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Transcript of Calculus
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BJ[]N 2- ENVJ\ N\YNLRJUN\
02- ETMBHNMDRCD BNMITMSNX OQNA@AHKHC@CDKDLDMS@K
Hkqolar``fŽk efpqŽof`^Erk`flkbp ab `lkgrkql `lk ^afqfsfa^a cfkfq^Lbafa^p `lk ^afqfsfa^a cfkfq^Dgbo`f`flpCbcfkf`fŽk ab mol_^_fifa^a m^o^bpm^`flp jrbpqo^ibp cfkfqlpSbojfklildŒ^ molmf^ abi `Ši`ril ab mol_^_fifa^abpDgbo`f`flpDgbjmilp obprbiqlpDgbo`f`flp@idrklp mofk`fmflp_Špf`lp ab ^kŠifpfp `lj_fk^qloflDgbo`f`flpOol_^_fifa^abp `lkaf`flk^a^pHkabmbkabk`f^Dgbo`f`flpDumbofjbkqlp l morb_^p `ljmrbpq^pOorb_^p ab AboklriifM•jbol jŠp mol_^_ib ab ‹ufqlp bk j morb_^p ab AboklriifDgbo`f`flpBlkgrkqlp krjbo^_ibp v kl krjbo^_ibpDgbo`f`flpCbcfkf`fŽk ab mol_^_fifa^a m^o^ bpm^`flp jrbpqo^ibp fkcfkf,qlp krjbo^_ibpDgbo`f`flpDgbo`f`flp s^of^alp pl_ob mol_^_fifa^abp
03- B…KBTKNCD OQNA@AHKHC@CDR
4604614634644664684704704734754804814844864875/25/45/750/503
504506507
03-0 Cbcfkf`fŽk ab mol_^_fifa^a m^o^ bpm^`flp jrbpqo^ibp kl kr,jbo^_ibp 510
03-1 Mrjbo^_fifa^a abi `lkgrkql ab mrkqlp `lk mol_^_fifa^a ml,pfqfs^ 511
03-2 U^of^_ibp ^ib^qlof^p 51203-3 Dgbo`f`flp 514
03-403-503-603-703-803-0/03-0003-0103-0203-0303-0403-0503-0603-0703-0803-1/03-10
03-1103-1203-1303-1403-1503-1603-1703-1803-2/03-20
Gj`e_a ]j]h‡pe_k
Erk`flkbp ab afpqof_r`fŽkCfp`lkqfkrfa^a ab i^p crk`flkbp ab afpqof_r`fŽkCfpqof_r`flkbp afp`obq^p-Erk`flkbp ab j^p^ ab mol_^_fifa^aDgbo`f`flpCfpqof_r`flkbp `lkqfkr^p- Erk`flkbp ab abkpfa^aCfpqof_r`fŽk rkfclojb pl_ob rk fkqbos^ilCfpqof_r`fŽk ab B^r`evDgbo`f`flpCfpqof_r`flkbp bumlkbk`f^ibpCfpqof_r`flkbp kloj^ibpN_pbos^`flkbp pl_ob afpqof_r`flkbp jŠp dbkbo^ibpDgbo`f`flpCfpqof_r`flkbp ab crk`flkbp ab s^of^_ibp ^ib^qlof^pDgbo`f`flpCfpqof_r`fŽk ab s^of^_ibp ^ib^qlof^p_fafjbkpflk^ibpCfpqof_r`flkbp afp`obq^p_fafjbkpflk^ibpCfpqof_r`flkbp `lkqfkr^p _fafjbkpflk^ibp- Erk`flkbp ababkpfa^aDgbo`f`flpCfpqof_r`flkbp ab crk`flkbp ab alp s^of^_ibp ^ib^qlof^pDgbo`f`flpDpmbo^kwv s^of^kw^Dpmbo^kwab rk^ crk`fŽk ab rk^ s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^Dgbo`f`flpCbpfdr^ia^a ab Beb_vpebsKbvbp ab ilp do^kabp k•jbolpDi qblobj^ `bkqo^i abi iŒjfqbDgbo`f`flpQbcbobk`f^p`fq^a^p
04- HMSQNCTBBHˆM @K @M…KHRHRMTL†QHBN
WWH
51552/52352652853053553653854154554654755/55/552
55311155756256557/570572574578580581
04-0 Hkqolar``fŽk efpqŽof`^ 58404-1 @molufj^`flkbp mlo mlifkljflp 58604-2 @molufj^`flkbp mlifkŽjf`^p v bpm^`flp ifkb^ibp kloj^alp 58704-3 Ool_ibj^p crka^jbkq^ibp bk i^ ^molufj^`fŽk mlo mlifkljflp 6//04-4 Dgbo`f`flp 6/204-5 Olifkljflp ab fkqbomli^`fŽk 6/404-6 Orkqlp ab fkqbomli^`fŽkfdr^ijbkqb pbm^o^alp 6/704-7 @kŠifpfpabi boolo ab i^ fkqbomli^`fŽk mlo mlifkljflp 6/8
WWHH
04-804-0/04-00
04-0104-0204-0304-0404-0504-0604-0704-0804-1/
04-1004-1104-12
hj`e_a ]j]h‡pe_k
Dgbo`f`flpEŽojri^ ab fkqbomli^`fŽk ab MbtqlkOrkqlp ab fkqbomli^`fŽk fdr^ijbkqb pbm^o^alp- Di lmbo^aloab i^p afcbobk`f^p pr`bpfs^pOlifkljflp c^`qlof^ibpDgbo`f`flpOol_ibj^ ab jŒkfjl obi^qfsl ^ i^ kloj^ abi jŠufjlOlifkljflp ab Beb_vpebsOolmfba^a ab jŒkfjl ab ilp mlifkljflp ab Beb_vpebs@mif`^`fŽk ^ i^ cŽojri^ abi boolo bk i^ fkqbomli^`fŽkDgbo`f`flpHkqbdo^`fŽk ^molufj^a^- Qbdi^ ab ilp qo^mb`flpQbdi^ ab RfjmplkDgbo`f`flpEŽojri^ ab prj^`fŽk ab DriboDgbo`f`flpQbcbobk`f^p `fq^a^pRlir`flkbp ^ ilp bgbo`f`flpHkaf`b
602605
6072-+61061361461762/62/6226256316346416446467/4
8
4A=;646;@?8C 78 6R=6E=@ 7;98B8?6;4=
1') 8L^JLRXWN\MRON[NWLRJUN\NWMN[R_JMJ\YJ[LRJUN\
Klp qblobj^p ab BŠi`ril afcbobk`f^i abp^oolii^alp bk bi `^mŒqril 7 qfbkbkdo^k k•jbol ab ^mif`^`flkbp- Dpqb `^mŒqril jrbpqo^ pr rqfifw^`fŽk bk ^idrklpbgbjmilp obi^qfslp ^ i^p b`r^`flkbp afcbobk`f^ibp bk abofs^a^p m^o`f^ibp+ ^ i^pcrk`flkbp fjmiŒ`fq^p v ^ mol_ibj^p ab buqobjlp- Bljbkw^jlp `lk ^idrk^p l_pbo,s^`flkbp bibjbkq^ibp obcbobkqbp ^ i^p b`r^`flkbp afcbobk`f^ibp bk abofs^a^p m^o,`f^ibp-
Tk^ b`r^`fŽk nrb obi^`flk^ rk `^jml bp`^i^o b v prp abofs^a^p m^o`f^ibp pbhh]i] a_q]_e‰j `ebanaj_e]h aj `aner]`]o l]n_e]hao- Clp bgbjmilp pbk`fiilp bk ilpnrb b bp rk^ crk`fŽk ab alp s^of^_ibp plk i^ b`r^`fŽk ab mofjbo loabk
'8-0( kb't+ u( < N+W_
v i^ ab pbdrkal loabk
'8-1(
B^a^ rk^ ab bii^p bp rk^ b`r^`flk afcbobk`f^i bk abofs^a^p m^o`f^ibp heja]h el,jld‹kb^- Dpql bp+ `^a^ rk^ qfbkb i^ cloj^ J'b( < N+pfbkal J rk lmbo^alo afcb,obk`f^i ifkb^i nrb `lkqfbkb rk^ l jŠp abofs^a^p m^o`f^ibp- K^ b`r^`fŽk '8-1( pbii^j^ a_q]_e‰j `a J]lh]_a _f,afjbkpflk^H-
O^oqb ab i^ qbloŒ^ ab i^p b`r^`flkbp afcbobk`f^ibp ifkb^ibp loafk^of^p mrbabbuqbkabopb ^ i^p b`r^`flkbp afcbobk`f^ibp bk abofs^a^p m^o`f^ibp- Olo bgbjmil+ bpcŠ`fi `ljmol_^o nrb m^o^ `^a^ rk^ ab i^p b`r^`flkbp '8-0( v '8-1( bi `lkgrkqlab plir`flkbp bp rk bpm^`fl ifkb^i- Rfk bj_^odl+ e^v rk^ afcbobk`f^ fjmloq^kqb
234
235 ?lhe_]_ekjao `a _…h_qhk`ebanaj_e]h
bkqob i^p b`r^`flkbp afcbobk`f^ibp ifkb^ibp bk abofs^a^p m^o`f^ibp v i^p ifkb^ibploafk^of^p+ nrb ab_b pbo jbk`flk^a^ abpab bi mofk`fmfl- Olkbjlp ab j^kfcfbpqlbp^ afcbobk`f^ `ljm^o^kal i^ b`r^`fŽk bk abofs^a^p m^o`f^ibp '8-0( `lk i^ b`r^,`fŽk afcbobk`f^i loafk^of^
'8-2( b&'t( < N-
K^ crk`fŽk jŠp dbkbo^i nrb p^qfpc^`b '8-2( bp b&t' < b+pfbkal b rk^ `lkp,q^kqb ^o_fqo^of^- Dp ab`fo+ bi bpm^`fl,plir`fŽk ab '8-2( bp rkf,afjbkpflk^i- Oboli^ crk`fŽk ab qfml jŠp dbkbo^i nrb p^qfpc^`b '8-0( bp
b't+ u' < c&u'*
alkab d bp rk^ crk`fŽk `r^inrfbo^ ab u- Orbpql nrb d bp ^o_fqo^of^ mlabjlpl_qbkbo `lk c^`fifa^a rk `lkgrkql fkcfkfql ab plir`flkbp fkabmbkafbkqbp- Olo bgbj,mil+ mlabjlp qlj^o d'v( < aAW v e^`bo nrb a s^oŒb bk qlal bi `^jml ob^i- @pŒmrbp+ bi bpm^`fl plir`fŽk ab '8-0( bp ab ejbejep]o afjbkpflkbp-
Dk `fboqlp ^pmb`qlp bpqb bgbjmil obcibg^ il nrb bk dbkbo^i l`roob- @idrk^psb`bp bk i^ obplir`fŽk ab rk^ b`r^`fŽk bk abofs^a^p m^o`f^ibp ab mofjbo loabk+pb mob`fp^ rk^ fkqbdo^`fŽk m^o^ e^`bo abp^m^ob`bo `^a^ abofs^a^ m^o`f^i- Dkqlk`bppb fkqolar`b rk crk`fŽk ^o_fqo^of^ bk i^ plir`fŽk- Dpql l`roob bk rk bpm^bil abplir`flkbp ab fkcfkfq^p afjbkpflkbp-
Dk jr`elp mol_ibj^p nrb fk`irvbk b`r^`flkbp bk abofs^a^p m^o`f^ibp bpmob`fpl pbib``flk^o abi `lkgrkql ab plir`flkbp rk^ plir`fŽk m^oqf`ri^o nrb p^qfp,c^d^ rk^ l jŠp `lkaf`flkbp ^rufif^obp- Bljl bp iŽdf`l i^ k^qro^ibw^ ab bp^p`lkaf`flkbp qfbkb rk bcb`ql molcrkal bk i^ bufpqbk`f^ l bk i^ rkf`fa^a ab i^pplir`flkbp- Dk bpqb if_ol kl pb iibd^oŠ ^ rk bpqrafl pfpqbjŠqf`l ab q^ibp mol_ib,j^p- Dk `^j_fl+ qo^q^objlp ^idrklp `^plp m^oqf`ri^obp m^o^ firpqo^o i^p fab^pfkqolar`fa^p bk bi `^mŒqril 7-
1'* 8L^JLRmWNWMN[R_JMJ\YJ[LRJUN\MNY[RVN[X[MNWLXWLXNORLRNW]N\LXW\]JW]N\
Blkpfabobjlp i^ b`r^`fŽk bk abofs^a^p m^o`f^ibp ab mofjbo loabk
'8-3( 2 kb't+ u( * 1 kb't+ u( < N-kt kr
Sla^p i^p plir`flkbp ab bpq^ b`r^`fŽk mrbabk bk`lkqo^opb jbaf^kqb `lkpfabo^,`flkbp dblj‹qof`^p- Dumobpbjlp bi mofjbo jfbj_ol `ljl OL molar`ql bp`^i^o+v mlkd^jlp i^ b`r^`fŽk bk i^ cloj^
&1e* 0f'• Z.b't+u(< N-
C_q]_e‰jaj `aner]`]o l]n_e]hao `a lneian kn`aj 236
Dpql klp af`b nrb bi sb`qlo do^afbkqb !U b&t* u' bp loqldlk^i ^i sb`qlo 2 e * 1 f bk`^a^ mrkql &t* u', Obol p^_bjlp q^j_f‹k nrb !U b&t*u' bp loqldlk^i ^ i^p `ros^pab kfsbi ab b, Krbdl bp^p `ros^p ab kfsbi ab_bk pbo ob`q^p m^o^ibi^p ^ 2f* 1g -Dp ab`fo+ i^p `ros^p ab kfsbi ab b plk i^p ob`q^p
1t , 2u < _-
Olo il q^kql b&t*u' bp `lkpq^kqb `r^kal 0t + 1u bp `lkpq^kqb- Dpql prdfbob nrb
'8-4( b't+u( < c'1t , 2u(
m^o^ ^idrk^ crk`fŽk d-Bljmol_bjlp ^elo^ nrb+ m^o^ `^a^ crk`fŽk afcbobk`f^_ib d+ bi `^jml bp`^,
i^o b abcfkfal mlo '8-4( p^qfpc^`b ob^ijbkqb '8-3(- Tqfifw^kal i^ obdi^ ab i^ `^abk^m^o^ `^i`ri^o i^p abofs^a^p m^o`f^ibp ab b bk`lkqo^jlp
/0+ /0+kt < 1c'1t , 2u(+ ku < ,2c'1t , 2u(+
/0 /0+ +2, * 1, < 5c'1t , 2u( , 5c'1t , 2u( < N-
kt ku
Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb+ b p^qfpc^`b '8-3(-Qb`Œmol`^jbkqb+ mlabjlp abjlpqo^o nrb qla^ crk`fŽk b afcbobk`f^_ib nrb
p^qfpc^d^ '8-3( kb`bp^of^jbkqb ab_b pbo ab i^ cloj^ '8-4( m^o^ rk^ `fboq^ d-O^o^ biil+ fkqolarw`^jlp rk `^j_fl ifkb^i ab s^of^_ibp+
'8-5( t < ?q * @r+ u < Aq * Br-
Dpqb qo^kpcloj^ b&t*u' bk rk^ crk`fŽk ab q v r* pb^ ‹pq^
d'q+ r( <b'?q * @r+Aq * Br(-
Dibdfobjlp i^p `lkpq^kqbp ?* @*B+C ab jlal nrb d p^qfpc^d^ i^ b`r^`fŽk jŠppbk`fii^
'8-6( kd&q* r' < l-W\
K^ obplisbobjlp v abjlpqo^objlp nrb b qfbkb i^ cloj^ abpb^a^-Blk i^ obdi^ ab i^ `^abk^ bk`lkqo^jlp
kd /0 kt /0 ku /0 /0,<,,*,,<,?*,A-MS MV MS ku MS MV ku
237 ?lhe_]_ekjao `a _…h_qhk ebanaj_e]h
Orbpql nrb b p^qfpc^`b '8-3( qbkbjlp 7b07u < , '2 .1('7b .7t(+ mlo il nrb i^ b`r^,`fŽk qlj^ i^ cloj^
]d < k. '? \ y `( -kq ]t 1
Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb+ d p^qfpc^oŠ'8-6( pf bibdfjlp ? < y_-Slj^kal ? < 2 X b < 1bk`lkqo^jlp
'8-7( t < 2q * @r+ u < 1q * BG%,
Blk bpq^ bib``fŽk ab ? v b+ i^ crk`fŽk d p^qfpc^`b '8-6(+ ^pŒnrb d&q*r' bp rk^crk`fŽk pŽil ab r+
d&q* r' < c&r'
m^o^ rk^ `fboq^ crk`fŽk d- O^o^ bumobp^o r bk crk`fŽk ab t b u bifjfk^jlp q bk'8-7( v l_qbkbjlp 1t , 2u < '1@ , 2B(r- Difg^jlp ^elo^ @ v C ab j^kbo^ nrb1@ , 2C < 0+ mlo bgbjmil @ < 1+ C < 0- O^o^ bpqlp s^ilobp i^ qo^kpcloj^`fŽk'8-5( bp kl pfkdri^o: qbkbjlp r < 0t + 1u* X mlo q^kql
-&t* u' < d&q*r' < c&r' < c&0t + 1u',
Dpql abjrbpqo^ nrb qla^ crk`fŽk afcbobk`f^_ib b plir`fŽk ab '8-3( qfbkb i^ clo,j^ '8-4(-
Di jfpjl qfml ab o^wlk^jfbkql abjrbpqo^ bi pfdrfbkqb qblobj^ m^o^ i^pb`r^`flkbp ab mofjbo loabk `lk `lbcf`fbkqbp `lkpq^kqbp-
SDNQDL@ 8-0- Qe d ao qj] bqj_e‰j `ebanaj_e]^ha aj Q&u b ao ah _]ilkao_]h]n `abeje`k aj Q1 lkn ia`ek `a h] a_q]_e‰j
'8-8( .'t+u( < c'^t , ]u(+
aj h] mqa ] v ^ okj _kjop]jpao+ jk oeiqhp…ja]iajpa jqh]o+ ajpkj_ao b o]peob]_ah] a_q]_e‰j aj `aner]`]o l]n_e]hao `a lneian kn`aj
'8-0/( ] k.at+ u( * ^ k.at+ u( < NW_ *F
aj pk`k Q1’ Pa_‡lnk_]iajpa+ pk`] okhq_e‰j`eeanaj_e]^ha `a '8-0/( peaja ja_ao]ne],
iajpa h] bkni] '8-8( l]n] qj] _eanp] d-
Cfan_e_eko ./4
1'+ 8SN[LRLRX\
Dk bpqb `lkgrkql ab bgbo`f`flp mrbab prmlkbopb i^ afcbobk`f^_fifa^a ab qla^p i^p crk`flkbp nrb pb `lkpfabo^k-
0- Cbqbojfk^o i^ plir`fŽk ab i^ b`r^`fŽk bk abofs^a^p m^o`f^ibp
kb't+u( kb't+u(3,, *2,, </
ˆ t ku
nrb p^qfpc^d^ i^ `lkaf`fŽk b&t*N( < pbk t m^o^ qlal t,1- Cbqbojfk^o i^ plir`fŽk ab i^ b`r^`fŽk bk abofs^a^p m^o`f^ibp
kb't+u( kb't+u(4,,,1,,</
kt ku
nrb p^qfpc^d^i^p `lkaf`flkbp b&M*N( < N+X B,f&t* N( < a! m^o^ qlal t,2- ^( Rf q&t* v( < b&t u'* abjlpqo^o nrb q p^qfpc^`bi^ b`r^`fŽk bk abofs^a^p m^o`f^ibp
kq kqt,,u,<M-
kt ku
G^ii^o rk^ plir`fŽk q^i nrb q&t*t' < t3a!&1 m^o^ qlal t,_( Rf r&t* v( < b&t-u' m^o^ v E N+abjlpqo^o nrb r p^qfpc^`b i^ b`r^`fŽk bk abofs^a^pm^o`f^ibp
kr krt,*u,<M-
kt ku
G^ii^o rk^ plir`fŽk q^i nrb r&/* 0( < 1 X B/r&t* i.u( < i.u m^o^ qlal t E N-3- Rf c&q*r' p^qfpc^`b i^ b`r^`fŽk bk abofs^a^p m^o`f^ibp
/1c'S+ r'
kq kr < N+
abjlpqo^o nrb c&q* r' < &G&0'S(* &G&1'T(+alkab &G&G'S(bp rk^ crk`fŽk pŽil ab q v A0&1'T(0/ bp •kf`^jbkqb ab r-
4- RrmŽkd^pb nrb b p^qfpc^`b i^ b`r^`fŽk bk abofs^a^p m^o`f^ibp
Hkqolar`fo bi `^j_fl ifkb^i ab s^of^_ibp t < ?q * @r+v < Aq * Br+ pfbkal ?+ @+B+C`lkpq^kqbp+v mŽkd^pbc&q* r' < b&?q * @r* Aq * Br', B^i`ri^o s^ilobp bkqbolp kl krilpab ?* @*B+ C m^o^ ilp &nrb&dp^qfpc^d^]1c-&]q ]r' < l- Qbplisbo bpq^ b`r^`fŽk `loobp,
2(/ ?lhe_]_ekjao `a _…h_qhk ebanaj_e]h
mbkafbkqb ^ d v abqbojfk^o irbdl h- 'RrmŽkd^pb i^ fdr^ia^a ab i^p abofs^a^p m^o`f^ibpokfuq^p-(
5- Tk^ crk`fŽk qf bpqŠ abcfkfa^ jbaf^kqb rk^ b`r^`fŽk ab i^ cloj^
'V * u(
G-&t*u' < tub y ,
Cbjlpqo^o nrb q p^qfpc^`b i^ b`r^`fŽk afcbobk`f^i ab i^ cloj^
.// ./-
t1 ]t + u0 ]u < E&t*W'G-*
v e^ii^o E&t* u',
6- K^ prpqfqr`fŽk t < a+%*v < a%qo^kpcloj^ ept* v( bk d'p+H(+pfbkal d'p+ o( < h&aQ+ah', Rf pbp^_b nrb Gp^qfpc^`b i^ b`r^`fŽk bk abofs^a^p m^o`f^ibp
abjlpqo^o nrb d p^qfpc^`b i^ b`r^`fŽk bk abofs^a^p m^o`f^ibp
7- Rb^ Grk `^jml bp`^i^o afcbobk`f^_ib bk rk `lkgrkql ^_fboql R ab Q!+ Cb`fjlp nrb Gbpdkikc…ja] `a cn]`k l bk R pf
b'bV( < bh&b'V(
m^o^ qlal p = N v qlal t ab R m^o^ ilp nrb pt D R- Cbjlpqo^o nrb m^o^ rk `^jml bp,&`^i^o eljld‹kbl ab do^al l pb qfbkb
t• !%b&t' < l b&t' m^o^ `^a^ t ab R-
Dpqb bp bi ii^j^al paknai] `a Cq,an l]n] h]o Yqj_ekjao dkikc…ja]o, Rf t < &Vh* ‹,, * tj(
mrbab bumobp^opbabi pfdrfbkqb jlal
kb kbVh], * --- *Vj,y,<lb'Vh+-•-+Vj(&
Wi kt :
YGj`e_]_eˆj8 O^o^ u+cfgl+ abcŒk^pbc&p' < b&ht' v `^i`ri^o c%&/',[
8- Cbjlpqo^o bi ob`Œmol`l abi qblobj^ ab Dribo- Dpql bp+ pf b p^qfpc^`b u -Zhb&t' < lb&t'm^o^ qlal t bk rk `lkgrkql ^_fboql R+b ab_b pbo eljld‹kbl ab do^al l bk R- YGj`e_]+_eˆj8 O^o^ t* cfgl+ abcŒk^pbc&p' < b&pt' + pNb&t' v `^i`ri^o c%&p',[
J] a_q]_e‰j`a kj`]o qje,`eiajoekj]h 240
0/- Cbjlpqo^o i^ pfdrfbkqbbuqbkpf5kabi qblobj^ ab Dribo m^o^crk`flkbp eljld‹kb^p abdo^al m bk bi `^pl ab alp afjbkpflkbp- 'Rrm5kd^pbi^ fdr^ia^a ab i^p abofs^a^pm^o,`f^ibp jfuq^p-(
1', >J NL^JLRmWMNXWMJ\rkŒ,aŒjbkpilk^i
Hj^dfkbjlp rk^ `rboa^ qbkp^ ab ilkdfqra fkcfkfq^^ 0/ i^odl abi bgb t v nrbmrbab sf_o^o bk bi mi^kl tu- Cbpfdkbjlp `lk v < z't+ qybi abpmi^w^jfbkql sbo,qf`^i ab i^ `rboa^ bk bi mrkql t bk bi fkpq^kqbp-Rrmlkd^jlp nrb+ bk bi fkpq^kqbp < /+ i^ `rboa^ bpqŠabpmi^w^a^qlj^kal i^ cloj^ ab rk^ `ros^ v < E'u(- Dk i^cfdro^ 8-0 ^( pb obmobpbkqrk bgbjmil- K^p cfdro^p 8-0 _( X b( jrbpqo^k i^p mlpf,_ibp `ros^p ab abpmi^w^jfbkql m^o^s^ilobp mlpqbklobp ab p-Blkpfabobjlp bi abp,mi^w^jfbkql z't+ p' `ljl rk^ crk`fŽk fk`Ždkfq^ ab t v p nrb e^v nrb abqbojfk^o-Tk jlabil j^qbjŠqf`l m^o^ bpqbmol_ibj^ 'prdbofal mlo `lkpfabo^`flkbp cŒpf`^pnrb ^nrŒkl `ljbkq^objlp( bp i^ b`r^`fŽk bk abofs^a^p m^o`f^ibp
bk i^ nrb a bp rk^ `lkpq^kqb mlpfqfs^ nrb abmbkab ab i^p `^o^`qboŒpqf`^pcŒpf`^pabi^ `rboa^- Dpq^b`r^`fŽk bp i^ ii^j^a^ a_q]_e‰j`a kj`]o qje,`eiajoekj]h- K^ ob,plisbobjlp qbkfbkal bk `rbkq^ `fboq^p`lkaf`flkbp ^rufif^obp-
,0 ,0 l
hyV%h'W,]H!!!z+,,,!, z- t
,1 ,0 N 0 1
b( p < 0^( p < N _( p <
EHFTQ@ 8-0 Aqnr] `a `aolh]v]ieajpk v < b't+p( l]n] r]neko r]hknao `a p-
Orbpql nrb bi abpmi^w^jfbkql fkf`f^i bp i^ `ros^ a^a^ v < D&t'* s^jlp ^_rp`^o rk^ plir`fŽk nrb p^qfpc^d i^ `lkaf`fŽk
b't+ N( < D't(-
241 ?lhe_]_ekjao `a _…h_qhk`ebanaj_e]h
Rrmlkaobjlp q^j_f‹k nrb ]u.]p+ i^ sbil`fa^a ab abpmi^w^jfbkql sboqf`^i+bpqŠa^a^ bk bi fkpq^kqbp < N+ p^_bo
B]b&t* N( < E&t'*
pfbkal F rk^ crk`fŽk a^a^- O^ob`b o^wlk^_ib mbkp^onrb bpq^fkcloj^`fŽk ab_b,oŒ _^pq^om^o^abqbojfk^o bi pr_pfdrfbkqb jlsfjfbkql ab i^ `rboa^- Cbjlpqo^ob,jlp nrb bpql bp `fboql+bcb`qfs^jbkqb+ abqbojfk^kal i^ crk`fŽk b mlo jbafl abE v F- K^ plir`fŽk pb bumobp bk rk^ cloj^ a^a^ mlo ib^k a&@ibj_boq'0606,0672(+ j^qbjŠqf`l v cfiŽplcl co^k`‹p-
SDNQDL@ 8-1- RNKTBHˆM CD C&@KDLADQS CD K@ DBT@BHˆM CD NMC@R- B]`]oh]o bqj_ekjao E v F p]hao mqa F ao `aner]^ha u E `ko ra_ao `aner]^ha aj Q[ J]bqj_e‰j b `]`] lkn h] b‰niqh]
'8-00( b't+ p( < D't * ap( * D't , ap( * 0-- 't*a E'o( `o
1 1a ft,a
o]peob]_a h] a_q]_e‰j `a kj`]o qje,`eiajoekj]h
'8-01(
v h]o _kj`e_ekjao eje_e]hao
'8-02( b't+ N( < D't(+ B`&t* N( < E&t',
Pa_‡lnk_]iajpa+ _q]hmqean bqj_e‰j b _kj `aner]`]o l]n_e]hao ecq]hao mqa o]peob]c]'8-01( u '8-02( peaja ja_ao]ne]iajpa h] bkni] '8-00(-
Baikopn]_e‰j- Bljmol_^o nrb i^ crk`fŽk b a^a^ mlo '8-00( p^qfpc^`bi^b`r^`fŽk ab lka^p v i^p `lkaf`flkbp fkf`f^ibp+bp rk bgbo`f`fl nrb abg^jlp ^i ib`qlo-Cbjlpqo^objlp bi ob`Œmol`l-
Tk jlal ab e^`boil `lkpfpqb bk prmlkbo nrb b bp rk^ plir`fŽk ab i^ b`r^`fŽkab lka^p+ fkqolar`fo rk `^j_fl ifkb^i ab s^of^_ibp+
t < ?q * @r + p < Aq * Br+
nrb qo^kpcloj^ b&t*p' bk rk^ crk`fŽk ab q v r*
c'q+ r( < b'?q * @r+Aq * Br(+
J] a_q]_e‰j`a kj`]o qj‡,`eiajoekj]h 242
v bibdfo i^p `lkpq^kqbp ?* @,b+ B ab jlal nrb d p^qfpc^d i^ b`r^`fŽk jŠp pbk,`fii^
Qbplisfbkal bpq^b`r^`fŽk bk`lkqo^jlp nrb cp•+r' <;NG'S(* ;N1'T(+ alkab ;NG'S( bprk^ crk`fŽk ab q pli^jbkqb v alkab ;N1'T( pŽil il bp ab r- K^p `lkpq^kqbp ?* @*b+C mrbabk bibdfopbab j^kbo^ nrb q<t*ap+ r <t,ap+ ab alkab l_qbkbjlp
'8-03( b't+ 0( < ;NG'V * ah( * ;N1'V , ah(-
Gb`el bpql rqfifw^jlp i^p `lkaf`flkbp fkf`f^ibp '8-02( m^o^ abqbojfk^o i^p crk,`flkbp ;OH v ;O1 mlo jbafl ab i^p crk`flkbp a^a^p D v F-
N_qbkaobjlp '8-03( mlo jbafl ab lqol j‹qlal nrb rqfifw^ bi qblobj^ 8-0v bsfq^ bi `^j_fl ab s^of^_ibp- Dp`of_fjlp mofjbol i^ b`r^`fŽk ab lka^p bk i^cloj^
'8904(
pfbkal JG X z lmbo^alobp afcbobk`f^ibpifkb^ibp ab mofjbo loabk a^alp mlo
] ]J ;++a+
H ]p ]t&Rb^ b rk^ plir`fŽk ab '8-04( v mlkd^jlp
q't+ p( < yb't+ p(-
K^ b`r^`fŽk '8-04( bpq^_ib`bnrb q p^qfpc^`bi^ b`r^`fŽk ab mofjbo loabk JG&q';M,Krbdl+ pbd•k bi qblobj^ 8-0 qbkbjlp
q&t* p( < :l&t * ah'
m^o^rk^ `fboq^ crk`fŽk ;m- Rb^ z rk^ crk`fŽk mofjfqfs^ ab ;O+ q^i `ljl y&u' ;by:l&o'`o* v mlkd^jlp
0r&t* p( < , :G<&t* ap',
1a
243 ?lhe_]_ekjao `a _…h_qhkebanaj_e]h
Cbjlpqo^objlp nrb J1&r' < J1'b(- Sbkbjlp
]r 0 i&' (, < ,&U V * apI_ 1av ]r 0++++' (, < ,&U V * ap]p 1 &
^pŒnrb]r ]r n
J1r < ]p * a MV < ;0= 't * ap( < al't * ap( < q't+ p( < Je[&+
Dp ab`fo+ i^ afcbobk`f^ b + r p^qfpc^`b i^ b`r^`fŽk ab mofjbo loabk
Rbd•k bi qblobj^ 8-0 ab_b pbo b&t* p' + r&t* p' < ebz&t+ _p' m^o^ rk^ `fboq^ crk,`fŽk ebz,Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb
0b%p€*p( < r't+ p( * &hfH't, ap( < , ;G='t * ap( * &hfH't, ap(-
1a
Dpql abjrbpqo^ '8-03( mlkfbkal bmH< 0---qH= X al1 < ebz,1_
Tqfif`bjlp ^elo^ i^p `lkaf`flkbp fkf`f^ibp '8-02( m^o^ abqbojfk^o i^p crk`fl,kbp bmHv al1 mlo jbafl ab i^p crk`flkbp a^a^p D v F- K^ obi^`fŽk b&t* N( < D&t'fjmif`^
'8-05( alG'V( * al1'V( < D't(-
K^ lqo^ `lkaf`fŽk fkf`f^i+ B`&t* N( < E&t'* fjmif`^
'8-06( aalw't( , __ly&t' < E&t',
Cbofs^kal '8-05( l_qbkbjlp
'8-07( alw't( * aly't( < D&'t(-
Qbplisfbkal '8-06( X '8-07( obpmb`ql ^ aly 't( v aly 't( bk`lkqo^jlp
alw't( < D&'t( * ,i E't(+1 1a
aly't( < D&'t( , ,i E't(-1 1a
J] a_q]_e‰j`a kj`]o qj‡,`eiajoekj]h 244
Hkqbdo^kal bp^p obi^`flkbp iibd^jlp ^
8>^( , 8>H'N( < D't( , D'M( * 0-, 'WE'o( `o+1 1a Il
8>1'V( , 8>1'N( < D't( , D'M( , 0-, 'W E'o( `o-1 1a Il
Rrpqfqrv^jlp bk i^ mofjbo^ b`r^`fŽk t mlo t * ap v bk i^ pbdrka^ t mlo t , ap-Krbdl prjbjlp i^p alp b`r^`flkbp nrb obpriqbk v qbkfbkal bk `rbkq^ nrb 8>H'N( *
8>1'N( < E'N( l_qbkbjlp
D't * ap( * D't , ap( 0 et)ap
b't+ p( < 8>z't * ap( * 8>ht , ap( < ,,,,,,, * , E'o( `o-1 1a t,ah
Dpql `ljmibq^ i^ abjlpqo^`fŽk-
DIDLOKN- Rrmlkd^jlp nrb bi abpmi^w^jfbkql fkf`f^i sfbkb a^al mlo i^
cŽojri^
xi* `lp 6RV
D&t' <N
m^o^ ,0 z t y 0 +
m^o^ Zu\ z 0-
,0 l^(0 < ?
