a n w a s asked to r a i s e a b u d g e t for the C A S s a r o u n d the c o u n t r y . We h a v e ma d e two a p p l i c a t i o n s , o n e to the K a g i s o T r u s t and o n e to the V i c t i m s of A p a r t h e i d , and s h o u l d be h e a r i n g f r o m K a g i s o w i t h i n the next week. We based this a p p l i c a t i o n on the b u d g e t that C a p e Town CAS d r e w up. Th e y e s t i m a t e d th a t they w o u l d n e e d R I O , 0 0 0 -00, so we m u l t i p l i e d that a m o u n t by 5 C A S s and a s k e d for R 5 0 , 000-00! W h a t e v e r a m o u n t is g i v e n to us by K a g i s o will be d i v i d e d between the 5 CASs. CAS n e e d s to d e c i d e how this m o n e y s h o u l d be a d m i n i s t e r e d , ie r e g i o n a l l y or n a t i o n a l l y . O n c e we h a v e heard f r o m K a g i s o we will be in t o u c h w i t h the r e g i o n a l C A S s for their s u g g e s t i o n s .

D u r b a n C O S G m e e t s on W e d n e s d a y , M a r c h 16. If you can get the m i s s i n g page to us by W e d s we will be a b l e to d i s c u s s the funding a l l o c a t i o n . O t h e r w i s e it will be a m o n t h b e f o r e we m e e t again.

T h a n k s .

In p e ace

A n i t a Kromb e r g .

C o n s c r i p t i o n A d v i c e S e r v i c e Box 2861D u r b a n4 0 0 0F e b r u a r y 3, 1988.

V i c t i m s of A p a r t h e i d c / o M r s S h e e n a D u n c a n K h o t s o H o u s e 42 de V i l l i e r s S t r e e t J o h a n n e s b u r g 2001.

D e a r M r s D u n c a n

F u n d i n g a p p l i c a t i o n for the C o n s c r i p t i o n A d v i c e S e r v i c e

On be h a l f of the C o n s c r i p t i o n A d v i c e Service, we w o uld like to r e g u e s t the V i c t i m s of A p a r t h e i d fund to a s s i s t the work of the A d v i c e S e r v i c e for 1988.

The C.A.S. p r o v i d e s n o n - d i r e c t i v e advice, c o u n s e l l i n g and s u p p o r t for c o n s c r i p t s w h o ha v e moral, rel i g i o u s , p o l i t i c a l and ethical g u e s t i o n s a b o u t t h e i r p a r t i c i p a t i o n in the S o u t h A f r i c a n D e f e n c e Force. A d v i c e S e r v i c e s e x i s t in C a p e Town, Durban, J o h a n n e s b u r g , P i e t e r m a r i t z b u r g and G r a h a m s t o w n .

E n c l o s e d is a d e s c r i p t i o n of the C a p e Town C . A . S . , as an e x a m p l e of ou r h i story, s t r u c t u r e and function.

We w o u l d like to r e g u e s t that V . O . A . f u n d s the C.A.S. w i t h a na t i o n a l b u d g e t of R 5 0 . 0 0 0 - 0 0 . E a c h r e gional g r o u p w o u l d be a l l o c a t e d R 1 0 , 0 0 0 - 0 0 , as per the a t t a c h e d C a p e To w n budget.

At p r e s e n t the C.A.S. o p e r a t e s by r a i sing f u nds locally in an ad hoc f ashion. Due to the e x p a n s i o n of the s e r v i c e this ad hoc a r r a n g e m e n t is no longer a d e g u a t e . T h u s it w a s d e c i d e d at the last C o n s c i e n t i o u s O b j e c t o r s N a t i o n a l C o n f e r e n c e in Oc t o b e r , 1987, to c o - o r d i n a t e f u n d r a i s i n g n a t i o n a l l y .

If you w i s h to d i s c u s s the work of the C.A.S. any further, you are w e l c o m e to c o n t a c t us, or the R e v e r e n d R o b R o b e r t s o n , S .A.C.C. J u s t i c e & R e c o n c i l i a t i o n D i v i s i o n , J o h a n n e s b u r g .

E n c l o s e d are c o p i e s of s o m e of our p a m p h l e t s and c u r r e n t n e w s p a p e r a d v e r t i s e m e n t s .

Thank you ve r y much.

Y o u r s in the s t r u g g l e for j u s t i c e and p eace

A n i t a K r o m b e r g and R i c h a r d S t e e l e c c . R o b R o b e r t s o n , S .A.C.C.

D a v i d S c h m i d t , C.A.S.