t
]Zu < b't+ 0'
H :9' H,3,2 ,1,0 N
H -+ t3
u
u < b't+ N( < D't(
_( 0< 1
EHFTQ@ 8-1 Qkhq_e‰ja h] a_q]_e‰j a kj`]o nalnaoajp]`] l]n] hko r]hknaop < N X p< 1-
K^ doŠcf`^ ab E pb jrbpqo^ bk &i^pcfdro^p 8-0 ^( v 8-1 ^(- Rrmlkd^jlp nrb i^sbil`fa^a fkf`f^i E&t' < N m^o^ qlal t, Dkqlk`bp i^ plir`fŽk nrb obpriq^ ab i^b`r^`fŽk ab lka^p sfbkb a^a^ mlo i^ cŽojri^
b't+ p( < D't * ap( * D't , ap(1 -
245 ?lhe_]_ekjao `a _…h_qhkebanaj_e]h
K^p cfdro^p 8-0 v 8-1 obmobpbkq^ki^ `ros^ v < z't+ p' m^o^ s^oflp s^ilobp ab 0-
K^p cfdro^p mlkbk ab j^kfcfbpql nrb i^ plir`fŽk ab i^ b`r^`fŽk ab lka^p bp rk^`lj_fk^`fŽk ab alp lka^p bpq^`flk^of^p+rk^ nrb pb abpmi^w e^`f^ i^ abob`e^ vi^ lqo^ ^ i^ fwnrfboa^+`^a^ rk^ `lk sbil`fa^a _-
Dk ilp bgbo`f`flp nrb pfdrbk pb a^k bgbjmilp bk ilp nrb pb rqfifw^i^ obdi^ abi^ `^abk^ bk bi bpqrafl ab i^p b`r^`flkbp bk abofs^a^p m^o`f^ibp-
1'- 8SN[LRLRX\
Olabjlp prmlkbo bk bpqlp bgbo`f`flp i^ afcbobk`f^_fifa^a ab qla^p i^p crk`flkbp nrb pb`lkpfabo^k- ]
0- Rf g bp rk^ `lkpq^kqb mlpfqfs^ v c't+ p' < ytH+f gp+mlkbjlp
^( Cbjlpqo^o nrb
]h < a,W&kcMV kt
G' ( , fc'H&+p= ,q&t+G + a q-l
v
_( Cbjlpqo^o nrb b p^qfpc^`b i^ b`r^`fŽk bk abofs^a^p m^o`f^ibp
/&6 ]hg-+---< ,:, &a_q]_eˆj `ah _]hkn',kt9 kp
1- Blkpfabobjlp rk `^jml bp`^i^o b abcfkfal bk Q&q^i nrb b&t* v( abmbka^ pŽil ab i^ afp,q^k`f^ n abi mrkql &t* v( ^i lofdbk+ b&t* v( < c&n'* pfbkal n < &t%* u%'Wv,^( Cbjlpqo^o nrb m^o^ &t* v( z 'N+N( qbkbjlp
/&6 /&6 0,:,1 * ,:,::< +c%&n')c!&n',kt qu, n
_( Rrmlkd^jlp ^abjŠp nrb b p^qfpc^`b i^ a_q]_eˆj `a J]lh]_a*
m^o^ qlal &t*u' y '/+/(- Cbjlpqo^o+ ^mif`^kal i^ m^oqb ^( nrb b&t*u';]hkc&t% * u%')^m^o^ &t* v( z 'N+N(+pfbkal ] v ^ `lkpq^kqbp-
2- Qbmbqfo bi bgbo`f`fl 1 bk bi `^pl k,afjbkpflk^i+ pfbkal j y 2- Dpql bp+ prmŽkd^pb nrbb&t' < b&tG* ,,, *t,' < c&n'* pfbkal n < Zu\&+Cbjlpqo^o nrb
/&6 /&6 j , 0, * --- * , < ++c-&n'* o&pjW_Q W_c n
Cfan_e_eko 246
m^o^ t &! M, Rf b p^qfpc^`b i^ a_q]_e‰j `a J]lh]_a j,`eiajoekj]h+
m^o^ qlal t &!M+abar`fo nrb Y't(< ] Hiui01,k * ^ m^o^ t &!M+pfbkal ] v ^ `lkpq^kqbp-
M^oanr]_e‰j9 8U lmbo^alo ifkb^i !U1 abcfkfal mlo i^ b`r^`fŽk
]u ]u[1Z<,*!&*,]te ]ty
pb ii^j^ h]lh]_e]j] j,`eiajoekj]h-3- J]lh]_e]j] ^e,`eiajoekj]h aj _kkn`aj]`]o lkh]nao- K^ fkqolar``fŽk ab `lloabk^a^p ml,
i^obp t yn `lp 7+ v z n pbk 7+ qo^kpcloj^ b&t* v( bk c&n*6', Bljmol_^o i^p pfdrfbkqbp cŽo,
jri^p9
']c(1 0' ]c(1
^( 0H&0Z'o lp M* n pbk /(001 < ]n *> ]k -
]1Y ]1Y no 0 ]1c 0 ]c_( kt1 * ]u1 < ]n1 *> //1 *: ˆn &
4- J]lh]_e]j] pne`eiajoekj]h aj _kkn`aj]`]o aob†ne_]o- K^ fkqolar``fŽk ab `lloabk^a^p
bpc‹of`^p
t < l `lp M pbk nl * u < l pbk '( pbk nl+ v < l `lp nl*
qo^kpcloj^ b&t* v+w( bk D&l* &H*&0&(-Dpqb bgbo`f`fl fkaf`^ `Žjl e^v nrb mol`babo m^o^bumobp^o i^ i^mi^`f^k^ !U&pbk crk`fŽk ab i^p abofs^a^p m^o`f^ibp ab D,^( Hkqolar`fo mofjbol i^p `lloabk^a^p mli^obp t < n `lp &H* v < n pbk &H m^o^ qo^kpcloj^ob&t* v+w( bk c&n*&H*v', Tqfifw^o bi bgbo`f`fl 3 m^o^ abjlpqo^o nrb
_( So^kpcloj^o irbdl c&n* &H*w( bk D&l* &H*&0&(qlj^kal w z l `lp &0&+n y N pbk &0&-N_p‹o,sbpb nrb+ p^isl rk `^j_fl ab klq^`fŽk+ bpq^ qo^kpcloj^`fŽk bp i^ jfpj^ nrb i^ rqfifw^a^bk i^ m^oqb ^(- Cbar`fo
5- Dpqb bgbo`f`fl mlkb ab j^kfcfbpql nrb i^ b`r^`fŽk ab Kbdbkaob ^m^ob`b `r^kal _rp`^,jlp plir`flkbp ab i^ b`r^`fŽk ab K^mi^`b nrb qbkd^k rk^ cloj^ bpmb`f^i- Rb^ b rk`^jml bp`^i^o nrb p^qfpc^d^ i^ b`r^`fŽk ab K^mi^`b qof,afjbkpflk^i+ !T1b < N- Hkqolarw`^,jlp `lloabk^a^p bpc‹of`^p `ljl bk bi bgbo`f`fl 4 v mlkd^jlp D&l* &H*&0&(y b&t* v+ v',
247 ?lhe_]_ekjao `a _…h_qhkebanaj_e]h
^( Rrmlkd^jlp nrb _rp`^jlp plir`flkbp b ab i^ b`r^`fŽk ab K^mi^`b q^ibp nrb D&l* &H*&0&(pb^k fkabmbkafbkqbp ab &H v qbkd^k i^ cloj^ m^oqf`ri^o D&l* &H*&0&(< ljE&%G%'%Cbjlpqo^onrb b p^qfpc^`bi^ b`r^`fŽk ab K^mi^`b pf F p^qfpc^`bi^ b`r^`fŽk ab pbdrkal loabk
`1E `E`nl1 * `lq om`nl * j'j * 0(E < N-
_( Di `^j_fl ab s^of^_ib t < `lp &0&'&0&< ^ob `lp t+ ,09p9 t 9p90( qo^kpcloj^ E&nl' bkc&t', Cbjlpqo^o nrb d p^qfpc^`b i^ b`r^`fŽk ab Kbdbkaob
`1c `c'0 , t1
( `t1 , 1t `t * j'j * 0(c < N-
6- C_q]_e‰j^e,`eiajoekj]h `a kj`]o- Tk^ jbj_o^k^ abid^a^ v cibuf_ib bpqŠ buqbkafa^pl_ob bi mi^kl tu v mrbab sf_o^o- Cbpfdkbjlp `lk w< b&t* v+p' bi abpmi^w^jfbkql sboqf`^iab i^ jbj_o^k^ bk bi mrkql &t* v( bk bi fkpq^kqb p-Bfboq^p `lkpfabo^`flkbp cŒpf`^ppr,dfbobk nrb b p^qfpc^`b i^ b`r^`fŽk _f,afjbkpflk^i ab lka^p
bk i^ nrb a bp rk^ `lkpq^kqb mlpfqfs^ nrb abmbkab ab i^p `^o^`qboŒpqf`^pcŒpf`^pab i^jbj_o^k^- Dpqbbgbo`f`fl obsbi^ rk^ `lkbufŽk bkqob bpq^ b`r^`fŽk v i^ b`r^`fŽk afcbobk,`f^i ab Abppbi-^( Hkqolar`fo `lloabk^a^p mli^obp t < o `lp &H* v < o pbk &H* v mlkd^jlp Den*&H* p' << b'n `lp &H*o pbk &H*p', Rf b p^qfpc^`b i^ b`r^`fŽk ab lka^p abjlpqo^o nrb D p^qfpc^`b i^b`r^`fŽk
/1D '/1D 0 /1D 0 MD(, <_1 , *,, *,,/.1 /+1+1 //1 o kn -
_( Rf D&n*&H*p' bp fkabmbkafbkqb ab &H*Dpn*&H*p' < nl&n*p' i^ b`r^`fŽk ^( pb obar`b ^
Rb^ ^elo^ &0&rk^ plir`fŽk q^i nrb nl&n*p' pb bp`fkab bk bi molar`ql ab rk^ crk`fŽk ab omlo rk^ crk`fŽk ab p+nl&n,p' < P&n'R&p', Cbjlpqo^o nrb `^a^ rk^ ab i^p crk`flkbp P v Rp^qfpc^`b rk^ b`r^`fŽk afcbobk`f^i ifkb^i ab pbdrkal loabk-b( Rf i^ crk`fŽk R abi ^m^oq^al _( bp mbofŽaf`^ ab mboŒlal 1 enY_9 abjlpqo^o nrb P p^,qfpc`b i^ b`r^`fŽk ab Abppbi o1P! * oP&* o1P < N-
Baner]_e‰j `a bqj_ekjao `abeje`]o eilh‡_ep]iajpa 248
1'. 7N[R_JLRmWMNO^WLRXWN\MNORWRMJ\RVYUlLR]JVNW]N
@idrk^p prmbocf`fbp bk bi bpm^`fl ab qobpafjbkpflkbp pb obmobpbkq^kmlo b`r^,`flkbp `^oqbpf^k^p ab i^ cloj^
D&t*u* w( < N-
Tk^ b`r^`fŽk `ljl ‹pq^+ ab`fjlp+ molmlo`flk^ rk^ nalnaoajp]_e‰jeilh‡_ep] ab i^prmbocf`fb- Olo bgbjmil+ i^ b`r^`fŽk t1 * u1 * X1 , 0 < N obmobpbkq^i^ prmbocf,`fb ab rk^ bpcbo^ rkfa^a `lk `bkqol bk bi lofdbk- @idrk^p sb`bp bp mlpf_ib abp,mbg^obk i^ b`r^`fŽk D&t* v+ v' < N rk^ ab i^p s^of^_ibp bk crk`fŽk ab i^p lqo^palp+ mlo bgbjmil v bk crk`fŽk ab t b v- Dpql klp `lkar`b ^ rk^ l s^of^p b`r^`fl,kbp ab i^ cloj^
w <b't+ u' ,
O^o^ i^ bpcbo^ qbkbjlp alp plir`flkbp+
v
rk^ obmobpbkq^i^ pbjfbpcbo^ prmboflo+ i^ lqo^ i^ pbjfbpcbo^ fkcboflo ---Dk dbkbo^i kl obpriq^ pbk`fiil l_qbkbo rk^ cŽojri^ bumiŒ`fq^m^o^ w bk crk,
`fŽk ab t b v- Olo bgbjmil+ kl e^v rk j‹qlal m^o^ abpmbg^o `lk c^`fifa^a v bki^ b`r^`fŽk v1 * tv * X1 \aX
, 3 < N- Rfk bj_^odl+ rqfifw^kal bk cloj^ ^ab,`r^a^ i^ obdi^ ab i^ `^abk^ pb mrbabk abar`fo s^of^p molmfba^abp ab i^p abofs^a^pm^o`f^ibp ^{b]t v ^{b]u pfk rk `lkl`fjfbkql bumiŒ`fqlab b&t* u(- Dk bpq^ pb``fŽkpb bumlkb af`el j‹qlal-
Rrmlkd^jlp nrb bufpqb rk^ crk`fŽk b&t* v( q^i nrb
'8-08( DYt*u*b&t*u'[ < N
m^o^ qlal &t* v( bk rk `fboql `lkgrkql ^_fboql R+ v nrb kl pb^ mlpf_ib afpml,kbo ab cŽojri^p bumiŒ`fq^pm^o^ `^i`ri^o ep•+u', Dumobpbjlp ‹pq^ af`fbkal nrbD't+ v+ w( < N abcfkb v eilh‡_ep]iajpa `ljl crk`fŽk ab t b v+ v bp`of_^jlp
w <b't+u(-
Hkqolarw`^jlp ^elo^ rk^ crk`fŽk ^rufif^o d abcfkfa^ bk R `ljl pfdrb9
c&t*u' < DYt*u*b&t*u'[,
.1+ ?lhe_]_ekjao `a _…h_qhkebanaj_e]h
K^ b`r^`fŽk '8-08( bpq^_ib`b nrb c&t* v( < N bk R: irbdl i^p abofs^a^p m^o`f^ibp]c-]t v ]c-]u plk q^j_f‹k N bk R- Obol q^j_f‹k mlabjlp `^i`ri^o bp^p abofs^,a^p m^o`f^ibpjbaf^kqb i^ obdi^ ab i^ `^abk^- O^o^ biil bp`of_^jlp
c&t*u' < DYq/&t*u'* q1&t*u'* q2&t*u€'*
pfbkal S/ZV* v( < t* q1&t* v( < v+v q]&V*v( < b&t*u', K^ obdi^ ab i^ `^abk^ klpa^ i^p cŽojri^p
]c < B D]S0 B D]S1 B D]S2 +]t 0 ]t * 1 ]t * 2 ‡t
]c < B D ]S0 * B D ]S0 * B D ]S2]u 0 ]u 1 ]u 2 ]u&
bk i^p nrb `^a^ abofs^a^ m^o`f^i BgD bpqŠ`^i`ri^a^ bk &t* v+ b&t* vƒ- Orbpql nrbqbkbjlp
]S/ \ 0]t , + ]S0 < N
I_ "]S2 ]b%3%$]t ]t
v ]c < N]t &
i^ mofjbo^ ab i^p b`r^`flkbp ^kqboflobppb qo^kpcloj^ bk
INB0D * B2D, < N-]t
Qbplisf‹kali^ obpmb`ql^ ]b b]t l_qbkbjlp
'8-1/(]b B0DYt+ u+b't+ u([%3%]t B2DYt+ u+b't+ u([
bk ilp mrkqlp bk ilp nrb B]DYt* v+ b&t* u'[ ;/; N- Lbaf^kqb rk o^wlk^jfbkql m^ob,`fal l_qbkbjlp rk^ cŽojri^ ^kŠild^ m^o^]b -]u8
'8-10(yb B0DYt+ u+b't+ u([%3%]u B2DYt+ u+b't+ u([
bk ilp mrkqlp bk ilp nrb B]DYt* v+ b&t* u'[ ;/; N- Noafk^of^jbkqb bp^p cŽojri^ppb bp`of_bk jŠp _obsbjbkqb ^pŒ9
]b ]D.]t]t < , ]D.]v&
]b ]D.]u%3 %%%]u ]D.]v
Baner]_e‰j `a bqj_ekjao `abeje`]o eilh‡_ep]iajpa 250
DIDLOKN- Rrmlkd^jlp nrb i^ b`r^`f5k v1 * tv * v! + aX + a < N abcf,kb w `ljl crk`f5k ab t b v+pb^ ‹pq^ w< b't+ u(- G^ii^o rk s^ilo ab i^ `lkpq^kqba m^o^bi `r^i b'M+a( < 1+ X `^i`ri^o i^p abofs^a^p m^o`f^ibp]b.]t v ]b.]u bk bimrkql &t*v( < 'N+ a',
Qkhq_e‰j- Br^kal t < N+ X < a v w< 1 i^ b`r^`f5k qlj^ i^ cloj^ a1 * 3, a1
, a < N+ X ‹pq^ pb p^qfpc^`bm^o^a < 3- Rb^ D't+ v+ w( < v1 * tv * Y1 ,a&, 3- Cb '8-1/( v '8-10( l_qbkbjlp
'Hb w%3%&Ht t * 1w , bY
&
'Hb 1u
] u < , t * 1w , aX
Br^kal t < N+ X < a+ v w< 1 bk`lkqo^jlp ]b.]t < 1.'a1, 3( X ]b.]u
1a.'a1 , 3(- N_p‹osbpb nrb ebjlp mlafal `^i`ri^o i^p abofs^a^p m^o`f^ibp]b.]tv ]b .]u rqfifw^kal q^k p50/ bi s^ilo ab b't+ v( bk bi mrkql 'N+ a(-
K^ afp`rpf5k ^kqboflo mrbab buqbkabopb^ crk`flkbp ab jŠp ab alp s^of^_ibp-
SDNQDL@ 8-2- Qe E ao qj _]ilk ao_]h]n `eeanaj_e]^ha aj qj _kjfqjpk ]^ean,pk R `a Q! v oe oqlkjaiko mqa h] a_q]_e‰j
`abeja eilh‡_ep]iajpa t!+_kik bqj_e‰j `eeanaj_e]^ha `a Wi + ’’’ +Vj,h
l]n] pk`ko hko lqjpko 'Wi+ --- +Vj+h' aj qj _eanpk _kjfqjpk R `a Qk,[ ajpkj_aol]n] _]`] g < 0+1+--- +j , 0+h] `aner]`] l]n_e]h Bgb reaja `]`] lkn h] b‰niqh]
'8-11(
aj hko lqjpko aj hko mqa BjD <0<N- J]o `aner]`]o l]n_e]hao BgD v BjD mqa ]l],na_aj aj '8-11( aop…j _]h_qh]`]o aj ah lqjpk 'Wi&V1 + ŒŒŒ + Vj,h+ pp•++--- +Vj,h•-
K^ abjlpqo^`fŽk bp rk^ buqbkpf5k afob`q^ abi o^wlk^jfbkql rqfifw^al m^o^abar`fo i^p b`r^`flkbp '8-1/( v '8-10( X i^ abg^jlp m^o^bi ib`qlo-
K^ afp`rpfŽk mrbab dbkbo^ifw^opbbk lqol pbkqfal- Rrmlkd^jlp alp prmbocf,`fbp `lk i^p obmobpbkq^`flkbpfjmiŒ`fq^ppfdrfbkqbp9
'8-12( D&t*u* w( < N+ E&t*u* w( < N-
Rf bp^p prmbocf`fbppb `loq^k ^ 0/ i^odl ab rk^ `ros^ b+bp mlpf_ib l_qbkbo rk^
251 ?lhe_]_ekjao `a _…h_qhkebanaj_e]h
obmobpbkq^`fŽkm^o^j‹qof`^ ab b obplisfbkal i^p alp b`r^`flkbp '8-12( pfjriqŠ,kb^jbkqb obpmb`ql^ alp ab i^p s^of^_ibp bk crk`fŽk ab i^ qbo`bo^+mlo bgbjmilt b v bk crk`fŽk ab w-Rrmlkd^jlp nrb pb^ mlpf_ib abpmbg^ot b v v nrb i^p plir,`flkbp sbkd^k a^a^p mlo i^p b`r^`flkbp
t < V&v'* u < W&v'
m^o^qlal w bk rk `fboql fkqbos^il ^_fboql &]* ^' Dkqlk`bp `r^kal t b v pb obbj,mi^w^kmlo V&v' b W&v'* obpmb`qfs^jbkqb+i^p alp b`r^`flkbp '8-12( pb p^qfpc^`bkfa‹kqf`^jbkqb- Dpql bp+mlabjlp bp`of_foDYV&v'* W&v'* w\ < N X EYV&v'* W&v'* w\< N m^o^qlal w ab &]* ^', Ulisfbkal ^ rp^o i^ obdi^ ab i^ `^abk^+ mlabjlp `^i,`ri^o i^p abofs^a^p V%&v' b W%&v'pfk rk `lkl`fjfbkql bumiŒ`fqlab V&v' b W&v',
Hkqolarw`^jlp m^o^biil alp krbs^p crk`flkbp b v d mlo jbafl ab i^p b`r^`flkbp
bav' < DYV&v'* W&v'* w\ v c&v' < F YV&v'* W&v'* v[,
Dkqlk`bp bav' < c&v' < N m^o^ qlal w ab &]* ^' v mlo q^kql i^p abofs^a^p G%&v'
v c%&e'q^j_f‹k plk `bol bk &]* ^', Blk i^ obdi^ ab i^ `^abk^ bp^p abofs^a^p pbbumobp^k`lk i^p cŽojri^p
/%&v' < kD V%&v' * kD W%&v'* kD *kt ku kv
c%&v'< kE V%&v' * kE W%&v'* kE ,kt ku• kv
Orbpql nrb G%&v'v c%&v' plk ^j_^p `bol mlabjlp abqbojfk^o V%&v' b W%&v'obpli,sfbkal bi pfdrfbkqb pfpqbj^ ab b`r^`flkbp heja]hao9
kD V%&v' * kD W%&v'< ] kD *kt ku kv
kE V%&v' * kE W%&v'< ] kE ,kt ku kv
Dk ^nrbiilp mrkqlp bk ilp nrb bi abqbojfk^kqb abi pfpqbj^ kl bp kril+ bi pfpqbj^qfbkbrk^ pli^ plir`fŽk nrb+ jbaf^kqb i^ obdi^ ab Bo^jbo+ pb mrbab bumobp^o pŒ9
kD kD kD kD, , , ,kv ku kt kv
kE kE kE kE, , , ,V%&v' < ,
kv kuu%&v' < ,
kt kv'8-13(
kD kD kD kD, , , ,kt ku kt ku
kE kE kE kE, , , ,kt ku kt ku
Cfan_e_eko naoqahpko 252
Klp abqbojfk^kqbp nrb ^m^ob`bkbk '8-13( plk abqbojfk^kqbp ab j^qof`bp abI ^`l_f v pb ii^j^k `apaniej]jpao f]_k^e]jko, Blk cob`rbk`f^ pb bjmib^ rk^ klq^,`fŽk bpmb`f^im^o^ilp abqbojfk^kqbp g^`l_f^klp- Dp`of_fjlp
Meh MehkV/ kV1
MSh +--- +bj( < abq/'t/* ‹‹‹ * tj(
kej kejkV/ kV1
Blk bpq^klq^`fŽk+ i^p cŽojri^p '8-13( mrbabk bumobp^opbjŠp _obsbjbkqb bk i^cloj^
'8-14( V&'v( < k&D* E'-k&u* w( +k&D, E'-k&t* u'
W%&v'< k&D* E'-k&v* t' ,
k&D* E'-k&t* u'
'Di pfdkl jbklp pb e^ fk`lomlo^al ^ ilp krjbo^alobp mbojrq^kal i^p `lirjk^p-(Di j‹qlal pb mrbab buqbkabo^ `^plp jŠp dbkbo^ibpbk ilp nrb pb a^k i b`r^,
`flkbp `lk j s^of^_ibp+pfbkal j = i l_qbkf‹kalpb i s^of^_ibp bk crk`fŽk abi^p j,i obpq^kqbp-K^p abofs^a^p m^o`f^ibpab i^p krbs^p crk`flkbp ^pŒabcfkf,a^p pb mrbabk bumobp^oljl `l`fbkqbp ab abqbojfk^kqbp ab Z^`l_f+ dbkbo^ifw^kal^pŒ'8-14(- Dk bi bgbo`f`fl 2 ab i^ pb``fŽk 8-7 pb a^ rk bgbjmil bk bi nrb i < 1X j < 3-
1'/ 8SNVYUX\[N\^NU]X\
Dk bpq^pb``fŽk firpqo^jlp ^idrklp ab ilp `lk`bmqlp ab i^ ^kqbofloobplisfbkal^idrklp mol_ibj^p obi^qfslp ^ crk`flkbp abcfkfa^p fjmiŒ`fq^jbkqb-
DIDLOKN 0- Rrmlkd^jlp nrb i^ b`r^`fŽk c&t* u' < N abqbojfk^ u `ljlcrk`fŽk abofs^_ib ab t+pb^ ‹pq^ u < W&t' m^o^qlal t bk rk `fboql fkqbos^il &]* ^',Dumobp^oi^ abofs^a^ W%&t'bk crk`fŽk ab i^p abofs^a^p m^o`f^ibpab c,
Qkeq_eˆj, Rb^ E&t' < cYt* W&t'[ m^o^ t bk &]* ^', Dkqlk`bp i^ b`r^`flkc&t* u' < N fjmif`^ E&t' < N bk &]* ^', Dk sfoqra ab i^ obdi^ ab i^ `^abk^qbkbjlp
E%&t' < kc , 0 * kc W%&t'*kt ku
253 ?lhe_]_ekjao `a _…h_qhkebanaj_e]h
ab i^ nrb l_qbkbjlp
'8-15(W%&t'< ] kc-kt
kc-ku
bk ilp mrkqlp t ab &]* ^' bk ilp nrb kc-ku ;e; N- K^p abofs^a^p m^o`f^ibpkc-ktv kc-ku sfbkbk a^a^p mlo i^p cŽojri^p kc-kt < B/cYt* W&t'[ v kc-ku < B1cYt* W&t'[,
DIDLOKN 1- Br^kal pb bifjfk^ u bkqob i^p alp b`r^`flkbp w< b&t* u'*uc&t* u' < N+ bi obpriq^al mrbab bumobp^opbbk i^ cloj^ w< d&t', Dumobp^oi^ abof,s^a^ d%&t'bk crk`fŽk ab i^p abofs^a^p m^o`f^ibpab b v d-
Qkhq_e‰j- Rrmlkd^jlp nrb i^ b`r^`fŽk c't+ u' < N mrbab obplisbopb obp,mb`ql ^ u bk crk`fŽk ab t v nrb rk^ plir`fŽk pb^ u < W&t' m^o^qlalp ilp s^ilobpab t ab rk `fboql fkqbos^il ^_fboql &]* ^', Dkqlk`bp i^ crk`fŽk d pboŠ
d&t' ;bYt* W&t'[ pf t D &]* ^',
@mif`^kal i^ obdi^ ab i^ `^abk^ qbkbjlp
d%&t'< /0 * /0 u%&t',kt ]u
Blk i^ b`r^`fŽk '8-15( abi bgbjmil 0 l_qbkbjlp i^ cŽojri^
K^pabofs^a^p m^o`f^ibpabi pbdrkal jfbj_ol bpqŠk ^i`ri^a^p bk bi mrkql &t* W&t€,N_p‹osbpb nrb bi krjbo^alo q^j_f‹k mrbab bumobp^opbljl rk abqbojfk^kqbg^`l_f^kl+ obpriq^kal
d%&t'< k&b*c'fk&t* u' ,kc-ku
DIDLOKN 2- K^p alp b`r^`flkbp 0t < T+1 , q1 b u < qq abcfkbk q v r `ljlcrk`flkbp ab t b u, G^ii^o i^p cŽojri^p `loobpmlkafbkqbp]kq-kt*kq-ku*kr-kt*kr-ku,
Qkhq_e‰j- Rf j^kqbkbjlp cfg^u v abofs^jlp i^p alp b`r^`flkbp `fq^a^p `lk
Cfan_e_eko naoqahpko 254
obpmb`ql t+ ob`loa^kal nrb q v r plk crk`flkbp ab t b v+ l_qbkbjlp
]r ]q1 < 1r, , 1q,
]t ]tv
]r ]qM<q,*r,-
]t ]t
Qbplisfbkal bpq^pb`r^`flkbp obpmb`ql^ `qf`t v `T.`V bk`lkqo^jlp
v
Olo lqo^ m^oqb+pf j^kqbkbjlp cfg^ t v abofs^jlp i^p alp b`r^`flkbp a^a^p obp,mb`ql ^ v l_qbkbjlp i^p b`r^`flkbp
]r ]q/< 1r, , 1q,]u ]u v
Cb bpqbpfpqbj^ ab alp b`r^`flkbp l_qbkbjlp
I\ r,<,,,]u q1 * r1
v
DIDLOKN 3- Rb^ q rk^ crk`fŽk ab t b v abcfkfa^ mlo i^ b`r^`fŽk
q < D't * q+uq(-
G^ii^o `qf†Ht v `qf`W bk crk`fŽk ab i^p abofs^a^p m^o`f^ibpab E-
Qkhq_e‰j- Rrmlkd^jlp nrb q < c't+ v( m^o^ qlal 't+ v( bk rk `fboql `lk,grkql ^_fboql R- Rrpqfqrvbkal c&t*u' mlo q bk i^ b`r^`fŽk lofdfk^i l_qbkbjlp
'8-16( c't+u( < DYq0't+u(+ q1't+u([+
bk alkab q/'t+ v( < t * c't+ v( v qet+ v( < v c't+ u', L^kqbkd^jlp ^elo^ vcfg^v abofsbjlp ^j_lp jfbj_olp ab '8-16( obpmb`ql^ t+ bjmib^kal i^ obdi^ abi^ `^abk^ bk bi pbdrkal jfbj_ol+ `lk 0/ nrb l_qbkbjlp
kc < B0D ]S0 * B1D ]S1 -]t ]t ]t
'8-17(
Obolkq0f]t < 0 * ]cf]t+ v ]S1f]t < u ]cf]t- Krbdl '8-17( pb `lksfboqb bk
]c < B0D& '0 * Mc( * B1D - 'u ]c( -
]t ]t ]t
255 ?lhe_]_ekjao `a _…h_qhkebanaj_e]h
Qbplisfbkal bpq^b`r^`fŽk obpmb`ql kc-kt 'v mlkfbkal kq-kt bk ird^o ab kc-kt'l_qbkbjlp
W\W_
Cbi jfpjl jlal bk`lkqo^jlp
]c < C D MSh* C D kS1 < C D kc * C D & kc * &t €(-ku 0 ku 1 ku 0 ku 1 Wku d+ u
Dpql klp `lkar`b ^ i^ b`r^`fŽk
MS , c&t* u' B0D
ku BhD * u B0D + 0
K^p abofs^a^p m^o`f^ibp B*D v B1D bpqŠk `^i`ri^a^p bk bi mrkql &t * c&t* u'*
uc&t* u€,
DIDLOKN 4- Br^kal q pb bifjfk^ bkqob i^p alp b`r^`flkbp t < q * r bv < qr! iibd^jlp ^ rk^ b`r^`fŽk ab i^ cloj^ D&t*v+r' < N nrb abcfkb fjmiŒ`f,q^jbkqb r `ljl crk`fŽk ab t b v+ pb^ r < d&t* u', Cbjlpqo^o nrb
kd d&t* u'
MV + 1d&t* u' + 0t
v bk`lkqo^o rk^ cŽojri^ ^kŠild^ m^o^ ]d-]u,
Qkhq_e‰j- Difjfk^kal q bkqob i^p alp b`r^`flkbp a^a^p+ l_qbkbjlp i^ ob,i^`fŽk
tr1+r2\u;M,
Rb^ E i^ crk`fŽk abcfkfa^ mlo i^ b`r^`fŽk
D&t*u* r' < tr1 , r2 , u,
Olabjlp ^mif`^o ^elo^ il af`el bk i^ pb``fŽk 8-5 v bp`of_fo
'8-18( kd kD-kt%3 %%%MV kD-kr
vkd kD-ku%3 %%%ku kD-kr
Cfan_e_eko naoqahpko .12
Obol ]Df]t < r1+ ]Df]r < 1tr , 2r1 v ]Df]u < ,0- Krbdl i^p cŽojri^p '8-18(pb `lksfboqbk bk
]d r1
%3 % 3]t 1tr , 2r1
r d't+ u'<
1t , 2r 2d't+ u( , 1t
]d ,0 0
]u < , 1tr , 2r1 < 1td't+ u( , 2dZt+ u( -
DIDLOKN 5- K^ b`r^`fŽk D&t*u+w(< N abcfkb fjmiŒ`fq^jbkqb w `ljl crk,`fŽk ab t b u+ pb^ w< z't+ u(- Rrmlkfbkal nrb ]1Df']t ]v( < ]1Df']v ]t(+ ab,jlpqo^o nrb qbkbjlp
'8-2/(']
1D( ']D(1 \ 1'z( ']D( ']D( * ']D(1']
1D(
]1b ]v1 ]t ]t ]v ]v ]t ]v ]t1
]t1< , 'z9o
alkab i^p abofs^a^p m^o`f^ibp abi pbdrkal jfbj_ol bpqŠk `^i`ri^a^p bk't+ v+z't+ u•-
Qkhq_e‰j- Rbd•k i^ cŽojri^ '8-1/( ab i^ pb``fŽk 8-5 qbkbjlp+
'8-20( ]b ]Df]t,<,,,]t ]Dfkv
G^v nrb ob`loa^o nrb bpqb`l`fbkqb pfdkfcf`^ bk ob^ifa^a
B0DYt+u+b't+ u([
B1DYt+ u+b't+ u([
Hkqolarw`^jlp E't+ v( < B0D't+ u+z't+u([ v F't+ v( < B2D't+ v+z't+ u([- Mlpmolmlkbjlp `^i`ri^o i^ abofs^a^ m^o`f^iobpmb`ql^ t abi `l`fbkqb
]b E&t* u(
]t < , F&t* u' *
j^kqbkfbkal i^ u cfg^-@mif`^kal i^ obdi^ ab i^ abofs^`fŽk ab rk `l`fbkqb obpriq^+
'8-21(]%/kt1 < ,
257 ?lhe_]_ekjao `a _…h_qhk`ebanaj_e]h
Orbpql nrb F v G plk crk`flkbp `ljmrbpq^p+ rp^jlp i^ obdi^ ab i^ `^abk^ m^o^`^i`ri^o i^p abofs^a^p m^o`f^ibp kE.kt v kF.kt- O^o^ kE.kt qbkbjlp+
@kŠild^jbkqb+ bk`lkqo^jlp
Rrpqfqrvbkal bk '8-21( v obbjmi^w^kal ]b-]t mlo bi `l`fbkqb '8-20( l_qbkbjlpi^ cŽojri^ '8-2/(-
1'0 8SN[LRLRX\
Dk ilp bgbo`f`flp ab bpq^ pb``fŽk pb prmlkb i^ bufpqbk`f^ v i^ `lkqfkrfa^a ab qla^p i^pabofs^a^p nrb fkqbosfbkbk-
0- K^p alp b`r^`flkbp t * v < qr v tu < q , r abcfkbk t b v `ljl crk`flkbp fjmiŒ`fq^pab q v s+ pb^k ‹pq^p t < V'q+ r( b v < W'q+r(- Cbjlpqo^o nrb kt.kq-<'tr , h(.'t , u(pf t !! v+ v e^ii^o cŽojri^p m^ob`fa^p m^o^ kV.kr+ k W. ˆq+ k W.kr-
1- K^p alp b`r^`flkbp t * v < qr v tu < q , r abcfkbk t v r `ljl crk`flkbp ab q b v+pb^k ‹pq^p t < V'q+ v( v r < T'q+ u(- Cbjlpqo^o nrb ]t.]q < 'q * r(.'h* vr( pf0 * uq !! N+X e^ii^o i^p cŽojri^p ab ˆ V[ ]u* k T.kq+ k T. ]u,
2- K^p alp b`r^`flkbp D't+ v+q+r( </ v+E'Vz u+q+r( < N abqbojfk^k t b v `ljl crk`flkbpfjmiŒ`fq^p ab q v r+ pb^k ‹pq^p t < V'q+ r( b v < W'q+r(- Cbjlpqo^o nrb
MV k'D+ E(.k'u+ q(
=C k'D+ E(.k't+u(
bk ilp mrkqlp bk ilp nrb bi g^`l_f^kl ]'D+E(.]'t+ v( !! N+X e^ii^o i^p cŽojri^p m^o^i^p abofs^a^p m^o`f^ibp ]t.]r+ ^v f]q v ^vh]rk
3- K^ fkqbopb``fŽk ab i^p alp prmbocf`fbp a^a^p mlo i^p b`r^`flkbp `^oqbpf^k^p 1VX*2u&,v&<<14 v t&*u&<v& `lkqfbkb rk^ `ros^ b nrb m^p^ mlo bi mrkql N < 'U6+ 2+3(- Dp^pb`r^`flkbp mrbabk obplisbopb obpmb`ql ^ t b v bk crk`fŽk ab w `lk 0/ nrb pb l_qfbkb i^obmobpbkq^`fŽk m^o^j‹qof`^ ab b `lk w `ljl m^oŠjbqol-^( G^ii^o rk sb`qlo rkfq^ofl R q^kdbkqb ^ b bk bi mrkql N pfk rqfifw^o bi `lkl`fjfbkqlbumiŒ`fql ab i^ obmobpbkq^`fŽk m^o^j‹qof`^-_( Blkcolkq^o bi obpriq^al abi ^m^oq^al ^kqboflo ^( jbaf^kqb i^ obmobpbkq^`fŽk m^o^,j‹qof`^ ab b `lk w `ljl m^oŠjbqol-
K…teiko+ i‡jeiko v lqjpko `a ajoehh]`qn] .14
4- K^pqobpb`r^`flkbp D&q* r' < N+q < tu v r < UVX * YY abcfkbkrk^ prmbocf`fbbk bi bpm^,`fl tuv+ G^ii^o rk sb`qlo kloj^i ^ bp^ prmbocf`fbbk bi mrkql t < 0+X< 0+v < ,so pfpb p^_b nrb C+E'i+ 1( < 0 X C0E'i+ 1( < 1-
5- K^p qobpb`r^`flkbp
t0 + v`lp &qr' * Y1 < N+
t1 * u1 \ pbk&qr' * 0v1 < 1+
tu , pbkq `lp r * v < N+
abcfkbk t+v+w `ljl crk`flkbp ab q v r- B^i`ri^o i^p `aner]`]o l]n_e]hao ]t ]q v ]t ]rbk bi mrkql t < u < 0+ q < 5RH0* r < N+v < N-
6- K^ b`r^`fŽk b&u-t* v-t' < N abcfkb v fjmiŒ`fq^jbkqb `ljl crk`fŽk ab t b v+ pb^ bp^crk`fŽk w< c&t* u', Cbjlpqo^o nrb
]c ]ct ]t * u ]u ;c&t*u'
bk ilp mrkqlp bk ilp nrb B*bYu-t*c&t*u'-t[ bp afpqfkq^ab `bol-7- Rb^ E rk^ crk`fŽk ob^i ab alp s^of^_ibp ob^ibpv prmlkd^jlp nrb i^p abofs^a^p m^o`f^ibp
C0E v B0D okj pfbjmob afpqfkq^pab `bol- Rb^ q lqo^ crk`fŽk ob^i ab alp s^of^_ibp ob^ibpq^ibpnrb i^p abofs^a^p m^o`f^ibp ]qH]t v ]q- ]u bpqŠkifd^a^p mlo i^ b`r^`fŽk E' ‡q[ ‡t*]qb ]u' < N-Cbjlpqo^o nrb bufpqbrk^ `lkpq^kqb j q^i nrb
]1q ]0q &]0q'j]t0 ]u0 < ]t ]u ‹
v bk`lkqo^o j- Rrmlkbo nrb ]1qb& ]t ]u' < ]1q-& ]u ]t',8- K^ b`r^`fŽk t * w* 'v * X(h < 5 abcfkb w `ljl crk`fŽk fjmiŒ`fq^ ab t b v+ pb^
v < b&t*u', B^i`ri^o i^p abofs^a^p m^o`f^ibpkbb]t* kbb]u* v /&0.' ]t ]u' bk crk`fŽk abt+u+v w-
0/- K^ b`r^`fŽk pbk&t * v( * pbk'v * v' < 0 abcfkb w `ljl crk`fŽk fjmiŒ`fq^ab t b v+pb^ w< b&t*u', B^i`ri^o i^ abofs^a^ pbdrka^ Boo[ bk crk`fŽk ab t*u*,u w-
00- K^ b`r^`fŽk D&t * v * Y+Vh * b* Xh( < N abcfkb w `ljl crk`fŽk fjmiŒ`fq^ab t b v+pb^ w< b&t*u', Cbqbojfk^o i^p abofs^a^p m^o`f^ibp ]b-]t v kbbkuaj crk`fŽk ab i^p m^o,`f^ibp C0E v B,D,
01- Rb^k b v d alp crk`flkbp ab rk^ s^of^_ib ob^i v abcfk^jlp D&t*v( < bYt * c&u'[, G^ii^oi^p cŽojri^p `loobpmlkafbkqbp qla^p i^p abofs^a^p m^o`f^ibpab E ab mofjbol v pbdrkalloabk+ bumobp^a^pbk crk`fŽk ab i^p abofs^a^p ab b v d- Bljmol_^o i^ obi^`fŽk
]D ]1D ]D ]1D]t ]t ]u < ]u ]t1&
8-8 LŠufjlp+ jŒkfjlp v mrkqlp ab bkpfii^aro^
Tk^ prmbocf`fb abcfkfa^ bumiŒ`fq^jbkqb mlo rk^ b`r^`fŽk ab i^ cloj^
26/ ?lhe_]_ekjao `a _…h_qhkebanaj_e]h
Y < b&t*v( mrbab `lkpfabo^opb `ljl rk^ prmbocf`fbab kfsbi abi `^jml bp`^i^o Eabcfkfal mlo i^ b`r^`fŽk
D't+u+v( <b't+u( , v-
Rf b bp afcbobk`f^_ib+bi do^afbkqb ab bpb `^jml sfbkb a^al mlo bi sb`qlo
K^ b`r^`fŽk ifkb^i nrb obmobpbkqbi mi^kl q^kdbkqbbk rk mrkql NG< 'Vh& X0= Yi(mrbab bp`of_fopbbk i^ cloj^
bk i^ nrbv + Yi < ?&t + Vh' * @&u+ Wh'*
v
Br^kal ilp alp `lbcf`fbkqbp ? v @ plk krilp+ bi mrkql NGpb ii^j^ lqjpk aop],_ekj]nek ab i^ prmbocf`fbv bi mrkql 'Vh&Xi( pb ii^j^ lqjpk aop]_ekj]nek l _n‡pe_kab i^ crk`fŽk b, Di mi^kl q^kdbkqbbk rk mrkql bpq^`flk^ofl bp elofwlkq^i- Fbkb,o^ijbkqb ilp mrkqlp bpq^`flk^oflp ab rk^ prmbocf`fbpb `i^pfcf`^k bk qobp`^qbdl,oŒ^p9jŠufjlp+ jŒkfjlp v mrkqlp ab bkpfii^aro^- Rf i^ prmbocf`fbpb fj^dfk^ `ljlrk qboobkl jlkq^•lpl+ bp^p `^qbdloŒ^ploobpmlkabk+ obpmb`qfs^jbkqb+ i^p `rj,_obp+^ ilp clkalp ab ilp s^iibp v ^ ilp mrboqlp-
Klp `lk`bmqlp ab jŠufjlp+ jŒkfjlp v mrkqlp ab bkpfii^aro^+ pb mrbabk fk,qolar`fo m^o^`^jmlp bp`^i^obp`r^ibpnrfbo^ abcfkfalp bk pr_`lkgrkqlp ab Q!+
CDEHMHBHˆM- Qa `e_a mqa qj _]ilk ao_]h]nb peaja qj i…teik ]^okhqpk ajqj lqjpk ] `a qj _kjfqjpk R `a Q! oe
'8-22( b't( yb'](
l]n] pk`k t `a R- Ch jŠiank ba]' oa hh]i] i…teik ]^okhqpk `a b aj R- Qa `e_amqa h] bqj_e‰jb peaja qj i…teik nah]perkaj ] oeh] `aoecq]h`]` '8-22( oa o]peob],_a l]n] pk`k V `a qj] _eanp]j,^kh] @']( _kjpaje`] aj R-
Cf`el ab lqol jlal+ rk jŠufjl obi^qfsl bk ] bp bi jŠufjl ^_plirql bk rk`fboql bkqlokl ab ]- Di i‡jeik ]^okhqpk v bi i‡jeik nah]perkpb abcfkbk ab jlalm^ob`fal+bjmib^kal i^ abpfdr^ia^a lmrbpq^ ^ i^ '8-22(- @idrk^p sb`bp pb bjmib^kilp ^agbqfslp chk^]h v hk_]h bk ird^o ab ]^okhqpk v nah]perkobpmb`qfs^jbkqb-
CDEHMHBHˆM- Sj jŠiank mqa oa] i…teik nah]perk k i‡jeik nah]perk `ab oa hh]i] atpnaik `a b,
K…teiko+ i‡jeiko v lqjpko `a ajoehh]`qn] 260
Rf b qfbkb rk buqobjl bk rk mrkql fkqboflo ] v bp afcbobk`f^_ib bk ‹i+ qla^pi^p abofs^a^p m^o`f^ibp ab mofjbo loabk B/b&]'* ,,, *Bjb&]' ab_bk pbo `bol- Dpab`fo+ &Ub&]' < N 'Dpql pb mrbab mol_^o cŠ`fijbkqb j^kqbkfbkal cfgl `^a^ `lj,mlkbkqb v obar`fbkal bi mol_ibj^ ^i `^pl rkf,afjbkpflk^i(- Dk bi `^pl j < 1+bpql pfdkfcf`^nrb e^v rk mi^kl elofwlkq^i q^kdbkqb^ i^ prmbocf`fbw< b&t*u' bk bi
w u
u
&0(Y < 1 , t& , u& _( Aqnr]o `a jerah9 t1 * u1 < b
Cfailhk 0- K…teik nah]perkaj ahknecaj-
w
u
t
b( w < u, * u&
Cfailhk 1- K‡jeik nah]perkaj ah knecaj-
EHFTQ@ 8-2 Cfailhko 0 u 1-
.2- ?lhe_]_ekjao `a _…h_qhkebanaj_e]h
mrkql ']+H']•- Olo lqo^ m^oqb+bp pbk`fiil bk`lkqo^o bgbjmilp bk ilp nrb i^ ^kr,i^`fŽk ab qla^p i^p abofs^a^p m^o`f^ibpbk ] kl fjmif`^ kb`bp^of^jbkqb rk buqobjlbk ]- Dpql pr`bab bk ilp ii^j^alp lqjpko `a ajoehh]`qn] nrb pb abcfkbk abi jlalpfdrfbkqb-
CDEHMHBHˆM- Qqlkjc]iko mqa b oa] `efanaj_e]^ha aj ]- Qe Ub']( < M ahlqjpk ] oa hh]i] lqjpk aop]_ekj]nek`a b- Sj lqjpk aop]_ekj]nek oa hh]i] `a ajoe,hh]`qn] oe pk`] j,^kh] @']( _kjpeaja lqjpko t p]haomqa b't( ;b']( v kpnko l]n]hko mqab't( =b'](-+
K^ abcfkf`fŽk bp ^kŠild^ ^ i^ abi `^pl rkf,afjbkpflk^i bk bi nrb ilp mrkqlpbpq^`flk^oflp ab rk^ crk`fŽk pb `i^pfcf`^k bk jŠufjlp+ jŒkfjlp v mrkqlp ab fk,cibufŽk-Dk ilp bgbjmilp nrb,pfdrbk pb `lkpfabo^k s^oflp qfmlpab mrkqlp bpq^`fl,k^oflp- Dk `^a^ `^pl bi mrkql bpq^`flk^ofl nrb pb `lkpfabo^ bp bi lofdbk-
DIDLOKN 0- K…teik nah]perk- w<b%&t*v( < 1 , o , u1- Dpq^ prmbocf`fbbp rk m^o^_lilfab ab obslir`fŽk- Dk i^p molufjfa^abp abi lofdbk qfbkb i^ cloj^fkaf`^a^ bk i^ cfdro^ 8-2 ^(- Rrp `ros^p ab kfsbi plk `Œo`rilp+^idrkl ab ilp `r^ibpbpqŠ af_rg^al bk i^ cfdro^ 8-2 _(- Orbpql nrb Yp•+v( < 1 , &t1 * v1( 999:::1 <; b&'/+N( m^o^qlal &t* u'* obpriq^ nrb b kl q^k pŽil qfbkb bk 'N+N( rk jŠufjlobi^qfsl+pfkl q^j_f‹k rk jŠufjl ]^okhqpk bk qlal `lkgrkql nrb `lkqbkd^ bi lof,dbk- K^p alp abofs^a^p m^o`f^ibp^b.]t v ^h.]u pb ^kri^k bk bi lofdbk-
DIDLOKN 1- K‡jeik nah]perk- w< b't+ v( < t1 * u1- Dpqb bgbjmil+ lqolm^o^_lilfab ab obslir`fŽk+ bp bk bpbk`f^ bi jfpjl nrb bi bgbjmil ^kqboflo+p^islnrb bk bi lofdbk e^v rk jŒkfjl bk ird^o ab rk jŠufjl- Di ^pmb`ql ab i^ prmbo,cf`fb bk i^p `bo`^kŒ^pabi lofdbk pb ^mob`f^bk i^ cfdro^ 8-2 b( v ^idrk^p `ros^pab kfsbi bpqŠk af_rg^a^p bk i^ cfdro^ 8-2 _(+
DIDLOKN 2- Nqjpk `a ajoehh]`qn]- w< b't+ u' < tu- Dpq^prmbocf`fbbp rkm^o^_lilfab efmbo_Žif`l- Bbo`^ abi lofdbk bp m^ob`fa^ ^ rk^ pfii^ ab jlkq^o+ `ljlpb sb bk i^ cfdro^ 8-3 '^(- K^p alp abofs^a^p m^o`f^ibp]bh]t v ]bh]u plk kri^pbk bi lofdbk mbol kl bufpqbbk ‹i kf jŠufjl kf jŒkfjl- Dk bcb`ql+m^o^ mrkqlp'z+ v( abi mofjbol l qbo`bo`r^ao^kqbp+ t b v qfbkbk bi jfpjl pfdkl+ aŠkalklpb't+ v( = N < b'M+N(+jfbkqo^p nrb m^o^mrkqlp abi pbdrkal v `r^oql `r^ao^kqbpt b v qfbkbk pfdklp lmrbpqlp+v bpb't+ u' ; N < b'M+M(- Olo `lkpfdrfbofqb+bk qlalbkqlokl abi lofdbk e^v mrkqlp bk ilp nrb i^ crk`fŽk bp jbklo nrb b'M+ N( v mrkqlpbk ilp nrb bp j^vlo nrb b'M+ N(+ab jlal nrb bi lofdbk bp rk mrkql ab bkpfii^,aro^- Dk i^ cfdro^ 8-3 _(+ pb obmobpbkqq^j_f‹k bi mrkql ab bkpfii^aro^ v i^p`ros^p ab kfsbi bk i^p molufjfa^abp ab 'N+N(- Dp^pplk efm‹o_li^p nrb qfbkbk ilpbgbpt b v `ljl ^pŒkqlq^p-
K…teiko+ i‡jeiko v lqjpko `a ajoehh]`qn] .2.
w u
u `H,-n
t
z
^( w < tu _( Aqnr]o `a jerah9Gtu < a
EHFTQ@ 8-3 Cfailhk 2- Nqjpk `a ajoehh]`qn]aj ahknecaj-
DIDLOKN 3- Nqjpk `a ajoehh]`qn]- w< Yet*v( < o, 2tu1- Bbo`^ abi lof,dbk+ bpq^ prmbocf`fbqfbkb bi ^pmb`ql ab rk mrboql ab jlkq^•^ bkqob qobpmf`lp-DpqŠobmobpbkq^a bk i^ cfdro^ 8-4 ^(- @idrk^p `ros^p ab kfsbi pb sbk bk i^ cfdr,o^ 8-4 _(- Di mrkql ab bkpfii^aro^ bpqŠbk bi lofdbk-
w
^(9 < v&, 2 tu&-
_<k
u
_( Aqnr]o `a jerah9t! , 2 tu& < `-
EHFTQ@ 8-4 Cfailhk 3- Nqjpk `a ajoehh]`qn]aj ah knecaj-
263 ?lhe_]_ekjao `a _…h_qhkebanaj_e]h
DIDLOKN 4- K‡jeik nah]perk- w< b't+ u' < V1u1- Dpq^prmbocf`fbpb m^ob`b^ rk s^iib `fo`rka^al mlo `r^qol jlkq^•^p+ `ljl prdfbob i^ cfdro^ 8-5 ^(- Dufpqbrk jŒkfjl ^_plirql bk bi lofdbk+ v^ nrb b't+ u' y 'b'M+ N( m^o^qlal 't+ u', K^p`ros^p ab kfsbi Zobmobpbkq^a^pbk i^ cfdro^ 8-5 _( \ plk efm‹o_li^p `rv^p ^pŒkqlq^pplk ilp bgbpt b u, N_p‹osbpb nrb bp^p `ros^p ab kfsbi plk m^ob`fa^p ^ i^p abibgbo`f`fl 2- Dk bpqb`^pl+ kl l_pq^kqb+i^ crk`fŽk qlj^ •kf`^jbkqb s^ilobp kl kb,d^qfslp ^ il i^odl ab qla^p prp `ros^p ab kfsbi-
v
t^( v < V_x!
u
V
_gBros^p,ab jerah9t&u&< b
v
EHFTQ@ 8-5 Cfailhk 4- K‡jeik nah]perk aj ah knecaj-
u
Oi^kl q^kdbkqb bk '/-/-0 (
u
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(((((Z(S(Z(<<(Z(SS(Z((((\
EHFTQ@ 8-6 Cfailhk 5- K…teik nah]perk aj ah knecaj-
_( Bros^p ab kfsbi9 0 , t& < b
D‰niqh] `a R]uhkn `a oacqj`k kn`aj l]n] _]ilko ao_]h]nao 264
DIDLOKN 5- K…teik nah]perk- w < 'b't+ v( < 0 , t!- Dk bpqb`^pl i^ pr,mbocf`fbbp rk `fifkaol `lk dbkbo^qof`bpm^o^ibi^p^i bgbu+ `ljl jrbpqo^ i^ cfdro^8-6 ^(- K^p pb``flkbp mlo mi^klp m^o^ibilp ^i bgbt plk m^oŠ_li^p-Dp bsfabkqb nrbbufpqbrk jŠufjl ^_plirql bk bi lofdbk ab_fal ^ nrb b't+ u(< h,t1y0 <b'M+ M(m^o^qlal &t* u', K^p `ros^p ab kfsbi cloj^k rk^ c^jfif^ ab ob`q^pm^o^ibi^p`ljlpb sb bk i^ cfdro^ 8-6 _(-
1')( 9m[V^UJMNEJbUX[MN\NP^WMXX[MNWYJ[J LJVYX\N\LJUJ[N\
Rf rk `^jml bp`^i^o afcbobk`f^_ib b qfbkb rk mrkql bpq^`flk^ofl bk 7& i^k^qro^ibw^ ab ‹pqb nrba^ abqbojfk^a^ mlo bi pfdkl ^idb_o^f`l ab i^ afcbobk`f^b't( , ba]( m^o^t moŽufjl ^ ]- Rf t < ] * u+ qbkbjlp i^ cŽojri^ ab S^vilo abmofjbo loabk
ba] * u( , ba]( < &Tb']( -u * Hiv 0HC']+ u(+ alkab C']+ u( ,,*, N `r^kal u ,,*, M
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ba] * u( , ba]( < hGu00 C']+ u(-
O^o^ abqbojfk^o bi pfdkl ^idb_o^f`l ab ba] * u( , ba]( kb`bpfq^jlp jŠp fkclo,j^`fŽk obi^qfs^ ^i q‹ojfkl ab `loob``fŽk HiviiC']+ u(- Di qblobj^ nrb pfdrb klpaf`b nrb pf b qfbkb bk 7&abofs^a^p m^o`f^ibpab pbdrkal loabk `lkqfkr^p+ bi q‹o,jfkl ab `loob``fŽk l `ljmibjbkq^ofl bp fdr^i ^ i^ cloj^ `r^aoŠqf`^+
0 j j
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jŠp rk q‹ojfkl ab loabk jbklo nrb Hiv001- Klp `lbcf`fbkqbp ab i^ cloj^ `r^aoŠ,qf`^ plk i^p abofs^a^p m^o`f^ibpab pbdrkal loabk Te` < Tz&Bfb'* `^i`ri^a^p bk ],K^ j^qofw j •:j ab i^p abofs^a^p pbdrka^p Tefb&t' bp i^ ii^j^a^ i]pnev daooe]j] ')(v pb abpfdk^ mlo F&t', @pŒmrbp+qbkbjlp
`lk q^i nrb bufpq^ki^p abofs^a^p- K^ cloj^ `r^aoŠqf`^ mrbab bp`of_fopbjŠp pbk,`fii^jbkqb bk cloj^ j^qof`f^i `ljl pfdrb9 -
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265 ?lhe_]_ekjao `a _…h_qhkebanaj_e]h
bk alkab u < 'XH= ’’’ +Wj( pb `lkpfabo^ `ljl rk^ j^qofw cfi^ 0Wj+ b vi bp prqo^kpmrbpq^+rk^ j^qofw `lirjk^ j W0- Br^kal i^p abofs^a^p m^o`f^ibpBqe plk`lkqfkr^p qbkbjlp Bzzb< BzzbX i^ j^qofw F']( bp pfj‹qof`^-
K^ cŽojri^ ab S^vilo nrb a^ rk^ ^molufj^`fŽk `r^aoŠqf`^ m^o^ba] * u( \b'](+ qlj^ ^elo^ i^ pfdrfbkqb cloj^-
SDNQDL@ 8-3- EˆQLTK@ CD S@XKNQ CD RDFTMCN NQCDM O@Q@ B@LONR DR,
B@K@QDR- Qe b ao qj _]ilk ao_]h]n_kj `aner]`]o l]n_e]hao oacqj`]o Bzzb _kjpe,jq]o aj qj] j,^kh] @'](+ ajpkj_ao l]n] pk`k u `a Q! p]h mqa ] * u D @'](pajaiko
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Baikopn]_e‰j- L^kqbkd^jlp u cfgl v abcfk^jlp P'S( m^o^q ob^i jbaf^kqb i^b`r^`fŽk
c'q( <b'] * qu( m^o^ ,i-z q y 0-
Dkqlk`bp ba] * u( , ba]( < c'0( , c'M(- Cbjlpqo^objlp bi qblobj^ ^mif`^kal i^cŽojri^ ab S^vilo ab pbdrkal loabk ^ '0 bk bi fkqbos^il ZN+0\- N_qbkbjlp
'8-25( 0dbi( , d'N( < c.'M( * , c.'_(+
- alkab N ; a ; 0-
@nrŒebjlp rqfifw^al m^o^bi obpql i^ cloj^ ab K^do^kdb's‹^pb i^ pb``fŽk 6-6 abiUlirjbk 0(-
Orbpql nrb d bp rk^ crk`fŽk `ljmrbpq^ a^a^ mlo c'q( < bYn'q([+ pfbkaln'q( < ] * qu mlabjlp `^i`ri^o pr abofs^a^ jbaf^kqb i^ obdi^ ab i^ `^abk^-Sbkbjlp n.'q( <-u ^pŒnrb i^ obdi^ ab i^ `^abk^ klp a^
k
c.'q( < &TbYn'q([- n&'q(< &TbYn'q([-u <HB`Yn'q([u:+:<0
D‰niqh] `a R]uhkn `a oacqj`k kn`aj l]n] _]ilko ao_]h]nao 266
`lk q^i nrb n&q' D @&]', Dk m^oqf`ri^o+ d&'N(< U b&]'%u -@mif`^kal rk^ sbw jŠp
i^ obdi^ ab i^ `^abk^ bk`lkqo^jlp
Krbdl c!&_' < uF'] * _u(up+`lk 0/ nrb i^ b`r^`fŽk '8-25( pb qo^kpcloj^ bk i^
'8-23(-O^o^ abjlpqo^o '8-24( abcfk^jlp C1']+ u' mlo i^ b`r^`fŽk
'8-26( iHvii1C1']+ u( < 0, uwF'] * _u( , F'](xh pf u&9z†M+-
v pb^ C1']+ M' < N- Dkqlk`bp i^ b`r^`fŽk '8-23( qlj^ i^ cloj^
ba] * u( , ba]( < !Tb']( -u * -iuF'](up * HHXi01C1']+ u(--
O^o^ `ljmibq^o i^ abjlpqo^`fŽk kb`bpfq^jlp mol_^o nrb C1&]*u' + N `r^kal
u,M-
Cb '8-26(+ l_qbkbjlp
1 00 j j HiHvii GC1']+u(0 < 1 „„wBe:b'] * _u( , Be:b'](xWeWee<he<h
0 j j999::1„„ HBe`'] * _u( , Cfa'^(iiivH01-e<he<0
Cfsfafbkal mlo HHX001 l_qbkbjlp i^ abpfdr^ia^a
0 j j
GC0']+u(0 999::1 •• HBe:b'] * _u( , Be`'](He<he<h
m^o^ u &9{‹M- Orbpql nrb `^a^ abofs^a^ m^o`f^i pbdrka^ Bzzb bp `lkqfkr^ bk 7&qbkbjlp Bzeb'] * _u( , Bezb']( `r^kal u , M+ ^pŒ nrb C1']+ u( , N `r^kalu + M- Dpql `ljmibq^ i^ abjlpqo^`fŽk-
067 ?lhe_]_ekjao `a _…h_qhkebanaj_e]h
1')) 7N]N[VRWJLRmWMNUJWJ]^[JUNcJMN WY^W]XN\]JLRXWJ[RXYX[VNMRXMNUX\J^]X_JUX[N\MNUJVJ][RcQN\\RJWJ
Dk rk mrkql bpq^`flk^ofl qbkbjlp Tb']( < M +^pŒnrb i^ cŽojri^ ab S^viloab i^ b`r^`fŽk '8-24( qlj^ i^ cloj^
ba] * u( , ba]( < euF'](up * HHvi01C1']+u(-
Orbpql nrb bi q‹ojfkl ab `loob``fŽk Hiv 001C1']+u' qfbkab e^`f^ `bol jŠp oŠmfa^,jbkqb nrb Hiv001+m^ob`bo^wlk^_ib mbkp^onrb m^o^u mbnrb•l bi pfdkl ^idb_o^f`lab ba] * u( , b']( bp bi jfpjl nrb bi ab i^ cloj^ _q]`n…pe_]uF'](up:lkn il nrbi^ k^qro^ibw^ abi mrkql bpq^`flk^ofl mlaoŠ abqbojfk^opb jbaf^kqb bi pfdkl ^idb,_o^f`l ab i^ cloj^ `r^aoŠqf`^- Dpq^ pb``fŽk pb abaf`^ ^ abjlpqo^o bpqb eb`el-
C^jlp mofjbol rk^ `lkbufŽk bkqobbi pfdkl ^idb_o^f`l ab rk^ cloj^ `r^aoŠ,qf`^ v prp ^rqls^ilobp-
SDNQDL@ 8-4- Qa] ? < Y]:f[ qj] i]pnev j Wj oei†pne_]+v lkjc]iko
V V
O'u( < u?up < ]&eW&W:,68,
Rajaiko ajpkj_ao9
^( O&u' = N l]n] pk`k u y M oe v o‰hkoe pk`ko hko ]qpkr]hknao `a ? okjlkoeperko-_( O&u' ; N l]n] pk`k u y M oe u o‰hkoe pk`ko hko ]qpkr]hknao `a ? okjjac]perko-
M^oanr]_e‰j- Dk bi `^pl ^(- i^ cloj^ `r^aoŠqf`^ pb ii^j^ `abeje`] lkoeper]: bk bi`^pl _( pb ii^j^ `abeje`] jac]per]-
Baikopn]_e‰j- Dk sfoqra abi qblobj^ 4-00 bufpqbrk^ j^qofw loqldlk^i bnrb obar`b i^ cloj^ `r^aoŠqf`^ u?up ^ cloj^ af^dlk^i- Dpql bp
'8-27(j
O'u( < u?up < 9!ty'8,
alkab t < 'Vh& Œ-- +tj( bp i^ j^qofw cfi^ t < uA+ v @i+-’- +?j plk ilp ^rqls^ilobpab ?- Klp ^rqls^ilobp plk ob^ibpmrbpql nrb ? bp pfj‹qof`^-
Rf qlalp ilp ^rqls^ilobp plk mlpfqfslp+i^ b`r^`fŽk '8-27( mlkb ab j^kfcfbpqlnrb O'u( = /0 pfbjmob nrb t y M- Obol `ljl t < uA+ qbkbjlp u < tA,Z mlo0/ nrb t y M* pf v pŽil pf u y M, Dk `lkpb`rbk`f^ GO&u'= N m^o^qlal u y M,
Bapaniej]_e‰j `a h] j]pqn]hav] `a qj lqjpk aop]_ekj]nek 268
Qb`Œmol`^jbkqb+oeO&u' =/ m^o^ qlal u y M mlabjlp bibdfo u ab jlalnrb t < uA bp bi h,‹pfjl sb`qlo `lloabk^al aha%O^o^ bpqbu+ i^ b`r^`fŽk '8-27(klp a^ O'u( < ?g+ ab jlal nrb `^a^ ?g = N- Dpql abjrbpqo^ i^ m^oqb (- K^ ab,jlpqo^`fŽk ab _( bp ^kŠild^-
Di qblobj^ nrb pfdrb obi^`flk^ i^ k^qro^ibw^ ab rk mrkql bpq^`flk^ofl `lkbi pfdkl ^idb_o^f`l ab i^ cloj^ `r^aoŠqf`^ uF'](up-
SDNQDL@ 8-5- Qa] b qj _]ilk ao_]h]n _kj `aner]`]o l]n_e]hao oacqj`]o_kjpejq]o Befb aj qj] j,^kh] @'](+ u `aoecjaiko _kj F']( h] i]pnev daooe]j] ajqj lqjpk aop]_ekj]nek ]- Rajaiko ajpkj_ao9
^( Qe pk`ko hko ]qpkr]hknao `a F']( okj lkoeperko+ b peaja qj i‡jeik na,h]perk aj ]-_( Qe pk`ko hko ]qpk r]hknao `a F']( okj jac]perko+ b peaja qj i…teik na,h]perk aj ]-
`( Qe F']( peaja ]qpk r]hknao lkoeperko u jac]perko- ppeaja qj lqjpk `a aj,oehh]`qn] aj ]-
Baikopn]_e‰j- Olkd^jlp O'u( < uF'](up- K^ cŽojri^ ab S^vilo klp a^
'8-28( ba] * u( , ba]( < hO'u( * iHvi01C1']+ u(+
bk alkab C1&]*u( ,, N`r^kal u,, N- U^jlp ^ abjlpqo^o nrb bufpqbrk k•jbolmlpfqfsl n q^i nrb+ pf /; Hivii; n+bi pfdkl ^idb_o^f`l ab ba] * u( , ba]( bp bijfpjl nrb bi ab O'u(-
Rrmlkd^jlp mofjbol nrb qlalp ilp ^rqls^ilobp @--{+’’’ ++[++ ab F'3( plk mlpf,qfslp- Rb^ d bi ^rqls^ilo jŠp mbnrb•l- Rf q ; d* ilp j k•jbolp
@i , q+--- +?j , q
plk q^j_f‹k mlpfqfslp- Dplp k•jbolp plk ilp ^rqls^ilobp ab i^ j^qofw ob^i pfj‹,qof`^ F']( , qG+pfbkal 0 i^ j^qofw fabkqfa^a j-•: j- Rbd•k bi qblobj^ 8-4+i^ clo,j^ `r^aoŠqf`^ uYF']( , qG[upbp abcfkfa^ mlpfqfs^+v mlo q^kql uYF']( , qG[up=Mm^o^ qlal u y M, Olo il q^kql
uF'](up = u'qG(up < q iHvi01
m^o^ qlal s^ilo ob^i q ; d, Slj^kal q < 0d l_qbkbjlp i^ abpfdr^ia^a
O'u( = edHHvi01
m^o^ qlal u y N- Orbpql nrb C1']+ u( \\ N `r^kal u ,, N+ bufpqbrk k•jbol
27/ ?lhe_]_ekjao `a _„h_qhk `ebanaj_e]h
mlpfqfsl o q^i nrb GC0&]*u'/ ; ed `lk q^i nrb N ; Ghu0H ; n, O^o^ q^i u qbkbjlp
v i^ cŽojri^ ab S^vilo '8-28( abjrbpqo^ nrb
b&] * u' + b&]' y O&u' + hGuGh0GC0&]*u'/= N-
Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb b qfbkb rk jŒkfjl obi^qfsl bk ]+0/ nrb abjrbpqo^ i^ m^oqb (-O^o^ mol_^o _( mlabjlp rqfifw^ork o^wlk^jfbkql m^ob`fal+ l ^mif`^kal pfjmib,jbkqb i^ m^oqb ( ]+b,
O^o^ abjlpqo^o b(+pb^k z v @1alp ^rqls^ilobp ab F&]' ab pfdklp lmrbpqlp-Olkd^jlp d < jfk xH@00+HzHy-Dkqlk`bp m^o^ `^a^ s^ilo ob^i q nrb p^qfpc^d^,d ; q ; d ilp k•jbolp
v
plk ^rqls^ilobp ab pfdklp lmrbpqlp ab i^ j^qofw F']( , qG- Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb+ pfq “ ' , d* d'* i^ cloj^ `r^aoŠqf`^ uYF']( , qG[up qlj^ s^ilobp mlpfqfslp v kb,d^qfslp bk qlal bkqlokl ab u < M, Difg^jlp+ `ljl ^kqbp+o = N ab jlal nrbGC0&]*u'/ ; ed pfbjmob nrb /; hGuhh; n, Q^wlk^kal+ bkqlk`bp+ `ljl ^kqbp sb,jlp nrb m^o^ q^i u bi pfdkl ab b&] * u' + b&]' bp bi jfpjl nrb bi ab O&u',Orbpql nrb m^o u ,* M*pb mobpbkq^ks^ilobp mlpfqfslp v kbd^qfslp+ b qfbkb bk ]rk mrkql ab bkpfii^aro^- Dpql `ljmibq^ i^ abjlpqo^`fŽk-
M^oanr]_e‰j9 Rf qlalp ilp ^rqls^ilobp ab F']( plk `bol+ bi qblobj^ 8-5 klklp a^ fkcloj^`fŽk obi^qfs^ ^i mrkql bpq^`flk^ofl- Rb mrbabk a^o `ofqboflp+m^o^qo^q^oq^ibp bgbjmilp+ bk ilp nrb fkqbosfbkbk abofs^a^p ab loabk prmboflo+mbol klilp bumlkaobjlp ^nrŒ-
8-01 Bofqboflab i^p abofs^a^p pbdrka^p m^o^ abqbojfk^o buqobjlp ab crk`flkbpab alp s^of^_ibp
Dk bi `^pl j < 1 i^ k^qro^ibw^abi mrkql bpq^`flk^ofl pb mrbab abqbojfk^oq^j_f‹k jbaf^kqb bi pfdkl ^idb_o^f`l ab i^ abofs^a^ pbdrka^ B/‹/b&]' v abiabqbojfk^kqb ab, i^ j^qofw ebppf^k^-
SDNQDL@ 8-6- Qa] ] qj lqjpk aop]_ekj]nek `a qj _]ilk ao_]h]n b&th<t1(
Cfan_e_eko 270
_kj `aner]`]o l]n_e]hao oacqj`]o _kjpejq]o aj qj] 1,^kh] @'](- Baoecjaiko _kj
? < B0-pb'](+ @< BqH'](+ B < B1+1b'](+
v oa]
@< `apF']( < abq Zz :\ < ?A , @1-
Rajaiko ajpkj_ao9^( Qe ^ ; l+ b peaja qj lqjpk `a ajoehh]`qn] aj ]-_( Qe ^ = N v ? = N+ b peaja qj i‡jeik nah]perkaj ]-b( Qe ^ = N v ? ; N+ b peaja qj i…teik nah]perkaj ]-a( Qe ^ < N+&ah_nepanekjk `a_e`a j]`]-
Baikopn]_e‰j- Dk bpqb`^pl i^ b`r^`fŽk `^o^`qboŒpqf`abq ZT , F']([ < Nbp `r^aoŠqf`^+
@1 , &? * A'? * @< N-
Klp ^rqls^ilobp @i&z bpqŠkifd^alp ^ ilp `lbcf`fbkqbp mlo i^p b`r^`flkbp
Rf^ ; Nilp ^rqls^ilobp qfbkbkpfdklp lmrbpqlp+^pŒnrb b qfbkbrk mrkql ab bkpfii^,aro^ bk 7&il nrb morb_^ ^(- Rf ^ = N+ilp ^rqls^ilobp qfbkbk bi jfpjl pfdkl- Dkbpqb`^pl ?A = @1
y N+ pŒnrb ? v B qfbkbk bi jfpjl pfdkl- Dpqbpfdkl ab_b pbobi ab u+v u+v^ nrb ? * b < z * z&Dpql abjrbpqo^ _( v b(-
O^o^ abjlpqo^o a( klp obcbofobjlp ^ ilp bgbjmilp 3 v 4 ab i^ pb``fŽk 8-8- Dk^j_lp qbkbjlp @ < Nbk bi lofdbk- Dk bi bgbjmil 3 bi lofdbk bprk mrkql ab bkpfii^,aro^+ v bk bi bgbjmil 4 bp rk jŒkfjl obi^qfsl-
@rk `r^kal pb^ ^mif`^_ib bi qblobj^ 8-6 mrbab l`roofo nrb kl pb^ ‹pqb bi `^,jfkl jŠp pbk`fiil m^o^ abqbojfk^o i^ k^qro^ibw^ ab rk mrkql bpq^`flk^ofl- Olobgbjmil+ `r^kal b't+v( < a/-S&]8%GG'*bk alkab c't+ v( < o * 1 * `lp! v , 1 `lp v+bi `ofqbofl bp ^mif`^_ib+mbol ilp `Ši`rilp plk jrv i^odlp- Dk bpqb`^pl mlabjlpbumobp^oc't+ v( `ljl rk^ prj^ ab `r^ao^alp bp`of_fbkal c't+ v( < 0 * t1 )* '0 , `lp u(1- Dk pbdrfa^ sbjlp nrb b qfbkbjŠufjlp obi^qfslp bk ilp mrkqlp bkilp nrb t1 < N X '0 , `lp u(1 < N- Dpqlpplk ilp mrkqlp &.*0j%hR'*pfbkal j rk bk,qbol `r^inrfbo^-
8-02 8SN[LRLRX\
Dk ilp bgbo`f`flp abi 0 ^i 04+fabkqfcf`^ov `i^pfcf`^o 'pf bufpqbk(ilp mrkqlp bpq^`flk^oflp
.3- ?lhe_]_ekjao `a _…h_qhkebanaj_e]h
ab i^p prmbocf`fbp nrb qfbkbk i^p b`r^`flkbp `^oqbpf^k^p nrb pb a^k-
0- v < V1 * &u+ 0(1- 6- v < ui&, 2tu1 * gf-1- v < t1 , &u+ 0(1- 7- v < t1u2'5 , t , u(-
2- v < 0 * t1 , u1- 8- v < ui&* u2 , 2tu-
2, v < &t + u * 0(1- 0/- v < pbku`lpev-4- v < 1t1 , tu , 2u1 , 2t * 6u- 00- v < a1++)2//'7t1 , 5tu * 2u1(-5- v < t1 , tu * u1 , 1t * u- 01- v < '4t * 6u , 14(b,'-+7*l9HH*HHR(’
02- v < pbk t pbkv pbk 't * u(+ N z t y 00&+N yu y 00&-
03- v < t , 1u * ild -Ht1 * u1 * 2 ^o`q^ki+ t= N-t
04- v < 't1 * u1(a,'-+7*GGQ( Œ
05- Rb^ b&t*v( < 1,. + 2t%u* u, Cbjlpqo^o nrb pl_ob qla^ ob`q^ ab i^ cloj^ v < it i^crk`fŽk qfbkb rk jŒkfjl bk 'N+N(+mbol nrb kl bufpqb jŒkfjl obi^qfsl bk kfkd•k bkqlokl_fafjbkpflk^i abi lofdbk- G^`bo rk af_rgl fkaf`^kal bi `lkgrkql ab mrkqlp 'u+ v( bk ilpnrb b&t*v( = N v bi `lkgrkql bk bi nrb b&t*v( ; N-
06- Rb^ b&t*v( < '2 , t'&1 + u'&t * v , 2(-^( So^w^o rk^ cfdro^ fkaf`^kal bi `lkgrkql ab mrkqlp 'u+ v( bk ilp nrb b&t*v( z N-_( G^ii^o qlalp ilp mrkqlp &t*v( abi mi^kl bk ilp nrb B*b&t*v( < B*b&t*v( < N-
YGj`e_]_eˆj, B*b&t*u' `lkqfbkb '2 , v( `ljl c^`qlo-\b( „BrŠibp ab ilp mrkqlp bpq^`flk^oflp plk jŠufjlp obi^qfslp> „BrŠibp plk jŒkfjlpobi^qfslp> „BrŠibp kf rk^ `lp^ kf lqo^> Q^wlk^o i^p `lkqbpq^`flkbp-a( „Sfbkb b rk jŒkfjl ^_plirql l rk jŠufjl ^_plirql bk qlal bi mi^kl> Q^wlk^o i^`lkqbpq^`fŽk-
07- Cbqbojfk^o qlalp ilp s^ilobp buqobjlp ^_plirqlp v obi^qfslp v ilp mrkqlp ab bkpfii^aro^m^o^ i^ crk`fŽk b&t*v( < tu&/ + t%+ v&( bk bi `r^ao^al N <9:: u <9:: 0+N <9:: X <9:: 0-
08- Cbqbojfk^o i^p `lkpq^kqbp ] v ^ m^o^ nrb i^ fkqbdo^i
qljb bi s^ilo jbklo mlpf_ib pf ^( b&t' < t%9 _( z&t' < &t%* 0(,0-1/- Qa]b't+u( < ?t1 * 1@tu * Au1 * 1Bt * 1Cu * Ebk alkab ? = N v @1 ; ?A-
^( Cbjlpqo^o nrb bufpqb rk mrkql &Vh*XH( bk bi nrb b qfbkb rk jŒkfjl- YGj`e_]_eˆj,So^kpcloj^o i^ m^oqb `r^aoŠqf`^ bk rk^ prj^ ab `r^ao^alp-\_( Cbjlpqo^o mqab'tG&WG( < BVG * Cuz * D bk bpb jŒkfjl-b( Cbjlpqo^o nrb
? @ B0
b'VG&WG(< ?A \ @1 @ B C
B C D
0/, K…pk`k `a hko i†jeiko _q]`n]`ko, C^alp j k•jbolp afpqfkqlp t * ,,, * t: v lqolp j k•,jbolp u! ŒŒŒ+v- 'kl kb`bp^of^jbkqb afpqfkqlp(+ bp bk dbkbo^i fjmlpf_ib bk`lkqo^o rk^ob`q^ b&t' < ]t * ^ nrb m^pb mlo qlalp ilp mrkqlp &t! WG'*bpql bp+q^i nrb b&t*' ;u* m^o^`^a^ f- Ml l_pq^kqb+ mlabjlp bk`lkqo^o rk^ crk`fŽk ifkb^i `lk i^ nrb bi ~boolo `r^,aoŠqf`l qlq^iƒ
Ctpnaiko _kj`e_ekj]`ko .3.
pb^ jŒkfjl- Cbqbojfk^o ilp s^ilobp ab ] v ^ m^o^nrb bpl l`roo^-11- Duqbkabobi j‹qlal ab ilp jŒkfjlp `r^ao^alp ^ C*, Dpql bp+e^ii^o rk^ crk`fŽk ifkb^i
b&t*v( < ]t * ^u * b nrb jfkfjf`b bi boolo `r^aoŠqf`l qlq^i
j
C&]* ^* b( < YY'Ve+We( , Xe[1+f<i
alkab 'Wi+u,' plk j mrkqlp afpqfkqlpa^alp v w-+--- +w-plk j k•jbolp ob^ibpa^alp-12- Rb^k v! --- +w+j mrkqlp afpqfkqlpbk rk j,bpm^`fl- Rf V D Qj+ abcfk^jlp
0 V
Cbjlpqo^o nrb b qfbkbrk jŒkfjl bk bi mrkql ] < :{• Xg '`bkqolfab(-R8S
13- Rb^] rk mrkql bpq^`flk^ofl ab rk `^jml bp`^i^o b `lk abofs^a^p m^o`f^ibppbdrka^p bkrk^ k,_li^ @&]', Cbjlpqo^o nrb b qfbkbrk mrkql ab bkpfii^aro^ bk ] pf mlo il jbklpalp bibjbkqlp ab i^ af^dlk^i mofk`fm^iab i^ j^qofw ebppf^k^F&]' qfbkbkpfdklp lmrbpqlp+
14- Bljmol_^o nrb bi `^jml bp`^i^o b&t*v+ w(< t3 * v3 * Y3 , 2tuv qfbkb rk mrkql bpq^,`flk^ofl bk '0+0+0(+X abqbojfk^o i^ k^qro^ibw^ab bpb mrkql bpq^`flk^ofl `^i`ri^kal ilp^rqls^ilobp ab pr j^qofw ebppf^k^-
8-03 Duqobjlp `lkaf`flk^alp- Lriqfmif`^alobp ab K^do^kdb
Hkf`f^jlp bpq^ pb``fŽk `lk alp bgbjmilp ab mol_ibj^p ab buqobjlp `lkaf,`flk^alp-
DIDLOKN 0- C^a^ rk^ prmbocf`fbR nrb kl m^pb-mlo bi lofdbk+abqbojfk^o ilpmrkqlp ab R jŠp moŽufjlp ^i lofdbk-
DIDLOKN 1- Rf b&t*v+w( obmobpbkqi^ qbjmbo^qro^ bk 'u+ v+w(+abqbojfk^oilp s^ilobp jŠufjl v jŒkfjl ab i^ qbjmbo^qro^ bk rk^ `ros^ a^a^ b abi bpm^`flab qobpafjbkpflkbp-
@j_lp bgbjmilp plk `^plp m^oqf`ri^obpabi pfdrfbkqb mol_ibj^ dbkbo^i9 Ba,paniej]n hko r]hknao atpnaiko `a qj _]ilk ao_]h]nb't( _q]j`k t peaja h] naopne_,_e‰j`a lanpaja_an ] qj oq^_kjfqjpk `]`k `ah `kiejek `a b,
Dk bi bgbjmil 0 bi `^jml bp`^i^o `rvl jŒkfjl pb abpb^ bp i^ crk`fŽk afpq^k`f^+
Y't+u* w( < 't1 * vA * X1(y:
bi pr_`lkgrkql obpqofkdfalbp i^ prmbocf`fba^a^ R- Dk bi bgbjmil 1 q^i pr_`lkgrkqlbp i^ `ros^ a^a^ B-
273 ?lhe_]_ekjao `a _…h_qhk`ebanaj_e]h
Blk cob`rbk`f^ ilp mol_ibj^p ab buqobjlp `lkaf`flk^alp plk jrv afcŒ`fibp:kl pb `lkl`b rk j‹qlal dbkbo^i m^o^ obplisboilp `lk qla^ dbkbo^ifa^a- Rb rqfifw^kj‹qlalp m^oqf`ri^obp `r^kal bi pr_`lkgrkql obpqofkdfal qfbkb rk^ bpqor`qro^ pbk,`fii^+ mlo bgbjmil+ pf bp rk^ prmbocf`fb `ljl bk bi bgbjmil 0+l rk^ `ros^ `ljl bkbi bgbjmil 1- Dpq^ pb``fŽk bpqŠ abaf`^a^ ^i j‹qlal ab ilp jriqfmif`^alobp ab K^,do^kdb m^o^ obplisbo q^ibp mol_ibj^p- @kqb qlal bumlkbjlp bi j‹qlal bk prcloj^ dbkbo^i+ v irbdl a^jlp ^odrjbkqlp dblj‹qof`lp m^o^ `ljbkq^o pr ^mif`^`fŽk^ ilp alp bgbjmilp ^kqbp jbk`flk^alp-
K†pk`k `a hko iqhpelhe_]`knao `a J]cn]jca- Rf rk `^jml bp`^i^o b'th+ ŒŒŒ+ tj(
qfbkb rk buqobjl obi^qfsl `r^kal bpqŠ pljbqfal ^ i `lkaf`flkbp+ mlo bgbjmil
'8-3/(
pfbkal i ; j+ bufpqbk bkqlk`bp i bp`^i^obp @i+ --- + @j q^ibp nrb
'8-30(
bk `^a^ mrkql buqobjl-
O^o^ abqbojfk^o ilp mrkqlp buqobjlp bk i^ moŠ`qf`^ `lkpfabo^jlp bi pfpqbj^ab j * i b`r^`flkbp cloj^al `lk i^p i b`r^`flkbp ab `lkaf`fŽk '8-3/( v i^p jb`r^`flkbp bp`^i^obp abqbojfk^a^p mlo i^ obi^`fŽk sb` qlof^i '8-3i(- Rb obprbisbbi pfpqbj^ 'pf biil bp mlpf_ib( obpmb`ql ^ i^p j * i fk`Ždkfq^p VG!&! t: v
@i&--- + @j’ Klp mrkqlp 'VG& ŒŒŒ+ tj' bk ilp nrb pb mobpbkq^k ilp buqobjlp obi^qfslppb bk`rbkqo^k bkqob i^p plir`flkbp ab ^nr‹i pfpqbj^-
Klp bp`^i^obp @i& --- + @j nrb pb fkqolargbolk m^o^ ^vra^oklp ^ obplisbo bpqbqfml ab mol_ibj^ pb abkljfk^k iqhpelhe_]`knao `a J]cn]jca- Rb fkqolar`b rkjriqfmif`^alo mlo `^a^ `lkaf`fŽk- Di `^jml bp`^i^o b v i^p crk`flkbp ab `lkaf`fŽkdi+ --- +dj pb prmlkbk afcbobk`f^_ibp- Di j‹qlal bp sŠifal pf bi k•jbol ab `lkaf,`flkbp+ i+ bp jbklo nrb bi k•jbol ab s^of^_ibp+ j+ v pf kl qlalp ilp abqbojfk^kqbpg^`l_f^klp ab i^p crk`flkbp ab `lkaf`fŽk `lk obpmb`ql ^ i ab i^p s^of^_ibpVG& ŒŒŒ+t: plk krilp m^o^ ilp s^ilobp buqobjlp nrb pb `lkpfabo^k- K^ abjlpqo^,`fŽk ab i^ s^ifabw abi j‹qlal bp rk obpriq^al fjmloq^kqb abi `Ši`ril prmboflo vkl i^ bumlkaobjlp ^nrŒ- 'U‹^pb bi `^mŒqril 6 ab i^ l_o^ abi ^rqlo ?j…heoeo i]pa,i…pe_k+Dafqlof^i Qbsboq‹+ R- @-+A^o`bilk^+ Arbklp @fobp+B^o^`^p+ L‹uf`l- Dk ir,d^o ab biil a^objlp rklp ^odrjbkqlp dblj‹qof`lp m^o^ e^`bo sbo bi pfdkfcf`^al abij‹qlal v `Žjl pb ^mif`^ bk ilp alp bgbjmilp nrb ^i mofk`fmfl pb e^k `fq^al-
Qkhq_e‰jcaki†pne_] `ah afailhk 0- Prbobjlp abqbojfk^o ilp mrkqlp ab rk^prmbocf`fb a^a^ R nrb bpqŠk jŠp moŽufjlp ^i lofdbk- Tk mrkql &t* v+w( abi bpm^`fl
Ctpnaiko _kj`e_ekj]`ko 274
ab qobpafjbkpflkbp bpqŠ- afpq^k`f^ n abi lofdbk pf v pŽil pf bpqŠbk i^ bpcbo^
t1 * u1 * X1 < n1Œ
Dpq^bpcbo^bp rk^ prmbocf`fbab kfsbi ab i^ crk`fŽk p&t*u+ w( < &t1 * u1 * X1(0:&:
nrb e^v nrb jfkfj^o- Rf bjmbw^jlp `lk n < N X ^rjbkq^jlp n e^pq^ nrb i^`loobpmlkafbkqbprmbocf`fbab kfsbi pb^ q^kdbkqb^ i^ prmbocf`fba^a^ R+`^a^ mrkqlab `lkq^`ql pboŠrk mrkql ab R 0/ jŠp moŽufjl ^i lofdbk-
O^o^ abqbojfk^o ilp mrkqlp ab `lkq^`ql prmlkbjlp- nrb R bpqŠabcfkfa^ mloi^ b`r^`fŽk `^oqbpf^k^c&t* u+w(< N- Rf R qfbkb mi^kl q^kdbkqbbk rk mrkql ab`lkq^`ql+ af`el mi^kl q^j_f‹k ab_b pboq^kdbkqb^ i^ prmbocf`fbab kfsbi q^kdbkqb^ R bk bi jfpjl mrkql- Olo 0/ q^kql bi sb`qlo do^afbkqb ab i^ prmbocf`fbc&t* u+w(< N ab_b pbo m^o^ibil ^i sb`qlo do^afbkqb ab i^ prmbocf`fbab kfsbi ab`lkq^`ql b&t* u+w(< o- Olo q^kql bufpqbrk^ `lkpq^kqb :[ q^i nrb
Tb't+ u* v( < @- Tc't+ u* v(
bk `^a^ mrkql ab `lkq^`ql- Dp^ bp i^ b`r^`fŽk sb`qlof^i '8-30( ildo^a^ `lk bij‹qlal ab K^do^kdb`r^kal e^v rk^ pli^ `lkaf`fŽk-
Qkhq_e‰jcaki†pne_] `ah afailhk 1- Prbobjlp l_qbkbo ilp s^ilobp buqobjlp
EHFTQ@ 8-7 Jko ra_pknaoZRc0+ZRc1v ZRGaop…joepq]`koaj ah ieoik lh]jk-
EHFTQ@ 8-8 Ch ra_pkncn]`eajpa UHaop…ajqj lh]jk jkni]h ] B-
275 ?lhe_]_ekjao `a _…h_qhkebanaj_e]h
ab rk^ crk`fŽk nrb a^ i^ qbjmbo^qro^ b&t*u+w( pl_ob rk^ `ros^ a^a^ B-Rf `lkpfabo^jlp i^ `ros^ b `ljl i^ fkqbopb``fŽkab alp prmbocf`fbp+
ch'V+u+ w( < N v c1'V+u+ w( < N+
qbkbjlp rk mol_ibj^ ab buqobjlp `lk alp `lkaf`flkbp- Klp alp sb`qlobp do^afbk,qbp U di X U d1 plk kloj^ibp ^ bp^p prmbocf`fbp+irbdl q^j_f‹k 0/ plk ^ i^ `ros^b ab fkqbopb``fŽk-'Ubo cfdro^ 8-7(- Rbdrfa^jbkqb abjlpqo^jlp nrb bi sb`qlo do^,afbkqb U b ab i^ crk`fŽk qbjmbo^qro^ q^j_f‹k bp kloj^i ^ b bk `^a^ buqobjl ob,i^qfsl pl_ob B- Diil fjmif`^ nrb U b bpqŠbk bi jfpjl mi^kl nrb Udi X Uc1: irbdlpf Ud0 v Tc1 plk fkabmbkafbkqbpmlabjlp bumobp^oUH `ljl `lj_fk^`fŽk ifkb^iab Ud0 v Tc0* bp ab`fo
Dpq^bp i^ b`r^`fŽk sb`qlof^i '8-30( l_qbkfa^ `lk bi j‹qlal ab K^do^kdb`r^k,al bufpqbkalp `lkaf`flkbp-
O^o^ abjlpqo^o nrb U b bp kloj^i ^ b bk rk mrkql buqobjl fj^dfkbjlpnrb b bpq‹ abcfkfa^ mlo rk^ crk`fŽk sb`qlof^i bb'o(+s^of^kal p bk rk fkqbos^ilY]* ^[, Rl_ob i^ `ros^ b i^ qbjmbo^qro^ pb `lksfboqb bk rk^ crk`fŽk ab p+bp ab`fonl'p( < bYat'p([- Rf om qfbkb rk buqobjl obi^qfsl bk rk mrkql fkqboflo pGabZ^+ ^[qfbkbnrb sbofcf`^opbom&'qi(< N-Olo lqo^ m^oqb+i^ obdi^ ab i^ `^abk^ klp af`b nrbnl&'p( sfbkb a^a^ mlo bi molar`ql bp`^i^o
nl&'p( < TbYat'p([• at&'p(-
Dpqbmolar`ql bp kril bk po-irbdl U b bp mbombkaf`ri^o^ bu&'q(-Obol bu&'qi(bp q^k,dbkqb ^ b+mlo 0/ nrb U b Zbu'q0(\ bpqŠbk bi mi^kl kloj^i ^ b+ `ljl jrbpqo^ i^cfdro^ 8-8-
Klp alp sb`qlobp do^afbkqbp U di X U d1 plk fkabmbkafbkqbppf v pŽil pf prmolar`ql sb`qlof^i bp kl kril- Dpqbmolar`ql sfbkb a^al mlo
e f g
Ud0 W Ud1 < Mch Mch Mch < M'ch& c1( e* M'ch& c1( f * M'ch& c1( g,MV ku kv k&u* w( k&v* t' k&t* u'
Mc1 Mc1 Mc1
MV ku kv
Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb+ i^ fkabmbkabk`f^ ab U di W U% pfdkfcf`^ nrb kl qlalp ilp ab,qbojfk^kqbp g^`l_f^klp abi pbdrkal jfbj_ol plk `bol- Bljl v^ ebjlp l_pbos^al+bi j‹qlal ab K^do^kdb bp ^mif`^_ib pfbjmob nrb bpq^`lkaf`fŽk pb p^qfpc^d^-
Cfan_e_eko 276
Rf U di X U d1 plk abmbkafbkqbp bi j‹qlal mrbab c^ii^o- Olo bgbjmil+ prmlk,d^jlp nrb fkqbkq^jlp i^ ^mif`^`fŽk abi j‹qlal ab K^do^kdb m^o^ bk`lkqo^o ilps^ilobp buqobjlp ab b&t* v+ w( < t1 * n bk i^ `ros^ ab fkqbopb``fŽk ab i^p alpprmbocf`fbp ch&V*v+w( < N X c0&V*v+w( < N pfbkal ch&V*v+w( < w v c0&V*v+w(<X1 \ 'v , 0(2- K^p alp prmbocf`fbp+ rk mi^kl v rk `fifkaol+ pb `loq^k ^ 0/ i^odlab i^ ob`q^ b af_rg^a^ bk i^ cfdro^ 8-0/- Di mol_ibj^ qfbkb bsfabkqbjbkqb rk^
v
t
EHFTQ@ 8-0/ Cfailhk aj ah mqa ah i†pk`k `a J]cn]jca jk ao ]lhe_]^ha-
plir`fŽk+ ab_fal ^ nrb b&t* v+ w( obmobpbkq^i^ afpq^k`f^ abi mrkql &t* v+ w( ^i bgb wv bpq^ afpq^k`f^ bp rk jŒkfjl pl_ob b `r^kal bi mrkql bp bi 'N+ 0+ N(- Rfk bj,_^odl+ bk bpqb mrkql ilp sb`qlobp do^afbkqbp plk Ud0 < g+ Ud1 < N+ uTb< 1f+v bpqŠ`i^ol nrb kl bufpqbk bp`^i^obp @i v @1 nrb p^qfpc^d^k i^ b`r^`fŽk '8-30(-
8-04 Dgbo`f`flp
0- G^ii^o ilp s^ilobp buqobjlp ab w< tu `lk i^ `lkaf`fŽk t * v < 0-1- G^ii^o i^p afpq^k`f^pjŠufj^ v jŒkfj^ abpab bi lofdbk ^ i^ `ros^ 4t& * 5tu * 4u&< 7-2- Rrmlkd^jlp nrb ] v ^ plk k•jbolp mlpfqfslpcfglp-
^( G^ii^o ilp s^ilobp buqobjlp ab w< t.] * u.^ `lk i^ `lkaf`fŽk t&* v&< 0-_( G^ii^o ilp s^ilobp buqobjlp ab w< t&* v&`lk i^ `lkaf`fŽk t.] * u.^ < 0-Dk `^a^ `^pl+ fkqbomobq^odblj‹qof`^jbkqb bi mol_ibj^-
3- G^ii^o ilp s^ilobp buqobjlp ab w< `lp&t * `lp&v `lk i^ `lkaf`fŽk t , v < +!+.3-4- G^ii^o ilp s^ilobp buqobjlp abi `^jml bp`^i^o b&t*v+w(< t + 1v * 1w bk i^ bpcbo^
t&*u&*v&<0-
277 ?lhe_]_ekjao `a _…h_qhkebanaj_e]h
5- G^ii^o ilp mrkqlp ab i^ prmbocf`fbw&, tu < 0 jŠp moŽufjlp ^i lofdbk-6- G^ii^o i^ jŒkfj^ afpq^k`f^abpab bi mrkql '0+N( ^ i^ m^oŠ_li^&.< 2t,7- G^ii^o ilp mrkqlp ab i^ `ros^ ab fkqbopb``fŽkab i^p alp prmbocf`fbp
u1 , tu * -q, X0 < 0 v
nrb bpqŠkjŠp moŽufjlp ^i lofdbk-8- Rf ]+^ v a plk k•jbolp mlpfqfslp+e^ii^o bi s^ilo jŠufjl ab b't+ v+v( < t•u•v_ `lk i^
`lkaf`fŽk t * v * v < 0-0/- G^ii^o bi slirjbk jŒkfjl ifjfq^al mlo-ilp mi^klp t < N+X< N+v < N+X rk mi^kl
nrb pb^ q^kdbkqb i bifmplfab
bk rk mrkql abi l`q^kqb t = N+v = N+w= N-00- G^ii^o bi jŠufjl ab ild t * ild v * 20/d v bk i^ mlo`fŽkab i^ bpcbo t&* &.* w&< 4o&
bk i^ nrb t = N+v = N+v = N-@mif`^obi obpriq^al m^o^abjlpqo^o nrb m^o^k•jbolpob^ibpmlpfqfslp]+ +a qbkbjlp
'] * ^ * a(4]^aQ y 16 4 -
01- C^a^ i^ pb``fŽk `Žkf`^ ?t& * 1@tu * B+.< 0+pfbkal ? = N v @&; ?A- Qbmobpbkqb,jlp `lk i v L i^p afpq^k`f^pjŒkfj^ v jŠufj^ abpab bi lofdbk ^ ilp mrkqlp ab i^`Žkf`^- Cbjlpqo^o nrb
K1 < ? * B * -H'? , B(1 * 3@1
0&?A + @1(
v e^ii^o rk^ cŽojri^ ^kŠild^ m^o^i&-02- @mif`^obi j‹qlal ab ilp jriqfmif`^alobp ab K^do^kdbm^o^e^ii^o i^p afpq^k`f^pjŠuf,
j^ v jŒkfj^ ab rk mrkql ab i^ bifmpbt& * 3+.< 3 ^ i^ ob`q^t * v < 3-03- K^ pb``fŽk ab rk `^k^i bp rk qo^mb`flfpŽp`bibp-Rf ilp i^alp fdr^ibp ab bpb qo^mb`fl
jfabk a jbqolp+ „`rŠi ab_b pbobi Škdril nrb cloj^k ‹pqlp `lk bi clkal '_^pb jbkloabi qo^mb`fl(pf nrbobjlp nrb bi Šob^ab i^ pb``fŽk pb^ jŠufj^>
8-05 Sblobj^ abi s^ilo buqobjl m^o^`^jmlp bp`^i^obp `lkqfkrlp
Di qblobj^ abi s^ilo buqobjl m^o^crk`flkbp ob^ibp`lkqfkr^p bk rk fkqbos^il^`lq^al v `boo^al mrbab buqbkabopb^ `^jmlp bp`^i^obp- Blkpfabobjlp `^jmlpbp`^i^obp `lkqfkrlp bk rk fkqbos^il k,afjbkpflk^i `boo^al- S^i fkqbos^il pb ab-cfkb `ljl bi molar`ql `^oqbpf^kl ab j fkqbos^ilp rkf,afjbkpflk^ibp `boo^alp- Rf] < &]h%,,, * ],,' v ^ < '_0 +’’’ +^j( bp`of_fjlp
Y]* ^[ < Y]h%_i\ W ŠŠŠ W Y]!* ^**[ < x'Wi!&! V**' HWiD Z^i&_i\+ -’- +V! D Y]!* ^**[x,
Raknai] `ah r]hkn atpnaik l]n] _]ilko ao_]h]nao_kjpejqko 278
Olo bgbjmil+ `r^kal j < 1 bi molar`ql `^oqbpf^kl Y]* ^[ bp rk ob`qŠkdril-K^ abjlpqo^`fŽk abi qblobj^ abi s^ilo buqobjl bp m^o^ibi^ ^ i^ abjlpqo^,
`fŽk a^a^ bk bi slirjbk 0 m^o^bi `^pl rkfafjbkpŒlk^0- Cbjlpqo^jlp mofjbol nrbi^ `lkqfkrfa^a ab b fjmif`^ i^ ^`lq^`fŽk+ irbdl mol_^jlp nrb b ^i`^kw^ bcb`qfs^,jbkqb prp s^ilobp jŠufjl v jŒkfjl bk Y]* ^[,
SDNQDL@ 8-7- SDNQDL@ CD @BNS@BHˆM O@Q@ B@LONR DRB@K@QDR BNMSHMTNR-
Qeb ao qj _]ilk ao_]h]n_kjpejqk aj _]`] lqjpk `a qj ejpanr]hk _ann]`k Y]+ [`a Q!+ ajpkj_ao b ao ]_kp]`] aj Y]+ [- Copk ao+ateopaqj jŠiank b:::999l p]hmqaGb't(hy b l]n] pk`k t `a Y]+ [-
Baikopn]_e‰j- Q^wlkbjlp mlo obar``fŽk ^i ^_proal+ rqfifw^kal bi j‹qlal abi^ _fpb``fŽk pr`bpfs^- K^ cfdro^ 8-00 obmobpbkqbi j‹qlal m^o^ bi `^pl j < 1-
Rrmlkd^jlp nrb b kl bpq‹ ^`lq^a^ bk Y]* ^[, Olkd^jlp \'0( < Y]* ^[ b\z0( < Y]g+ ^g[+ ^pŒnrb
Cfsfa^jlp bk alp m^oqbpfdr^ibp `^a^ fkqbos^il rkfafjbkpflk^i \z0(
alp pr_fkqbos^ilp+ i^ jfq^a fwnrfboa^ [yyh v i^ jfq^a abob`e^ \zzz-j^p ^elo^ qlalp ilp molar`qlp `^oqbpf^klp mlpf_ibp ab i^ cloj^
cloj^kalBlkpfabob,
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EHFTQ@ 8-00 Palnaoajp]_e‰jaj ah lh]jk `ah i†pk`k `a h] ^eoa__e‰joq_aoer]-
28/ ?lhe_]_ekjao `a _…h_qhk`ebanaj_e]h
bk alkab `^a^ g{< 0 Ž 1- Dufpqbkbu^`q^jbkqb 1! molar`qlp ab bpqbqfml- B^a^rkl ab biilp bp rk pr_fkqbos^il k,afjbkpflk^i ab Y]* d[* v pr obrkfŽk bp fdr^i ^Y]+d[- K^ crk`fŽk b kl bpqŠ^`lq^a^ bk qjk lkn hk iajko ab bplp pr_ fkqbos^ilp'pf bpqrsfbo^ ^`lq^a^ bk `^a^ rkl ab biilp q^j_f‹k bpq^oŒbk Y]* d[', Cbpfdkbjlpmlo \'1( rkl ab biilp nrb bumobp^jlp abi jlal pfdrfbkqb
.'1( < .'1( W ŠŠŠ W .'1(Hk+
bk alkab `^a^ .z1( bp rkl ab ilp pr_fkqbos^ilp rkfafjbkpflk^ibp ab Gyz( + abilkdfqra F^g , ]g(-
Rbdrfa^jbkqb e^`bjlp `lk /&0' il jfpjl nrb `lk \'i(+ _fpb`^jlp `^a^ `lj,mlkbkqb rkfafjbkpflk^i 0y10 v iibd^jlp ^ rk fkqbos^il k,afjbkpflk^i \'2( bk binrb b kl bpqŠ^`lq^a^- Oolpfdrfbkal bpqbmol`bpl+ l_qbkbjlp rk `lkgrkql fkcfkfqlab fkqbos^ilp k,afjbkpflk^ibp
/&/'* .'1(+ --’ +q^ibpnrb .'j*i( p: Gr€9
bk `^a^ rkl ab ilp `r^ibp b kl bpqŠ^`lq^a^- Di fkqbos^il j,‹pfjl ['i( mrbab bu,mobp^opbbk i^ cloj^
-&i' < -&i' W --- W -&i'Hk&
Bljl nrfbo^ nrb `^a^ fkqbos^il rkfafjbkpflk^i Gyj( pb l_qfbkb jbaf^kqb i + 0_fpb``flkbp pr`bpfs^p ab Y]g* ^g[* pf bp`of_fjlp Gyi( < Y]gi(+ ^gi([ qbkbjlp
'8-31( ^&i' \ ]&i' < ^g , ]g g 0 1g g 1j,i& m^o^ <! --- +j -