KAGISO TRUST NATAL REGION P.O. BOX 48060 QUALBERT 407812 FEBRUARY 1988

CONSCRIPTION ADVICE SERVICEP.O. BOX 2861DURBAN4000

ATT E N T I O N : AN I T A KROI'iBERG

Dear Madam

YOUR APPLICATION FOR THE CONSCRIPTION ADVI C E SERVICE

The Kagiso Trust Natal Regional Office has received your project proposal via Kagiso Trust Head Office in Johannesburg.

a q vou have not provided us with your physical address and/or

i S S S S S Kr j a f meeting

in Johannesburg.

Best regards.

Yours faithfully

Joseph.BheKi.Gumbi

Project Officer

NATAL

Victims of A p a r t h e i dc/o Mrs S h e e n a D u n c a nK h o t s o House42 de Vil l i e r s St r e e tJ o h a n n e s b u r g2 0 0 1.

Dear Mrs Duncan

C o n s c r i p t i o n A d v i c e S e r v i c e Box 2861 D u r b a n 4 0 0 0F e b r u a r y 3, 1988.

F u n d i n g a p p l i c a t i o n for the C o n s c r i p t i o n A d v i c e S e r v i c e

On b e h a l f of the C o n s c r i p t i o n A d v i c e Service, we w o u l d like to request the Victims of A p a r t h e i d fund to a s s i s t the w o r k of the A d v i c e S e r v i c e for 1988.

The C.A.S. p r o v i d e s n o n - d i r e c t i v e advice, c o u n s e l l i n g and s u p p o r t for c o n s c r i p t s who h a v e moral, rel i g i o u s , p o l i t i c a l and e t h i c a l q u e s t i o n s about their p a r t i c i p a t i o n in the S o u t h A f r i c a n D e f e n c e Force. A d v i c e S e r v i c e s exist in Ca p e Town, Durban, J o h a n n e s b u r g , P i e t e r m a r i t z b u r g and G r a h a m s t o w n .

E n c l o s e d is a d e s c r i p t i o n of the C a p e Town C . A . S . , as an e x a m p l e of our history, s t r u c t u r e and function.

We w o u l d like to r e q u e s t that V . O . A . f u n d s the C.A.S. w i t h a n a t i o n a l budget of R 5 0 , 0 0 0 - 0 0 . E a c h r e g i o n a l g r o u p w o u l d be a l l o c a t e d R 1 0 , 000-00, as per the a t t a c h e d C a p e Town budget.

At p r e s e n t the C.A.S. o p e r a t e s by r a i s i n g funds l o c a l l y in an ad hoc fashion. Due to the e x p a n s i o n of the s e r v i c e this ad hoc a r r a n g e m e n t is no longer adequ a t e . Thus it was d e c i d e d at the last C o n s c i e n t i o u s O b j e c t o r s N a t i o n a l C o n f e r e n c e in O c t o b e r , 1987, to c o - o r d i n a t e f u n d r a i s i n g n a t i o n a l l y .

If you w i s h to d i s c u s s the w o r k of the C.A.S. any further, you are w e l c o m e to c o n t a c t us, or the R e v e r e n d Rob R o b e r t s o n , S.A.C.C. J u s t i c e & R e c o n c i l i a t i o n D i v i s i o n , J o h a n n e s b u r g .

E n c l o s e d are c o p i e s of some of our p a m p h l e t s and c u r r e n t n e w s p a p e r a d v e r t i s e m e n t s .

T hank you v e r y much.

Yours in the s t r u g g l e for j u s t i c e and p e a c e

A n ita K r o m b e r g and R i c h a r d S t e e l e cc. Rob R o b e r t s o n , S.A.C.C.

D a v i d Schmidt, C.A.S.

C o n s c r i p t i o n A d v i c eS e r v i c eBox 2861D u r b a n4000

D e c e m b e r 7, 1987.

The D i r e c t o r K a g i s o Trust Box 1878 J o h a n n e s b urg 2 0 0 0

Dear M a d a m / S i r

F u n d i n g a p p l i c a t ion for the C o n s c r i p t i o n A d v i c e S e r v i c e

On b e h a l f of the C o n s c r i p t i o n A d v i c e Service, we w o u l d like to request the K a g i s o Trust to fund the work of the A d v i c e S e r v i c e for 1988.

The C.A.S. p r o v i d e s n o n - d i r e c t i v e advice, c o u n s e l l i n g and s u p p o r t for c o n s c r i p t s who ha v e moral, rel i g i o u s , p o l i t i c a l and e t h i c a l q u e s t i o n s about their p a r t i c i p a t i o n in the S o u t h A f r i c a n D e f e n c e Force. A d v i c e Servii. es exist in C a p e I o w n , Durban, J o h a n n e s b u r g , P i e t e r m a r i t z b u r g and G r a h a m s t o w n .