O^o^`^a^ g cfg^+bi buqobjl prmbofloab qlalp ilp buqobjlp fwnrfboalp ]g!%' &i ;0+1+--- ( ab_b pbofdr^i ^i buqobjl fkcboflo ab qlalp ilp buqobjlp abob`elp ^gi(
&i < 0+1+--- (+v abpfdk^jlp pr s^ilo `lj•k `lk pe,Di mrkql p < 'qH&--- +Gj(bpqŠ`lkqbkfal bk Y]* d[, Dk sfoqra ab i^ `lkqfkrfa^a ab b bk p bufpqbrk^ k,_li^@&p: n' bk i^ nrb qbkbjlp
G-&t' + G'p(. <9:: 0 m^o^ qlal t ab @'p: n' j Y]* d[,
Dpq^abpfdr^ia^a fjmif`^
G-&t' H ; 0 * G-&p'0 m^o^qlal t `a@&p9n' j c^+ [*
`lk il nrb b kl bpqŠ^`lq^a^ bk bi `lkgrkql @pp9n' j Y]* d[, Obol bpqb`lkgrkql
Raknai] `a h] _kjpejqe`]` qjebknia l]n] _]ilko ao_]h]nao _kjpejqko 17/
`lkqfbkb qlal bi fkqbos^il Y&i' `r^kal i bp il _^pq^kqb do^kab m^o^ nrb `^a^ rklab ilp j k•jbolp '8-31( pb^ jbklo nrb n- Uff- Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb m^o^ bpb s^ilo abi i^ crk`fŽk b kl bpqŠ ^`lq^a^ bk Y'i(+ il nrb bpqŠ bk `lkqo^af``fŽk `lk bi eb`elab nrb b bpqŠ ^`lq^a^ bk n€,Blk biil pb `ljmibq^ i^ abjlpqo^`fŽk-
Rf b bpqŠ ^`lq^a^ bk Y]* ^[* bi `lkgrkql ab qlalp ilp s^ilobp b&t' bp rk `lk,grkql ab k•jbolp ob^ibp ^`lq^al prmboflo b fkcboflojbkqb- Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb bpb`lkgrkql qfbkb rk buqobjl prmboflo v rk buqobjl fkcboflo nrb abpfdk^jlp `lkprm b b fkc p*obpmb`qfs^jbkqb- Dpql bp+ bp`of_fjlp
prmc < prm wb&t' Ht D Y]* ^[x* fkcc < fkc wb&t' Ht D Y]* ^[x,
@elo^ s^jlp ^ abjlpqo^o nrb rk^ crk`fŽk `lkqfkr^ ^i`^kw^ ilp s^ilobp fkc b vprm b bk Y]* ^[,
SDNQDL@ 8-8- SDNQDL@ CDK U@KNQ DWSQDLN O@Q@ B@LONR DRB@K@QDR- Qeb ao _kjpejq] aj qj ejpanr]hk _ann]`k Y]* ^[ `a Q!+ ajpkj_ao ateopaj lqjpko a u `aj Y]* ^[ p]hao mqa
b'_( < oqlb u b'`( < fkc&(!+
Baikopn]_eˆj, A^pq^ abjlpqo^o nrb b ^i`^kw^ pr buqobjl prmboflo bk Y]* ^[,
Di obpriq^al m^o^ bi buqobjl fkcboflo pb abar`b `ljl rk^ `lkpb`rbk`f^ ab_fal^ nrb bi buqobjl fkcboflo ab b bp bi buqobjl prmboflo ab , b,
Olkd^jlp L < prm b, Rrmlkaobjlp nrb bk Y]* ^[ kl bufpqb kfkd•k t m^o^bi nrb b&t' < L X l_qbkaobjlp rk^ `lkqo^af``fŽk- Olkd^jlp c&t' < L , b&t',
O^o^ qlal t ab Y]* ^[ bp bkqlk`bp c&t' = N ab jlal nrb i^ crk`fŽk ob`Œmol`^0.d bp `lkqfkr^ bk Y]* ^[, Rbd•k bi qblobj^ ab ^`lq^`fŽk+ h-c bpqŠ ^`lq^a^ bkY]* ^[* pb^ /-c&t' ; B m^o^ qlal t ab Y]* ^[* pfbkal B= N- Dpql fjmif`^ nrb
L , b&t' = h-A* `lk il nrb b&t' ; L , h-A m^o^ qlal t ab Y]* ^[, Dpql `lk,qo^af`b bi eb`el ab nrb L bp i^ jbklo `lq^ prmboflo ab b bk Y]* ^[, Krbdlb&t' < L m^o^ rk t mlo il jbklp ab Y]* ^[,
8-06 Sblobj^ ab i^ `lkqfkrfa^a rkfclojb m^o^ `^jmlp bp`^i^obp `lkqfkrlp
Rb^ b `lkqfkr^ bk rk fkqbos^il `boo^al ^`lq^al Y]* ^[ bk Q!+ v abpfdkbjlp`lk K&b' v i&b'* obpmb`qfs^jbkqb+ ilp s^ilobp jŠufjl v jŒkfjl ab b bk Y]* ^[,
K^ afcbobk`f^
K'b( , i'b(
pb ii^j^ ko_eh]_eˆj ab b bk Y]* ^[, Bljl bk bi `^pl rkfafjbkpflk^i qbkbjlp rk
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qblobj^ ab i^ lp`fi^`fŽk rkfclojb m^o^ crk`flkbp `lkqfkr^p+ nrb klp af`b nrbbk bi fkqbos^il Y]* ^[ mrbab bcb`qr^opb rk^ m^oqf`fŽkab jlal nrb i^ lp`fi^`fŽkab b bk `^a^ pr_fkqbos^il pb^ q^k mbnrb•^ `ljl pb nrfbo^-
Olkd^jlp Y]* ^[ < Z^i&_i\ W --- W Y]j* ^j[* v pb^ Ng rk^ m^oqf`fŽk abifkqbos^il Y]g* ^g[, Dpql bp+N* bp rk `lkgrkql ab mrkqlp
q^ibp nrb ]g < Vk y Vh y ‹‹‹ y VR+h y VR < ^o- Di molar`ql `^oqbpf^kl
N < NGW ’’- W N:
pb abkljfk^ m^oqf`fŽkabi fkqbos^il Y]* ^[ , Di qblobj^ ab i^ lp`fi^`fŽk rkfclojbpb prbib ii^j^o ab i^ `lkqfkrfa^a rkfclojb+ v qlj^ i^ pfdrfbkqb cloj^-
SDNQDL@ 8-0/- Qeb ao qj _]ilk ao_]h]n_kjpejqk aj qj ejpanr]hk _ann]`_Y]+ [ `a Q!+ ajpkj_ao l]n] pk`k ‹N = N ateopaqj] l]npe_e‰j a Y]+ [ aj qj jŠ,iank bejepk `a oq^ejpanr]hko p]haomqa h] ko_eh]_e‰ja b aj pk`k oq^ejpanr]hk aoiajkn mqa a+
Baikopn]_e‰j- K^ abjlpqo^`fŽk bp abi qlal ^kŠild^ ^i `^pl rkfafjbkpflk^i+^pŒnrb •kf`^jbkqb bp_lw^jlp ilp mofk`fm^ibpm^plp- Q^wlk^jlp mlo obar``fŽk^i ^_proal+ `lk bi j‹qlal ab i^ _fpb``fŽk pr`bpfs^- Rrmlkbjlp nrb bi qblobj^ bpc^ipl: bpql bp+prmlkbjlp nrb m^o^rk `fboql “ll bk bi fkqbos^il Y]* ^[ kl mrbabbcb`qr^opbrk^ m^oqf`fŽkbk rk k•jbol cfkfql ab pr_fkqbos^ilp bk `^a^ rkl ab ilp`r^ibp i^ lp`fi^`fŽk ab b bp jbklo nrb DN& Olo _fpb``fŽk pr`bpfs^ l_qbkbjlp rk`lkgrkql fkcfkfql ab pr_fkqbos^ilp Z'0(+Z'1(+’’’ + bk `^a^ rkl ab ilp `r^ibp i^lp`fi^`fŽk ab b bp mlo il jbklp “ll- Blkpfabo^kal i^ jbklo `lq^ prmboflo ab ilpbuqobjlp fwnrfboalp ab ilp fkqbos^ilp `ljmlkbkqbp ab- Z'0(+Z'1(+--- + l_qbkbjlprk mrkql p ab Y]* ^[ mboqbkb`fbkqb qlalp bpqlp pr_fkqbos^ilp- Dk sfoqra ab i^`lkqfkrfa^a ab b bk p bufpqbrk^ k,_li^ @&p: n' q^i nrb i^ lp`fi^`fŽk ab b bp jbklonrb qDl bk @pp9n' o0Y]*^[, Obol+`r^kal i bp prcf`fbkqbjbkqb do^kab+ bi fkqbo,s^il Y&i' bpqŠ`lkqbkfal bk bi `lkgrkql @&p9n' o0Y]* ^[* mlo il nrb i^ lp`fi^`fŽkab b kl prmbo^] qDl bk Y'i(+ il nrb bpqŠbk `lkqo^af``fŽk `lk bi eb`el ab nrb i^lp`fi^`fŽk ab b bp mlo il jbklp “Nl bk Y'i(-
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Dk bi slirjbk 0 bpqraf^jlp i^ fkqbdo^iQyb&t' `t* mofjbol m^o^ crk`flkbpob^ibpabcfkfa^p v ^`lq^a^p bk fkqbos^ilp cfkfqlp+v irbdl m^o^crk`flkbp kl ^`lq^,a^p b fkqbos^ilp fkcfkfqlp- Olpqboflojbkqb bi `lk`bmql pb buqbkafŽ ^ crk`flkbpsb`qlof^ibp v+ bk bi `^mŒqril6 abi slirjbk 00+^ crk`flkbp j^qof`f^ibp-
Dpqb`^mŒqrilbuqfbkab i^ kl`fŽk ab fkqbdo^ibk lqo^ afob``fŽk- Di fkqbos^ilY]* ^[ pb obbjmi^w^ mlo rk^ `ros^ bk bi bpm^`fl k,afjbkpflk^i abcfkfa^ mlo rk^crk`fŽk sb`qlof^i UU%v bi fkqbdo^kal bp rk `^jml sb`qlof^i babcfkfal v ^`lq^albk bp^ `ros^- K^ fkqbdo^inrb obpriq^ pb ii^j^ ejpacn]h`a h‡ja]+ejpacn]h_qnreh‡,ja] l ejpacn]h`a _kjpknjk+ v pb bjmib^ m^o^bii^ i^ klq^`fŽk Qb&`] l ^id•k lqolpŒj_lil m^ob`fal- Di mrkql pb rp^ mob`fp^jbkqb m^o^ prdbofo bi molar`ql fkqbofloab alp sb`qlobp- K^ `ros^ pb ii^j^ _]iejk `a ejpacn]_e‰j-
K^p fkqbdo^ibpab iŒkb^plk ab `^mfq^i fjmloq^k`f^ bk L^qbjŠqf`^ mro^ v^mif`^a^- Rb mobpbkq^k i bpqraf^o bi qo^_^gl+i^ bkbodŒ mlqbk`f^i+ bi cirgl ab`^ilo+ bi `^j_fl bk i^ bkqolmŒ^+i^ `fo`ri^`fŽk ab rk cirfal+ v lqo^p `rbpqflkbpcŒpf`^pbk i^p nrb pb bpqraf^ bi `ljmloq^jfbkql ab rk `^jml bp`^i^o l sb`qlof^i^ 0/ i^odl ab rk^ `ros^-
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@kqbpab abcfkfo i^p fkqbdo^ibpab iŒkb^ob`loabjlp i^ abcfkf`fŽk ab `ros^a^a^ bk bi slirjbk H-Rb^HHrk^ crk`fŽk sb`qlof^i abcfkfa^ bk rk fkqbos^il `boo^alcfkfql H < Y]* ^[, Br^kal p s^ qlj^kal ilp s^ilobp ab H* i^ crk`fŽk HH&p' abp`of_brk `lkgrkql ab mrkqlp bk bi k,bpm^`fl ii^j^al cn…be_]ab i^ crk`fŽk- Rf HHbp`lkqfkr^ bk H i^ doŠcf`^pb ii^j^9 _qnr]: `lk j^vlo mob`fpfŽk+bp i^ `ros^ abp`ofq^mlo UU'
Dk krbpqol bpqrafl ab i^p `ros^p bk bi slirjbk 0 sfjlp nrb crk`flkbp afp,
282
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qfkq^pmrbabk lkdfk^o bi qo^w^al ab i^ jfpj^ `ros^ bk cloj^p afpqfkq^p+mlo bgbj,mil+ bk afob``flkbp afpqfkq^pl `lk sbil`fa^abp afpqfkq^p-@i bpqraf^o i^p fkqbdo^ibpab iŒkb klp fkqbobp^kl pŽil bi `lkgrkql ab mrkqlp ab rk^ `ros^ pfkl i^ j^kbo^`ljl q^i `ros^ e^ pfal lofdfk^a^+ bpql bp+i^ crk`fŽk bu- Tk^ q^i crk`fŽk pb ii^j^,oŠ _]iejk _kjpejqk-
CDEHMHBHˆM- Qa] < Y]+ [ qj ejpanr]hk _ann]`k bejepk `a Q0’ Sj] bqj,
_e‰jbu9 z Q! _kjpejq] aj oa hh]i] _]iejk _kjpejqk aj ah j,aol]_ek- Ch _]iejkoa hh]i] nacqh]noeateopah] `aner]`] bu&v ao _kjpejq] aj ahejpanr]hk ]^eanpk ']+^(-Ch _]iejk oa hh]i] nacqh]n] pnkvkooeah ejpanr]hk Y]+ [ lqa`a `ao_kilkjanoa ajqj jŠiank bejepk`a oq^ejpanr]hkoaj _]`] qjk `a hko_q]haoah_]iejk ao nacqh]n-
K^ cfdro^ 0/-0 jrbpqo^ i^ doŠcf`^ ab rk `^jfkl obdri^o ^ qolwlp- Dk bpqbbgbjmil i^ `ros^ qfbkb ob`q^ q^kdbkqbbk qlalp ilp mrkqlp bu`bmql bk rk k•jbolcfkfql ab biilp- Dplp mrkqlp bu`bm`flk^ibp pr_afsfabk i^ `ros^ bk ^o`lp+ ^ il i^odlab `^a^ rkl ab ilp `r^ibp i^ ob`q^ q^kdbkqbs^ `^j_f^kal ab mlpf`fŽk `lk `lkqf,krfa^a-
EHFTQ@ 0/-0 En…be_]a qj _]iejk nacqh]n] pnkvkoaj ah lh]jk-
CDEHMHBHˆMCD HMSDFQ@KCD KŒMD@- Qa] bu qj _]iejk nacqh]n ] pnkvko ajah j,aol]_ek `abeje`k aj qj ejpanr]hk Y]+ [+ v oa]bqj _]ilk ra_pkne]h afeje`kv ]_kp]`k ok^na h] cn…be_]a bu- J] ejpacn]h`a h‡ja] `a b] hk h]nck `a bu oa nalna,oajp] _kj ah o‡i^khk bb&`] v oa `abeja lkn
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oeailna mqa h] ejpacn]h `ah oacqj`k ieai^nk ateop]+^eaj _kik ejpacn]h lnkle]k ejpacn]h eilnkle]-
M^oanr]_e‰j9 Dk jr`elp bgbjmilp nrb bk i^ moŠ`qf`^ pb mobpbkq^kbi mol,ar`ql ejpaneknbY|'p([• |&'p(aop… ^`lq^al bk Y]+^[ v bp `lkqfkrl bu`bmql+ ^`^pl+bk rk k•jbol cfkfql ab mrkqlp+ bk `rvl `^pl i^ fkqbdo^i bufpqb`ljl fkqbdo^i molmf^-
0/-2 Nqo^pklq^`flkbp m^o i^p fkqbdo^ibpab iŒkb^
Rf b obmobpbkqi^ doŠcf`^ab bu+ i^ fkqbdo^iab iŒkb bG8] q^j_f‹k pb obmob,
Mpn]ojkp]_ekjao l]n] h]o ejpacn]hao`a h‡ja] 284
pbkq^mloQ_ G9`]- v pb ii^j^ ejpacn]h`a . ] hk h]nck `a B-Rf ] < ],&]' v ^ < ],&d' obmobpbkq^kilp mrkqlp buqobjlp ab b+ ^ sb`bp i^
fkqbdo^iab iŒkb pb bumobp mlkfbkal Q9. l Q9G8]- v pb abkljfk^ fkqbdo^iabiŒkb^!ab . abpab ] ^ d ^ il i^odl ab ^--Br^kal pb rpb i^ klq^`fŽk Q9. ab_boŠ qb,kbopb bk `rbkq^ nrb i^ fkqbdo^iabmbkab kl pli^jbkqb ab ilp buqobjlp ] v ^ pfklq^j_f‹k abi `^jfkl ^-nrb ilp rkb-
Br^kal ] < ^ bi `^jfkl pb ii^j^ _ann]`k- @ jbkral bi pŒj_lil c pb rp^m^o^ fkaf`^o i^ fkqbdo^`fŽk^ il i^odl ab rk `^jfkl `boo^al-
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v
i^ fkqbdo^iabi pbdrkal jfbj_ol ab '0/-0( pb `lksfboqb bk rk^ prj^ ab fkqbdo^ibp+
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t < 0V0'p(+
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B^i`ribjlp ^elo^ i^ m^oqb_( rk^ sbw jŠp+ rqfifw^kal i^ jfpj^ `ros^ mbol`lk obmobpbkq^`fŽkm^o j‹qof`^ afpqfkq^-Cf`e^ `ros^ mrbab obmobpbkq^opblk i^crk`fŽk
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Orbpql nrb i^p fkqbdo^ibpab iŒkb pb abcfkbk bk crk`fŽk ab fkqbdo^ibploafk^,of^p+kl ab_b plomobkabonrb ^nr‹ii^p dl`bk ab jr`e^p ab i^p molmfba^abpab‹pq^p-Olo bgbjmil+ qfbkbk i^ lnklea`]` `a heja]he`]` obpmb`ql^i fkqbdo^kal+
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b- n`]- < b- n`]- * b- n`] +a bi a-
alkab i^p alp `ros^p Bi v B- cloj^k i^ `ros^ B- Dpql bp+B bp i^ doŠcf`^ ab rk^crk`fŽk ^- abcfkfa^ bk rk fkqbos^il Y]* ^[* v i^p `ros^p Bi v B1 plk i^p obmobpbk,q^`flkbp doŠcf`^p ab ^-&p' ^i s^of^o p bk ilp pr_ fkqbos^ilp Y]* b\ v Z`+^[ obpmb`qfs^-jbkqb+ m^o^ rk b nrb `rjmib ] ; b ; ^, K^p abjlpqo^`flkbp ab bpq^p molmfba^,abp plk `lkpb`rbk`f^ fkjbaf^q^ ab i^ abcfkf`fŽk ab i^ fkqbdo^i ab iŒkb^: v i^p ab,g^jlp `ljl bgbo`f`flp m^o^ bi ib`qlo -
Rbdrfa^jbkqb bu^jfk^jlp bi `ljmloq^jfbkql ab i^p fkqbdo^ibp ab iŒkb^ ^ibcb`qr^o rk `^j_fl ab m^oŠjbqol- Rb^ ^- rk `^jfkl `lkqfkrl abcfkfal bk rk fkqbo,s^il Y]+ [* pb^ q rk^ crk`fŽk ob^i abofs^_ib+ ab jlal nrb q&krk`^ pb^ `bol bkrk fkqbos^il Ya* [* v q^i nrb bi ob`loofal ab q pb^ Y]* ^[, Dkqlk`bp i^ crk`fŽkz abcfkfa^ bk Ya*`[ mlo i^ b`r^`fŽk
y&p' < ],Yq&p'[
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Rb^ b i^ doŠcf`^`lj•k ab ilp alp `^jfklp bnrfs^ibkqbp ^ v '2- Rf i^ abofs^a^ab q bp pfbjmob mlpfqfs^bk Ya+[ i^ crk`fŽk q bp `ob`fbkqb v ab`fjlp nrb ilp alp`^jfklp ^ v '2 lofdfk^k b bk i^ ieoi] `ena__e‰j-Rf i^ abofs^a^ ab q bp pfbjmobkbd^qfs^ ab`fjlp nrb ^ v '2 lofdfk^k b bk `ena__ekjao klqaop]o- Dk bi mofjbo `^plpb af`b nrb q _kjoanr] h] kneajp]_e‰j:v bk bi pbdrkal `^pl nrb q ejreanpah] kneaj,p]_e‰j-Dk i^ cfdro^ 0/-1 pb jrbpqo^ rk bgbjmil-
Di qblobj^ pfdrfbkqbabjrbpqo^ nrb rk^ fkqbdo^iab iŒkb kl s^oŒ^ i bcb`qr^ork `^j_fl ab m^oŠjbqol nrb `lkpbos^ i^ lofbkq^`fŽk: `^j_f^ ab pfdkl pf bi `^j_flab m^oŠjbqol fksfboqb i^ lofbkq^`fŽk- Rb prmlkb nrb bufpqbk i^p alp fkqbdo^ibpen] b Qb&`'2
SDNQDL@ 0/-0- BNLONQS@LHDMSN CD TM@ HMSDFQ@K CD KHMD@ EQDMSD @
TM B@LAHN CD O@Q…LDSQN- Qe^ u y okj `ko _]iejko amqer]hajpaonacqh]nao] pnkvko+ajpkj_ao oa peaja
oe ^ u '2 knecej]j b aj h] ieoi] `ena__e‰j:v
oe^ v '2 knecej]j b aj `ena__ekjao klqaop]o-
Baikopn]_e‰j- A^pq^abjlpqo^o bi qblobj^ m^o^`^jfklp obdri^obp: irbdl pb^mif`^ i^ molmfba^a ^afqfs^ `lk obpmb`ql^i `^jfkl ab fkqbdo^`fŽkm^o^abar`fo biobpriq^al m^o^`^jfklp obdri^obp ^ qolwlp-
K^ abjlpqo^`fŽk bp rk^ pfjmib ^mif`^`fŽk ab i^ obdi^ ab i^ `^abk^- Klp `^,jfklp ^ v '2 bpqŠkifd^alp mlo rk^ obi^`fŽk ab i^ cloj^ '2'p( < ]Yq'p([+ bpq^kal qabcfkfa^ bk rk fkqbos^il Ya*`[ v ^ bk rk fkqbos^il Y]* ^[, Cb i^ obdi^ ab i^ `^-abk^ obpriq^
U'p( < ]&Yq'p([q&'p(-
Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb bk`lkqo^jlp
ba n `'2 < pbY'2'p([ - '2&'p(p <qb']Yq'p([( - ]&Yq'p([q&'p(p-
Dk i^ •iqfj^ fkqbdo^ie^`bjlp i^ prpqfqr`fŽk r < q'p(+`r < q&'p(p v pb l_qfbkb
b- bS'`( b-^ Ha b& `'2 < q&_' b']'r•& ]&'r( `r < € ^ b']'r•& ]&'r( `q < € a b& `]+
Ch _kj_alpk `a pn]^]fk _kik ejpacn]h `a h†ja] .44
bk alkab pb rqfifw^bi pfdkl * pŒ] < q&_' v ^ < q&`'* v bi pfdkl , pf ] < q&`'v ^ < q&_', Di mofjbo `^pl pb mobpbkq pf ^ v '2 lofdfk^k b bk i^ jfpj^ afob``fŽk+bi pbdrkal pf lofdfk^k b bk afob``flkbp lmrbpq^p-
0/-4 Dgbo`f`flp
Dk `^a^ rkl ab ilp bgbo`f`flp 0 ^i 7 `^i`ri^o i^ fkqbdo^i ab iŒkb^abi `^jml sb`qlof^ib]hk i^odl abi `^jfkl nrb pb fkaf`^-/, z&t*u' < &t0 + 0tu'e * &u0+ 0tu'f* ^ 0/ i^odl ab i^ m^oŠ_li^ v < t% abpab ',0+0(
^ '0+ 0(-0, !z&t*u' < &0] + u'e * tf* ^ 0/ i^odl abi `^jfkl abp`ofql mlo pV&p'< ]&p +oajp'e )
]&/ + `lp p'f*M y p y e-2- z&t* u* v' < &u0+ v0'e * 0uvf + t0g* ^ 0/ i^odl abi `^jfkl abp`ofql mlo pV&p'< pe
* q1g* p1gh* /994 p o9 /,/2, z&t*u' < &t0 * u0'e * &t0 + u0'f* ^ 0/ i^odl ab i^ `ros^ v < 0 , 00 ,th+ abpab '/+/(
^ '1+ N(-
1, z&t*u' < &t * u'e * &t + u'f* ^iobabalo ab i^ bifmpb ^0t0 * ]0u0 < ]0^0 bk pbkqfal`lkqo^ofl ^i ab i^p ^drg^p abi obilg-
4, Hpt-•+v' < 0tue * &t0 * v'f * ug * abpab '0+/+1( ^ '2+3+0( ^ 0/ i^odl ab rk pbd,jbkql ab ob`q^-
5, z&t*u*v' ;te * uf * &tv + v(h+abpab '/+/+/( ^ '0+1+3( ^ 0/ i^odl ab rk pbdjbkqlob`qfiŒkbl-
7- z&t* u* v' < te * ue * &tv + u'g* ^ 0/ i^odl abi `^jfkl a^al mlo pV&p'< p0e* 0pf )3p1g+ /994 q 9940-
Dk `^a^ rkl ab ilp bgbo`f`flp 8 ^i 01+`^i`ri^o bi s^ilo ab i^ fkqbdo^i ab iŒkb a^a^-
8- Qa &ty + 0tu' `t * &u0+ 0tu' `uilp mrkqlp ',1+3( X '0+0(-
I &t * u' `t + &t + u' `u0/- - -
a t * upbkqfal `lkqo^ofl ^i ab i^p ^drg^p abi obilg-
I `t * `uh ,00- ,,, alkab b bp bi `lkqlokl abi `r^ao^al ab s‹oqf`bp '0+/(+ '/+0(+ ',0+/( X
a.th * Hvii'N+,0(+ ob`loofal bk pbkqfal `lkqo^ofl ^i ab i^p ^drg^p abi obilg-
01- Hb v `t * v `u * t `v+ alkab^( b bp i^ `ros^ ab fkqbopb``fŽk ab i^p alp prmbocf`fbpt * v < 1 X t& * e* v&<< 0&t * u', K^ `ros^ bp ob`loofa^ ab q^i jlal nrb jfo^kal abpab bi lofdbk bi pbkqfalbp bi ab i^p ^drg^p abi obilg-_( b bp i^ fkqbopb``fŽk ab i^p alp prmbocf`fbpw< tu v t& * e< 0+ob`loofa^ bk pbkqf,al+ nrb sfpql abpab bk`fj^ abi mi^kl tu+ bp bi `lkqo^ofl ^i ab i^p ^drg^p abi obilg-
pfbkal b bi ^o`l ab m^oŠ_li^ v < t& nrb rkb
alkab b bp i^ `fo`rkcbobk`f^ t&* e< ]&+ob`loofa^ bk
0/-5 Di `lk`bmql ab qo^_^gl`ljl fkqbdo^iab iŒkb^
Blkpfabobjlp rk^ m^oqŒ`ri nrb pb jrbsb ^ il i^odl ab rk^ `ros^ _^gl i^
/++ 0jpacn]hao `a h‡ja]
^``fŽk ab rk `^jml ab crbow^p bRf i^ `ros^ bp i^ doŠcf`^ ab rk `^jfkl Na%obdri^o^ qolwlp+ bi pn]^]fk ob^ifw^al mlo b pb abcfkb mlo i^ fkqbdo^i ab iŒkb^Qb8], Klpbgbjmilp pfdrfbkqbp mlkbk ab j^kfcfbpql ^idrk^p ab i^p molmfba^abp crka^jbkq^ibpabi qo^_^gl-
DIDLOKN 0- Rn]^]fk na]hev]`k lkn qj] bqanv] _kjop]jpa- Rf bbp rk^ crbo,w^ `lkpq^kqb+ ^ p^_bo b< a +mrbab abjlpqo^opb nrb bi qo^_^gl ob^ifw^al mlo b ^ijlsbo rk^ m^oqŒ`ri^abpab rk mrkql ] ^ rk mrkql ^ ^ il i^odl ab `r^inrfbo `^jfklobdri^o ^ qolwlp nrb rk^ ] v ^ bp a - &^ + ]( molar`ql ab i^ crbow^ mlo bi abpmi^,w^jfbkql ^ , ]- Kl abjlpqo^objlp bk rk `^pl m^oqf`ri^o-
Rb^ bu < '/'0& ’’’ + N'k( rk `^jfkl nrb rk^ ] v ;% ^ p^_bo at']( < ] vbu'_( < ;%X ao_ne^]iko b < '`++ --- +_j(- Rrmlkd^jlp nrb bu&bp `lkqfkr^ bk Y]+^[- Dkqlk`bpbi qo^_^gl ob^ifw^al mlo bbp fdr^i ^
Œ j o j,/ b8| < „ _g, k^ %h,y&p'`p < „ _gd&^' + %h,g&]'[ < _ 8 Yat&^' + at&]'[ < _ 8 '^ , ]',
H+zi zzi
O^o^ bpqb `^jml ab crbow^p bi qo^_^gl abmbkab pli^jbkqb ab ilp mrkqlp buqob,jlp ] v d X kl ab i^ `ros^ nrb ilp rkb- Ml qlalp ilp `^jmlp ab crbow^ qfbkbkbpq^ molmfba^a- Klp nrb i^ qfbkbk pb ii^j^k _kjoanr]perko- Di bgbjmil ab i^ mŠ,dfk^ 284 bp rk `^jml ab crbow^p kl `lkpbos^qfsl- Dk rk^ pb``fŽk mlpqboflo abqbo,jfk^objlp qlalp ilp `^jmlp ab crbow^p `lkpbos^qfslp-
DIDLOKN 1- Nnej_elek `ah pn]^]fk v h] ajanc‡]- Tk^ m^oqŒ`ri^ ab j^p^ ipb jrbsb ^ il i^odl ab rk^ `ros^ _^gl i^ ^``fŽk ab rk `^jml ab crbow^p b Rf i^sbil`fa^a ab i^ m^oqŒ`ri^bk bi fkpq^kqb p bp r&p'* pr bkbodŒ^`fk‹qf`^ bpqŠ abcfkfa^mlo„ ir&'p(- Cbjlpqo^o nrb h] r]ne]_e‰j `a h] ajanc‡] _ej†pe_] aj _q]hmqean ejpan,r]hk `a peailk ao ecq]h ]h pn]^]fk na]hev]`k lkn b`qn]jpa `e_dk ejpanr]hk `a peailk-
Qkhq_e‰j- Cbpfdkbjlp mlo n &p' i^ mlpf`fŽk ab i^ m^oqŒ`ri^ bk bi fkpq^kqb p-Di qo^_^gl ob^ifw^al mlo b aro^kqb rk fkqbos^il ab qfbjml Y]* ^[ bp QyzyT&n,Prbobjlp abjlpqo^o nrb
o-n&^'
b•n < 0ir0&^' + hir0&]'‹ n&]' 1 1 ’
Rbd•k i^ pbdrka^ ibv abi jlsfjfbkql ab Mbtqlk qbkbjlp
bYn'p([ < in!'p( < ir&'p(+
alkab r&p( abpfdk^ bi sb`qlo sbil`fa^a bk bi fkpq^kqb p-K^ sbil`fa^a bp i^ ilkdf,
Gjpacn]hao `a h‡ja] _kj naola_pk ] h] hkjcepq` `a ]n_k 3/0
qra abi sb`qlo sbil`fa^a+ r&p' < H0r'p( 00-Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb
bYn'p([ - n&'p( < bYn'p([ - r'p( < ir&'p( - r'p( <yi 9-, 'r'p( - r'p(( < zj 9-, 'r1'p((-`p `p
Hkqbdo^kal bkqob ] v ^ l_qbkbjlp
'n'^( '^ i_Hn'](b& `n <-] bYn'p([• n&'p( `p < ir1'p( ] < yir1'^( , ir
1&]'*
`ljl nrboŒ^jlp mol_^o-
)('/ <W]NP[JUN\MNUlWNJLXW[N\YNL]XJ UJUXWPR]^MMNJ[LX
Rb^ burk `^jfkl `lk abofs^a^ bu&lkqfkr^ bk rk fkqbos^il Y]* ^[, K^ doŠcf`^ab bubp rk^ `ros^ ob`qfcf`^_ib- Dk bi slirjbk Hpb abjlpqoŽ nrb i^ `loobpmlkafbkqbcrk`fŽk ilkdfqra ab ^o`l o+bpqŠ a^a^ mlo i^ fkqbdo^i
o'p( < H8Hibu&'r(00`q -
K^ abofs^a^ ab i^ ilkdfqra ab ^o`l qfbkb mlo s^ilo
o&'p( < 00 Na!'p( 00 -
Rb^ nl rk `^jml bp`^i^o abcfkfal v ^`lq^al bk b+ i^ doŠcf`^ ab bu-J] ejpacn]h`a h‡ja] `a nl _kj naola_pk ] h] hkjcepq` `a ]n_k ] hk h]nck `a b pb obmobpbkq^`lk bi
pŒj_lil Ib nl `o v pb abcfkb mlo
Ib _l `o < q_lYat'p([o&'p( `p +
pfbjmob nrb bufpq^ i^ fkqbdo^i abi pbdrkal jfbj_ol-Blkpfabobjlp ^elo^ rk `^jml bp`^i^o nl a^al mlo zlYat'p([ <cZbu'q(\• Rppz
nrb bp bi molar`ql fkqboflo ab rk `^jml sb`qlof^ic+ abcfkfal bk b+mlo bi sb`qloq^kdbkqb rkfq^ofl R'p( < '`ath`o( Dk bpqb `^pl i^ fkqbdo^i ab iŒkb^Ib _l `o `lfk`fab`lk bpq^ lqo^ QaG8] ab_fal ^ nrb
:6 "#! `] `obup [ - bu'p( < bYat'p([ - , , < bYat'p([ - R'p(o&'p( < _lYat'p([o&'p(-
`o `p
Br^kal b obmobpbkq^rk^ sbil`fa^a+ bi molar`ql fkqboflo b& R bp bi `ljmlkbkqb
/+- Gjpacn]hao `a h‡ja]
q^kdbk`f^i ab i^ sbil`fa^a+ v i^ fkqbdo^i ab iŒkb^ ba b& R `o bp i^ ejpacn]h `a bhqfkab b]hk i^odl ab B- Br^kal b bp rk^ `ros^ `boo^a^ i^ fkqbdo^i ab cirgl bp i^_en_qh]_e‰jab b]hk i^odl ab B- Dpq^p abkljfk^`flkbp pb rp^k `loofbkqbjbkqb bki^ qbloŒ^abi cirgl ab cirfalp-
0/-7 Nqo^p mif`^`flkbpab i^p fkqbdo^ibpab iŒkb^
K^p fkqbdo^ibp ab iŒkb^`lk obpmb`ql ^ i^ ilkdfqra ab ^o`l pb mobpbkq^k q^j_f‹kbk mol_ibj^p obi^qfslp ^ i^ afpqof_r`fŽk ab i^ j^p^ ^i^ i^odl ab rk^ `ros^- Olobgbjmil+ fj^dfkbjlp rk^ `ros^ b bk bi bpm^`fl ab qobp afjbkpflkbp `ljl rkabid^al ^i^j_ob ab abkpfa^a s^of^_ib- Rrmlkd^jlp nrb i^ abkpfa^a pb bumobp^
jbaf^kqb rk `^jml bp`^i^o _l* pfbkal _l&t* v+ w( i^ i]o] lkn qje`]` `a hkjcepq`bk bi mrkql &t* v+ w( ab B- K^ j^p^ qlq^i L abi ^i^j_ob sfbkb bkqlk`bp abcfkfa^`ljl i^ fkqbdo^i ab iŒkb^ab n `lk obpmb`ql ^ i^ ilkdfqra ab ^o`l9
L < ba _l't+ u+w(`o-
Di _ajpnk `a cn]ra`]` pb abcfkb `ljl bi mrkql &t* u* v' `rv^p `lloabk^a^p bpqŠkabqbojfk^a^p mlo i^p b`r^`flkbp
tK < ba t_z:'t+ u+w( `o+ uK < ba u_z:'t+u+w( `o+ vK < ba v_z:'t+u+w( `o-
Tk ^i^j_ob ab abkpfa^a `lkpq^kqb pb ii^j^ qjebknia- Dk bpqb `^pl bi `bkqol abdo^sba^a q^j_f‹k pb ii^j^ _ajpnke`a-
DIDLOKN 0- B^i`ri^o i^ j^p^ L ab rk jrbiib nrb qfbkb cloj^ ab e‹if`b`rv^ b`r^`fŽk sb`qlof^i bp
]'p( < ] `lp pe * ]oajpf * ^pg
pf i^ abkpfa^a bk &t* v+ w( bp t1 * v1 * X1-
Qkhq_e‰j- K^ fkqbdo^i m^o^ `^i`ri^o L bp
L < ba 't1 * u1 * X1( `o < cl1z ']1 `lp! p * ^1pbk1 p * ^1p1(Q&'p(p -
Orbpql nrb o%&p'< 00 ^&'p( 00 v ^&'q( < , ] pbk pe* ] `lp pf * ^g* qbkbjlp o%&p';+0 ]1 * ^&v mlo q^kql
Cfan_e_eko 3/2
Dk bpqb bgbjmil i^ `lloabk^a^ w abi `bkqol ab do^sba^a sfbkb a^a^ mlo
1L < ba v't1 # h* X1( `o < ,H]1 * ^1 bkd
^p']1 * ^1p1( ahp
; a+H]1 * ^1 '16R1]1 * 36R3^1(-
K^ abqbojfk^`fŽk ab i^p `lloabk^a^p W b u+ pb molmlkb `ljl bgbo`f`fl 04 bk i^pb``fŽk 0/-8-
K^p fkqbdo^ibp ab iŒkb^pb mrbabk rqfifw^o m^o^ abcfkfo bi jljbkql ab fkbo`f^ab rk ^i^j_ob l efil `lk obpmb`ql ^ rk bgb- Rf Gh&t*v+w( obmobpbkq^ i^ afpq^k`f^abpab rk mrkql &t* v+w( ab b ^ rk bgb J+ bi jljbkql ab fkbo`f^ hp-bpqŠ abcfkfalmlo i^ fkqbdo^i ab iŒkb^
bk alkab R&V*v+w( bp i^ abkpfa^a bk &t* v+w(+Klp jljbkqlp ab fkbo`f^ obpmb`ql^ ilp bgbp `lloabk^alp pb obmobpbkq^k mlo h• Gub G*,
DIDLOKN 1- B^i`ri^o bi jljbkql ab fkbo`f^ G*abi jrbiib abi bgbjmil 0-
Qkhq_e‰j- @nrŒ /h1&t* v+ w( < t& * v1 < ]1 v n,l&t* v+ w( < t1 * v1 * X1+ ^pŒnrb qbkbjlp
bk alkab L bp i^ j^p^+ `ljl pb `^i`riŽ bk bi bgbjmil 0-
)('1 8SN[LRLRX\
0- Tk `^jml ab crbow^p . abi bpm^`fl ab qobp afjbkpflkbp sfbkb a^al mlo -&t* u* v' ;te * uf * 'tv , u(g - B^i`ri^o bi qo^_^gl ob^ifw^al mlo bp^ crbow^ ^i jlsbo rk^
m^oqŒ`ri^abpab 'N+N+N( ^ '0+1+3( ^ il i^odl abi pbdjbkql ab ob`q^ nrb rkb bplp mrkqlp-1- G^ii^o bi qo^_^gl ob^ifw^al mlo i^ crbow^ &t*v( ;&t% + u1(: * 1tuf ^i jlsbo rk^ m^oqŒ`ri^
bk pbkqfal `lkqo^ofl ^i ab i^p ^drg^p abi obilg ob`loofbkal rk^ sbw bi `lkqlokl abi`r^ao^al ifjfq^al mlo ilp bgbp `lloabo{^alp v i^p ob`q^p t < ] b u < ]+ ] = N-
2- Tk `^jml ab crbow^p _fafjbkpflk^i.sfbkb a^al mlo i^ a_q]_e‰j.at+u( <_tue * t5u1f
pfbkal b rk^ `lkpq^kqb mlpfqfs^- Dp^ crbow^ ^`q•^ pl_ob rk^ m^oqŒ`ri^ nrb pb jrbsbabpab 'N+N( e^pq^ i^ ob`q^ t < 0 pfdrfbkal rk^ `ros^ ab i^ cloj^
u < ]t!+ bk alkab ] = N v ^ = N-
/+/ Gjpacn]hao `a h‡ja]
Dk`lkqo^o bi s^ilo ab ] 'bk crk`fŽk ab a' q^i nrb bi qo^_^gl ob^ifw^al mlo bp^ crbow^ pb^fkabmbkafbkqb ab ^-
3- Tk `^jml ab crbow^p. bk bi bpm^`fl ab qobp afjbkpflkbp sfbkb a^al mlo i^ cŽojri^.'t+u+ w( < uae * tvf * t'u * i(h- B^i`ri^o bi qo^_^gl ob^ifw^al mlo . ^i jlsbo rk^m^oqŒ`ri^ ob`loofbkal rk^ sbw bi `lkqlokl abi qofŠkdril ab s‹oqf`bp '/+/+ N(+ '0+0+0(+',0+0+ ,0( bk bpqb loabk-
4- B^i`ri^o bi qo^_^gl ob^ifw^al mlo bi `^jml ab crbow^p.'u+v+ w( < &u + v'9 * &v + t'f*'t , u'g ^ 0/ i^odl ab i^ `ros^ ab fkqbopb``fŽk ab i^ bpcbo^ t&* v&* w&< 3 X bimi^kl v < v q^k a+bk alkab • ; a ; &!.1- Di `^jfkl bp ob`loofal ab jlal nrb+ l_pbo,s^al bi mi^kl tu abpab bi bgb w mlpfqfsl+ bi pbkqfal ^m^obw`^ `lkqo^ofl ^i ab i^p ^drg^pabi obilg-
5- B^i`ri^o bi qo^_^gl ob^ifw^al mlo bi `^jml ab crbow^p.'u+v+ X(<u1: * v1f * t1g] ili^odl ab i^ `ros^ ab fkqbopb``fŽk ab i^ bpcbo^ u! * v&* w&< peX bi `fifkaol t& * v&< ]t+pfbkal w:99• u]= N- Di `^jfkl bp ob`loofal ab jlal nrb+ l_pbos^al bi mi^kl tuabpab bi bgb v mlpfqfsl bi pbkqfal pb^ bi ab i^p ^drg^p abi obilg-
B^i`ri^o i^ fkqbdo^i ab iŒkb^`lk obpmb`ql ^ i^ ilkdfqra ab ^o`l bk `^a^ rkl ab ilp bgbo,`f`flp abi 6 ^i 0/-
6- Q_&t * v( `o+ pfbkal b bi qofŠkdril ab s‹oqf`bp 'N+N(+'0+ N( X 'N+0(+ ob`loofal bk pbkqfal`lkqo^ofl ^i ab i^p ^drg^p abi obilg-
7- Qau&`o+bk alkab b qfbkb i^ b`r^`fŽk sb`qlof^i
]'p( < ]'p , pbk p(: * ]'h , `lp p(f+ l z p y 16S-
8- Qa &t%* u&(`o+ alkab b qfbkb i^ b`r^`fŽk sb`qlof^i
]'p( < ]'_ko p * ppbk p(: * ]'oaj p , p `lp p(f+
0/- Qa w`o+ alkab b qfbkb i^ b`r^`fŽk sb`qlof^i
]'p( < p_ko pe * poajpf * pg+
00- Blkpfabobjlp rk ^i^j_ob pbjf`fo`ri^o rkfclojb ab o^afl ]-^( Cbjlpqo^o nrb bi `bkqolfab bpqŠ pfqr^al bk bi bgb ab pfjbqoŒ^ ^ rk^ afpq^k`f^ 1]h&6h&abi `bkqol-_( Cbjlpqo^o nrb bi jljbkql ab fkbo`f^ obpmb`ql ^i afŠjbqol nrb m^p^ mlo ilp buqob,jlp abi ^i^j_ob bp z K]&+pfbkal L i^ j^p^ abi ^i^j_ob-
01- Tk ^i^j_ob qfbkb i^ cloj^ ab rk `Œo`ril t&* v&< ]&-Cbqbojfk^o pr j^p^ v pr jl,jbkql ab fkbo`f^ obpmb`ql ^ rk afŠjbqol pf i^ abkpfa^a bk 'u+ v( bp Hui* Hvi-
02- G^ii^o i^ j^p^ ab rk ^i^j_ob `rv^ cloj^ bp i^ ab i^ `ros^ ab fkqbopb``fŽk ab i^ bpcbo^t& * v&* w&< 0 X bi mi^kl t * v * v < • pf i^ abkpfa^a abi ^i^j_ob bk 't+ v+w( bp t&-
03- Tk ^i^j_ob rkfclojb qfbkb i^ cloj^ ab i^ mlo`fŽk ab `ros^ ab fkqbopb``fŽk ab i^p alpprmbocf`fbp t&* v&< w&b v&< t nrb rkb ilp mrkqlp '/+/+ N( X '0+0+ [!!1(- G^ii^o i^ `llo,abk^a^ w abi `bkqolfab-
04- Cbqbojfk^o i^p `lloabk^a^p t b u abi `bkqol ab do^sba^a abi jrbiib nrb pb `fq^ bk bibgbjmil 0 ab i^ pb``fŽk 0/-7-
05- O^o^ bi jrbiib abi bgbo`f`fl 0 ab i^ pb``fŽk 0/-7+ `^i`ri^o ilp jljbkqlp ab fkbo`f^ K b 0+-
Akjfqjpko _kjatko ]^eanpko 3/4
)(')( 6XWS^W]X\LXWNaX\JKRN[]X\'<WMNYNWMNWLRJMNULJVRWX
Rb^ R rk `lkgrkql ^_fboql ab Q!- Di `lkgrkql R pb ii^j^ _kjatk pf qlal m^oab mrkqlp ab R mrbab rkfopb jbaf^kqb rk `^jfkl obdri^o ^ qolwlp `rv^ doŠcf`^bpqŠ pfqr^a^ bk R- Dpql bp+ m^o^ qlal m^o ab mrkqlp ] v ^ ab R bufpqb rk `^jfklobdri^o ^ qolwlp ^ abcfkfal bk rk fkqbos^il Y]* ^[ q^i nrb ]'p( D R m^o^ `^a^
p ab Y]* ^[* pfbkal ]&]' < ] v ]&^' < d,Dk i^ cfdro^ 0/-2 pb jrbpqo^k qobp bgbjmilp ab `lkgrkqlp `lksbulp ^_fboqlp-
Dgbjmilp ^kŠildlp ^ ‹plp bk bi bpm^`fl ab qobp afjbkpflkbp mlaoŒ^k pbo ^( rkpŽifal bifmplfa^i+ _( rk pŽifal mlif‹aof`l+ v `( rk pŽifal qŽof`l: bk `^a^ `^pl pŽilpb `lkpfabo^k ilp mrkqlp fkqboflobp-
Tk `lkgrkql ^_fboql Q pb af`b nrb bp jk _kjatk pf R bp i^ obrkfŽk ab alp ljŠp `lkgrkqlp ^_fboqlp kl s^`Œlp afpgrkqlp- Dk i^ cfdro^ 0/-3 pb jrbpqo^ rk bgbj,mil- Orbab abjlpqo^opb nrb i^ `i^pb ab ilp `lkgrkqlp `lkbulp ^_fboqlp bp fa‹kqf`^^ i^ ab ilp `lkgrkqlp ^_fboqlp nrb plk kl `lkbulp- ')(
Rb^ ^elo^ b rk `^jml sb`qlof^i `lkqfkrl bk rk `lkgrkql `lkbul ^_fboql R-Difg^jlp alp mrkqlp ] v ^ ab R v `lkpfabobjlp i^ fkqbdo^i ab iŒkb^ab b^ il i^odlab rk `^jfkl obdri^o ^ qolwlp pfqr^al bk R nrb rk^ ] v d, Di s^ilo ab i^ fkqbdo^iabmbkab+ bk dbkbo^i+ abi `^jfkl nrb rkb ] v d, O^o^ `fboqlp `^jmlp sb`qlof^ibp+ i^fkqbdo^i abmbkab •kf`^jbkqb ab ilp buqobjlp ] v ^ X kl abi `^jfkl nrb ilprkb- Dk bpqb `^pl ab`fjlp nrb i^ fkqbdo^i bp ej`alaj`eajpa `ah _]iejk mqa qja] v d- Cb`fjlp nrb i^ fkqbdo^i ab ifkb^ ab b bp ej`alaj`eajpa `ah _]iejk aj R pfbp fkabmbkafbkqb abi `^jfkl nrb rkb ] v ^ m^o^ qlal m^o ab mrkqlp ] v ^ ab R-
R
'^( '_( $M%
EHFTQ@ 0/-2 Cfailhko `a _kjfqjpko _kjatko]^eanpko-
EHFTQ@ 0/-3 Akjfqjpk jk _kjatk R+naqje‰j `a `ko `eo_ko _en_qh]nao
`eofqjpko-
‚Oq† _]ilko ra_pkne]hao peajaj ejpacn]hao `a h‡ja] ej`alaj`eajpao `ah _]iejk>O^o^ `lkqbpq^o bpq^ mobdrkq^+ buqbkabjlp ilp qblobj^p crka^jbkq^ibp mofjbol v
pbdrkal abi `Ši`ril ^ i^p fkqbdo^ibp ab iŒkb^-
')( O^o^ bpqraf^o `lk j^vlo molcrkafa^a i^ `lkbufŽk ab `lkgrkqlp+ s‹^pb bi `^mŒqril 7ab i^ l_o^ abi ^rqlo ?j…heoeo K]pai…pe_k+ Dafqlof^i Qbsboq‹+ A^o`bilk^-
3/5 Gjpacn]hao `a h†ja]
0/-00 Rbdrkal qblobj^ crka^jbkq^i abi `Ši`ril m^o^ fkqbdo^ibp ab iŒkb^
Di pbdrkal qblobj^ crka^jbkq^i m^o^ crk`flkbp ob^ibp+`ljl pb abjlpqoŽ bkbi slirjbk H 'qblobj^ 4-2(+ bpq^_ib`b nrb
'^ c-&p' `p < al&^' + al&]'*Œ]
`lk q^i nrb al& pb^ `lkqfkr^ bk rk `fboql fkqbos^il ^_fboql nrb `lkqbkd^ ] v ^-O^o^ buqbkabo bpb obpriq^al ^ i^p fkqbdo^ibp ab iŒkb^kb`bpfq^jlp rk^ sbopfŽk ^idljŠp crboqb abi qblobj^ bk i^ nrb i^ `lkqfkrfa^a ab pl&pb prmlkb pli^jbkqb bk bifkqbos^il ^_fboql &]* ^',
SDNQDL@ 0/-1- Qe al ao qj] bqj_eˆj na]h _kjpejq] aj qj ejpanr]hk _ann]`kY]* ^[* oe oqlkjaiko mqa h] ejpacn]h Qyal%&p'`pateopa v oe pl& ao _kjpejq] aj ahejpanr]hk ]^eanpk &]* ^'* ajpkj_ao pajaiko
'^ -b%&p'`p < al&^' + -b&]' ,-'.