E n c l o s e d is a d e s c r i p t i o n of the ('ape Town C.A.S. , as an e x a m p l e of our history, s t r u c t u r e and function.

We w o u l d like to request that you fund the C.A.S. w i t h a n a t i o n a l budget of R 5 0 , 0 0 0 - 0 0 . Each reg i o n a l g r o u p w o u l d be a l l o c a t e d R 1 0 , 000-00, as per the a t t a c h e d C a p e Town budget.

At pres e n t the C.A.S. o p e r a t e s by r a i s i n g funds l o c a l l y in an ad hoc fashion. Due to the e x p a n s i o n of the s e r v i c e this ad hoc a r r a n g e m e n t is no longer adequate. Thus it was d e c i d e d at the recent C o n s c i e n t i o u s O b j e c t o r s N a t i o n a l C o n f e r e n c e in O c t o b e r to c o - o r d i n a t e f u n d r a i s i n g nationally.

If you wi s h to d i s c u s s the work of the C.A.S. any further, you are w e l c o m e to c o n t a c t us, or the R e v e r e n d Rob R o b e r t s o n , S.A.C.C. J u s t i c e & R e c o n c i l i a t i o n D i v i sion, J o h a n n e s b u r g .

E n c l o s e d are co p i e s of some of our p a m p h l e t s and c u r r e n t n e w s p a p e r a d v e r t i s e m e n t s .

Thank you very much.

Yours in the s t r u g g l e for j u s t i c e and p e a c e

A n ita K r o m b e r g and R i c h a r d S t e e l e cc. Rob R o b e r t s o n , SACC

<

P.O. Box 2861 40 0 0 Durban

Phone.: 3 0 1 - 5 6 6 3 N o v e m b e r 9, 1988

A n n e H a r p e rS t u d e n t C o u n s e l l i n g S e r v i c e U n i v e r s i t y of Natal,Durban

De a r An n e

Me invite you to attend the first Annual General Meeting of the Durbanbranch of the Conscription Advice Service. The main purpose of this meeting is to adopt the constitution and elect a committee.

F a c t o r s s u c h as the ri s e of c o n s c i e n t i o u s o b j e c t i o n (e.g. the "143" o b j e c t o r s who took a pu b l i c s t a n d a g a i n s t c o n s c r i p t i o n in A u g u s t this year) and the r e s t r i c t i o n of the End C o n s c r i p t i o n C a m p a i g n m a k e the work of the C o n s c r i p t i o n A d v i c e S e r v i c e all the m o r e i m p o r t a n t and

Up until now the C o n s c r i p t i o n A d v i c e S e r v i c e has c o n s i s t e d of informal n e t w o r k s of v o l u n t e e r c o u n s e l l o r s in the m a j o r cities.

R e c e n t l y r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of the b r a n c h e s met t o g e t h e r to a s s e s s the s t ate of CAS and look at the road ahead. The m a j o r o u t c o m e of that me e t i n g was the a g r e e m e n t that b r a n c h e s s h o u l d c o n s t i t u t e t h e m s e l v e s in a formal m a n n e r , and that a s y s t e m of n a t i o n a l c o m m u n i c a t i o n and c o o r d i n a t i o n b e t w e e n the b r a n c h e s be d e v e l o p e d .

We are i n v i t i n g you b e c a u s e an e f f e c t i v e ref e r r a l n e t w o r k of p s y c h o l o g i s t s and l a w y e r s is e s s e n t i a l for the e f f i c i e n t f u n c t i o n i n g of the A d v i c e S e rvice.

R e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of the O A S SSA, D u r b a n Me n t a l H e a l t h So c i e t y , and the Legal R e s o u r c e s C e n t r e ha v e a l s o been invited.

This m e e t i n g will be held on T u e s d a y N o v e m b e r 2 9 . at 7.30pm. The w e n u e is the P e a c e Room, E c u m e n i c a l C e n t r e , 20 St A n d r e w ' s Street,

D u r b a n .

1. We l c o m e , i n t r o d u c t i o n s .2. A d o p t i o n of the p r o p o s e d c o n s t i t u t i o n .3. A d m i n i s t r a t i v e m a t t e r s , i n c l u d i n g the e l e c t i o n of a c o m m i t t e e ,

pub l i c i t y , and o f f i c e space.4 . G e n e r a 1.

The p r o p o s e d c o n s t i t u t i o n is e n c l o s e d for y o u r perusal.

Y o urs f a i t h f u l l y

^^prgen t .