Baikopn]_eˆj, O^o^ `^a^ t ab Y]* ^[ abcfk^jlp b&t' < Qy_l%&p'p, Prbobjlpabjlpqo^o nrb
&/.,0' z&^' < nl&^' + al&]',
Rbd•k bi qblobj^ 2-3 abi slirjbk 0+b bp `lkqfkr^ bk bi fkqbos^il `boo^al Y]* ^[,Rbd•k bi qblobj^ 4-0 abi slirjbk 0+b bp abofs^_ib bk bi fkqbos^il ^_fboql &]* ^'*`lk b%&t' < m8%&t'm^o^ `^a^ t ab &]* ^', Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb+ pbd•k bi qblobj^ ab i^abofs^a^ kri^ 'qblobj^ 4-1 abi slirjbk 0(+ i^ afcbobk`f^ b + ombp `lkpq^kqb bk bifkqbos^il ^_fboql &]* ^', Olo i^ `lkqfkrfa^a+ b + m q^j_f‹k bp `lkpq^kqb bk bi fk,qbos^il `boo^al Y]* ^[, Dk m^oqf`ri^o+ b&^' +al&^' < ba]' +m&]', Obol `ljlba]' < /+ bpql abjrbpqo^ '0/-1(-
SDNQDL@ 0/-2- RDFTMCN SDNQDL@ ETMC@LDMS@K CDK B…KBTKN O@Q@ HMSD,
FQ@KDR CD K‡MD@- Qe-b ao qj _]ilk ao_]h]n `efanaj_e]^ha _kj cn]`eajpa _kjpejqks nl aj qj _kjfqjpk _kjatk ]^eanpk R aj Q!+ ajpkj_ao l]n] `ko lqjpko _q]haomqean]] v d qje`ko lkn qj _]iejk nacqh]n ] pnkvko ^ oepq]`k aj R pajaiko
'+^ !Uom - `] < -b&d' + _l&]' ,Œ]
Baikopn]_eˆj, Difg^jlp alp mrkqlp `r^ibpnrfbo^ ] v ^ ab R v rkŠjlpilp `lk
Qacqj`k paknai] bqj`]iajp]h `ah _„h_qhk l]n] ejpacn]hao `a h†ja] 2.5
rk `^jfkl obdri^o ^ qolwlp ^ pfqr^al bk Q abcfkfal bk rk fkqbos^il Y]* ^[, Rrmlk,d^jlp mofjbol nrb ^ bp nacqh]n bk Y]* ^[, Dkqlk`bp i^ fkqbdo^i ab iŒkb^ ab ZHnz
bkqob ] v ^ ^ il i^odl ab ^ sfbkb a^a^ mlo
H8Uom&] < qUomZ^'q(\- ]%&p'-q -Rbd•k i^ obdi^ ab i^ `^abk^ qbkbjlp
U;mZ^'q(\• ]%&p' < c%&p'*
bk alkab d bp i^ crk`fŽk `ljmrbpq^ abcfkfa^ bk Y]* ^[ mlo i^ cŽojri^
c&h' < :lY]&p'[,
K^ abofs^a^ c% bp `lkqfkr^ bk bi fkqbos^il ^_fboql &]* ^' ab_fal ^ nrb s :l bp `lk,qfkr^ bk Q v ^ bp obdri^o- Olo il q^kql mlabjlp ^mif`^o bi qblobj^ 0/-1 ^ d l_qb,kfbkal
H8Tnl, `] < qc%&p'p < c&^' + c&]' < :lY]&^'[+ nlY]&]'[ < nl&d' + :la]',
Dpql morb_^ bi qblobj^ pf ^ bp obdri^o-Br^kal ^ bp obdri^o ^ qolwlp bcb`qr^jlp rk^ m^oqf`fŽk abi fkqbos^il Y]* ^[
bk rk k•jbol cfkfql 'mlo bgbjmil n' ab pr_ fkqbos^ilp Ypg+H%pg[* bk `^a^ rkl abilp `r^ibp ^ bp obdri^o+ v ^mif`^jlp bi obpriq^al nrb ^`^_^jlp ab abjlpqo^o ^`^a^ pr_fkqbos^il- Dpql klp af`b
`ljl nrboŒ^jlp abjlpqo^o-
Bljl `lkpb`rbk`f^ abi qblobj^ 0/-2 sbjlp nrb i^ fkqbdo^i ab iŒkb^ ab rkdo^afbkqb bp fkabmbkafbkqb abi `^jfkl bk `r^inrfbo `lkgrkql Q `lkbul bk bi nrbbi do^afbkqb pb^ `lkqfkrl- O^o^ rk `^jfkl `boo^al qbkbjlp ^ < ]+ ^pŒ nrbnz9&d'+ nz9&]'< N- Cf`el ab lqol jlal+ h] ejpacn]h `a h†ja] `a qj cn]`eajpa _kj+
pejqk ao _ank ] hk h]nck `a pk`k _]iejk _ann]`k nacqh]n ] pnkvko oepq]`k aj R-Dk i^ pb``fŽk 0/-03 abjlpqo^objlp 'bk bi qblobj^ 0/-3( nrb ilp do^afbkqbp plkilp ‰je_ko `^jmlp sb`qlof^ibp `lkqfkrlp `lk bpq^ molmfba^a-
3/7 0jpacn]hao `a h‡ja]
)(')* 4YURLJLRXWN\J UJ?NLjWRLJ
Rf rk `^jml sb`qlof^i H bp bi do^afbkqb ab rk,`^jml bp`^i^o &wH*bkqlk`bp cx pbii^j^ bqj_e‰j lkpaj_e]h m^o^ H, Dk bi bpm^`fl ab qobp afjbkpflkbp+ ilp `lkgrkqlpab kfsbi n: pb ii^j^k oqlanbe_eao amqelkpaj_e]hao: bk alp afjbkpflkbp pb ii^j^kh‡ja]o amqelkpaj_e]hao- 'Rf &wHobmobpbkq^i^ qbjmbo^qro^+ i^ m^i^_o^ ~bnrfmlqbk`f^iƒpb obbjmi^w^ mlo ~fplqboj^ƒ: pf cx obmobpbkq^ i^ mobpfŽk pb bjmib^ i^ m^i^_o^~fpl_^o^ƒ-(
DIDLOKN 0- Dk bi bpm^`fl qofafjbkpflk^i+ mlkd^jlp nl&t* v+w( < n!+ pfbk,al n < &t1 * v1 * Y1(0.1’ O^o^ qlal bkqbol j qbkbjlp
alkab o < te * uf * vg - 'U‹^pb bi bgbo`f`fl 7 ab i^ pb``fŽk 7-03(- Olo il q^kql _lbp rk mlqbk`f^i abi `^jml sb`qlof^i
b%pt :•+ v( < jn!,1n-
K^p prmbocf`fbp bnrfmlqbk`f^ibp ab om plk bpcbo^p `lk`‹kqof`^p `lk bi `bkqol bk bilofdbk-
DIDLOKN 1- Nkpaj_e]h jaspkje]jk- K^ ibv ab i^ do^sfq^`fŽk ab Mbtqlkbpq^_ib`b nrb i^ crbow^ H nrb bgbo`b rk^ m^oqŒ`ri^ab j^p^ L pl_ob lqo^ m^oqf`ri^ab j^p^ i bp rk sb`qlo ab ilkdfqra EiK.n1
+ bk alkab F bp rk^ `lkpq^kqb v obpi^ afpq^k`f^ bkqob i^p alp m^oqŒ`ri^p-Rfqrbjlp bi lofdbk bk i^ m^oqŒ`ri^ab j^p^ L+v pb^ n < te * uf * vg bi sb`qlo mlpf`fŽk nrb rkb bi lofdbk ^ i^ m^oqŒ`ri^ abj^p^ i- Dkqlk`bp n < Hioiiv , nhn bp rk sb`qlo rkfq^ofl `lk i^ jfpj^ afob``fŽknrb 4% lk il nrb i^ ibv ab Mbtqlk qlj^ i^ cloj^
H< ,EiKn,2n-
G^`fbkal j <,0 bk bi bgbjmil 0 sbjlp nrb i^ crbow^ ab do^sfq^`fŽk H bp bido^afbkqb abi `^jml bp`^i^o a^al mlo
_l't+ u+v( < EiKn,0Œ
†pqb bp bi lkpaj_e]h `a Laspkj-Di qo^_^gl bcb`qr^al mlo i^ crbow^ ab do^sfq^`fŽk ^i jlsbo i^ m^oqŒ`ri^ ab
j^p^ i abpab 'Vh& u! v*' ^ &t1+ W1+ X1( bp
Cfan_e_eko 3/8
bk alkab n0< &ty * uy * wf(&@v n1 < &ty * uy * wz(&@-Rf ilp alp mrkqlp bpqŠk
bk i^ jfpj^ prmbocf`fb bnrfmlqbk`f^i bkqlk`bp n* < n1 X kl pb ob^ifw^ qo^_^gl^idrkl-
DIDLOKN 2- Nnej_elek `a _kjoanr]_pkj `a h] ajanc‡] ia_]je_]- Rb^ b rk`^jml ab crbow^p`lkqfkrl nrb qfbkbrk mlqbk`f^i _l bk rk `lkgrkql `lkbul ^_fbo,ql R- Di qblobj^ 0/-2 klp af`b nrb bi qo^_^gl bcb`qr^al mlo b^i jlsbo rk^ m^o,qŒ`ri^abpab ] e^pq^ t pfdrfbkal rk `^jfkl obdri^o ^ qolwlp pfqr^al bk R bp_l&t' + _l&]'* i^ s^of^`fŽk ab i^ crk`fŽk mlqbk`f^i- Dk bi bgbjmil 1 ab i^ pb``fŽk0/-5 pb abjlpqoŽ nrb bpqbqo^_^gl bp q^j_f‹k fdr^i ^ i^ s^of^`fŽk ab i^ bkbodŒ^`fk‹qf`^ ab i^ m^oqŒ`ri^+g&t' + g&]' bk alkab g&t' obmobpbkqi^ bkbodŒ^fk‹qf`^ab i^ m^oqŒ`ri^r^kal bpqŠpfqr^a^ bk t- @pŒmrbp+qbkbjlp
g&t' + g&]' < _l&t' + _l&]'*
l
&/.,1' g&t' + _l&t' < g&]' + _l&]',
Di bp`^i^o , _l&t' pb abkljfk^ ajanc‡] lkpaj_e]h,!( ab i^ m^oqŒ`ri^-Rf ] pb j^kqfbkb cfgl v t pb e^`b s^of^o bk bi `lkgrkql R+i^ b`r^`fŽk '0/-2(
klp af`b nrb i^ prj^ ab g&t' v , _l&t' bp `lkpq^kqb- Dp ab`fo+ oe qj _]ilk `abqanv]o ao qj cn]`eajpa+ h] oqi] `a h]o ajanc‡]o _ej†pe_] v lkpaj_e]h `a qj] l]n,p‡_qh] mqa oa `aolh]v] aj `e_dk _]ilk ao _kjop]jpa- Dk Lb`Škf`^ bpql pb ii^j^mofk`fmflab `lkpbos^`fŽk ab i^ bkbodŒ'jb`Škf`^(- Tk `^jml ab crbow^p`lk rk^crk`fŽk mlqbk`f^i pb ii^j^ _kjoanr]perk mlonrb i^ bkbodŒqlq^i+`fk‹qf`^ jŠp ml,qbk`f^i+pb `lkpbos^- Dk rk `^jml `lkpbos^qfsl+ kl pb ob^ifw^qo^_^gl ^idrkl ^ijlsbo rk^ m^oqŒ`ri^ iobabalo ab rk^ `ros^ `boo^a^ slisfbkal ^i mrkql ab m^o,qfa^- Tk `^jml ab crbow^pkl pboŠ`lkpbos^qfsl pf bufpqbcof``fŽk l sfp`lpfa^a bkbi pfpqbj^+mrbpql nrb ‹p^p qfbkabk ^ `lksboqfo bkbodŒjb`Škf`^ bk bkbodŒ^^il,oŒcf`^-
)(')+ 8SN[LRLRX\
0- Cbqbojfk^o `rŠibp ab ilp pfdrfbkqbp `lkgrkqlp ^_fboqlp R ab Q&plk `lkbulp- O^o^ `^a^`lkgrkql `lkbul+ bibdfo alp mrkqlp afpqfkqlp `r^ibpnrfbo^ ab R v bumif`^o `Žjl pbmlaoŒ^ bk`lkqo^o bk R rk^ `ros^ obdri^o ^ qolwlp nrb ilp rkfbo^-
^( Q;w&t*u'ht0)u0yMx,_( R < w&t*u' Ht0 * u0 = Ny-a'Q;w&t*u'ht0)u0</ vc( R < w&t*u' Ht0 * u0 ; 0 l
b( R < w&t*u' H t0 * u0 ; 0y-a( R < w&t*u' 00 ; t0 * u0 ; 1y-&t + 2(1 * u1 = 0y-
&t + 2(1 * v1 ; 0y-
')( @idrklp ^rqlobp `lkpfabo^k ^ ,_l `ljl i^ crk`fŽk mlqbk`f^i ab b ab jlal nrb i^bkbodŒ^mlqbk`f^i bk t pboŠ fdr^i ^i s^ilo ab i^ crk`fŽk mlqbk`f^i _l bk t*
30/ Gjpacn]hao `a heja]
1- C^al rk `^jml sb`qlof^i _fafjbkpflk^i
b't+u( < N't+u(e * O't+u(f+
bk bi nrb i^p abofs^a^p m^o`f^ibp ]l -]u v ^l b]t plk `lkqfkr^p bk rk `lkgrkql ^_fboqlQ- Rf bbp bi do^afbkqb ab rk `fboql mlqbk`f^i :l* abjlpqo^o nrb
kN kO
ku ‡t
bk `^a^ mrkql ab Q-2- Dk `^a^ rkl ab ilp pfdrfbkqbp `^jmlp sb`qlof^ibp+ ^mif`^o bi obpriq^al abi bgboBHBHN1
m^o^ abjlpqo^o nrb b jk ao rk do^afbkqb- G^ii^o pbdrfa^jbkqb rk `^jfkl `boo^al b q^inrb ,ba y N-^( b't+ u( < ue , tf-_( bp:t : u( < ue * 'tu , t(f-
3- C^al rk `^jml sb`qlof^i qofafjbkpflk^i
b't+u+ v( < N't+u+ v(e * O't+u+ v(f * P't+u+ v(g+
bk bi nrb i^p abofs^a^p m^o`f^ibp
•n on kO kO kP a|
ku + kv& ‡t % : +kt& ku +
plk `lkqfkr^p bk rk `lkgrkql ^_fboql Q- Rf bbp bi do^afbkqb ab rk^ `fboq^ crk`fŽk ml,qbk`f^i :l* abjlpqo^o nrb
an kO%3%ku kt&
kN kP kO kP
z < ku%3%
‡v kt%
bk `^a^ mrkql ab R-4- Dk `^a^ rkl ab ilp pfdrfbkqbp `^jmlp sb`qlof^ibp+ ^mif`^o bi obpriq^al abi bgbo`f`fl 3
m^o^ abjlpqo^o nrb b jk bp rk do^afbkqb- G^ii^o pbdrfa^jbkqb rk `^jfkl `boo^al bq^i nrb ba by N-^( b't+u+ v( < ue * tf * tg-_( b't+ u+ v( < tue * 't1 * i(g * v1g-
5- Tk `^jml ab crbow^p b bpqŠ abcfkfal bk bi bpm^`fl ab qobp afjbkpflkbp mlo i^ b`r^`fŽk
b't+ u+v( < u e * vf * uvg -
^( Cbqbojfk^o pf b bp l kl `lkpbos^qfsl-_( B^i`ri^o bi qo^_^gl ob^ifw^al ^i jlsbo rk^ m^oqŒ`ri^ ^ il i^odl ab i^ `ros^ abb`r^`fŽk
]-'p( < `lp pe * oapepf * a&g9
`r^kal p s^oŒ^ ab N ^ ’’’-
Ch lneian paknai] bqj`]iajp]h `ah _…h_qhkl]n] ejpacn]hao `a h‡ja] 300
6- Tk `^jml ab crbow^p _fafjbkpflk^i D qfbkb mlo b`r^`fŽk
D&t*u' < &t * u'e * &t + u'f,
^( Cbjlpqo^o nrb bi qo^_^gl ob^ifw^al mlo bp^ crbow^ ^i jlsbo rk^ m^oqŒ`ri^pfdrfbkali^ `ros^
]&p' < b'p(e * c'p(f + ] R p R ^ +
abmbkab •kf`^jbkqb ab G&]'* G&^'* c&]'* c&^',_( G^ii^o bi qo^_^gl ob^ifw^al `r^kal G&]' < 0+ G&^' < 1+ c&]' < 2+ c&^' < 3-
7- Tk `^jml ab crbow^p sfbkb a^al bk `lloabk^a^p mli^obp mlo i^ b`r^`fŽk
D'n+M( < ,3 pbk M e * 3 pbk Mfk
B^i`ri^o bi qo^_^gl bcb`qr^al ^i jlsbo rk^ m^oqŒ`ri^abpab bi mrkql '0+ N( ^i lofdbk pf,drfbkal i^ bpmfo^i `rv^ b`r^`fŽk mli^o bp n < ar9
8- Tk `^jml ab crbow^p o^af^i l ~`bkqo^iƒ D bk bi mi^kl mrbab bumobp^opb bk i^ cloj^D&t* u' < b'n(+ bk alkab+ < te * ue v n < 00&00- Cbjlpqo^o nrb rk q^i `^jml ab crbo,w^p bp `lkpbos^qfsl-
0/- G^ii^o bi qo^_^gl ob^ifw^al mlo i^ bqanv]D&t*u' < &1u1 * 0'e * /4tf ^i jlsbo rk^ m^o,qŒ`ri^ abpab ',0+/( ^ '0+/( pfdrfbkal i^ jfq^a prmboflo ab i^ bifmpb ^&t&* u&< ^&+„Pr‹ bifmpb 'bp ab`fo+ nr‹ s^ilo ab ^' e^`b jŒkfjl bi qo^_^gl>
)('), 8U Y[RVN[ ]NX[NVJ O^WMJVNW]JUMNULjUL^UXYJ[J RW]NP[JUN\MNUlWNJ
Dk i^ pb``fŽk 0/-00 pb buqbkafŽ bi pbdrkal qblobj^ crka^jbkq^i abi `Ši`ril^ i^p fkqbdo^ibp ab iŒkb^-Dk bpq^ pb``fŽk pb buqfbkab bi mofjbo qblobj^ crka^jbk,q^i- Qb`loabjlp nrb ‹pqb bpq^_ib`b nrb qla^ fkqbdo^i fkabcfkfa^ ab rk^ crk`fŽk`lkqfkr^ b qfbkb rk^ abofs^a^ fdr^i ^ b, Dpql bp+ pf
&w&t'< 'V b'h( `p +Œ]
bk ilp mrkqlp ab `lkqfkrfa^a ab b qbkbjlp
al&'t( < b't( -
O^o^ buqbkabo bpqb qblobj^ ^ i^p fkqbdo^ibp ab iŒkb^`ljbkw^jlp `lk rk `^j,ml sb`qlof^i b+ `lkqfkrl bk rk `lkgrkql `lkbul ^_fboql R+ v il fkqbdo^jlp ^ ili^odl ab rk^ `ros^ obdri^o ^ qolwlp b bkqob rk mrkql cfgl ] ab R ^ rk mrkql
301 0jpacn]hao`a h‡ja]
`r^inrfbo^ t- Cbpfdkbjlp bkqlk`bp `lk Ab bi `^jml bp`^i^o abcfkfal mlo i^ fkqb,do^i ab iŒkb^
m8&t'< G8n `] *
bk alkab ^- bp i^ crk`fŽk nrb lofdfk^ B- Orbpql nrb Q bp `lkbul+ `^a^ mrkql t abQ mrbab pbo ^i`^kw^al mlo rk^ q^i `ros^- O^o^ nrb bpq^ abcfkf`fŽk ab Ab &t' `^obw`^ab ^j_fd•ba^a+ kb`bpfq^jlp p^_bo nrb i^ fkqbdo^i abmbkab •kf`^jbkqb ab t v
kl abi `^jfkl rqfifw^al m^o^ rkfo ] `lk t, Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb+ bp k^qro^i bufdfo nrbi^ fkqbdo^i ab iŒkb^ab bpb^ fkabmbkafbkqb abi `^jfkl bk Q, Dk bp^p `lkaf`flkbpi^ buqbkpfŽk abi mofjbo qblobj^ crka^jbkq^i qlj^ i^ cloj^ pfdrfbkqb9
SDNQDL@ 0/-3- OQHLDQ SDNQDL@ ETMC@LDMS@K O@Q@ HMSDFQ@KDR CD
K‡MD@- Qa]b qj _]ilk ra_pkne]h_kjpejqk aj qj _kjfqjpk _kjatk ]^eanpk Q `aQ!+ Woqlkjc]iko mqa h] ejpacn]h`a h‡ja] `a bao ej`alaj`eajpa `ah _]iejk aj Q-Qa] ] qj lqjpk befk`a Qu `abej]iko qj _]ilk ao_]h]nAb aj Q ia`e]jpa h] a_q]_e‰j
&b&V' < zt n`] +(I
aj `kj`a ^- ao qj _]iejk nacqh]n] pnkvko`a Q mqa qja ] _kj t- Cteopaajpkj_aoah cn]`eajpa `a nl u ao ecq]h ] b: ao `a_en
vl nl&t' < b&t' l]n] pk`k t `a Q-
Baikopn]_e‰j- Cbjlpqo^objlp nrb i^ abofs^a^ m^o`f^i Bg&b&t' bufpqb v bpfdr^i ^ d&V'* `ljmlkbkqb h,‹pfj^ ab b't( +m^o^ `^a^ g < ($ 1+ --- +j v `^a^t ab Q-
Rb^ @pt 9n' rk^ k,bpcbo^ `lk `bkqol bk t v o^afl n `lkqbkfa^ bk Q- Rf u bprk sb`qlo rkfq^ofl+ bi mrkql t * du q^j_f‹k bpqŠ `lkqbkfal bk Q m^o^ qlal d ob^inrb p^qfpc^d^ i^ `lkaf`fŽk N ; Gdh ; n+ v mlabjlp cloj^o bi `l`fbkqb ab afcb,obk`f^p
nl&t * du' + m8&t'
d
Dk sfoqra ab i^ molmfba^a ^afqfs^ ab i^p fkqbdo^ibp ab iŒkb^+bi krjbo^alo ab bpb`l`fbkqb mrbab bp`of_fopb bk i^ cloj^
nl&t * du' + &w&t'< p+ +x%ub• ] *
v bi `^jfkl nrb rkb t `lk t * du mrbab pbo `r^inrfbo `^jfkl obdri^o ^ qolwlp
Akj`e_ekjao l]n] mqa qj _]ilk ra_pkne]h oa] qj cn]`eajpa 302
`lkqbkfal bk Q- Dk m^oqf`ri^o+ mlabjlp bjmib^o bi pbdjbkql ab ob`q^ obmobpbk,
q^al mlo
]'p( < t * pdu+ bk alkab N999::p 999::0-
Orbpql nrb ]&'p( < du bi `l`fbkqb ab afcbobk`f^p qlj^ i^ cloj^
&h.,2' _l't * du( , _l't( < 'hb't * pdu( - W`p -d >V
Sljbjlp ^elo^ u < ag
+ bi h,‹pfjl sb`qlo `lloabk^al rkfa^a+ v l_pbosbjlp nrbbi fkqbdo^kal pb qo^kpcloj^ bk b't * pdu( - W < bg't * pdag(- G^d^jlp irbdl bi`^j_fl ab s^of^_ib q < dp+ q < d`p+X bp`of_^jlp '0/-3( bk i^ cloj^
'0/-4(
bk alkab d bp i^ crk`fŽk abcfkfa^ bk rk fkqbos^il ^_fboql ', n* n' mlo i^ b`r^`fŽk
c'p( < bbg'V * qag( `q -’ l
Bljl `^a^ `ljmlkbkqb b,bp `lkqfkr^ bk Q+bi mofjbo qblobj^ crka^jbkq^i m^o^fkqbdo^ibp loafk^of^p klp af`b nrb bufpqb c&'p( m^o^ `^a^ p bk ', n+o( v nrb
Dk m^oqf`ri^o+ c%&.'< bg'V(- Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb+ pf bk '0/-4( e^`bjlp nrb d y N+-
bk`lkqo^jlp nrb
0+ _l't * da‹,' + m:'t( \ if c&d' + d'N( ] &'N( ] b& '0j , 0j , d , I g V ,
00,/ d 00,/ d
Dpql abjrbpqo^ nrb i^ abofs^a^ m^o`f^i Bgm9:'t( bufpqb v bp fdr^i ]bg't(+ `ljl nrb,
oŒ^jlp abjlpqo^o-
0/-04 Blkaf`flkbp kb`bp^of^pv prcf`fbkqbpm^o^nrb rk `^jml sb`qlof^i pb^ rkdo^afbkqb
Klp qblobj^p crka^jbkq^ibp mofjbol v pbdrkal m^o^ fkqbdo^ibp ab iŒkb^ klpaf`bk nrb rk^ `lkaf`fŽk kb`bp^of^ v prcf`fbkqb m^o^ nrb rk `^jml sb`qlof^i pb^
,H{,H Gjpacn]hao `a h‡ja]
rk do^afbkqb bk rk `lkgrkql `lkbul ^_fboql bp nrb pr fkqbdo^i ab iŒkb^bkqob alpmrkqlp `r^ibpnrfbo^ pb^ fkabmbkafbkqb abi `^jfkl- Cbjlpqo^objlp ^elo^ nrb bp^`lkaf`fŽk bnrfs^ib ^ ^cfoj^o nrb i^ fkqbdo^i ab iŒkb^+^ il i^odl ab `r^inrfbo`^jfkl _ann]`k obdri^o ^ qolwlp+ bp kri^- Sla^p bp^p `lkaf`flkbp bpqŠk obprjfa^pbk bi pfdrfbkqb qblobj^-
SDNQDL@ 0/-4- BNMCHBHNMDR MDBDR@QH@R X RTEHBHDMSDR O@Q@ PTD TM B@L,
ON UDBSNQH@K RD@ TM FQ@CHDMSD- Rf b ao qj _]ilk ra_pkne]h _kjpejqk aj qj_kjfqjpk _kjatk ]^eanpk R `a Q!+ ajpkj_ao okj amqer]hajpao h]o pnao ]beni]_ekjaooecqeajpao9
^( hao cn]`eajpa `a qj] _eanp] bqj_e‰j lkpaj_e]h aj R-_( J] ejpacn]h `a h‡ja] `a bao ej`alaj`eajpa `ah _]iejk aj R-b( J] ejpacn]h `a h‡ja] `a b]hna`a`kn `a pk`k _]iejk _ann]`k nacqh]n ] pnk,
vko _kjpaje`k aj R ao jqh]-
Baiko.n]_e‰j- Cbjlpqo^objlp nrb _( fjmif`^ ^(+ ^( fjmif`^ b(+ v b( fj,mif`^ _(- K^ ^cfoj^`fŽk _( fjmif`^ ^( bk sfoqra abi mofjbo qblobj^ crka^jbkq^i-Di pbdrkal qblobj^ crka^jbkq^i mlkb ab j^kfcfbpql nrb ^( fjmif`^ b(-
O^o^ `ljmibq^o i^ abjlpqo^`fŽk mol_bjlp nrb b( fjmif`^ _(- Rrmlkd^jlpnrb pb `rjmib b( v pb^k b v Bb alp `ros^p obdri^obp ^ qolwlp `r^ibpnrfbo^ bk R`lk ilp jfpjlp buqobjlp- Rb^ i^ `ros^ B0 i^ doŠcf`^ ab rk^ crk`fŽk `u abcfkfa^bk rk fkqbos^il Y]* ^ I+ v Bb i^ doŠcf`^ rk^ crk`fŽk x2 abcfkfa^ bk Y_* `[,
Cbcfk^jlp rk^ krbs^ crk`fŽk v abi jlal pfdrfbkqb9
'
`u' p(v'q(<
&1&^* ` + p(
pf ] y p y ^+
pf ^ y p y ^ * ` , _-
Dkqlk`bp v abp`of_b rk^ `ros^ `boo^a^ B q^i nrb
c b•u < o n `] , n+n `&1,a - a+ - B1
Orbpql nrb bk sfoqra ab b( fab& `u < N+ qbkbjlp QaH&`] < Qa& &&1* mlo 0/nrb i^ fkqbdo^i ab b bp fkabmbkafbkqb abi `^jfkl- Dpql abjrbpqo^& _(- @pŒmrbp+^(+ _( v b( plk bnrfs^ibkqbp-
M^oanr]_e‰j9 Rf "a by Nm^o^ rk^ abqbojfk^a^ `ros^- `boo^a^ b+ bkqlk`bpbjk ao rk do^afbkqb- Ml l_pq^kqb+ pf rk^ fkqbdo^i ab iŒkb^g--bbp `bol m^o^ rk^`fboq^ `ros^ `boo^a^ b l fk`irpl m^o^ fkcfkfq^p `ros^p `boo^a^p+ kl pb abar`b kb`blp^of^jbkqb nrb bao rk do^afbkqb- Olo bgbjmil+ bi ib`qlo mrbab `ljmol_^o cŠ`fijbkqbnrb i^ fkqbdo^i ab iŒkb^+abi `^jml sb`qlof^i bpt+u' < te * tuf bp `bol m^o^qlal`Œo`ril `lk `bkqol bk bi lofdbk- Ml l_pq^kqb+ bpqb `^jml sb`qlof^i kl bp rk do^afbkqb-
Akj`e_ekjao l]n] mqa qj _]ilk ra_pkne]h oa] qj cn]`eajpa 304
0/-05 Blkaf`flkbp kb`bp^of^pm^o^nrb rk `^jml sb`qlof^i pb^ rk do^afbkqb
Di mofjbo qblobj^ crka^jbkq^i mrbab rqfifw^opb m^o^ abqbojfk^o pf rk `^jmlsb`qlof^i a^al bp l kl rk do^afbkqb bk rk `lkgrkql `lkbul ^_fboql R- Rf i^ fkqb,do^i ab iŒkb^ ab b bp fkabmbkafbkqb abi `^jfkl bk R+ abcfkfjlp pbk`fii^jbkqb rk`^jml bp`^i^o m fkqbdo^kal b abpab rk mrkql cfgl ^ rk mrkql t `r^inrfbo^ ab Rpfdrfbkal rk `^jfkl ^ab`r^al bk R- B^i`ri^jlp bkqlk`bp i^p abofs^a^p m^o`f^,ibp ab &l v `ljm^o^jlp Bg'wH `lk fg+ g+…oeik `ljmlkbkqb ab b,Rf Bg'h& &t' < Hy&t'm^o^ qlal t ab R v qlal g+bkqlk`bp bbp rk do^afbkqb bk R v &/ bp rk mlqbk`f^i-Rf Bg&l&t' y Hy&t' m^o^ ^id•k g v rk `fboql t* bkqlk`bp b jk bp rk do^afbkqb bk R-
Di qblobj^ pfdrfbkqb a^ lqol `ofqbofl m^o^ abqbojfk^o `r^kal rk `^jml sb`,qlof^i b jk bp rk do^afbkqb- Dpqb`ofqbofl bp jrv •qfi bk i^ moŠ`qf`^ mlonrb kl bufdbfkqbdo^`fŽk ^idrk^-
SDNQDL@ 0/-5- BNMCHBHNMDR MDBDR@QH@R O@Q@ NTD TM B@LON UDBSNQH@K
RD@ TM FQ@CHDMSD- Rfb< '.0+ --- +f**' ao qj _]ilk ra_pkne]h `eeanaj_e]^ha _kj_kjpejqe`]` aj qj _kjfqjpk ]^eanpk R `a Q!+ v pfbao qj cn]`eajpa aj R+ajpkj_aoh]o `aner]`]o l]n_e]hao `a hko _kilkjajpao `a b aop…j hec]`ko lkn h]o a_q]_ekjao
'0/-5(
l]n] e+f < 0+1+--- +j v pk`k t `a R-Baikopn]_e‰j- Rf bbp rk do^afbkqb+ b< Unl m^o^ rk^ `fboq^ crk`fŽk ml,
qbk`f^i &l, Dpql pfdkfcf`^ nrb
m^o^ `^a^ f < 0+ 1+ --- +j- Cbofs^kal ^j_lp jfbj_olp ab bpq^ fdr^ia^a obpmb`ql
^ tz bk`lkqo^jlp
Cbi jfpjl jlal+ qbkbjlp
B`&e < B:Benl•
Orbpql nrb i^p abofs^a^p m^o`f^ibp B:bz v Bzbz plk `lkqfkr^p bk 4+ i^p alp abofs^,a^p m^o`f^ibp jfuq^p BeBznlu BzBznl ab_bk pbo fdr^ibp bk R- Dpql abjrbpqo^ '0/-5(-
DIDLOKN 0- Cbqbojfk^o pf bi `^jml sb`qlof^i
bp l kl rk do^afbkqb bk ^id•k pr_`lkgrkql ^_fboql ab Q1’
305 Gjpacn]hao a h‡ja]
Qkhq_e‰j- Sbkbjlp ^nrŒ
K^p abofs^a^p m^o`f^ibpB1bhv B`1 sfbkbk a^a^p mlo
Orbpql nrb B1Kt+ u' " B*b1'V+ u' bu`bmql `r^kal t < N l u < 0+ bpqb`^jmlsb`qlof^i kl bp rk do^afbkqb bk kfkd•k pr_`lkgrkql ^_fboql ab Q1’
Di bgbjmil nrb pfdrb mlkb ab j^kfcfbpql nrb i^p `lkaf`flkbp abi qblobj^0/-5 kl pfbjmob plk prcf`fbkqbp m^o^ nrb rk `^jml sb`qlof^i pb^ rk do^afbkqb-
DIDLOKN 1- Rb^ Q bi `lkgrkql ab qlalp ilp mrkqlp &t* u' " 'N+ N( bk Q1+ v
pb^bbi `^jml sb`qlof^i abcfkfal bk Q mlo i^ b`r^`fŽk
b'(,u- t-
t+ u < 1 1 0 * 1 10-t*u t*u
Cbjlpqo^o nrb B`1 < B1b* bk qlal bi `lkgrkql Q mbol nrb+ pfk bj_^odl+ bklbp rk do^afbkqbbk Q-
Qkhq_e‰j- Dp cŠ`fi `ljmol_^o nrb C+Lu+ u' < B1Kt+ u' m^o^ qlal mrkql&t* u' ab R- 'U‹^pb bgbo`f`fl 06 ab i^ pb``fŽk 0/-07-(
O^o^ abjlpqo^o nrb bkl bp rk do^afbkqbbk R `^i`ri^jlp i^ fkqbdo^iab iŒkb^ab b ^ il i^odl ab i^ `fo`rkcbobk`f^ rkfa^a a^a^ mlo
ah'p( < `lp pe * oajpf+ M99::p 889916S-
N_qbkbjlp
+' '100 '100
gb• `ah < Il bYah'p([• ah&'p(p < Il 'pbk! p * `lp! p( `p < 16S-
Orbpql nrb •i^ fkqbdo^iab iŒkb^ il i^odl ab bpb `^jfkl `boo^al kl bp `bol+b klbp rk do^afbkqbbk R- Dk bi bgbo`f`fl 07 ab i^ pb``fŽk 0/-07 pb afp`rqbk lqo^p mol,mfba^abp ab bpb `^jml sb`qlof^i-
@i cfk^i ab bpqb`^mŒqrilabjlpqo^objlp nrb i^p `lkaf`flkbp kb`bp^of^p abiqblobj^ 0/-5 plk q^j_f‹k prcf`fbkqbp pf pb `rjmibk bk rk `lkgrkql _kjratk^_fboql- 'U‹^pb bi qblobj^ 0/-8-(
K†pk`ko aola_e]hao l]n] _kjopnqen bqj_ekjao lkpaj_e]hao 306
)(')/ ?k]XMX\N\YNLRJUN\YJ[J LXW\][^R[O^WLRXWN\YX]NWLRJUN\
Di mofjbo qblobj^ crka^jbkq^i m^o^ i^p fkqbdo^ibp ab iŒkb^ klp molmlo,`flk^ q^j_f‹k rk j‹qlal m^o^ `lkpqorfo crk`flkbp mlqbk`f^ibp- Rf bbp rk do^,afbkqb `lkqfkrl bk rk `lkgrkql `lkbul ^_fboql 4+ i^ fkqbdo^i ab iŒkb^ ab b bpfkabmbkafbkqb abi `^jfkl bk 4- Olo il q^kql mlabjlp bk`lkqo^o rk mlqbk`f^i bkQ- Olo il q^kql mlabjlp bk`lkqo^o rk mlqbk`f^i _l fkqbdo^kal b abpab rk mrkqlcfgl ] e^pq^ rk mrkql `r^inrfbo^ t ab Q+pfdrfbkal rk `^jfkl obdri^o ^ qolwlppfqr^al bk Q- Di `^jml bp`^i^o nrb ^pŒpb l_qfbkb abmbkab ab i^ bib``fŽk abi mrkqlfkf`f^i ]- Rf bjmbw^jlp bk lqol mrkql fkf`f^i ;% l_qbkbjlp rk krbsl mlqbk`f^i b•Obol+ bk sfoqra ab i^ molmfba^a ^afqfs^ ab i^p fkqbdo^ibp ab iŒkb^+'Ye v b mrbabkafcbofo •kf`^jbkqb bk rk^ `lkpq^kqb+ pfbkal ‹pq^ i^ fkqbdo^i ab bbkqob ] v ^,
Klp bgbjmilp nrb pfdrbk firpqo^k bi bjmibl ab afpqfkqlp `^jfklp ab fkqb,
do^`fŽk-
&], u' 'u+u'o,,,,,,,,,,,,,,H
f HHH
&], ^' 'u- ^'
EHFTQ@ 0/-4 Bko _]iejko lkheckj]hao mqa qjaj &], ^' _kj &t* u',
DIDLOKN )' Akjopnq__e‰j `a qj lkpaj_e]h aj qj na_p…jcqhk ]^eanpk- Rf baork do^afbkqb `lkqfkrl bk rk ob`qŠkdril ^_fboql ab Q!+ mrbab `lkpqorfopb rk ml,qbk`f^i fkqbdo^kal bkqob rk mrkql cfgl v rk mrkql ^o_fqo^ofl pfdrfbkal rk `^jfklcloj^al mlo pbdjbkqlp ob`qfiŒkblp m^o^ibilp ^ ilp bgbp `lloabk^alp- Dk i^ cfdro^0/-4+ pb obmobpbkq^ rk bgbjmil bk alp afjbkpflkbp- Olabjlp fkqbdo^o mofjbolabpab &]* ^' e^pq^ &t* ^' ^ il i^odl ab rk pbdjbkql elofwlkq^i v irbdl abpab &t* ^'e^pq^ &t* u' pfdrfbkal rk pbdjbkql sboqf`^i- @ il i^odl abi pbdjbkql elofwlkq^ibjmib^jlp i^ obmobpbkq^`fŽk m^o^j‹qof`^
]'p( < pe* ^f+
307 . jpacn]hao `a h‡ja]
v ^ il i^odl abi sboqf`^i bjmib^jlp bpq^ lqo^
^'o( < te * pf+ ^ypyu-
Rf bet+ u' <p*'t+ u'e * z:'t+ u'f * i^ cŽojri^ nrb obpriq^ m^o^ rk mlqbk`f^inl&t* u' bp
'0/-6( nl't+ u( <qbh'p+^( `p * H8b1'V+p( `p-
OlaoŒ^jlp ^pfjfpjl fkqbdo^o mofjbol abpab &]* ^' e^pq^ &]* u' pfdrfbkal rkpbdjbkql sboqf`^i v irbdl abpab &]* u' e^pq^ &t* u' ^ il i^odl ab rk pbdjbkql el,ofwlkq^i `ljl pb fkaf`^ `lk ob`q^p mrkqb^a^p bk i^ cfdro^ 0/-4- Dpql klp a^ lqo^cŽojri^ m^o^ _l&t* u'*
' 0/-7( _l't+ u( < H8b1']+ p( `p * qbh'p+u( `p -
@j_^p c5ojri^p '0/-6( v '0/-7( klp a^k bi jfpjl s^ilo m^o^ nl&t* u' ab_fal^ nrb i^ fkqbdo^i ab iŒkb^ ab rk do^afbkqb bp fkabmbkafbkqb abi `^jfkl-
DIDLOKN 1- Akjopnq__e‰j `a qj] bqj_e‰j lkpaj_e]h qpehev]j`k ejpacn]haoej`abeje`]o- Di rpl ab fkqbdo^ibp fkabcfkfa^p klp pfjmifcf`^k ^ jbkral bi `Ši`rilab crk`flkbp mlqbk`f^ibp- Olo bgbjmil+ prmlkd^jlp nrb rk `^jml sb`qlof^i qof-afjbkpflk^i / < '.++e++b2( bp bi do^afbkqb ab rk^ crk`fŽk mlqbk`f^i _l bk rk `lk-grkql ^_fboql R ab Q2
’ Sbkbjlp bkqlk`bp
]_l+;bh*I_
]_l \ 09, 2]v
bk qlal bi `lkgrkql R- Djmib^kal fkqbdo^ibp fkabcfkfa^p b fkqbdo^kal i^ mofjbo^ab bp^p b`r^`flkbp obpmb`ql ^ t 'j^kqbkfbkal w b u `lkpq^kqbp( bk`lkqo^jlp
_l't+ u+w( < Hbh'V+u+w( `t * ?'u+ v(+
bk alkab ?&u* w( bp rk^ ~`lkpq^kqb ab fkqbdo^`fŽkƒ nrb e^v nrb abqbojfk^o- @kŠ,ild^jbkqb+ pf fkqbdo^jlp i^ b`r^`fŽk ]_l.]v < 02 obpmb`ql ^ v v ^ i^ b`r^`fŽk]&n- ]u < 01 obpmb`ql ^ w l_qbkbjlp i^p obi^`flkbp
_l't+ u+w( < Hb1'V+u+w( `u * @'t+ w(
_l't+ u+w( < Hbet+ u+w( `v * A't+ u(+
K†pk`ko aola_e]haol]n] _kjopnqen bqj_ekjao lkpaj_e]hao 308
bk i^p nrb @'t+ w( v A't+ u' plk crk`flkbp nrb qfbkbk nrb abqbojfk^opb- Dk`lk,qo^o opfdkfcf`^ bk`lkqo^o qobp crk`flkbp ?&u* w(+@'t+ w(+v A't+ u' q^ibp nrb i^pqobp b`r^`flkbp l_qbkfa^p m^o^ nl&t* u+ w( qbkd^k prp pbdrkalp jfbj_olp `lfk`f,abkqb- Dk jr`elp `^plp bpl mrbab `lkpbdrfopb ^ pfjmib sfpq^+ `ljl bi pfdrfbkqbbgbjmil jrbpqo^-
DIDLOKN 2- Dk`lkqo^o rk^ crk`fŽk mlqbk`f^i om^o^ bi `^jml sb`qlof^iabcfkfal bk Q2 mlo i^ b`r^`fŽk
b't+u+ w( < '1tuv * Y1 , 1u1 * h(e * 't1v , 3tu(f * 't1u * 1tv , 1(g-
Qkhq_e‰j- Rfk `lkl`bo ab ^kqbj^kl pf bqfbkb l kl crk`fŽk mlqbk`f^i pl+ fk,qbkq^jlp `lkpqorfo rk mlqbk`f^i `ljl pb fkaf`Ž bk bi bgbo`f`fl 1+ prmlkfbkal nrbq^i mlqbk`f^i obufpq^-
Hkqbdo^kal bi `ljmlkbkqb p*obpmb`ql ^ t bk`lkqo^jlp
mH't+u+w( < b '1tuv * Y1 , 1u1 * 0( `t * ?'u+ w( < t1uv * tv
1
, 1tu0 * t * ?'u+v(-
Hkqbdo^kal .1 obpmb`ql ^ u+v irbdl e+obpmb`ql ^ v+bk`lkqo^jlp
n't+ u+w( < b 't1v , 3tu( `u * @'t+ w( < t1uv , 1tu1 * @'t+ v(+
n't+ u+w( < b 't1u * 1tv , 1( `v * A't+ u( < t1uv * tv1, 1w * A't+ u(-
cŠ`fijbkqb pb sb nrb bifdfbkal ?&u* w( < , 1w+ @'t+w( < tv1 * t , 1w vA't+ u' < t , 1te `lfk`fabk i^p qobp b`r^`flkbp: irbdl i^ crk`fŽk o a^a^ mlo i^
b`r^`fŽk
Gl't+u+ w( < t1uv * tv1, 1tu1 * t , 1w
bp rk mlqbk`f^i m^o^bbk Q2’
DIDLOKN 3- Akjopnq__e‰j `a qj lkpaj_e]h aj qj _kjfqjpk _kjratk- Tk`lkgrkql R ab Q! pb ii^j^ _kjratk pf qlal m^o ab mrkqlp ab R mrbab rkfopb `lkrk pbdjbkql ob`qfiŒkbl+`rvlp mrkqlp mboqbkb`bk qlalp ^ R- Dk i^ cfdro^ 0/-5 pbobmobpbkq^rk bgbjmil- Slal `lkgrkql `lksbul ^_fboql bp `lkbul-