A g e n d a :

Ri c h a r d S t e e l e v o l u n t e e r c o u n s e l l o r

CONSCRIPTION

ADVICE SEflVICE

P.O. Box 15467 Vlaeberg 8018

Dear j J o r l o o - ^ .

12 October 1988

Herewith:

The draft counselling record form - the headings which could be a bit obscure have an explanation filled in. Otherwise it's pretty much self- explanatory.Please let us have your comments on it.

Cape Town's constitution - each centre as well as the national structure should have a constitution, so here is Cape Town's for you to consider in the meantime.

Handling of finances - this set of instructions was circulated earlier this year by Geraldine. It says everything I need to say, so I've simply reproduced it!It would be helpful if, when opening a CAS account, the name of the centre could be specified in the name of the account, e£ CONSCRIPTION ADVICE SERVICE - CAPE TOWN.Ten or so accounts all called the same thing might get confusing.

+++++++ Could Johannesburg, Grahamstown and Durban please let me have theiraccount numbers so that I can distribute some money....

+++++++ Each centre should also be letting me have a budget for the balance of the yearly funds (as per minutes of the national meeting).

Cape Town AGM Annual Report - This is the annual report which was delivered at our AGM in September.

We have heard from Durban that the pamphlet is in the process of being typeset and should be ready by the end of the month. Also that Tam Alexander, one of the '143', reported for a 12 day camp, refused, and was taken into custody. He was released later that day and charged with refusing to serve. It seems that he was called up directly as a result of his being one of the '143'.

Grahamstown has also been in touch. They had a report-back after the national meeting - everyone is very eager and enthusiastic. They will be setting up a

meeting with P.E. soon. , .

Here in Cape Town, work is carrying on as usual. We have been getting a very good response to our ads in suburban newspapers recently. Our AGM went very well - about 50 people attended who, in addition to being treated to the annual report, also saw a performance of "War Toys" which was great fun.The new committee is Anton Eberhard (Convenor), Neil Myburgh (Secretary) and Janet Thorpe (Treasurer).We had a report back on the national meeting and the tasks are being seen to (this package being the only concrete result so far!).We will be having an all day workshop this weekend to plan the rest of this year in minute detail.

There are 3 contact people to add to the list you received with the national meeting minutes:

Port Elizabeth

And that's all the news we've got!

Please let me have any interesting news, etc, that you feel should be circulated

between the centres.

And David and I will be in touch soon to see how all the national tasks are

progressing.......

Debbie Mattheus 75 Walmer Rd, Walmer,6070 041-514296(h)

Pietermaritzburg

Mark Povall 422 Burger St, Pietermaritzburg,3201 0331-944079(h)

Cape Town

Anton Eberhard 27 Grotto Rd, Rondebosch,7700 021-6893421(h ) 021-6502827(w)

Regards

JANET THORPE

C.A.S. - Cape Town

C o n s c r i p t i o n A d v t c c S e v v i a

Box 208, Woodstock, 7911

CONSCRIPTION ADVICE SERVICE - CONSTITUTION

NAMEThe”name shall be ’the CONSCRIPTION ADVICE SERVICE (Cape Town)

OBJECTIVES ,To give conscripts information and advice about their legal rights andalternatives to military service.To educate the community about alternatives to military service.To liaise with Conscription Advice services in other centres.

MEMBERSHIPMembership shall be open to all persons who subscribe to the objectives

of the organisation and who participate in its activities.

COORDINATING COMMITTEE1. This shall consist of a Convenor, a Secretary, and a Treasurer.2. They will be appointed annually at an Annual General Meeting.3. They will be accountable at all times to the membership.4. The Coordinating Committee will have the power to coopt 2 further members.

FUNCTIONS OF THE COORDINATING COMMITTEE1. To be responsible for the day to day running of the service.

2. To deal with all the correspondence of the service.3. To see to the raising and allocation of funds that the Service

requires for its working.4. To call, and prepare the agenda of, the Annual General Meeting.

FINANCES^ accounfc will be Qpened up in the name of the CONSCRIPTION ADVICE

SERVICE (Cape Town).2. Money received will be deposited iri this bank, account.3. Signing powers for cheques will be vested in the members of the

Coordinating Committee.4. Disbursment of money shall be ratified by the Coordinating Committee.

MEETINGS , -The Coordinating Committee shall meet at least 4 times a year. A quorum of

a meeting will be 3 members of the Coordinating Committee.

DISSOLUTION 2Dissolution will be agreed upon at an AGM by a - majority.

Funds will revert back to the donors.

Collection Number: AG1977

END CONSCRIPTION CAMPAIGN (ECC)

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