Rf b bp rk do^afbkqb bk rk `lkgrkql `lksbul ^_fboql+ mrbab bkqlk`bp `lkp,qorfopb rk mlqbk`f^i o fkqbdo^kal b bkqob rk mrkql cfgl ] ab R e^pq^ rk mrkql
/-+ Gjpacn]hao a h‡ja]
`r^inrfbo^ t pfdrfbkal rk pbdjbkql ab ob`q^ nrb ilp rk^- S^i pbdjbkql mrbabobmobpbkq^opbm^o^j‹qof`^jbkqb mlo i^ crk`fŽk
buxq( < ] * p't , ](+ bk alkab N z p y 0 -
†pq^ klp a^ Na!'p( < t , ]+ ^pŒnrb bi mlqbk`f^i `loobpmlkafbkqb sfbkb a^al mloi^ fkqbdo^i
'0/-8( m9't( < AG'] * p't , ]•• 't , ]( `p-’ l
Blksbul Ml `lksbul
EHFTQ@ 0/-5 Cj qj _kjfqjpk _kjratk R+ah oaciajpk mqa qja ] _kj ^ aop…_kjpaje`k aj R_q]haomqean]mqa oa]j ] u ^ `a R-
Rf R `lkqfbkb bi lofdbk mlabjlp `lkpfabo^o ] < N X bp`of_fo '0/-8( bk i^cloj^ jŠp pbk`fii^
&/.,/.' zl't( < b.'pt( - t `p ,
)(')0 8SN[LRLRX\
Dk `^a^ rkl ab ilp bgbo`f`flp abi 0 ^i 01+ bpqŠ abcfkfal rk `^jml sb`qlof^i bmlo i^pcŽojri^p nrb pb a^k- Dk `^a^ `^pl abqbojfk^o pf bbp l kl bi do^afbkqb ab rk `^jml bp`^i^o-Br^kal b pb^ rk do^afbkqb+ e^ii^o i^ `loobpmlkafbkqb crk`fŽk mlqbk`f^i :l,
0- z't+ u' < te * uh,1- b't+u( < 2t1ue * Vhf-2- b't+u( < '1taW * u(e * 't1aW * t , 1u(f-3- b't+u( < 'oaju , uoajt * t(e * '`lpu * u`lpv * u(f-4- b't+u( < Yoaj-'tu( * tu_ko'tu([e * u1`lp 'tu(f-5- b't+u+v( < te * uf * vg-6- b't+ u+v( < 't * v(e , &u * v(f * 't , u(g-
Cfan_e_eko 310
7- b't+ u+ v( < 1tu2: * t1v2f * 2t1uv1g+
8- b't+ u+ v( < 2u2v1: * 3t1v1f , 2t1u1g-0/- b't+ u+ w( < '1t1 * 7tu1(: * '2t1u , 2tu(f , '3u1X1 * 1t1v(g-
00- b't+ u+ v( < 'u1 `lp t * X2(: , '3 , 1u pbku(g * '2tv1 * 1(g-
01- b't+u+ v( < '3tu , 2V1v1 * 0(: * 1't1 * 0(f , '1t1v * 2v1(g-
02- Tk cirfal pb abpmi^w^ bk bi mi^kl tu ab jbal nrb `^a^ m^oqŒ`ri^ pb jrbsb bk iŒkb^ob`q^ abpab b lofdbk- Rf rk^ m^oqŒ`ri^bpqŠ ^ i^ afpq^k`f^ n ab lofdbk pr sbil`fa^a bp]n!+ bk alkab ] v j plk `lkpq^kqbp-^( Cbqbojfk^o ilp s^ilobp ab ] v j m^o^ ilp `r^ibp bi `^jml sb`qlof^i sbil`fa^a bp b do^afbkqb ab rk `fboql `^jml bp`^i^o-_( Dk`lkqo^o rk^ crk`fŽk mlqbk`f^i ab i^ sbil`fa^a pfbjmob nrb ‹pq^ pb^ rk do^lafbkqb- Di `^pl j < ,0 ab_b qo^q^opbpbm^o^a^jbkqb-
03- Rf om X -{: plk crk`flkbp mlqbk`f^ibp m^o^ rk `^jml sb`qlof^i `lkqfkrl bbk rk `lkgrkql`lkbul ^_fboql R ab Q!+ abjlpqo^o nrb om , -{: bp `lkpq^kqb bk R-
04- Rb^ R bi `lkgrkql ab qlalp ilp mrkqlp t ,{‹ M ab Q!- Olkd^jlp n < Hiuiiv pb^ bbi `^jmlsb`qlof^i abcfkfal bk R mlo i^ b`r^`fŽk
b't( < nnt +
pfbkal l rk^ `lkpq^kqb ob^i- G^ii^o rk^ crk`fŽk mlqbk`f^i m^o^ bbk R- Di `^pl l < ,1ab_b qo^q^opb pbm^o^a^jbkqb-
05- Qbplisbo bi bgbo`f`fl 04 m^o^ bi `^jml sb`qlof^i abcfkfal mlo i^ b`r^`fŽk
c%&n'b&t';+t
n &
pfbkal d rk^ crk`fŽk ob^i `lk abofs^a^ `lkqfkr^ bk qlal Q0’
Klp bgbo`f`flp nrb pfdrbk pb obcfbobk ^i `^jml sb`qlof^i babcfkfal bk bi `lkgrkql R abqlalp ilp mrkqlp &t* v( !! 'N+ N( bk Q&mlo i^ b`r^`fŽk
b'(W- t -
t+u ;+++/)++'t1 * u1 t1 * u1 -
Dk bi bgbjmil 1 ab i^ pb``fŽk 0/-5 pb abjlpqoŽ nrb b kl bp rk do^afbkqb bk R+ ^rknrbB*b*< C&.i bk qlal R-
06- Bljmol_^o nrb m^o^ qlal mrkql 'u+ v( ab R qbkbjlp
07- Dpqb bgbo`f`fl jrbpqo^ nrb bao rk do^afbkqb bk bi `lkgrkql
R<P1\w'V+u(fu<M+ t99::Mx+
311 Gjpacn]hao `a h‡ja]
nrb `lkpq^ ab qlalp ilp mrkqlp abi mi^kl tu bu`bmql ilp abi bgb t kl mlpfqfsl-^( Rf &t* u' D R* bumobp^o t b v bk `lloabk^a^p mli^obp
t < nako &H* u < noaj M*
bk alkab n € N v ,&en ; 8 ; &en-Cbjlpqo^o nrb 8 sfbkb a^a^ mlo i^p cŽojri^p
^obq^k h pf t= M+t0R
&H; pf t ;.*1
Wpf t ;M-^obq^k , * 0R
t
ZQb`r‹oabpb i^ abcfkf`fŽk ab i^ crk`fŽk ^o`l q^kdbkqb9 O^o^ `r^inrfbo s^ilo ob^i p+^ob q^k p bp bi k•jbol ob^i •kf`l nrb p^qfpc^`b i^p alp `lkaf`flkbp q^k _l < p X,&en.1 ; _l ; 6R.1-[_( Cbar`fo nrb
oa u]t + t1 * u1&
]&H t
]u < t1 * v1
m^o^ qlal &t* v( bk R, Dpql abjrbpqo^ nrb 8 bp rk^ crk`fŽk mlqbk`f^i m^o^ b bk bi`lkgrkql R,
Dpqb bgbo`f`fl e^`b sbo nrb i^ bufpqbk`f^ ab rk^ crk`fŽk mlqbk`f^i abmbkab kl pŽilabi `^jml sb`qlof^i b pfkl q^j_f‹k abi `lkgrkql bk bi nrb bpqŠ abcfkfal bi `^jmlsb`qlof^i-
)(')1 4YURLJLRXWN\J UJ\NL^JLRXWN\MRON[NWLRJUN\NaJL]J\MNY[RVN[X[MNW
@idrk^p b`r^`flkbp afcbobk`f^ibp ab mofjbo loabk mrbabk obplisbopb mlo jb-afl ab crk`flkbp mlqbk`f^i- Rrmlkd^jlp nrb qbkbjlp rk^ b`r^`fŽk afcbobk`f^iab i^ cloj^
u& <b't+u(-
Rf jriqfmif`^jlp ^j_lp jfbj_olp mlo rk c^`qlo kl kril O&t* u' qo^kpcloj^jlpbpq^ b`r^`fŽk bk lqo^ ab i^ cloj^ O&t* u'u% + b&t* u'O&t*u' < N- Rf mlkbjlpN&t* u' bk ird^o ab , b&t*u'O&t* u' v bjmib^jlp i^ klq^`fŽk ab Kbf_kfqw m^o^ i^pabofs^a^p+ bp`of_fbkal v& bk i^ cloj^ `u.`t+ i^ b`r^`fŽk afcbobk`f^i ^almq^ i^cloj^
('&((! N&t*u'`t * O&t*u'`u < N-
?lhe_]_ekjao ] h]o a_q]_ekjao `ebanaj_e]hao at]_p]o `a lneian kn`aj 201
Rrmlkd^jlp nrb N v P plk `lkqfkr^p bk rk `fboql `lkgrkql ^_fboql `lkbul R abimi^kl- @rk^ q^ib`r^`fŽk afcbobk`f^i mlabjlp ^pl`f^o rk `^jml sb`qlof^i T* alkab
T&t*u' < N&t*u'9 * O&t*u'f,
Klp `ljmlkbkqbp N v P plk ilp `lbcf`fbkqbp ab `t v `u bk i^ b`r^`fŽk '0/-00(-Rb af`b nrb i^ b`r^`fŽk '0/-00( bp at]_p] bk R pf bi `^jml sb`qlof^i T bp bi do^,afbkqb ab rk mlqbk`f^i: bpql bp+pf T&t* u' < Uzl&t* u' m^o^`^a^ mrkql &t* v( ab R:pfbkal zl rk `fboql `^jml bp`^i^o- Br^kal rk q^i zl bufpqbqbkbjlp kzl-kt < N vkzl-ku < P+ X i^ b`r^`fŽk afcbobk`f^i '0/-00( pb qo^kpcloj^ bk
kzl kzl,`t * ,`u < N-kt ku
Cbjlpqo^objlp ^elo^ nrb `^a^ plir`fŽk ab bpq^b`r^`fŽk afcbobk`f^i p^qfpc^`bi^obi^`fŽk zl&t* v( < b+ pfbkal b rk^ `lkpq^kqb- Oob`fp^kal jŠp+ prmlkd^jlp nrbbufpqbrk^ plir`fŽk X ab i^ b`r^`fŽk afcbobk`f^i '0/-00( abcfkfa^ bk rk fkqbos^il^_fboql &]* ^' q^i nrb bi mrkql &t* W&t€ bpqŠbk R m^o^`^a^ t ab &]* ^', Cbjlp,qo^objlp nrb
zlYt* W&t'[ < b
m^o^rk^ `fboq^ `lkpq^kqb B- @ q^i cfk fkqolar`fjlp i^ crk`fŽk `ljmrbpq^ d abcf,kfa^ bk &]* ^' mlo i^ b`r^`fŽk
c&t' < zlYt* W&t'[,
Rbd•k i^ obdi^ ab i^ `^abk^+ i^ abofs^a^ ab d sfbkb a^a^ mlo
&/.,/0' c%&t' < B/zNYt* W&t'[ * B0zNYt* W&t'[W%&t' < N&t*u' * O&t*u'u%*
alkab v < W&t' b v&< W%&t',Rf v p^qfpc^`b'0/-00(+ N&t* v( * O&t* u'u% < N+abjlal nrb c%&t'< N m^o^ `^a^ t bk &]* ^' v+ mlo `lkpfdrfbkqb+ d bp `lkpq^kqb bk&]* ^', Dpql morb_^ nrb qla^ plir`fŽk v p^qfpc^`bi^ b`r^`fŽk zl&t* v( < B-
Olabjlp ^elo^ fksboqfobi o^wlk^jfbkql m^o^e^ii^o rk^ plir`fŽk ab i^ b`r^,`fŽk afcbobk`f^i- Rb^ i^ b`r^`fŽk
'0/-02( zl&t*u' < b`lkpfabobjlp v `ljl crk`fŽk afcbobk`f^_ib ab t* q^i `ljl v< W&t' m^o^s^ilobp abt ab rk fkqbos^il &]* ^'* v pb^ c&t';mwt* W&t'[, K^ b`r^`fŽk '0/-02( fjmif`^ nrb d
313 Gjpacn]hao `a h‡ja]
bp `lkpq^kqb bk ']+ _(-Krbdl+ pbd•k '0/-01(+ N't+ u( * O't+ u(u&< N+abjlal nrbv bp rk^ plir`fŽk- Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb+ ebjlp abjlpqo^al bi qblobj^ pfdrfbkqb9
SDNQDL@ 0/-6- Qqlkjc]iko mqa h] a_q]_e‰j `ebanaj_e]h
'0/-03( N't+u( `t * O't+u( `u < N
ao at]_p] aj qj _kjfqjpk _kjatk ]^eanpk R+u oa] al qj _]ilk ao_]h]n mqa o]peob]_a
kal < lW_ v kal < O
ku
aj pk`k R- Cjpkj_ao pk`] okhq_e‰j u < W't( `a '0/-03( _qu] cn…be_] aop…oepq],`] aj R o]peob]_a h] a_q]_e‰j alYt+ W't([ < b l]n] qj _eanpk r]hkn `a B- Pa_‡lnk,_]iajpa+ oe h] a_q]_e‰j
al't+u( < b
`abeja u _kik bqj_e‰j eilh‡_ep] `efanaj_e]^ha `a t+ ajpkj_ao aop] bqj_e‰j ao qj]okhq_e‰j `a h] a_q]_e‰j `ebanaj_e]h '0/-03(-
Di qblobj^ mob`babkqbklp molmlo`flk^ rk j‹qlal oŠmfal m^o^obplisbo b`r^,`flkbp afcbobk`f^ibp bu^`q^p ab mofjbo loabk- Blkpqorfjlp rk^ crk`fŽk mlqbk,`f^i al v bp`of_fjlp i^ b`r^`fŽk al't+ u( < b+ pfbkal b rk^ `lkpq^kqb- Rfbjmobnrb bpq^ b`r^`fŽk abcfk^ u `ljl crk`fŽk fjmiŒ`fq^ab t+ i^ `loobpmlkafbkqb up^qfpc^`b '0/-03(- Olo q^kql+ mlabjlp `lkpfabo^o i^ b`r^`fŽk '0/-02( `ljl i^obmobpbkq^`fŽkab rk^ c^jfif^ ab `ros^p fkqbdo^ibppfjmibjbkqb fkcfkfq^+l pb^+abmbkafbkqbab rk plil m^oŠjbqol- M^qro^ijbkqb+ nrb ilp •kf`lp s^ilobp ^ajf,pf_ibpab b plk ^nrbiilp m^o^ilp nrb _l&tk+ Wk( < b m^o^^id•k &tk+ Wk( ab R-
DIDLOKN 0- Blkpfabobjlp i^ b`r^`fŽk afcbobk`f^i
`u 2t1 * 5tu1%3%`t 5t1u * 3u2 Œ
Prfq^kal abkljfk^alobp pb l_qfbkb9
'2t1 * 5tu1( `t * '5t1u * 3u2( `u < N-
Dpqb bp ^elo^ rk `^pl m^oqf`ri^o ab '0/-03( pfbkal N't+ u( < 2t1 * 5tu1 v
M&t* u' < 4t1u * 3v2- Hkqbdo^kal N `lk obpmb`ql^ t v P `lk obpmb`ql^ u v
Cfan_e_eko 314
`ljm^o^kal ilp obpriq^alp+ bk`lkqo^jlp nrb rk^ crk`fŽk mlqbk`f^i &wHsfbkb a^a^mlo i^ cŽojri^
Rbd•k bi qblobj^ 0/-6+ `^a^ plir`fŽk afcbobk`f^i p^qfpc^`b
m^o^ rk `fboql B- Dpql obmobpbkq^bk cloj^ fjmiŒ`fq^ rk^ c^jfif^ ab `ros^p fkqb,do^ibp- Dk bpqb `^pl m^oqf`ri^o i^ b`r^`fŽk bp `r^aoŠqf`^ bk u1 v mrbab abpmbg^opbv bk crk`fŽk ab t v ab B-
DIDLOKN 1- Rb^ i^ b`r^`fŽk afcbobk`f^i ab mofjbo loabk
'0/-04( - u`t * 0t`u < N-
Dk bpqbbgbjmil Npt* u' < u v k&t* u' < 0t, Orbpql nrb ]l-]u < 0 X ]k-]t < 1+bpq^ b`r^`fŽk afcbobk`f^i kl bp bu^`q^- Rfk bj_^odl+ pf jriqfmif`^jlp ^j_lp jfbj,_olp mlo u l_qbkbjlp rk^ b`r^`fŽk nrb ao bu^`q^9
'0/-05( u0 `t * 0tu `u < N-
Tk mlqbk`f^i abi `^jml sb`qlof^i u1e * 1tuf bp m9't+v( < tu!+ v qla^ plir`fŽkab '0/-05( p^qfpc^`b i^ obi^`fŽk tu! < B- Dpq^ obi^`fŽk q^j_f‹k obmobpbkq^ rk^c^jfif^ ab `ros^p fkqbdo^ibp ab i^ b`r^`fŽk '0/-04(-
Di jriqfmif`^alo v nrb e^ `lksboqfal '0/-04( bk rk^ b`r^`fŽk bu^`q^ pbii^j^ b]_pkn ejpacn]jpa- Dk dbkbo^i+ pf ^i jriqfmif`^o rk^ b`r^`fŽk ifkb^i ab mofjboloabk mlo rk c^`qlo kl kril bh&V*v( pb l_qfbkb rk^ b`r^`fŽk afcbobk`f^i bu^`q^+bi jriqfmif`^alo bh&t* v( pb abkljfk^ c^`qlo fkqbdo^kqb ab i^ b`r^`fŽk lofdf,k^i- Tk^ b`r^`fŽk afcbobk`f^i mrbab qbkbo jŠp ab rk c^`qlo fkqbdo^kqb- Olobgbjmil+ bH*&t*v( < 1tu2 bp lqol c^`qlo fkqbdo^kqb ab '0/-04(- Dk ilp bgbo`f`flp nrbpfdrbk pb afp`rqbk ^idrklp `^plp m^oqf`ri^obp ab b`r^`flkbp afcbobk`f^ibp m^o^ i^pnrb pb mrbabk bk`lkqo^o cŠ`fijbkqb c^`qlobp fkqbdo^kqbp-
)('*( 8SN[LRLRX\
Cbjlpqo^o nrb i^p b`r^`flkbp afcbobk`f^ibp ab ilp bgbo`f`flp abi 0 ^i 4 plk bu^`q^p+ v bk`^a^ `^pl e^ii^o rk^ c^jfif^ pfjmibjbkqb fkcfkfq^ ab `ros^p jqbdo^ibp-
0- &t * 0u' `t * &0t * u' `u < N-0, 0tu`t * t0`u < N-1, &t1 , u'`t + &t *oaj1u'`u < N-
315 Gjpacn]hao `a h‡ja]
--i- 3 pbk -s pbk 2 o `lp -s `t , 2 `lp 2 {, `lp 1t `u < N-4- '-e1o * 7-&!-{,1( t * &t8/ * 6t0u&* /0,/%&!%'`r < N-
5- Cbjlpqo^o nrb rk^ b`r^`fŽk ifkb^i ab mofjbo loabk v&* N&t'u < O&t'* mlpbb bi c^`qlofkqbdo^kqb fe&t' <'&00&0!&0;0!&-Qbplisbo `lk ‹i i^ b`r^`fŽk-
6- Rb^ fe&t* v( rk c^`qlo fkqbdo^kqb ab i^ b`r^`fŽk afcbobk`f^i N&t* v( `t * O&t* v( `u < N-
Cbjlpqo^o nrb
Cbar`fo ab bpq^ b`r^`fŽk i^p pfdrfbkqbp obdi^p m^o^ bk`lkqo^o c^`qlobp fkqbdo^kqbp9^( Rf &]l- ^i&, ]O- ]t'-O bp rk crk`fŽk z&t' ab i^ pli^ s^of^_ib u+ abzht'`8n bp rkc^`qlo fkqbdo^kqb-_( Rf &]O-]t + ]l-]u'-l bp rk^ crk`fŽk c&u' ab i^ pli^ s^of^_ib v+ '&bq0qx`W bp rkc^`qlo fkqbdo^kqb-
7- Bljl ^mif`^`fŽk abi bgbo`f`fl 6 e^ii^o c^`qlobp fkqbdo^kqbp+ v e^ii^o i^p c^jfif^p ab`ros^p fkqbdo^ibp m^o^ i^p b`r^`flkbp pfdrfbkqbp9
‹i( W ` t , '1t * u' `u < N-_( &t2 * u2( `t , tb `r < N -
7, Qe]l-]u + ]O-]t ;b&t'O&t*u' ,d'v(O'u+v(+abjlpqo^o nrb wQb&t'`t )Qc&u'`uxbp rk c^`qlo fkqbdo^kqb ab i^ b`r^`fŽk afcbobk`f^i N&t* v( `t * O&t* v( `u < N- G^ii^o bi`loobpmlkafbkqb c^`qlo fkqbdo^kqb m^o^ `^a^ rk^ ab i^p b`r^`flkbp pfdrfbkqbp v pr c^jf,if^ pfjmibjbkqb fkcfkfq^ ab `ros^p fkqbdo^ibp9^( &0t1u * c( t * &0t2 , tu' `u < N-_( |&%!%oa_u+ Z]ju'`t * `u < N-
0/- K^p pfdrfbkqbp b`r^`flkbp afcbobk`f^ibp qfbkbk rk c^`qlo fkqbdo^kqb `lj•k- G^ii^oil vabqbojfk^o i^ c^jfif^ ab&`ros^p fkqbdo^ibp m^o^ `^a^ b`r^`fŽk-
&1u * 2tu1( `t * &2t * 3t1u' `u < N+
&4u * V1u1( `t * &6t * t2u' `u < l-
)('*) 9^WLRXWN\MNYX]NWLRJUNWLXWS^W]X\LXW_NaX\
Dk bi qblobj^ 0/-5 pb abjlpqoŽ nrb i^p `lkaf`flkbp
BH:'t( < BHe-'t(
plk ja_ao]ne]o m^o^ nrb rk `^jml sb`qlof^i afcbobk`f^_ib `lk `lkqfkrfa^ab< '.0&--- *f**' pb^ rk do^afbkqb bk rk `lkgrkql R ab Q!- Rb abjlpqoŽ irbdl+`lk rk bgbjmil+ nrb bp^p `lkaf`flkbp kl bo^k pfbjmob prcf`fbkqbp- Cbjlpqo^jlpbk bpq^ pb``fŽk nrb i^p `lkaf`flkbp plk prcf`fbkqbp pfbjmob nrb R pb^ `lksbul-K^ abjlpqo^`fŽk e^oŠ rpl abi pfdrfbkqb qblobj^ obi^qfsl ^ i^ abofs^`fŽk _^gl bipfdkl fkqbdo^i-
Dqj_ekjao `a lkpaj_e]h aj _kjfqjpko _kjratko 316
SDNQDL@ 0/-7- Qa] R qj ejpanr]hk _ann]`k aj Q! _kj ejpanekn jk r]_‡k v
oa] 0 < Y]+^[ qj ejpanr]hk _ann]`k aj Q&-Qa] 0!*0 ah ejpanr]hk _ann]`k Q th-`a Q! *0- A]`] lqjpk `a Gj*h hk nalnaoajp]iko lkn 't+ p(+aj `kj`a t D R X p D H*
't+ p( < 'Vh!&! tj+-p(-
Qqlkjc]iko mqa p.Hao qj _]ilk ao_]h]n `abeje`k aj Hj*h p]h mqa h] `aner]`] l]n,_e]h Bgp.Hoa] _kjpejq] aj Hj*0+ oeaj`k g qjk `a hko jŠianko 0+1+--- +z- Babej],iko qj _]ilk ao_]h]n nl aj Q lkn h] a_q]_e‰j
nl&t' < q/l&t* p( `p -
Cteopa ajpkj_ao h] `aner]`] l]n_e]h Brl aj _]`] lqjpk ejpanekn `a Q v oa k^peaja_kj h] b‰niqh]
Dp `a_en+ pajaiko
M^oanr]_e‰j- Dpqb qblobj^ klp fkaf`^ nrb mlabjlp abofs^o _^gl bi pfdkl fkqbdo^i-
Baikopn]_e‰j- Difg^jlp rk t `r^inrfbo^ bk bi fkqboflo ab Q- Orbpql nrbfkq R bp ^_fboql+ bufpqb rk n = N q^i nrb t * da‚ D fkq R m^o^ qlal d nrb p^qfpc^d^N ; d ; n Di sb`qlo ag bp bi g,†oeik sb`qlo `lloabk^al rkfa^a ab Q!+ O^o^q^i d qbkbjlp
'0/-06(
@mif`^kal bi qblobj^ abi s^ilo jbafl ^i fkqbdo^kal qbkbjlp
bk alkab w mboqbkb`b ^i pbdjbkql ob`qfiŒkbl nrb rkb t `lk t * da-9 Krbdl 'i/-06(pb qo^kpcloj^ bk
nl&t * dag' + m88&t'\ e^B ' ( `, g0l X* p p-
P ]
/-3 Gjpacn]hao `a h†ja]
Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb
K^ •iqfj^ fkqbdo^i qfbkb rk s^ilo ^_plirql nrb kl bu`bab
qGBg%hb%&v*p' + Bg%hb%&t*p'/ `p y &^ + ]' j^u -Bg%hb%&v*p' + Bg%hb%&t*p'/
bk alkab bi jŠufjl bp ^i`^kw^al m^o^ qlal w abi pbdjbkql nrb rkb t `lkt * da-: v qlal p ab Y]+^[, Sbkfbkal bk `rbkq^ i^ `lkqfkrfa^a rkfclojb ab B•bk R W H 'qblobj^ 8-0/( iibd^jlp ^ i^ `lk`irpfŽk ab nrb m^o^ qlal D = N bufpqbrk 7 = N q^i nrb bpb jŠufjl bp ; D.'_ , ]'* pfbjmob nrb N ; He ; 7- Olo ilq^kql
Hc9&t * dy8' + R'V( , J^ Bg%hb%&t*p' `p H; “ pfbjmob nrb /; Hei; 04-
Dpql abjrbpqo^ nrb Bg&& &t' bufpqb v bp fdr^i ^ Qy Bg/b9&t*p' `p* `ljl nrboŒ^jlpabjlpqo^o-
- Tqfifw^objlp ^elo^ bpqb qblobj^ m^o^ a^o i^ pfdrfbkqb `lkaf`fŽk kb`bp^of^v prcf`fbkqb m^o^ nrb rk `^jml sb`qlof^i pb^ rk do^afbkqb bk rk `lkgrkql `lk,sbul-
SDNQDL@ 0/-8- Rb^ b < '.0&--- +Gj( qj _]ilk ra_pkne]h `efanaj_e]^ha _kj
_kjpejqe`]` aj qj _kjfqjpk _kjratk ]^eanpk R `a Q!+ Ch _]ilk b ao qj cn]`eajpaaj R oe v oˆhk oe
'0/-07(
l]n] _]`] t `a R v pk`ko hko †j`e_ao g* f < ($)$ &&&$j,
Baikopn]_eˆj, R^_bjlp+ mlo bi qblobj^ 0/-5+ nrb i^p `lkaf`flkbp plk kb,`bp^of^p- O^o^ abjlpqo^o i^ prcf`fbk`f^+ prmlkd^jlp '0/-07( v `lkpqorv^jlp rkmlqbk`f^i '' bk R-
Rrmlkd^jlp+ m^o^ pfjmifcf`^o+ nrb R `lkqbkd^ bi lofdbk- Rb^ nz:'t( i^ fkqbdo^iab b^ il i^odl abi pbdjbkql ab ob`q^ nrb rkb N `lk rk mrkql `r^inrfbo^ tab R- Bljl ^kqbp pb e^ sfpql bk i^ b`r^`fŽk 'i /-0 N( qbkbjlp
mz&t' < qb&pt' , t `p < q%Gb%&t*p' `p*
Dqj_ekjao `a lkpaj_e]h aj _kjfqjpko _kjratko 318
bk alkab *z*&t*p( < b&bt' , t , Dufpqb rk pr_ fkqbos^il `boo^al k,afjbkpflk^i R ab R`lk fkqboflo kl s^`Œl q^i nrb -m p^qfpc^`b i^p efmŽqbpfpabi qblobj^ 0/-7 bk R W H*pfbkal H < ZN+0\- Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb i^ abofs^a^ m^o`f^i Bg'w't( bufpqb m^o^ `^a^s^ilo g < 0+1+ --- +j v mrbab `^i`ri^opb abofs^kal _^gl bi pfdkl fkqbdo^i+
O^o^ `^i`ri^o Bg&bfH't+p(+ abofs^jlp bi molar`ql bp`^i^o b'pt( - t v l_qbkbjlp
Bg&bfH't+p( < b'pt( - Bgt * Bgwb'pt(x - t< b'pt( - ag * p'B+H0'pV(+ --- +BHj'pt(( - t< bg'pV( * p'B0d'pt(+ --- +Bjbg'pV(( - t+
e^_fbkal rqfifw^al bk bi •iqfjl m^pl i^ obi^`fŽk '0/-07(- Sbkbjlp mlo 0/ q^kql
Olkd^jlp ^elo^ c&p' < .!'pt(- Rbd•k i^ obdi^ ab i^ `^abk^ qbkbjlp
c.'p( < Z&bg'pV( - t
^pŒnrb i^ •iqfj^ cŽojri^ nrb a^ Bg&bfH't+p( qlj^ i^ cloj^
Bg&bfH't+p( < c'p( * pc&'p(-
HkqbdoŠkali^ bkqob N v 0 bk`lkqo^jlp
'0/-08( I-0 '0 H%/BgAb'V( < Bg&bfH't+p( < i- c'p( `p * pc&'p( `p -V )+ V
Hkqbdobjlp mlo m^oqbpi^ •iqfj^ fkqbdo^i v l_qbkbjlp
-B pc&'p( `p < pc'0( 09, qc'p( `p < d'i( , qd'0( `p -
Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb '0/-08( qlj^ i^ cloj^
Bgnz't( < dbi( < bg'V(-
Dpql abjrbpqo^ nrb U&c < bbk R+ 0/ `r^i `ljmibq^ i^ abjlpqo^`fŽk-
((
<@E8:C4>8D ?i>E<B>8D
))') <W][XM^LLRmW
Dk bi slirjbk 0 pb bpqraf^olk i^p fkqbdo^ibp Qy b't( `t+ mofjbol m^o^ crk,`flkbp abcfkfa^p v ^`lq^a^p bk fkqbos^ilp cfkfqlp+ v irbdl m^o^ crk`flkbp kl ^`l,q^a^p b fkqbos^ilp fkcfkfqlp- Dk bi `^mŒqril 0/ abi slirjbk HHpb e^ dbkbo^ifw^albi `lk`bmql ab fkqbdo^i fkqolar`fbkal i^p fkqbdo^ibp ab iŒkb^-Dpqb `^mŒqril buqfbk,ab bi `lk`bmql bk lqo^ afob``fŽk- Di fkqbos^il rkfafjbkpflk^i Y]* ^[ pb obbjmi^w^mlo rk `lkgrkql P _f,afjbkpflk^i+ ii^j^al nace‰j `a ejpacn]_e‰j- Blkpfabobjlpmofjbol obdflkbp ob`q^kdri^obp: irbdl `lkpfabo^objlp obdflkbp jŠp dbkbo^ibp `lk`lkqloklp `rosfiŒkblp- Di fkqbdo^kal bp rk `^jml bp`^i^o b abcfkfal v ^`lq^al bkP- K^ fkqbdo^i nrb obpriq^ pb ii^j^ ejpacn]h `k^ha v pb obmobpbkq^ jbaf^kqb ilppŒj_lilp
HHH*O
l HH H't+ u( `t `u-O
Bljl bk bi `^pl rkf,afjbkpflk^i+ ilp pŒj_lilp `t v `u kl abpbjmb•^kkfkd•k m^mbi bk i^ abcfkf`fŽk ab i^ fkqbdo^i al_ib: kl l_pq^kqb+ plk •qfibp bk bi`Ši`ril v qo^kpcloj^`fŽk ab fkqbdo^ibp-
Di moldo^j^ ab bpqb `^mŒqril `lkpq^ ab s^of^p m^oqbp- Cfp`rqfjlp mofjboli^ abcfkf`fŽk ab fkqbdo^i al_ib- K^ fkqolar``fŽk bp ^kŠild^ ^i `^pl rkf,afjbkpflk^iqo^q^al bk bi slirjbk i- Rb abcfkb i^ fkqbdo^i mofjbol m^o^ crk`flkbp bp`^ilk^a^pv irbdl m^o^ crk`flkbp jŠp dbkbo^ibp- Bljl ^iiŒ+i^ abcfkf`fŽk kl molmlo`flk^rk j‹qlal m^o^ bi `Ši`ril bcb`qfsl ab i^p fkqbdo^ibp- Ubobjlp nrb do^k k•jbolab fkqbdo^ibp al_ibp nrb pb mobpbkq^k bk i^ moŠ`qf`^ mrbabk `^i`ri^opb mlo fkqb,do^`fŽk rkfafjbkpflk^i obfqbo^a^- Dk`lkqo^objlp q^j_f‹k rk^ `lkbufŽk bkqobi^p fkqbdo^ibp al_ibp v i^p ab iŒkb^-@pfjfpjl pb a^k ^mif`^`flkbp ab i^p fkqbdo^ibpal_ibp ^ mol_ibj^p ab Šob^p+sli•jbkbp+ j^p^p+ `bkqolp ab do^sba^a v `lk`bmqlp
320
321 Gjpacn]hao iŠhpelhao
obi^`flk^alp `lk ^nr‹iilp- Olo •iqfjl fkaf`^jlp bi jlal ab buqbkabo ilp `lk,`bmqlp ^i bpm^`fl ab j afjbkpflkbp-
00-1 O^oqf`flkbpab ob`qŠkdrilp- Erk`flkbp bp`^ilk^a^p
Rb^ P rk ob`qŠkdril+ molar`ql `^oqbpf^kl ab alp fkqbos^ilp `boo^alp Y]* ^[v Ya* `[*
P< Y]*^[ u Y_*`[< w&V*u'htCY]*^[ b uCY_*`[x,
u
q G xI z!,d[ u Y_,`H
.` +++++++---,,-,,,,,o,,,o,+,,,,,+,+
a , , , , , ,*,,,&,,&,,!,,,,&,z
,,q ,zz,,,,-[!/! f*
t] d
EHFTQ@ 00-0 Pa_p…jcqhk P lnk`q_pk_]npaoe]jk `a `ko ejpanr]hko-
EHFTQ@ 00-1 N]npe_e‰j a qj na_p…jcqhk O,
K^ cfdro^ 00-0 jrbpqo^ rk bgbjmil- Blkpfabobjlp alp m^oqf`flkbp N* v N1 abY]*^[ v Ya*`[* obpmb`qfs^jbkqb+
v N1 < BUN&XH+&! +Wi,G+Wix+
alkab u+ < ]+ u+ < ^+ Xl < b+ XH0i < `- Rb af`b nrb bi molar`ql `^oqbpf^kl N+WN1
bp rk^ m^oqf`fŽk ab P- Orbpql nrb N* abp`ljmlkb Y]* ^[ bk j pr_fkqbos^ilp v N1
abp`ljmlkb Ya* `[ bk i pr_fkqbos^ilp+ i^ m^oqf`fŽk N;Nh WN* abp`ljmlkb P bkij pr_ob`qŠkdrilp- K^ cfdro^ 00-1 jrbpqo^ rk bgbjmil ab m^oqf`fŽk ab P bk 2/ pr_,ob`qŠkdrilp- Tk^ m^oqf`fŽk N&ab P pb ii^j^ jŠp cfk^ nrb N pf N R: N&+bpql bp+ pfqlal mrkql ab N mboqbkb`b q^j_f‹k ^ N&-
Di molar`ql `^oqbpf^kl ab alp pr_ fkqbos^ilp ^_fboqlp ab N+ v N1 bp rk pr_,ob`qŠkdril ^_fboql 'pfk i^alp(- Rb ii^j^ pr_ ob`qŠkdril ^_fboql ab N l ab P-
0jpacn]h `k^ha `a qj] bqj_e‰j ao_]hkj]`] 322
CDEHMHBHˆM CD ETMBHˆM DRB@KNM@C@- Sj] bqj_e‰j b `abeje`] aj qj na_,p…jcqhk P oa hh]i] ao_]hkj]`] oe ateopa qj] l]npe_e‰j N `a P p]h mqa b ao _kjop]jpaaj _]`] qjk `a hko oq^na_p…jcqhko ]^eanpko `a N-
Dk i^ cfdro^ 00-2 pb jrbpqo^ rk bgbjmil ab rk^ q^i crk`fŽk bp`^ilk^a^- Tk^crk`fŽk bp`^ilk^a^ q^j_f‹k mlpbb s^ilobp mob`fplp bk `^a^ rkl ab ilp mrkqlp
u
EHFTQ@ 00-2 En…be_] `a qj] bqj_e‰j ao_]hkj]`] `abeje`] aj qj na_p…jcqhk P-
ab ilp `lkqloklp ab ilp pr_ob`qŠkdrilp+ mbol ilp s^ilobp bk bplp mrkqlp kl qfbkbkfjmloq^k`f^ bk i^ qbloŒ ab i^ fkqbdo^`fŽk-
Rf b v d plk alp crk`flkbp bp`^ilk^a^p abcfkfa^p bk rk ob`qŠkdril a^al P+
i^ `lj_fk^`fŽk ifkb^i _+b* _1c q^j_f‹k bp rk^ crk`fŽk bp`^ilk^a^- Dk bcb`ql+pf N v N plk m^oqf`flkbp ab P q^ibp nrb b bp `lkpq^kqb bk ilp pr_ ob`qŠkdrilp^_fboqlp ab N v d bp `lkpq^kqb bk ilp pr_ob`qŠkdrilp ^_fboqlp ab N&+bkqlk`bp_,p * _1c bp `lkpq^kqb bk ilp pr_ob`qŠkdrilp ab i^ obrkfŽk N T N& 'nrb mlabjlpii^j^o ^cfk^jfbkql ab N v N%',@pŒmrbp+bi `lkgrkql ab crk`flkbp bp`^ilk^a^pabcfkfa^p bk P cloj^ rk bpm^`fl ifkb^i-
))'+ <W]NP[JUMXKUNMN WJO^WLRmWN\LJUXWJMJ
Rb^k N < N0 W N1 rk^ m^oqf`fŽkabi ob`qŠkdril P bk ij pr_ob`qŠkdrilp v
b rk^ crk`fŽk bp`^ilk^a^+ bpql bp+`lkpq^kqb bk ilp pr_ ob`qŠkdrilp ^_fboqlp ab P-
Cbpfdkbjlp mlo Oez bi pr_ ob`qŠkdril abqbojfk^al mlo YVe,h+ Ve[ b Zv{,i&Wz[ X pb^Bf{ bi s^ilo `lkpq^kqb nrb qlj^ b bk ilp mrkqlp fkqboflobpab Oez- Rf b bp mlpfqfs^+bislirjbk ab i^ `^g^ ob`q^kdri^o `lk _^pb Oez v ^iqro^ Aez bp bi molar`ql
323 Gjpacn]haoiŠhpelhao
m^o^qla^ crk`fŽk bp`^ilk^a^ p-mlpfqfs^l kl+ i^ prj^ ab qlalp bplp molar`qlp pbqlj^ `ljl abcfkf`fŽk ab fkqbdo^i al_ib ab b pl_ob P- @pŒmrbp+qbkbjlp i^ pf,drfbkqb abcfkf`fŽk-
CDEHMHBHˆM CD K@ HMSDFQ@K CNAKD CD TM@ ETMBHˆM DRB@KNM@C@- Qa] bqj] bqj_e‰jao_]hkj]`] mqa pki] ah r]hkn _kjop]jpa Aez aj ahoq^na_p…jcqhk]^eanpk'Ve,0= Ve( W 'X{,i+Wz( a qj na_p…jcqhkP- J] ejpacn]h`k^ha `a b aj P aop…afeje`] lkn h] b‰niqh]
'00-0( I I b< fcAq&'u+ , Ve,0('Wf , Wf,h(&O +z02z0
Bljl bk bi `^pl rkfafjbkpflk^i+ bi s^ilo ab i^ fkqbdo^ikl s^oŒ pf i^ m^oqf,`fŽk N pb prpqfqrvbmlo lqo^ m^oqf`fŽkjŠp cfk^ N&-@pŒ+mrbp+af`el s^ilo bp fkab,mbkafbkqbab i^ bib``fŽk ab N `lk q^i nrb b pb^ `lkpq^kqb bk ilp pr_ob`qŠkdrilp^_fboqlp ab P-
Olo _obsba^a+ bp`of_fjlp ^idrk^p sb`bp yVe bk ird^o ab 'u+ , Ve,h( X yuz bkird^o &ab&uz + Wz\*'* v i^ prj^ '00-0( pb `lksfboqb bk
j i
HGAef Jde JhWf•fzigzi
O^o^ ob`loa^o `Žjl pb cloj^ bpq^prj^+ mlabjlp bp`of_foi^ fkqbdo^ibk i^ cloj^
I I b't+ u( `t `u -O
DpqbpŒj_lil kl bp jŠp nrb lqo^ klq^`fŽk m^o^ bbbO
N_p‹osbpb nrb pf b bp `lkpq^kqb bk bi fkqboflo ab P+ bp ab`fo b&t* u' < g pf
] ; V ; ^ v a ; u ; `* qbkbjlp
' 00-1( IIc< g&^ + ]'&` + _'*O
mobp`fkafbkal ab ilp s^ilobp ab b pl_ob ilp i^alp ab P- Orbpql nrb
I&^
^ , ] < ] `t v ` , B < qu+
i^ cŽojri^ '00-1( mrbab q^j_f‹k bp`of_fopb^pŒ
' 00-2( IHb < qZqb't+ u( `t[ `u < b]! ZI9b't+ u( `u[ `t-O
Gjpacn]h`k^ha `a qj] bqj_e‰j ao_]hkj]`] 324
K^p fkqbdo^ibpnrb ^m^ob`bk bk bi pbdrkal jfbj_ol plk rkfafjbkpflk^ibp+ v pbaf`b nrb i^ cŽojri^ molmlo`flk^ bi s^ilo ab i^ fkqbdo^ial_ib mlo fkqbdo^`fŽkna+lape`] l mlo fkqbdo^`flkbp oq_aoer]o- Dk m^oqf`ri^o+pf ^mif`^jlp bpq^ cŽojri^`r^kal b bp rk^ crk`fŽk bp`^ilk^a^ abi qfml ^kqbpabp`ofql+mlabjlp bp`of_fo9
IH < H99]I I99].'u+ u( `tH `u < c99]I I99]0
z't+ u( `uH `t-O::
Rrj^kal obpmb`ql^ fv gv rp^kal '00-0(+ bk`lkqo^jlp nrb '00-2( bp sŠifa^&m^o^crk`flkbp bp`^ilk^a^p-
K^p lqo^p molmfba^abpnrb pfdrbk ab i^ fkqbdo^i al_ib ab rk^ crk`fŽk bp`^,ilk^a^ plk dbkbo^ifw^`flkbp ab ilp `loobpmlkafbkqbp qblobj^p rkfafjbkpflk^ibp-Orbabk abjlpqo^opb `ljl `lkpb`rbk`f^p fkjbaf^q^p ab i^ abcfkf`fŽk '00-0( ljbaf^kqb i^ cŽojri^ '00-2( X ilp qblobj^p `loobpmlkafbkqbp m^o^ i^p fkqbdo^ibprkfafjbkpflk^ibp- Dk ilp qblobj^p pfdrfbkqbpilp pŒj_lilp p v p obmobpbkq^kcrk,`flkbp bp`^ilk^a^p abcfkfa^p bk rk ob`qŠkdril P- O^o^ birafo `^plp m^oqf`ri^obpqofsf^ibp prmlkbjlp nrb P bp rk ob`qŠkdril kl abdbkbo^al: bk lqo^p m^i^_o^p+nrb P kl bp q^k pŽil rk mrkql l rk pbdjbkql ob`qfiŒkbl-
SDNQDL@ 00-0- KHMD@KHC@C- Aq]haomqean]mqa oa]j hko jŠianko na]haoB0 X B1 qbkbjlp
I I Z`0p'u+u( * _1p't+ u([ `t `u < B0I I o't+ u( `t `u * B1 I I p't+ u( `t `u-O O O
SDNQDL@00-1-@CiSHUHC@C- Rf P aop…oq^`ere`e`k aj `ko na_p…jcqhkol- v O1+
II o't+ u( `t `u < I I o't+ u( `t `u * I I o't+ u( `t `u-O Oh O1
SDNQDL@ 00-2- SDNQDL@ CD BNLO@Q@BHˆM- Rf o't+u' y p't+u' l]n] pk`k't+ u' `a P+ ajpkj_ao
I I o't+ u( `t `u 9999::I I p't+ u( `t `u-? ?
Cj l]npe_qh]n+pf p't+u' y N l]n] pk`k 't+ u' `a P+ ajpkj_ao
I I p't+ u( `t `u y N-O
325 Gjpacn]hao iŠhpelhao
Cbg^jlp `ljl bgbo`f`flp i^p abjlpqo^`flkbp ab bplp qblobj^p-
00-3 Cbcfkf`fŽk ab fkqbdo^i al_ib ab rk^ crk`fŽk abcfkfa^ v ^`lq^a^ bk rkob`qŠkdril
Rb^ b rk^ crk`fŽk abcfkfa^ v ^`lq^a^ bk rk ob`qŠkdril P: bk m^oqf`ri^o+pr,mlkd^jlp nrb
0.'u+v(0 z K pf &t* u' D O,
Dkqlk`bp i^ crk`fŽk b mrbab nrba^o ifjfq^a^ mlo bk`fj^ v mlo ab_^gl mlo alpcrk`flkbp bp`^ilk^a^p `lkpq^kqbp p v p+pfbkal o't+ u' < , L X p't+ u' < L m^obqlal 't+ u' bk P- Blkpfabobjlp ^elo^ alp crk`flkbp bp`^ilk^a^p _q]haomqeanŒ-p v p+abcfkfa^p bk P+ q^ibpnrb
' 00-3( o&t* u' y b%p€*u' y p&t*u' m^o^ qlal mrkql &t* u' ab P-
CDEHMHBHˆM CD K@ HMSDFQ@K CD TM@ ETMBHˆM @BNS@C@ DM TM QDBS…MFTKN-
Qe ateopa qj jŠiank 0 u okh]iajpa qjk p]h mqa
'00-4(
l]n] pk`k l]n `a bqj_ekjao ao_]hkj]`]o mqa o]peob]c]j h]o `aoecq]h`]`ao '00-3(+`e_dk jŠiank 0 oa hh]i] ejpacn]h `k^ha `a b atpaj`e`] ] P u oa nalnaoajp] lkn aho‡i^khk
HH O
l I I bp€*u( `t `u-O
Aq]j`k ateopa p]h jŠiank 0 oa `e_a mqa h] bqj_e‰j b ao ejpacn]^ha aj P-
00-4 Hkqbdo^ibpal_ibp prmboflo b fkcboflo
K^ abcfkf`fŽk ab fkqbdo^i al_ib bp `ljmibq^jbkqb ^kŠild^ ^i `^pl rkf,af,jbkpflk^i-
Rrmlkd^jlp nrb b bp ^`lq^a^ bk rk ob`qŠkdril P v pb^k p v p alp crk`flkbpbp`^ilk^a^p nrb p^qfpc^`bk'00-3(- Cb`fjlp nrb p bpqŠlkn `a^]fk `a b+v p bpqŠlkn aj_ei] `a e-v bp`of_fjlp p z b y p- Cbpfdkbjlp `lk Q bi `lkgrkql ab qlalp
ilp k•jbolp bQ p l_qbkfalp ^i qlj^o `ljl ˆ- ola^p v `^a^ rk^ ab i^p crk`flkbpO
Gjpacn]haok^hao oqlanekn a ejbanekn 326
bp`^ilk^a^p mlo ab_^gl ab p+v pb^ R bi `lkgrkql ab qlalp ilp k•jbolp bQp l_qb,P
kfalp ^i qlj^o `ljl p qla^p v `^a^ rk^ ab i^p crk`flkbp bp`^ilk^a^p mlo bk`fj^ab b, @j_lp `lkgrkqlp R v R plk kl s^`Œlp mrbpql nrb b bp-^`lq^a^+ @pfjfpjl+
II o y HG p pf p999::b88899p+^pŒnrb qlal k•jbol ab R bp jbklo nrb qlal k•jbol@ @
ab R, Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb R qfbkb rk buqobjl prmboflo+v R qfbkb rk buqobjl fkcb,oflo+ nrb p^qfpc^`bki^p abpfdr^ia^abp
bb p z prmRz fkc R pbb p@ @
m^o^qla^ p v qla^ p nrb p^qfpc^d^kp999::b88899p- Dpql morb_^ nrb ilp alp k•jbolp+prmR b fkc R p^qfpc^`bk'00-4(- Olo 0/ q^kql+b bp fkqbdo^_ib bk P pf v pŽil pfprmR < fkc R* bk `rvl `^pl qbkbjlp
bbb< prm R< fkc R,P
Di k•jbol prmR pb ii^j^ ejpacn]h ejbanekn ab b v pb obmobpbkq mlo h&H',Di k•jbol fkc R bp i^ ejpacn]hoqlanekn ab b v pb obmobpbkqmlo -&/', @pŒmrbp+qb,kbjlp
GS'< prm wybp Hp z bx*Di o^wlk^jfbkql ^kqboflo abjrbpqo^ bi pfdrfbkqb qblobj^-
SDNQDL@ 00-3- Qe qj] bqj_e‰j b ]_kp]`] aj qj na_p…jcqhkP peaja qj]ejpacn]hejbanekn/&/' u qj] ejpacn]hoqlanekn .'b( mqa o]peob]_ajh]o `aoecq]h`]`ao
GGp z hS' y bS' y bb p@ @
l]n] pk`]o h]o bqj_ekjao ao_]hkj]`]o p u p mqa _qilhaj p999::b 999::p+ h] bqj_e‰j bao ejpacn]^ha aj P oe u o‰hkoe oqo ejpacn]haooqlanekn a ejbaneknokj ecq]hao+aj_quk _]ok pajaiko
Gbb< bS' < -S',P
327 Gjpacn]hao iŠhpelhao
Orbpql nrb i^p abcfkf`flkbp ^kqboflobpplk abi qlal ^kŠild^p ^ i^p abi `^plrkf,afjbkpflk^i+ kl ab_b plomobkabonrb i^p molmfba^abp ab ifkb^ifa^a v ^afqf,sfa^a v bi qblobj^ ab `ljm^o^`fŽk bpq^_ib`falp m^o^crk`flkbp bp`^ilk^a^p bk i^pb``fŽk 00-2+ pb^k sŠifa^p q^j_f‹k m^o^ i^p fkqbdo^ibpal_ibp bk dbkbo^i- K^pabjlpqo^`flkbp ab bp^p molmfba^abpplk ^kŠild^p ^ i^p abi `^pl rkf,afjbkpflk^iv i^p ljfqfobjlp-
00-5 BŠi`ril ab rk^ fkqbdo^ial_ib mlo fkqbdo^`fŽkrkf,afjbkpflk^i obfqbo^a^
Dk i^ qbloŒ ab i^ fkqbdo^`fŽk rkfafjbkpflk^i+ bi pbdrkal qblobj^ crka^,jbkq^i abi `Ši`ril molmlo`flk^ rk j‹qlal m^o^ `^i`ri^o fkqbdo^ibppfk bufdfo i^abcfkf`fŽk ab fkqbdo^ibk `^a^ `^pl- Di qblobj^ pfdrfbkqb ildo^ bi jfpjl obpriq^albk alp afjbkpflkbp+ v klp mbojfqb `^i`ri^o `fboq^p fkqbdo^ibpal_ibp jbaf^kqbalp fkqbdo^`flkbp rkfafjbkpflk^ibp pr`‹pfs^p+ Di obpriq^al bp rk^ buqbkpfŽkab i^cŽojri^ '00-2(+ nrb v^ ebjlp abjlpqo^al m^o^ crk`flkbp bp`^ilk^a^p-
SDNQDL@ 00-4- Qa] b qj] bqj_e‰j `abeje`] v ]_kp]`] aj qj na_p…jcqhkP < Y]+^[ W Y_+ [+ v oqlkjc]iko mqa b ao ejpacn]^ha aj P- Qqlkjc]iko mqal]n] _]`] v bef] aj Y_+ [ h] ejpacn]h qje,`eiajoekj]h byb't+ v( `t ateop]+ v `aoec,jaiko oq r]hkn lkn ?'u(- Qe ateopa h] ejpacn]h by?'u(+ ao ecq]h ] h] ejpacn]h `k^haIbY,Co `a_en+ pajaiko h] b‰niqh]OG
'00-5( I I b't+ u( `t `u < qYH8b't+ u( `tH `u-O
Baikopn]_e‰j- Difg^jlp alp crk`flkbp bp`^ilk^a^p- `r^ibpnrfbo^ p v p nrbp^qfpc^d^kp z b y p bk P- Hkqbdo^kal `lk obpmb`ql ^ t bk bi fkqbos^il`gb+^[qbkbjlp
H8o't+ u( `t 99::?'u( 99::H8p't+ u( `t-
Orbpql nrb i^ fkqbdo^iby?&u' `u bufpqb+mlabjlp fkqbdo^obp^p alp abpfdr^ia^abp`lk obpmb`ql^ v bk Ya*`[ v ^mif`^o i^ b`r^`fŽk '00-2( l_qbkfbkal
I I p99::H9?'W( `u 99::I I p-? ?
Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb by?'u( `u bp rk k•jbol `ljmobkafal bkqob bbp b bbp m^o^? ?
qla^p i^p crk`flkbp p v p nrb ^molufj^k b mlo ab_^gl v mlo bk`fj^+ obpmb`qfs^,jbkqb- Orbpql nrb b bp fkqbdo^_ibbk P+ bi •kf`l k•jbol `lk bp^ molmfba^a bp i^
Gjpanlnap]_e‰j caki†pne_] `a h] ejpacn]h `k^ha _kik qj rkhqiaj 328
fkqbdo^i al_ib ab b bk P- Olo q^kql Iz ?&u' `u < IQ b* 0/ nrb abjrbpqo^ i^ b`r^,`fŽk '00-5(- O
Rb af`b nrb i^ cŽojri^ '00-5( molmlo`flk^ rk^ bs^ir^`fŽk ab i^ fkqbdo^ial_ib jbaf^kqb fkqbdo^`fŽk obfqbo^a^ l obmbqfa^- Di mol`bpl `lkpfpqb mrbp bkfkqbdo^o b obpmb`ql ^ t bkqob ] v ^ 'abg^kal cfg^u'* v irbdl pb fkqbdo^ bi obpriq^alobpmb`ql ^ v bkqob a v `- Rf fksboqfjlp bi loabk ab fkqbdo^`fŽk+ l_qbkbjlp rk^
cŽojri^ m^ob`fa^+ ^ p^_bo+
'00-6( HH b't+ u( `t `u < H8Zqb't+ u( `uH `t+P
nrb bp sŠifa^ pf prmlkbjlp nrb Qy b&t* v( `u bufpqb m^o^ `^a^ t cfg^ bk Y]* _I Xnrb bp fkqbdo^_ib bk Y]* ^[,
00-6 Hkqbomobq^`fŽkdblj‹qof`^ ab i^ fkqbdo^i al_ib `ljl rk slirjbk
Di qblobj^ 00-4 qfbkb rk^ pbk`fii^ fkqbomobq^`fŽk dblj‹qof`^+ obmobpbkq^a^ bki^ cfdro^ 00-3- Rf b bp kl kbd^qfs^+ bi `lkgrkql Q ab ilp mrkqlp &t* v+w( bk bi bp,m^`fl ,ab qobp afjbkpflkbp q^ibp nrb &t* v( bpqŠ bk P v N9R99w9R99b&t* v( pb ii^j^
` `> ’’ W
,<
,<t Blkgrkql ab loabk^a^p Q ab p pl_ob P- -s Rb``fŽk `lk Šob^ ?hu' < / d Ypt+ u' `t
,&H%
^( _(
EHFTQ@ 00-3 Ch rkhqiaj `a R ao h] ejpacn]h `ah …na] `a h] oa__e‰j9
r&Q' < q? &u' `u*
33/ Gjpacn]hao iŠhpelhao
_kjfqjpk `a kn`aj]`]o `a b ok^na P- Blkpq^ ab ilp mrkqlp `ljmobkafalp bkqobbiob`qŠkdril P v i^ prmbocf`fbw< b&t*u', 'U‹^pb cfdro^ 00-3 ^(-( O^o^ `^a^ v bkbi fkqbos^il Ya*`[* i^ fkqbdo^i
?&u' < G8Yp•+u' `t
bp bi Šob^ ab i^ pb``fŽk molar`fa^ bk R mlo rk mi^kl m^o^ibil ^i mi^kl tv 'i^obdfŽk plj_ob^a^ bk i^ cfdro^ 00-3 _g(- Orbpql nrb bi Šob^ ab i^ pb``fŽk ?&u'bp fkqbdo^_ib bk Ya*`[* bi qblobj^ 1-6 abi slirjbk 0 klp af`b nrb i^ fkqbdo^iby?&u' `u bp fdr^i ^ raQ'* bi slirjbk ab R- @pŒmrbp+m^o^fkqbdo^kalp kl kbd^,qfslp+ bi qblobj^ 00-4 jrbpqo^ nrb bi slirjbk abi `lkgrkql ab loabk^a^p ab bpl_ob P bp fdr^i ^ i^ fkqbdo^ial_ib I I b,
O
K^ cŽojri^ '00-6( klp a^ lqol `^jfkl m^o^ `^i`ri^o bi slirjbk abi `lk,grkql ab loabk^a^p- Dk bii^ fkqbdo^jlp bi Šob^ ab i^p pb``flkbp molar`fa^p mlomi^klp m^o^ibilp ^i mi^kl uv,
00-7 Dgbjmilp obprbiqlp
Dk bpq^pb``fŽk firpqo^jlp bi qblobj^ 00-4 `lk alp bgbjmilp krj‹of`lp-
DIDLOKN 0- Rf P < Z,0+0\ W Z/+66!.1\+ `^i`ri^o bb&t pbkv , ua!%' t `u+O
bk bi prmrbpql ab nrb i^ fkqbdo^i bufpq^-K^ obdfŽk ab fkqbdo^`fŽk bpqŠobmobpbk,q^a^ bk i^ cfdro^ 00-4-
EHFTQ@ 00-4 Pace‰j `a ejpacn]_e‰jl]n]ah afailhk 0-
t t
EHFTQ@ 00-5 Pace‰j `a ejpacn]_e‰jl]n]ah afailhk 1-
Cfailhko naoqahpko 330
Qkhq_e‰j- Hkqbdo^kal mofjbol obpmb`ql ^ t v ii^j^kal ^i obpriq^al ?&u'*
qbkbjlp
?'u( < Jy'toaju , ua!&(t < 'z1 oaju , ua!&(09zzH<,au * u.a-
@mif`^kal bi qblobj^ 00-4 bk`lkqo^jlp
II '!.1 4++.1't pbk u , ua!&(t `u < Il ?'u( `u < l ',au * u.a( `u
P
c-!.1< 'h.a , a( l u `u < 'i.b , a(nn1.7-
Bljl `ljmol_^`fŽk abi `Ši`ril mlabjlp fkqbdo^o mofjbol obpmb`ql ^ v9
II 't pbk u , ua!&(t `u < qHYH9.1'toaju , ua!&(`u[ `tP
HG HTz!.1< ,0 ',t `lp u , hha!&( u<k `t
DIDLOKN 1- Rf P < Z,0+qi W Z/+1I+ `^i`ri^o i^ fkqbdo^i al_ib
QQ s&iv, u1I `t `u+ prmrbpq^ pr bufpqbk`f^-O
Qkhq_e‰j- Rf fkqbdo^jlp mofjbol obpmb`ql ^ v v bi obpriq^al bp F't(+ qbkb,jlp F't( < Qys HX , t1
H `u- K^ obdfŽk ab fkqbdo^`fŽk bp bi ob`qŠkdril ab i^cfdro^ 00-5- K^ m^oŠ_li^ v < t1 bpqŠ ^iiŒ af_rg^a^ ab_fal ^ i^ mobpbk`f^ abHv, t1
/ bk bi fkqbdo^kal- Olo bk`fj^ ab bp^ m^oŠ_li^ pb qfbkb v = t1 v mlo ab,_^gl v ; t1
Œ Dpql klp prdfbob nrb bp`fka^jlp i^ fkqbdo^i ab F't( abi jlal pf,drfbkqb9
Qb`loabjlp nrb t pb `lkpfabo^ `lkpq^kqb bk `^a^ rk^ ab bp^p fkqbdo^ibp- Dk i^mofjbo^ bcb`qr^jlp bi `^j_fl ab s^of^_ib p < t1 , v v bk i^ pbdrka^ p < X , t1Œ
Dpql klp a^
331 Gjpacn]haoiŠhpelhao
@mif`^kal bi qblobj^ 00-4 bk`lkqo^jlp
HHHGW , V1. `t `u < J0
0 Z0t2 * 0 '1 , V1(2.1[ `t < q00
'1 , V1>.1`tO
< zYt'1 , V1(2.1 * 2tH 1 , t1 * 5 ^obpbk'z( \ 09< z * z -
!
@kŠildl obpriq^al pb `lkpfdrb fksfoqfbkal bi loabk ab fkqbdo^`fŽk+mbol ilp `Ši`r,ilp plk jŠp `ljmif`^alp-
00-8 Dgbo`f`flp
B^i`ri^o i^p fkqbdo^ibp al_ibp mlo fkqbdo^`fŽk pr`bpfs^ bk ilp bgbo`f`flp abi 0 ^i 7+ pr,mrbpq^ i^ bufpqbk`f^ ab `^a^ fkqbdo^i-
H-I I tu&t * u' `t `u *O
1- I I &t2 * 1t1u * u1'`t`u*O
alkab O < ZN+0\ u ZN+0\-
alkab O < ZN+0\ W ZN+0\-
2- I I '-HW* t + 1tu1( `t `u *O
3- I I pbk1 t pbk1 u `t `u * alkab O < ZN+/R[ W ZN+/R[,O
4- I I pbk &t * u' `t `u * alkab O < ZN+/R-0[ u ZN+/R-0[,O
alkab O < Z/+0\ u Z0+2\-
5- I I Z`lp &t * u'/ `t `u* alkab O < ZN+/R[ W ZN+%5R[,O
6- HHbp€* u( `t `u + alkab O < Z/+1\ u Z/+1\+ v Hap( obmobpbkq^bi j^vloO
bkqbol z p-
6, Hbu+1 apt-%T `t `u*
O
alkab O < ZN+p[ u Z0+p[+ p = N-
8- Rf P bp rk ob`qŠkdril+ abjlpqo^o nrb rk^ fkqbdo^i al_ib ab i^ cloj^ bbb&t'c&u' `t `uO
bp fdr^i ^i molar`ql ab alp fkqbdo^ibp rkfafjbkpflk^ibp- Dpq^_ib`bo i^p efmŽqbpfp obi^qf,s^p ^ i^ bufpqbk`f^-
hjpacn]^ehe`]` `a bqj_ekjao _kjpejq]o 332
0/- Rb^ Grk^ crk`fŽk abcfkfa^ bk bi ob`qŠkdril P < Z/+0\ W Z/+0\ abi pfdrfbkqb jlal9
xi, t , u
Y't+u( < Npf t * u y 0+
bk ilp abjŠp mrkqlp ab P-
Qbmobpbkq^obi `lkgrkql ab loabk^a^p ab Gpl_ob P v `^i`ri^o pr slirjbk mlo al_fbfkqbdo^`fŽk 'RrmŽkd^pb i^ bufpqbk`f^ ab i^ fkqbdo^i-(
00- Qbplisbo bi bgbo`f`fl 0/ `r^kal
w
V * uY't+u( < N
pf t1 yu y 1t1+
bk ilp abjŠp mrkqlp ab P-
01- Qbplisbo bi bgbo`f`fl 0/ `r^kal P < Z,0+0\ W Z,0+0\ X
pf t1 * u1 y 0+
bk ilp abjŠp mrkqlp ab P-
02- Rb^ Grk^ crk`fŽk abcfkfa^ bk bi ob`qŠkdril P < Z0+1\ W Z0+3\ abi pfdrfbkqb jlal9
w
&t * u'+0Y't+u( < N
pf tyuy1t+
bk ilp abjŠp mrkqlp ab P-
Hkaf`^o+jbaf^kqb rk af_rgl+ i^ mlo`fŽk ab P bk i^ nrb Gbp kl kri^ v `^i`ri^o bi s^iloab i^ fkqbdo^i al_ib QQh,prmrbpq^ pr bufpqbk`f^-
O
03- Rb^ Grk^ crk`fŽk abcfkfa^ bk bi ob`qŠkdril P < Z/+0\ W Z/+0\ abi- pfdrfbkqb jlal9N
Y't+u( <, xzpf t < u+
pf t y u,
Cbjlpqo^o i^ bufpqbk`f^ ab i^ fkqbdo^i al_ib QQ Gv nrb bp fdr^i ^ N-O
))')( <W]NP[JKRURMJMMNO^WLRXWN\LXW]RW^J\
Di qblobj^ ab i^ `lkqfkrfa^a rkfclojb 'qblobj^ 8-0/( mrbab ^mif`^opbm^o^abjlpqo^o i^ fkqbdo^_fifa^a ab rk^ crk`fŽk `lkqfkr^ bk rk ob`qŠkdril-
SDNQDL@ 00-5- HMSDFQ@AHKHC@C CD ETMBHNMDR BNMSHMT@R- Qe qj] Yqj,
/// Gjpacn]haoiŠhpelhao
_e‰jb ao _kjpejq] aj qj na_p…jcqhkP < Y]+ [ W Ya+[+ ajpkj_ao b ao ejpacn],^ha aj P- ?`ai…o+ ah r]hkn `a h] ejpacn]h lqa`a k^pajanoa lkn ejpacn]_e‰joq,_aoer]+
'00-7( yHb < qYH8b't+ u( `tH `u < qZqb%&€*u( `uH `t-
Baikopn]_e‰j- Di qblobj^ 8-7 abjrbpqo^nrb b bp ^`lq^a^ bk P+ mlo 0/ nrbb qfbkb rk^ fkqbdo^i prmboflo v rk^ fkqbdo^i fkcboflo- Cbjlpqo^objlp nrbb'b( < 0'.(- Difg^jlp D = N- Rbd•k bi qblobj^ ab i^ `lkqfkrfa^a rkfclojb+ m^o^bpb D bufpqbrk^ m^oqf`fŽkN ab P bk rk k•jbol cfkfql 'mlo bgbjmil j' ab pr_,ob`qŠkdrilp Oh+&-- +Oj q^i nrb i^ lp`fi^`fŽk ab b bk qlal pr_ ob`qŠkdril bp jb,klo nrb D- Cbpfdkbjlp `lk Kg&b' v ig&b'* obpmb`qfs^jbkqb+ilp s^ilobp jŠufjlv jŒkfjl ^_plirqlp ab b bk M|* Sbkbjlp bkqlk`bp
m^o^`^a^ g < 0+1+--- +j- Rb^k ^elo^ p v p alp crk`flkbp bp`^ilk^a^p abcfkfa^pbk bi fkqboflo ab `^a^ Og ^pŒ9
o't( < ief(+ pf t D fkq Og&
Dk ilp mrkqlp colkqbo^ abcfk^jlp o&t' < i v p&t' < L+ pfbkal i v L+ obpmb`,qfs^jbkqb+ ilp s^ilobp jŒkfjl v jŠufjl ^_plirqlp ab b bk P- Sbkbjlp bkqlk`bpp z by p m^o^ qlal t ab P- @pfjfpjl+ qbkbjlp
v
bk alkab ]&OŠ bp bi Šob^ abi ob`qŠkdril Og, K^ afcbobk`f^ ab bp^p alp fkqbdo^,ibp bp
bk alkab ]&O' bp bi Šob^ ab P- Orbpql nrb QQ o y ha ( y h'f( y QQ pk^pajaikoi^ abpfdr^ia^a O P
l z 0'.( , h&f' y C]'O(-
G^`fbkal nrb D z N sbjlp nrb h&b'< 0'c(+mlo 0/ nrb b bp fkqbdo^_ibbk P-
Gjpacn]^ehe`]` `a bqj_ekjao ]_kp]`]o _kj `eo_kjpejqe`]`ao 334
Cbjlpqo^jlp pbdrfa^jbkqb nrb i^ fkqbdo^i al_ib bp fdr^i ^ i^ fkqbdo^iobfqbo^a^ ab '00-7(- O^o^ `^a^ v cfg^ ab Y_*`[ i^ fkqbdo^i rkfafjbkpflk^iczb't+v( `t bufpqbv^ nrb bi fkqbdo^kal bp `lkqfkrl bk P- Rb^ ?'u(< bX b't+u(`t-Cbjlpqo^objlp nrb ? bp `lkqfkr^ bk Y_*`[, Rf X b XH plk alp mrkqlp `r^ibpnrfb,o^ ab Y_*`[ qbkbjlp
?&u' + ?&WG'< H8wf't+ u' + b't+ WG'xt
ab i^ nrb l_qbkbjlp
G?&u'+ ?&WG'H999::&^ + `' j^u Gb't+u' + b't+ XH(H< &^ + ]( Hc'ui+ u' + b'th+ XH(HI2Z!&2AJ
bk alkab Wi bp rk mrkql ab Y]+ [ bk bi nrb Gb't+u( , b't+XH( ^i`^kw^ pr jŠuf,jl- Dpq^ abpfdr^ia^a abjrbpqo^ nrb ?'u( y ?'WG( `r^kal v z XH+^pŒnrb ? bp`lkqfkr^ bk XH&Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb bufpqbi^ fkqbdo^iby?'u( `u v+ pbd•k bi qblobj^00-4+bp fdr^i ^ QQ b, Rb pfdrb rk o^wlk^jfbkql m^ob`fal `r^kal bi loabk ab fk,
O
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Rb^ b rk^ crk`fŽk abcfkfa^ v ^`lq^a^ bk rk ob`qŠkdril P- Dk bi qblobj^00-5 pb abjlpqoŽ nrb i^ fkqbdo^i al_ib ab b pl_ob P bufpqbpf b bp `lkqfkr^ bkqlalp ilp mrkqlp ab P- Dk bpq^pb``fŽk abjlpqo^jlp nrb q^j_f‹k bufpqbi^ fkqb,do^i pf b qfbkb afp`lkqfkrfa^abp bk P+ `lk q^i nrb bi `lkgrkql ab i^p afp`lkqf,krfa^abp kl pb^ abj^pf^al do^kab- O^o^ jbafo bi q^j^•l abi `lkgrkql abafp`lkqfkrfa^abp fkqolar`fjlp bi `lk`bmql pfdrfbkqb-
CDEHMHBHˆM CD BNMITMSN @BNS@CN CD BNMSDMHCN MTKN- Qa] ? qj oq^_kj,fqjpk ]_kp]`k `ah lh]jk- Qa `e_a mqa ah _kjfqjpk ? peaja _kjpaje`k jqhk oe l]n]pk`k “ = N ateopa qj _kjfqjpk bejepk `a na_p…jcqhko_qu] naqje‰j _kjpeaja ? v_qu] oqi] `a …na]ojk oqlan] a+
Dp ab`fo+ rk `lkgrkql mi^kl ^`lq^al ab `lkqbkfal kril mrbab `r_ofopb `lkrk^ obrkfŽk ab ob`qŠkdrilp `rv^ Šob^ qlq^f pb^ q^k mbnrb•^ `ljl pb nrfbo^-
K^p pfdrfbkqbpmolmlpf`flkbp obi^qfs^p^ ilp `lkgrkqlp ^`lq^alp ab `lkqbkfalkril plk pbk`fii^p `lkpb`rbk`f^p ab bp^ abcfkf`fŽk- Cbg^jlp ^i ib`qlo i^p abjlp,qo^`flkbp-
^( Br^inrfbo `lkgrkql cfkfql ab mrkqlp abi mi^kl qfbkb `lkqbkfal kril-_( K^ obrkfŽk ab rk k•jbol cfkfql ab `lkgrkqlp ^`lq^alp ab `lkqbkfalkril q^j_f‹k bp ab `lkqbkfal kril-b( Slal pr_`lkgrkql ab rk `lkgrkql ab `lkqbkfal kril qfbkb `lkqbkfalkril-
//1 Gjpacn]haoiŠhpelhao
a( Slal pbdjbkql ab ob`q^ qfbkb `lkqbkfal kril-
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Baikopn]_e‰j- Rb^ L = N q^i nrb 0.0999:::L bk P- Ki^jbjlp B ^i `lkgrkqlab afp`lkqfkrfa^abp ab / bk P- C^al ^ = N+pb^ Nqj] m^oqf`fŽkab P q^i nrb i^prj^ ab i^p Šob^pab qlalp ilp pr_ ob`qŠkdrilp ab N nrb `lkqfbkbk mrkqlp ab Bpb^ jbklo nrb @-'Dpql bp mlpf_ib mrbpql nrb B qfbkb `lkqbkfal kril-( Cbcfk^jlpbk bplp pr_ ob`qŠkdrilp i^p crk`flkbp bp`^ilk^a^p p v p `ljl pfdrb9
o&t' < +K* p't( < K,
Dk ilp pr_ ob`qŠkdrilp ab N obpq^kqbpabcfk^jlp p v p `ljl pb efwl bk i^ abjlp,qo^`fŽk abi qblobj^ 00-5- Sbkbjlp bkqlk`bp p z b y p bk qlal P- Q^wlk^kal`ljl bk i^ abjlpqo^`fŽk abi qblobj^ 00-5 l_qbkbjlp i^ abpfdr^ia^a
'00-8( Hbp , bbp 99::a]'O( * 1L q4-? ?
Di mofjbo q‹ojfkl+ a]&O'* mol`bab abi `Ši`ril ab i^ fkqbdo^i ab p + o bk ilppr_ob`qŠkdrilp nrb pŽil `lkqfbkbk mrkqlp ab `lkqfkrfa^a ab b: bi pbdrkal q‹ojfkl+1K@+ mol`bab ab i^ fkqbdo^iab p , p bk ilp pr_ ob`qŠkdrilp nrb `lkqfbkbk mrkqlpab B, Cb '00-8( l_qbkbjlp i^ abpfdr^ia^a
- N 99::0'.( , 0'H( 99::a]'O( * 1Kp4-
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((&() Hkqbdo^ibpal_ibp buqbkafa^p ^ obdflkbp jŠp dbkbo^ibp
G^pq^ ^nrŒi^ fkqbdo^ial_ib pŽil pb e^ abcfkfal m^o^obdflkbp ab fkqbdo^`fŽkob`q^kdri^obp- Ml l_pq^kqb+kl e^v afcf`riq^a m^o^ buqbkabo bi `lk`bmql ^ obdfl,kbp jŠp dbkbo^ibp-Rb^ R rk^ obdfŽk ^`lq^a^+ b fk`irv^jlp R bk rk ob`qŠkdril P-
Rb^ b rk^ crk`fŽk abcfkfa^ v ^`lq^a^ bk R- Cbcfk^jlp rk^ krbs^ crk`fŽk H bk Pabi pfdrfbkqb jlal9
'00-0/( -&t*u' < wy&V*u'pf &t*u' D R+
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Dp ab`fo+ buqbkabjlp i^ abcfkf`fŽk ab b ^ qlal bi ob`qŠkdril P e^`fbkal nrb i^crk`fŽk s^id^ N crbo^ ab R- Mlp mobdrkq^jlp ^elo^ pf i^ crk`fŽk f bp l kl fkqb,do^_ib bk P- Rf il bp+ab`fjlp nrb b bp fkqbdo^_ib bk R v nrb+ lkn `abeje_e‰j+
HHb; HGn,o &H
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p< w&t* u' h]88899t88899 X :zHG&V'88899W88899:zH0&V'x*
bk alkab ;{IH v 'x1 plk crk`flkbp `lkqfkr^p bk rk fkqbos^il `boo^al Y]* ^[ nrb p^lqfpc^`bk HcHz;{I1& Dgbjmil ab rk^ q^i obdfŽk+ nrb ii^j^jlp obdfŽk abi qfml /* bp biab i^ cfdro^ 00-6- Dk rk^ obdfŽk abi qfml I+ m^o^ `^a^ mrkql p ab Y]* ^[ i^ ob`q^sboqf`^i t < p `loq^ ^ R bk rk pbdjbkql nrb rkb i^ `ros^ v < ;{IH't( ^ u < ;{I1 't(-Tk^ q^i obdfŽk bp ^`lq^a^ mlonrb ;{If v 0c1 plk `lkqfkr^p v mlo q^kql ^`lq^a^p bk
Y]* ^[,Nqol qfml ab obdfŽk R 'qfml //' mrbab abcfkfopb ^pŒ9
R < w&t* u' ha88899u88899 X THG'W( 999::t88899TH1'W(x&
bk alkab &ev /.1 plk `lkqfkr^p bk rk fkqbos^il Ya* [ pfbkal /.0 z /.1& Dk i^ cfdr,o^ 00-7 pb jrbpqo^ rk bgbjmil- Dk bpqb `^pl i^p ob`q^p elofwlkq^ibp `loq^k R bk
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EHFTQ@ 00-6 Pace‰j R `a pelk h- EHFTQ@ 00-7 Pace‰j R `a pelk 0G-
//3 0jpacn]hao iŠhpelhao
pbdjbkqlp nrb rkbk i^p `ros^p u+ < oci'X( v V1 < nbeu', K^p obdflkbp abi qfml HHq^j_f‹k plk ^`lq^a^p- Sla^p i^p obdflkbp nrb `lkpfabo^objlp pboŠk ab rkl rlqol ab bplp alp qfmlp l mlaoŠk abp`ljmlkbopb bk rk k•jbol cfkfql ab co^djbk,qlp+ `^a^ rkl ab ilp `r^ibp pboŠ ab rkl ab bplp alp qfmlp-
Rb^ b rk^ crk`fŽk abcfkfa^ v ^`lq^a^ bk rk^ obdfŽk R ab qfml H- Hk`irv^,jlp R bk rk ob`qŠkdril P v abcfk^jlp H bk P `ljl bpqŠ fkaf`^al bk i^ b`r^`fŽk'00-0/(- K^p afp`lkqfkrfa^abp ab H zk P pboŠk i^p ab b bk R v ^abjŠp ^nrbiilpmrkqlp ab i^ colkqbo^ ab R bk ilp nrb b kl bp `bol- K^ colkqbo^ ab R bpqŠ `lkp,qfqrfa^ mlo i^p doŠcf`^p ab '{: i& ab Ab1 v mlo ilp alp pbdjbkqlp ab ob`q^ sboqf`^ibpnrb rkbk ilp buqobjlp ab i^p doŠcf`^p- B^a^ rkl ab bplp pbdjbkqlp ab ob`q^ qfbkb`lkqbkfal kril- Di qblobj^ nrb pfdrb abjrbpqo^ nrb `^a^ rk^ ab i^p doŠcf`^p q^j,_f‹k qfbkb `lkqbkfal kril-
SDNQDL@ 00-7- Qe Ab ao qj] bqj_e‰j na]h _kjpejq] aj qj ejpanr]hk Y]+^[+ajpkj_ao h] cn…be_]`a nl peaja _kjpaje`k jqhk-
Baikopn]_e‰j- Cbpfdkbjlp `lk ? i^ doŠcf`^ ab nl+ bpql bp+mlkd^jlp
? < w&t*u'hu; nl&t' v ]yty^x-
Difg^jlp `r^inrfbo D = N- @mifnrbjlp bi qblobj^ ab i^ `lkqfkrfa^a rkfclojb'qblobj^ 2-02 abi slirjbk 0( m^o^ l_qbkbo rk^ m^oqf`fŽk N ab Y]* ^[ bk rk jf,jbol cfkfql ab pr_ fkqbos^ilp q^ibp nrb i^ lp`fi^`fŽk ab nl bk qlal pr_fkqbos^il abN pb^ jbklo nrb C-&^ + ]' Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb+ bk `^a^ pr_ fkqbos^il ab N i^ doŠ,cf`^ ab nl bpqŠ abkqol ab rk ob`qŠkdril ab ^iqro^ C-&^ + ]', Krbdl qla^ i^ doŠ,
ŠH '0(,'.(
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EHFTQ@ 00-8 Baikopn]_e‰j `a mqa h] cn…be_] a qj] Yqj_e„j _kjpejq] om peaja _kjpaje`k jqhk-
Gjpacn]hao k^hao atpaj`e`]o ] nacekjao i…o cajan]hao 338
cf`^ ab mH nrba^ fk`irfa^ bk rk^ obrkfŽk cfkfq^ab ob`qŠkdrilp+ `rv^ prj^ ab Šob^pbp c-- 'U‹^pb i^ cfdro^ 00-8-( Dpql abjrbpqo^ nrb i^ doŠcf`^ab nl qfbkb`lkqbkfal kril-
Di qblobj^ pfdrfbkqb abjrbpqo^ nrb i^ fkqbdo^ial_ib Ib b bufpqbpf b bp `lk,o
qfkr^ bk fkq R+'bi fkqbofloab Q', Dpqbbp bi `lkgrkql
fkqR < w&t*u' H] ; t ; ^ v nIi'W( ; u ; mH1'V(x-
SDNQDL@ 00-8- Qa] R qj] nace‰j ah pelk 0+_kilnaj`e`] ajpna h]ocn…be_]o`a SH v R1& Qqlkjc]iko mqa b aop…abeje`] v ao ]_kp]`] aj R v mqa ao _kjpejq]aj ah ejpanekn`a R- Cteopaajpkj_ao h] ejpacn]h`k^ha I I b v lqa`a _]h_qh]noaia,`e]jpa ejpacn]_e‰jqje,`eiajoekj]h naepan]`]- o
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qH't+ u( `u < a9b't+ u( `u
mlo il `r^i i^ b`r^`fŽk '00-01( fjmif`^ '00-00(-
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'00-02( GGb't+ u( `t `u < qZI99'z(ib't+ u( `tH `u-R
Bfboq^pobdflkbp plk abi qfml 0 v abi qfml 00 ^ i^ sbw- 'Olo bgbjmil obdflkbp
34/ Gjpacn]hao iŠhpelhao
ifjfq^a^p mlo `fo`rkcbobk`f^p v bifmpbp-( Dk bpqlp `^plp bi loabk ab fkqbdo^`fŽk bpfkafcbobkqb v mlabjlp bp`of_fo
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00-02 @mif`^`flkbp ^ Šob^p v sli•jbkbp
Rb^ R rk^ obdfŽk abi qfml H a^a^ mlo
p< w&t*u' H] y t y ^ X
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HH `t `u <q'8>1'V( , 8>0'W(\ `t-o
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Rf b bp kl kbd^qfs^+ bi `lkgrkql ab mrkqlp &t* v+ w( abi bpm^`fl ab qobp afjbk,pflkbp q^ibp nrb 't+ v( D R X N z wz b't+ v( pb abkljfk^ _kjfqjpk `a kn`aj]`]o`a b ok^na R- Dk i^ cfdro^ 00-0/ pb sb rk bgbjmil- Rf b bp kl kbd^qfs^ v `lkqfkr^bk R+ i^ fkqbdo^i
G!%•&!%'z't ( `' ( +u u
!&+&!obmobpbkq^bi Šob^ ab rk^ pb``fŽk abi `lkgrkql ab loabk^a^p molar`fa^ ^i `loq^oilmlo rk mi^kl m^o^ibil ^i mi^kl vw 'obdfŽk plj_ob^a^ ab i^ cfdro^ 00-0/(- K^cŽojri^ '00-00( abi qblobj^ 00-8 abjrbpqo^ nrb i^ fkqbdo^i al_ib ab b pl_ob Rbp fdr^i ^ i^ fkqbdo^i abi Šob^ ab i^p pb``flkbp- &Krbdl i^ fkqbdo^i al_ib bb b bp
ofdr^i ^i slirjbk abi `lkgrkql ab loabk^a^p ab b pl_ob R- 'U‹^pb bi qblobj^ 1-6abi slirjbk 0+mŠd- 028-(
Dk dbkbo^i+ pf b v d plk ^j_^p `lkqfkr^p bk R pfbkal b y d+ i^ fkqbdo^i al_ibbb 'd , b( bp fdr^i ^i slirjbk abi pŽifal `ljmobkafal bkqob i^p doŠcf`^p ab i^po
crk`flkbp b v d- @ i^p obdflkbp abi qfml 00 pb ^mif`^k l_pbos^`flkbp ^kŠild^p-
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DIDLOKN 0- B^i`ri^o bi slirjbk abi pŽifal ifjf q^al mlo bi bifmplfab
Qkhq_e‰j- Di pŽifal bk `rbpqfŽk bpqŠ `ljmobkafal bkqob i^p doŠcf`^p ab i^p
alp crk`flkbp b v d+ pfbkal
c't+ u( < _y.z , t1.]1 , u1.^1 Yp€8o(< +c&t* u',
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x Huz 0&1 y
Q < 'u+ u' z1 * .:1 z 0 -
@mif`^kal bi qblobj^ 00-8 v qbkfbkal bk `rbkq^ i^ pfjbqoŒ^ bk`lkqo^jlp nrb bi
slirjbk T abi pŽifal bifmplfa^i sfbkb a^al mlo
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341 Gjpacn]haoiŠhpelhao
Olkd^jlp ? < HG+ t1f]1 Œ K^ fkqbdo^i fkqboflo bp
Lbaf^kqb bi `^j_fl ab s^of^_ib v < ?^ pbk p+u < ?^ `lp p`p+ bk`lkqo^jlpnrb i^ •iqfj^ fkqbdo^ibp fdr^i ^
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Dk bi `^pl m^oqf`ri^o ] < ^ < a bi pŽifal bp rk^ bpcbo^ab o^afl ] v bi slirjbkbp $6RO2-
DIDLOKN 1- K^ fkqbdo^ial_ib ab rk^ crk`fŽk mlpfqfs^ Z+ bbf&t* v( `t `u*pb obar`b ^ i^ fkqbdo^iobfqbo^a^ o
Cbqbojfk^o i^ obdfŽk R b fkqbo`^j_f^o bi loabk ab fkqbdo^`fŽk-
Qkhq_e‰j- O^o^ `^a^ t cfg^a^ bkqobN v 0+i^ fkqbdo^`fŽk`lk obpmb`ql^ v pbbcb`q•^ bk bi fkqbos^il bkqob t1 v t- Dpql pfdkfcf`^ nrb i^ obdfŽk bp abi qfml 0 vbpqŠifjfq^a^ bkqobilp alp `ros^p v < t1 b v < t- K^ obdfŽk R bp bi `lkgrkql abmrkqlp pfqr^alp bkqob i^p alp `ros^p v pl_ob bi fkqbos^il ZN+0\- 'U‹^pb cfdro^00-00( Orbpql nrb R bp q^j_f‹k abi qfml 00 mlabjlp fksboqfobi loabk ab fkqbdo^-`fŽk l_qbkfbkal
DIDLOKN 2- Tk^ fkqbdo^ial_ib ab rk^ crk`fŽk f* bb f&t* v( `t `u* pb obar`b^ i^ fkqbdo^iobfqbo^a^9 o
02 Z'U 14\u0 [
l H3ub2 bp€*u( `t `u-
Cbqbojfk^o i^ obdfŽk R b fksboqfobi loabk ab fkqbdo^`fŽk-
Cfan_e_eko 342
0-0 (
EHFTQ@ 00-00 Cfailhk 0, EHFTQ@ 00-01 Cfailhk 1,
Qkhq_e‰j- O^o^ `^a^ v cfg^bkqobN v 2+i^ fkqbdo^`fŽkobpmb`ql^ t pb bcb`q•^bk bi fkqbos^il bkqob 3v .2 X U 14 , u1- Olo 0/ q^kql i^ obdfŽk bp abi qfml 00 v&bpqŠifjfq^a^ mlo i^p alp `ros^p t < 3u.2 X t < U 14 , u1- Dpq^obdfŽk+obmob,pbkq^a^ bk i^ cfdro^ 00-01+bp rk pb`qlo `fo`ri^o- Br^kal bi loabk ab fkqbdo^`fŽkpb fksfboqb+i^ obdfŽk pb bp`fkab bk alp obdflkbp abi qfml 0: bi obpriq^al bp i^prj^ ab alp fkqbdo^ibp9
b,3YH-2V.3 [ '4 Zc-U14,t& [l l Yp€*u( `u `t * H3 l Yp€*u( `u `t -
))')- 8SN[LRLRX\
Dk ilp bgbo`f`flp abi 0 ^i 4+ af_rg^o i^ obdfŽk ab fkqbdo^`fŽk v `^i`ri^o i^ fkqbdo^i al_ib-
0- GGt `lp 't * v( `t `u+ pfbkal R bi qofŠkdril ab s‹oqf`bp 'N+N(+'0R+ N(+'0R+ 0R(-Q
1- bb '0 * t( pbk v `t `u+ pfbkal R bi qo^mbwlfabab s‹oqf`bp 'N+N(+'0+ N(+'0+1(+ 'N+0(-
o
2- I I aV)hG `t `u* pfbkal R < w&t*u' Hiui * Hvi9p:0y-o
3- I I t&u&t `u : pfbkal R i^ mlo`fŽk ^`lq^a^ abi mofjbo `r^ao^kqb pfqr^a^ bkqob i^p alp
oefm‹o_li^p tu < 0 X tu < 1 X i^p iŒkb^pob`q^p v < t b v < 3t-
4- bb 'u&, v&(`t `u+ pfbkal R i^ obdfŽk ifjfq^a^ mlo v < pbk t v bi fkqbos^il ZN+%/R[,
Q
343 Gjpacn]haoiŠhpelhao
5- Tk^ mfoŠjfab bpqŠ ifjfq^a^ mlo ilp qobp mi^klp `lloabk^alp v bi mi^kl t * 1v * 2v < 5-Qbmobpbkq^obi pŽifal v `^i`ri^o pr slirjbk mlo al_ib fkqbdo^`fŽk-
6- Tk pŽifal bpqŠ ifjfq^al mlo i^ prmbocf`fb v < IH9&, u&+bi mi^kl tu+ v ilp mi^klp t < 0X t < 2- Qbmobpbkq^obi pŽifal v `^i`ri^o pr slirjbk mlo al_ib fkqbdo^`fŽk-
7- B^i`ri^o mlo al_ib fkqbdo^`fŽk+ bi slirjbk abi `lkgrkql ab loabk^a^p ab b pl_ob R pf9
^( b't+u( < t1 * u1_( b't+u( < 2t * ub( b't+ u( < u * 1t * 1/
v
vv
Q;w&t*W'-hth Ri+ivi QGx,R < w't+u( 03t1 * 8u1 Q 25+ t = N+W = Ny-R < w't+u( Ht1 * u1 Q 05y-
Dk ilp bgbo`f`flp abi 8 ^i 07 prmlkbo nrb i^ fkqbdo^i al_ib ab rk^ crk`fŽk mlpfqfs^ b buqbk,afa^ ^ rk^ obdfŽk R pb obar`b ^ i^ fkqbdo^i obfqbo^a^ nrb pb a^- Dk `^a^ `^pl+ obmobpbkq^oi^obdfŽk R b fksboqfo bi loabk ab fkqbdo^`fŽk-
8- H9S9b't+u(`t[ `u ,
0/- b/1YBhGb't+u( `t[ `u ,
00- b9YH9,:b't+u(`u[ `t -
03- H9S9Mc!&b't+u(`u[ `t-
04- cIqz9zl9-b't+ u( `u[ `t -
05- b9S:9b't+u(`u[ `t -
06- H9S9+!&'!+.1hb'V+u(`u[ `t-b0Yby [01- 0- 1,/9 b't+u(`u `t-
02- b1 ZI1z/9 b't+u(`u[ `t -,5 'l9 ,3(.3
'3 Yb'0G,3(.1 [07- Il ,Uf<:+ b't+u(`t `u *
08- @i `^i`ri^o mlo al_ib fkqbdo^`fŽk bi slirjbk T pfqr^al ab_^gl abi m^o^_lilfabv < IH9&* ev ifjfq^al fkcboflojbkqb mlo rk^ `fboq^ obdfŽk R abi mi^kl tu+ pb e^ iibd^al^ i^ pfdrfbkqb prj^ ab fkqbdo^ibp obfqbo^a^p9
Cf_rg^o i^ obdfŽk R v bumobp^o T jbaf^kqb rk^ fkqbdo^i obfqbo^a^ bk i^ nrb bi loabk abfkqbdo^`fŽk bpq‹ fksboqfal- Dcb`qr^o+ q^j_f‹k+ i^ fkqbdo^`fŽk v `^i`ri^o T,
1/- @i `^i`ri^o mlo al_ib fkqbdo^`fŽk bi slirjbk T ifjfq^al mlo bk`fj^ mlo i^ prmbocf`fbv < b&t*v( v mlo i^ m^oqbfkcboflo mlo rk^ `fboq^ obdfŽk R abi mi^kl tu+ pb e^ iibd^al ^i^ pfdrfbkqb prj^ ab fkqbdo^ibp obfqbo^a^p9
e]oaja Ybr^J:- [ b^oajaYhy [r< -- +--b't+u(`t `u * -/ b't+u(`t `r -
l s ]!,hG!Œ ]-oaj b // `lq b 9.
Rfbkal N ; ] ; ^ v N ; b ; ,pn.1+ af_rg^o i^ obdfŽk R a^kal i^p b`r^`flkbp ab qla^p i^p`ros^p nrb `lkpqfqrvbk pr colkqbo^- l
10- @i `^i`ri^o mlo al_ib fkqbdo^`fŽk bi slirjbk T ifjfq^al mlo bk`fj^ mlo i^ prmbocf`fb
Mpn]o ]lhe_]_ekjao `a h]o ejpacn]hao `k^hao 344
w < 't+ v( v mlo i^ m^oqbfkcboflo mlo rk^ `fboq^ obdfŽk R abi mi^kl tu+ pb e^ iibd^al ^ i^pfdrfbkqb prj^ ab fkqbdo^ibp obfqbo^a^p9
r < b8Yb81 't+u(`u[ `t * b8Yb8 't+u(`u[ `t ,
^( Cf_rg^o i^ obdfŽk R v bumobp^o bi slirjbk T jbaf^kqb rk^ fkqbdo^i obfqbo^a^ bk i^nrb bi loabk ab fkqbdo^`fŽk bpq‹ fksboqfal-_( Dcb`qr^o i^ fkqbdo^`fŽk v `^i`ri^o T `r^kal ep€*v( < aV&t-u'/-0,
11- C^a^p ? < j a,p0 `p v @< Qe=a,p0 `p+ B^i`ri^o i^ fkqbdo^i obfqbo^a^-
0 < 1ci +YHt a,u1 `u[ `t
,e l
bk crk`fŽk ab ? v @, Dufpqbk bkqbolp mlpfqfslp i v j q^ibp nrb
0 < i? , j@ * a,/ + a,/-2‹
Bljmol_^o bpq^ obi^`fŽk `lk ilp obpriq^alp l_qbkfalp-
12- Tk `lkl pb l_qfbkb rkfbkal qlalp ilp mrkqlp ab rk^ obdfŽk mi^k^ R `lk rk mrkql klpfqr^al bk bi mi^kl ab R- Cbpfdk^kal `lk ? bi Šob^ ab R+ v `lk ^ i^ ^iqro^ abi `lkl-Cbjlpqo^o nrb9^( Di Šob^ ab i^ pb``fŽk molar`fa^ mlo rk mi^kl m^o^ibil ^ i^ _^pb v ^ afpq^k`f^ p abis‹oqf`b bp &pfd'%?* pf N pq pd,_( Di slirjbk abi `lkl bp x?bz,
13- Hksboqfobi loabk ab fkqbdo^`fŽk m^o^ abar`fo i^ cŽojri^
b8Yb8a!+'],t( b't( `tH `u < b8'] , t(a!+'],t( b't( `t+
alkab ] v i plk `lkpq^kqbp+ ] = N-
))'). A][J\ JYURLJLRXWN\MNUJ\RW]NP[JUN\MXKUN\
X^ ebjlp sfpql nrb i^p fkqbdo^ibpal_ibp mrbabk rp^opb m^o^ `^i`ri^o sli•,jbkbp ab pŽifalp v Šob^pab obdflkbp mi^k^p-Nqolp jr`elp `lk`bmqlp q^ibp`ljl+j^p^p+ `bkqolp ab do^sba^a v jljbkqlp ab fkbo`f^ mrbabk abcfkfopbv `^i`ri^opb`lk bi ^rufifl ab fkqbdo^ibpal_ibp- Dk bpq^pb``fŽk pb bumlkbk _obsbjbkqb bpqlpmol_ibj^p nrb qfbkbkbpmb`f^ifjmloq^k`f^ bk cŒpf`b fkdbkfboŒ^-
Rb^N bi sb`qlo nrb rkb bi lofdbk `lk rk mrkql `r^inrfbo^ ab DdŠ Rf j j^p^pmlpfqfs^p jH& i|* ,,, * i9 bpqŠk il`^ifw^a^p bk ilp mrkqlp NG%N1+ ŒŒŒ + Nj obpmb`,
345 Gjpacn]hao iŠhpelhao
qfs^jbkqb+ bi _ajpnk `a cn]ra`]` abi pfpqbj^ pb abcfkb `ljl bi mrkql b abqbojf,k^al mlo bi sb`qlo
b< J8yhigNg
Jy<hig Œ
Di abkljfk^alo+ &Jig+ pb ii^j^ i]o] pkp]h abi pfpqbj^-Rf `^a^ j^p^ iz pb qo^pi^a^ pbd•k rk sb`qlo ?- ^ rk krbsl mrkql Og pfbkal
Og < N** ?, bi `bkqol ab do^sba^a q^j_f‹k bumbofjbkq^ i^ qo^pi^`fŽk ?* mrbpqlnrb pb qfbkb
Dpql q^j_f‹k pb bumobp^ af`fbkal nrb i^ mlpf`fŽk abi `bkqol ab do^sba^a abmbkabq^k pŽil ab ilp mrkqlp NG<N0* ‹‹‹ * N9 X ab i^p j^p^p+ v kl ab i^ pfqr^`fŽk abilofdbk- Di `bkqol ab do^sba^a bp rk^ `^kqfa^a `^i`ri^a^ qbŽof`^jbkqb nrb obmob,pbkq^+mlo ^pŒab`foil+ rk cf`qf`fl ~mrkql ab bnrfif_oflƒ abi pfpqbj^-
Rf i^p j^p^p bpqŠk bk rk mi^kl bk ilp mrkqlp ab `lloabk^a^p 'Wi&Xi(+--- +'V+j+ Wj(+ v pf bi `bkqol ab do^sba^a qfbkb `lloabk^a^p &t*gf(+i^ obi^`fŽk sb`qlof^inrb abcfkb b mrbab bumobp^opb `lk alp b`r^`flkbp bp`^i^obp+
v
Dk bi krjbo^alo abi `l`fbkqb nrb abcfkb t+ bi q‹ojfkl g,†oeik ab i^ prj^+ ieto+pb abkljfk^ bi ikiajpk ab i^ j^p^ i| obpmb`ql ^i bgb v- Rf rk^ j^p^ i fdr^i ^i^ j^p^ qlq^i abi pfpqbj^ crbpb pfqr^a^ bk bi `bkqol ab- do^sba^a+ pr jljbkqlobpmb`ql ^i bgb v pboŒ fdr^i ^i jljbkql abi pfpqbj^
j
it < &Kigtg•gyh
Br^kal klp obcbofjlp ^ rk pfpqbj^ `rv^ j^p^ qlq^i bpqŠ afpqof_rfa^ bk rk^`fboq^ obdfŽk abi mi^kl bk ird^o ab bpq^o pfqr^a^ bk rk k•jbol cfkfql ab mrkqlp^fpi^alp+ ilp `lk`bmqlp ab j^p^+ `bkqol ab do^sba^a v jljbkql pb abcfkbk jb,af^kqb fkqbdo^ibp bk ird^o ab e^`boil `lk prj^p- Olo bgbjmil+ `lkpfabobjlp rk^~cfk^ iŠjfk^ƒ nrb qbkd^ i^ cloj^ ab rk^ obdfŽk mi^k^ Q-Rrmlkd^jlp nrb i^ j^,qbof^ bpqŠ afpqof_rfa^ mlo qla^ i^ iŠjfk^ `lk rk^ abkpfa^a `lkl`fa^ 'j^p^ mlorkfa^a ab Šob^(- Blk biil pfdkfcf`^jlp nrb bufpqb rk^ crk`fŽk b kl kbd^qfs^ abcf,kfa^ bk Q v nrb b&t* v( obmobpbkq^i^ j^p^ mlo rkfa^a ab Šob^ bk bi mrkql &t* u',
Rf i^ iŠjfk^ l mi^`^ bpqŠ `lkpqorfa^ `lk rk j^qbof^i eljld‹kbl i^ abkpfa^a bp
Mpn]o ]lhe_]_ekjao `a h]o ejpacn]hao `k^hao 346
`lkpq^kqb- Dk q^i `^pl i^ j^p^ qlq^i ab i^ iŠjfk^ pb abcfkb `ljl bi molar`ql abi^ abkpfa^a mlo bi Šob^ ab i^ iŠjfk^-
Br^kal i^ abkpfa^a s^oŒ ab rk mrkql ^ lqol rqfifw^jlp i^ fkqbdo^ial_ib abi^ abkpfa^a `ljl abcfkf`fŽk ab i^ j^p^ qlq^i- Dp ab`fo+ pf i^ crk`fŽk abkpfa^a bbp fkqbdo^_ibbk R+abcfkfjlp i^ j^p^ qlq^i iaQ( ab i^ iŠjfk^ jbaf^kqb i^ cŽojri^
iaQ( < HHb't+ u( `t `u-o
Di `l`fbkqbc-cb't+ u( `t `u
]j]^p] ] oŠob^ c-c`t `u
o
pb ii^j^ `ajoe`]` ia`e] ab i^ iŠjfk^- Rf `lkpfabo^jlp nrb R kl bp mob`fp^jbkqbrk^ iŠjfk^ abid^a^+ pfkl rk^ cfdro^ dblj‹qof`^ ab alp afjbkpflkbp+ bi ^kqboflo`l`fbkqb pb ii^j^ lnkia`ek l r]hkn ia`ek ab i^ crk`fŽk b pl_ob i^ obdfŽk R- Dkbpqb`^pl kl bufdfjlp nrb b pb^ kl kbd^qfs^-
Olo ^k^ildŒ^`lk bi `^pl cfkfql+abcfkfjlp bi _ajpnk `a cn]ra`]` ab i^ iŠjfk^`ljl bi mrkql &t* gf( abqbojfk^al mlo i^p cŽojri^p
'00-03( ti&Q' < HHtb't+ u( `t `uo
v fei&Q' < HH I0'u+ u( `t `u-o
K^p fkqbdo^ibpabi pbdrkal jfbj_ol plk ilp jljbkqlp ab i^ iŠjfk^ obpmb`ql^ ilp bgbpu v t obpmb`qfs^jbkqb-Br^kal i^ abkpfa^a bp `lkpq^kqb+z't+ u' < a+pbpfjmifcf`^ i^p fdr^ia^abp '00-03( v l_qbkbjlp
t]&Q' < HH u `t `uo
v fe]&Q' < HH u `t `u+o
alkab ]'Q( bp bi Šob^ ab R- Dk bpqb`^pl bi mrkql &t* gf( pb abkljfk^ bi _ajpnke`aab i^ iŠjfk^ 'l ab i^ obdfŽkQ',
Rf J bp rk^ ob`q^ bk bi mi^kl ab i^ iŠjfk^ v obmobpbkq^jlp `lk Q't+ u' i^afpq^k`f^ abpab bi mrkql &t* u' ab R ^ i^ ob`q^ J+ bi k•jbol he9abcfkfal mlo
GJ < HH 51't+ u(b't+ u( `t `uo
pb ii^j^ ikiajpk `a ejan_e] ab i^ iŠjfk^ obpmb`ql^ J- Rf z't+ u' < ($ Ja pb abkl,jfk^ jljbkql ab fkbo`f^ l oacqj`k ikiajpk ab i^ obdfŽk R obpmb`ql^ J- Klp
347 Gjpacn]hao iŠhpelhao
jljbkqlp ab fkbo`f^ obpmb`ql^ ilp bgbpt b v pb abpfdk^k `lk 0! b 0(&+obpmb`qfs^,jbkqb+ v sfbkbk a^alp mlo i^p fkqbdo^ibp
GGh'< HH uy't+ u( `t `uo
v 0&00< HH t1b't+ u( `t `u-o
K^ prj^ ab bp^p alp fkqbdo^ibppb ii^j^ ikiajpk lkh]n `a ejan_e] il obpmb`ql^ilofdbk9
il < HHi(* 0&00< HH 'V1 * u1(b't+u(`t`u-
o
Lkp]- K^ j^p^ v bi `bkqol ab do^sba^a ab rk^ iŠjfk^ qfbkbk molmfba^abp nrbabmbkabk abi `rboml v kl ab i^ pfqr^`fŽk abi lofdbk v ab i^p afob``flkbp ab ilp bgbp`lloabk^alp- Di jljbkql mli^o ab fkbo`f^ abmbkab ab i^ mlpf`fŽk abi lofdbk+ mbolkl ab i^p afob``flkbp ab ilp bgbp-Klp jljbkqlp v jljbkqlp ab fkbo`f^ obpmb`ql ^ilp bgbp t b u abmbkabk ab i^ pfqr^`fŽk abi lofdbk v ab i^p afob``flkbp ab ilp bgbp-Rf rk^ iŠjfk^ ab abkpfa^a `lkpq^kqb mlpbb rk bgb ab pfjbqoŒ^+pr `bkqolfab bpq^oŠbk af`el bgb- Rf qfbkb alp bgbp ab pfjbqoŒ^+bi `bkqolfab bpq^oŠbk pr fkqbopb``fŽk-Dpq^p molmfba^abp mrbabk abjlpqo^opb ^ m^oqfoab i^p abcfkf`flkbp nrb mob`babk+v plk jrv •qfibp+ mrbp pfjmifcf`^k cob`rbkqbjbkqb ilp `Ši`rilp-
DIDLOKN 0- Tk^ iŠjfk^ abid^a^ ab abkpfa^a `lkpq^kqb a bpqŠifjfq^a^ mloalp `fo`rkcbobk`f^p `lk`‹kqof`^p ab o^aflp ] v ^ X `bkqol bk bi lofdbk+ pfbkalN ; ^ ; ]- B^i`ri^o bi jljbkql mli^o ab fkbo`f^-
Qkhq_e‰j- K^ fkqbdo^im^o^`^i`ri^o hk bp9
hk < b HH 't1 * e'`t `u +o
pfbkal R < w&t* v( H ^! R t1 * v1 p ]1x- O^o^ pfjmifcf`^o ilp `Ši`rilp qbkd^jlp bk
`rbkq^ nrb i^ fkqbdo^ibp rk^ crk`fŽk ^afqfs^ bk i^ obdfŽk ab fkqbdo^`fŽk 'v^ nrbbi fkqbdo^kal bp kl kbd^qfsl(+ ab jlal nrb qbkbjlp9
il < b HH 't1 * u1( `t `u , b HH 't1 * u1( `t `u+Q&]' oe•
alkab Qa]( v Q'^( plk ilp afp`lp `fo`ri^obp ab o^aflp ] v ^+ obpmb`qfs^jbkqb-Olab,jlp rp^o i^ fkqbdo^`fŽkobfqbo^a^m^o^`^i`ri^o i^ fkqbdo^ibuqbkafa^ ^ Qa]'* v bk,`lkqo^jlp
Bko paknai]o `a N]llqo 348
'Njfqfjlp ilp abq^iibp ab `Ši`ril ab_fal ^ nrb bpq^ fkqbdo^i mrbab `^i`ri^opb jŠpcŠ`fijbkqb bk `lloabk^a^p mli^obp+ il nrb pb bumlkaoŠ bk i^ pb``fŽk 00-16-( Olo0/ q^kql+
alkab i < 6S _&]1, ^1
( bp i^ j^p^ ab i^ iŠjfk^-
DIDLOKN 1- Cbqbojfk^o bi `bkqolfab ab i^ obdfŽk mi^k^ ifjfq^a^ mlo rk^o`l ab pfkrplfab-
Qkhq_e‰j- Blkpfabobjlp i^ obdfŽk R ifjfq^a^ mlo i^ `ros^ u < pbk t v bifkqbos^il N z t y 6S- Olo i^ pfjbqoŒ^+i^ `lloabk^a^ t abi `bkqolfab bp ,t < 6S.1-K^ `lloabk^a^ u sfbkb a^a^ mlo
oou `t ` u, pu;+++
QQ `t `uo
Q! 0pbk! u `tl 15R
Gpbku `t 1 7
))')/ 7X\ ]NX[NVJ\MNBJYY^\
O^mmrp ab @ibg^kaoŒ^+nrb sfsfŽ bk i^ pbdrka^ jfq^a abi pfdil qbo`bol+ crbrkl ab ilp •iqfjlp dbŽjbqo^p ab i^ bp`rbi^ ab @ibg^kaoŒ^ab j^qbjŠqf`lp dofbdlp-Dp`of_fŽ rk `ljmbkafl ab l`el if_olp bk ilp nrb ob`ldfŽ do^k m^oqb ab ilp `lkl,`fjfbkqlp j^qbjŠqf`lp ab ^nrbi qfbjml- 'Rb `lkpbos^k ilp pbfp •iqfjlp v rk^ m^oqbabi pbdrkal-( O^mmrp abp`r_ofŽ krjbolp^p molmfba^abp fkqbobp^kqbp ab ilp `b k,qolfabp+ alp ab i^p `r^ibp bumlkbjlp bk bpq^ pb``fŽk- K^ mofjbo^ obi^`flk^ bi`bkqolfab ab rk^ obdfŽk mi^k^ `lk bi slirjbk abi pŽifal ab obslir`fŽk l_qbkfalmlo i^ olq^`fŽk ab i^ `fq^a^ obdfŽk ^iobabalo ab rk^ ob`q^ ab pr mi^kl-
Blkpfabobjlp rk^ obdfŽk mi^k^ P pfqr^a^ bkqob i^p doŠcf`^p ab alp crk`flkbp`lkqfkr^p b v d bk bi fkqbos^il Y]* ^[* pfbkal N z d z b, Rb^ R bi pŽifal ab obsl,ir`fŽk bkdbkao^al ^i dfo^o P ^iobabalo abi bgb t, Cbpfdkbjlp mlo ]&O' bi Šob^ab P+ raQ' bi slirjbk ab R+v `lk u i^ `lloabk^a^ u abi `bkqolfab ab P- @i dfo^oP m^o^ bkdbkao^o R+ bi `bkqolfab pb abpmi^w^ ^ il i^odl ab rk^ `fo`rkcbobk`f^ abo^afl u, Di qblobj^ ab O^mmrp bpq^_ib`b nrb bi rkhqiaj `a R ao ecq]h]h lnk`q_pk`a h] hkjcepq` `a ao] _en_qjf]naj_e] iqhpelhe_]`] lkn ah …na] a P: bpql bp+
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O^o^ abjlpqo^o bpq^ cŽojri^ l_pbosbjlp q^k pŽil nrb bi slirjbk sfbkb a^almlo i^ fkqbdo^i
v nrb gfpb l_qfbkb `lk i^ cŽojri^
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DIDLOKN 0- Tkhqiaj `a qj pknk- Rb^ R bi qlol bkdbkao^al ^i dfo^o rkafp`l `fo`ri^o P ab o^afl P ^iobabalo ab rk bgb ^ rk^ afpq^k`f^ ^ = P abi `bk,qol ab P- Di slirjbk ab R pb `^i`ri^ cŠ`fijbkqb `lk bi qblobj^ ab O^mmrp- Sbkb,jlp gf < ^ X ]&O' < 6nP1
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Di bgbjmil nrb pfdrb e^`b sbo nrb bi qblobj^ ab O^mmrp q^j_f‹k mrbab rp^o,pb m^o^ abqbojfk^o `bkqolfabp-
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O < w&t* u( Ht1 * u1 y P1+ W „ Ny-
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Di qblobj^ ab O^mmrp nrb pfdrb bpq^_ib`b nrb bi _ajpnke`a `a h] naqje‰j `a`ko nacekjao lh]j]o `eofqjp]o ? u @aop…aj ahoaciajpk `a na_p]mqa qja ah _aj,pnke`a `a ? _kj ah _ajpnke`a `a @-Blk j^vlo dbkbo^ifa^a+ pb^k ? v @alp iŠjf,k^p abid^a^p nrb plk afpgrkq^p l pb `loq^k bk rk `lkgrkql ab mrkqlp ab `lkqb,kfal kril- Cbpfdkbjlp `lk ia?' v i&@' prp j^p^p v `lk A,J v aj ilp sb`qlobp‹i 0Hzrkbk bi lofdbk `lk ilp obpmb`qfslp `bkqolp ab do^sba^a- K^ obrkfŽk ? T @
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K^ cŽojri^ ab O^mmrp'00-05( pb abar`b fkjbaf^q^jbkqb ab i^ abcfkf`fŽk ab`bkqol ab do^sba^a nrb pb a^ bk '00-03(- Orbab dbkbo^ifw^opbab j^kbo^ pbk`fii^^ i^ obrkfŽk ab qobpl jŠp obdflkbp- Dp •qfi bpmb`f^ijbkqb bk i^ moŠ`qf`^`r^kalrk^ iŠjfk^ ab abkpfa^a `lkpq^kqb pb `ljmlkb ab s^of^p mlo`flkbp+ `^a^ rk^ abi^p `r^ibp qfbkb pfjbqoŒ dblj‹qof`^- Cbqbojfk^jlp bi `bkqolfab ab `^a^ mlo`fŽkv cloj^jlp irbdl rk^ ^ab`r^a^ `lj_fk^`fŽk ifkb^i m^o^ bk`lkqo^o bi `bkqolfabab i^ obrkfŽk- Dk bi bgbo`f`fl 10 ab i^ pb``fŽk pfdrfbkqbpb a^k bgbjmilp-
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Dk ilp bgbo`f`flp abi 0 ^i 7 i^ obdfŽk R bpqŠifjfq^a^ mlo rk^ l jŠp `ros^p ab i^p nrb pba^k i^p b`r^`flkbp- Dk `^a^ `^pl af_rg^o i^ obdfŽk R v abqbojfk^o i^p `lloabk^a^p t b u abi`bkqolfab-
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8- Tk^ iŠjfk^ abid^a^ bpqŠ ifjfq^a^ mlo bi ^o`l ab m^oŠ_li^ v < 0t + t% v bi fkqbos^ilN z t y 1- Cbqbojfk^o pr j^p^ pf i^ abkpfa^a bk `^a^ mrkql &t*v( bp 'i , v(.'i * t',
0/- Cbqbojfk^o bi `bkqol ab do^sba^a ab rk^ iŠjfk^ abid^a^ ob`q^kdri^o ?@AB pf i^ abk,pfa^a bk qlalp prp mrkqlp bp bi molar`ql ab prp afpq^k`f^p ^ ilp i^alp ?@ v ?B,
Dk ilp bgbo`f`flp 00 ^ 05 `^i`ri^o ilp jljbkqlp ab fkbo`f^ G9b G*ab rk^ iŠjfk^ abid^a^R abi mi^kl tu _loab^a^ mlo rk^ l jŠp `ros^p `rv^p b`r^`flkbp pb `fq^k- Dk `^a^ `^plb&t* v( obmobpbkq i^ abkpfa^a ab rk mrkql `r^inrfbo^ &t* v( ab R-
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05- W <--zv:+ u<M+ /yty1: b't+u(<ht,uh-
06- Rb^k R rk^ iŠjfk^ abid^a^ ab j^p^ i+ v Jk v J alp ob`q^p m^o^ibi^p bk bi mi^kl ab R+m^p^kal Jk mlo bi `bkqol ab do^sba^a ab R- Cbjlpqo^o bi paknai] `a hko aeaol]n]hahko9
GJ < GJk * ihn+
alkab d bp i^ afpq^k`f^ bkqob i^p alp ob`q^p Jk v J- YGj`e_]_e‰j- Di qo^_^gl pb pfjmifcf`^oŠ`lk rk^ ^ab`r^a^ bib``fŽk ab ilp bgbp `lloabk^alp-\
07- Di `lkqlokl ab rk^ iŠjfk^ abid^a^ bp rk^ bifmpb ab pbjfbgbp ] v ^- J obmobpbkq^rk^ob`q^ bk bi mi^kl ab i^ iŠjfk^ nrb m^p^ mlo bi `bkqol ab i^ bifmpb v cloj^ rk Škdril ]`lk bi bgb ab ilkdfqra 1]- Rf i^ abkpfa^a bp `lkpq^kqb v i^ j^p^ i+ abjlpqo^o nrb bijljbkql ab fkbo`f^ Gnbp fdr^i ^ i']& pbk&^* ^&`lp&](-
08- Dk`lkqo^o i^ afpq^k`f^ jbaf^ abpab rk s‹oqf`b ab rk `r^ao^al ab i^al d ^ ilp mrkqlpfkqboflobp abi jfpjl-
1/- Rb^ 7 i^ afpq^k`f^ ,abpab rk mrkql ^o_fqo^ofl N fkqboflo ^ rk `Œo`ril ab o^afl o ^ rk mrkqlcfgl Ol `rv^ afpq^k`f^ ^i `bkqol abi `Œo`ril bp d, B^i`ri^o bi s^ilo jbafl ab i^ crk`fŽk7&bk i^ obdfŽk ifjfq^a^ mlo bi `Œo`ril-
10- Rb^k ?* @*b ilp pfdrfbkqbp ob`qŠkdrilp abi mi^kl tu8
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11- Tk qofŠkdril fpŽp`bibp R qfbkb _^pb 0 v ^iqro^ d, K^ _^pb ab R `lfk`fab `lk rkl ab ilpi^alp ab rk ob`qŠkdril P ab _^pb 0 v ^iqro^ 1- Dk`lkqo^o bi s^ilo ab d ab j^kbo^ nrbbi `bkqolfab ab P r R bpq‹ pfqr^al bk bi i^al `lj•k ab P v R-
12- Tk qofŠkdril fpŽp`bibp R qfbkb _^pb 1o v ^iqro^ n, !K^ _^pb ab R `lfk`fab `lk bi i^alob`ql ab rk afp`l pbjf`fo`ri^o C ab o^afl o- Cbqbojfk^o i^ obi^`fŽk nrb ab_b bufpqfobkqob o v d m^o^ nrb bi `bkqolfab ab R r B bpq‹ pfqr^al bk bi fkqboflo abi qofŠkdril-
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Di pbdrkal qblobj^ crka^jbkq^i! abi `Ši`ril m^o^i^p fkqbdo^ibpab iŒkb bp,q^_ib`b nrb i^ fkqbdo^iab -iŒkb ab rk do^afbkqb &[0G 0/ i^odl ab rk `^jfkl nrbrkb alp mrkqlp ] v ^ mrbab bumobp^opbbk crk`fŽk ab ilp s^ilobp G']( v b&^', Dufp,qb rk qblobj^ ^kŠildl bk alp afjbkpflkbp nrb bumobp rk^ fkqbdo^ial_ib buqbk,afa^ ^ rk^ obdfŽk P `ljl rk^ fkqbdo^i ab iŒkb^ il i^odl ab i^ `ros^ `boo^a^nrb `lkpqfqrvb i^ colkqbo^ab P- Dpqbqblobj^ `loofbkqbjbkqb pb abkljfk^ paknai]
Raknai] `a Enaaj aj ah lh]jk 352
`a Enaaj+ ')( mbol ^ sb`bp pb ii^j^ qblobj^ ab F^rpp- Orbab bpq^_ib`bopbab s^,of^p j^kbo^p: i^ jŠp cob`rbkqb bp bk i^ cloj^ ab i^ fabkqfa^a9
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Rrmlkd^jlp nrb b sfbkb abp`ofq^ mlo rk^ crk`fŽk sb`qlof^i `lkqfkr^ bu abcf,kfa^ bk rk fkqbos^il Y]+^[- Rf _t9']( < bu '^(+ i^ `ros^ bp _ann]`]- Tk^ `ros^ `boo^a^q^i nrb bu'q+( " bu'q1( m^o^ qlal m^o ab s^ilobp p+" p1 abi fkqbos^il pbjf^_fboqlA]+ ^[ pb ii^j^ `ros^ `boo^a^ oeilha- Dpql pfdkfcf`^ nrb+ bu`bmql m^o^ ilp buqob,jlp abi fkqbos^il Y]* ^[* s^ilobp afpqfkqlp ab p lofdfk^k mrkqlp afpqfkqlp ab i^`ros^- K^ `fo`rkcbobk`f^ bp bi qŒmf`lbgbjmil ab `ros^ `boo^a^ pfjmib-
K^p `ros^p `boo^a^p pfjmibp mi^k^p pb ii^j^k `loofbkqbjbkqb _qnr]o `a h]n`]jbk ob`rboal ab B^jfil Zloa^k '0727,0811(+ c^jlpl j^qbjŠqf`l co^k`‹p nrb crbab ilp mofjbolp nrb qo^_^gŽ pl_ob ilp `lk`bmqlp ab `ros^p `boo^a^p pfjmibp v abilkdfqra ab ^o`l- Sla^ `ros^ ab Iloa^k b abp`ljmlkb bi mi^kl bk alp `lkgrkqlp^_fboqlp `lkbulp v afpgrkqlp nrb qfbkbk i^ `ros^ b `ljl colkqbo^ `lj•k- Tk^ abbp^p obdflkbp bp ]_kp]`] v pb ii^j^ ejpanekn ^ B- 'U‹^pb i^ obdfŽk plj_ob^a^ bki^ cfdro^ 00-02-( K^ lqo^ bp jk ]_kp]`] v pb ii^j^ atpanekn ^ B- O^o^ `fboq^p `ros^pab I ^oa^k c^jfif^obp `ljl `fo`rkcbobk`f^p+ bifmpbp+l mliŒdlklp bibjbkq^ibp+ bpfkqrfqfs^jbkqb bsfabkqb nrb i^ `ros^ afsfab ^i mi^kl bk rk^ obdfŽk fkqboflo v lqo^buqboflo+ mbol abjlpqo^o nrb bp bpql `fboql m^o^ rk^ `ros^ ab Zloa^k _q]hmqean]kl bp `lp^ cŠ`fi- I^oa^k crb bi mofjbol bk mob`fp^o nrb bp^ ^cfoj^`fŽk obnrboŒ^abjlpqo^`fŽk: bi obpriq^al pb `lkl`b mlo bi klj_ob ab paknai] `a h] _qnr] `ah]n`]j- G^`f^ cfkbp abi pfdil WHWHloa^k v lqolp mr_if`^olk abjlpqo^`flkbp fk`lj,mibq^p-Dk 08/4 bi j^qbjŠqf`l ^jbof`^kl Npt^ia Ub_ibk '077/,085/( afl i^ mof,jbo^ abjlpqo^`fŽk `ljmibq^ abi qblobj^- Di qblobj^ ab Fobbk bp sŠifal pfbjmobnrb b bp rk^ `ros^ ob`qfcf`^_ib ab Hloa^k+ v i^ obdfŽk P bp i^ obrkfŽk ab b v abi^ obdfŽk fkqboflo ^ bii^- ')( Orbpql nrb kl ebjlp abcfkfal i^p fkqbdo^ibp ab iŒkb^^ 0/ i^odl ab `ros^p ob`qfcf`^_ibp `r^ibpnrfbo^+ ifjfq^jlp krbpqo^ afp`rpfŽk ^ `ro,s^p obdri^obp ^ qolwlp-
Dufpqb lqo^ afcf`riq^a q‹`kf`^ ^pl`f^a^ ^ i^ clojri^`fŽk abi qblobj^ ab Fobbk-X^ ebjlp l_pbos^al nrb+ m^o^ i^ s^ifabw ab i^ fabkqfa^a '00-06(+ i^ `ros^ b ab_bpbo ob`loofa^ bk pbkqfal `lkqo^ofl ^i ab i^p ^drg^p abi obilg- Hkqrfqfs^jbkqb+ bpqlpfdkfcf`^ nrb rk elj_ob nrb s^v^ ^ka^kal ^ 0/ i^odl ab b qfbkb pfbjmob i^ ob,dfŽk P ^ pr fwnrfboa^- S^j_f‹k+ m^o^ ^idrk^p `ros^p ab Zloa^k `loofbkqbp+ `ljli^p ^kqbp jbk`flk^a^p+ bi pfdkfcf`^al ab i^ bumobpfŽk ~ob`loobo rk^ `ros^ bk pbk,qfal `lkqo^ofl ^i ab i^p ^drg^p abi obilgƒ bp fkqrfqfs^jbkqb bsfabkqb- Ml l_pq^kqb+bk rk^ abjlpqo^`fŽk bpqof`q^jbkqb ofdrolp^ abi qblobj^ ab Fobbk pb ab_boŒ^abcf,kfo bpq^ bumobpfŽk bk q‹ojfklp `ljmibq^jbkqb ^k^iŒqf`lp+ bpql bp+ jbaf^kqb i^crk`fŽk sb`qlof^i bu nrb abp`of_b i^ `ros^- Dk i^ pb``fŽk 00-13 pb bp_lw^ rk^ mlpf,_ib abcfkf`fŽk-
G^_fbkal v^ pb•^i^al ^idrk^p ab i^p afcf`riq^abp ^pl`f^a^p ^ i^ clojri^`fŽkabi qblobj^ ab Fobbk+ il bkrk`f^objlp bk rk^ cloj^ jŠp _fbk dbkbo^i b fkaf`^,objlp _obsbjbkqb mlo nr‹ bp sŠifal m^o^ `fboq^p obdflkbp- Dk bpq^ afp`rpfŽk bi
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Raknai] `a Anaaj aj ah lh]jk 354
pfdkfcf`^al ab ~`lkqo^ofl ^i ab i^p ^drg^p abi obilgƒ bp fkqrfqfs^+ ab j^kbo^ nrbi^ abjlpqo^`fŽk kl bp `ljmibq^jbkqb ofdrolp^-
SDNQDL@ 00-0/- SDNQDL@ CD FQDDM O@Q@ QDFHNMDR OK@M@R KHLHS@C@R
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Dk bcb`ql+ pf bpq^p alp cŽojri^p plk sŠifa^p+ prj^kal pb abar`b '00-07(- Qb`Œmol`^,jbkqb+ pf '00-07( bp `fboq^ mlabjlp l_qbkbo '00-08( v '00-1/( `ljl `^pl m^oqf`ri^oqlj^kal N < N X P < N+obpmb`qfs^jbkqb-
Baikopn]_e‰j l]n] nacekjao aola_e]hao- Cbjlpqo^objlp '00-1/( m^o^ rk^obdfŽk P abi qfml H-Tk^ q^i obdfŽk qfbkb i^ cloj^
P;&&t*n'h]8Q98t8Q98^ v i'u(9R:9o9R:9d'u(y-
bk alkab b v d plk `lkqfkr^p bk Y]* ^[ pfbkal b pd- K^ colkqbo^ B ab P `lkpq^ab `r^qol m^oqbp+rk ^o`l fkcboflo B0 'doŠcf`^ ab b'* lqol prmboflo B1 'doŠcf`^ abd(+ v alp pbdjbkqlp ob`qfiŒkblp sboqf`^ibp+ ob`loofalp bk bi pbkqfal fkaf`^al bk i^cfdro^ 00-03-
/11 Gjpacn]haoiŠhpelhao
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EHFTQ@ 00-03 Baikopn]_e‰j `ah paknai] `aMnaaj l]n] qj] nace‰j aola_e]h-
EHFTQ@ 00-04 Baikopn]_e‰j `ah paknai] `aMnaaj l]n] qj] nace‰ji…o cajan]h-
B^i`ribjlp mofjbol i^ fkqbdo^i al_ib , H b ']l .]u( `t `u mlo fkqbdo^`fŽkpr`bpfs^- Hkqbdo^kalmofjbol obpmb`ql^ v qbkbkclp
bG]l bŠeHc'V(]l [ b^Yb.'V(]l [, , `t `u < , H , `u `t < , `u `t]u !K z&t' ]u ] c't( ]u
P
'00-10(
< qNYt+f't(( `t , H8NYt+ c't(( `t-
Olo lqo^ m^oqb+i^ fkqbdo^iab iŒkb ba l `t mrbab bp`of_fopb^pŒ
nN `t < o- N `t * b- N `t+' ’ ' 0 A1 Œ
mrbpql nrb i^ fkqbdo^i ab iŒkb^^ il i^odl ab `^a^ pbdjbkql sboqf`^i bp `bol-O^o^ `^i`ri^o i^ fkqbdo^i ^ il i^odl ab Bi rqfifw^jlp i^ obmobpbkq^`fŽksb`qlof^i^9'q(< pe* b'p(f v l_qbkbjlp
o N `t < HG'NYp+f'p(( `p --bi ]
O^o^ `^i`ri^o i^ fkqbdo^i ^ il i^odl ab B1 bjmib^objlp i^ obmobpbkq^`fŽk9'q(<pe* c'p(f v qbkaobjlp bk `rbkq^ i^ fksbopfŽk abi pbkqfal m^o^l_qbkbo
b- N `t < \H^ NYp+c'p(( `p -_- ]
Sbkbjlp mlo il q^kql
ba N `t < H8NYp+f'p(( `p , H8NYp+c'p(( `p-
?hcqj]o ]lhe_]_ekjao `ah paknai] `a Anaaj 356
Bljm^o^kal bpq^cŽojri^ `lk i^ '00-10( l_qbkbjlp '00-1/(-Tk o^wlk^jfbkql m^ob`fal mrbab bjmib^opb m^o^ abjlpqo^o '00-08( m^o^ob,
dflkbp abi qfml 0H-Rb l_qfbkb ab bpqb jlal rk^ abjlpqo^`fŽk abi qblobj^ abFobbk m^o^ obdflkbp nrb plk ^ rk qfbjml abi qfml 0 v abi qfml 00- Gb`el bpql+mrbab abjlpqo^opb bi qblobj^ m^o^obdflkbp P nrb mrbabk abp`ljmlkbopb bk rkk•jbol cfkfql ab obdflkbp nrb plk ab ^j_lp qfmlp-Rb fkqolar`bk ~pb``flkbpƒ l~`loqbpƒ `ljl pb sb bk i^ cfdro^ 00-04+pb ^mif`^ bi qblobj^ ^ `^a^ pr_obdfŽk+vpb prj^k ilp obpriq^alp- K^p fkqbdo^ibp^ 0/ i^odl ab ilp `loqbp pb obar`bk ^ m^,obp+ ljl pb prdfbob bk i^ cfdro^+v i^ prj^ ab i^p fkqbdo^ibpab iŒkb^ 0/ i^odlab i^p colkqbo^pab i^p pr_obdflkbp bp fdr^i ^ i^ fkqbdo^i ab iŒkb^^ 0/ i^odl abi^ colkqbo^ab P-
))'*( 4UP^WJ\JYURLJLRXWN\MNU]NX[NVJMN:[NNW
Klp bgbjmilp nrb pfdrbk jrbpqo^k ^idrk^p ^mif`^`flkbp abi qblobj^ ab Fobbk-
DIDLOKN 0- Olo jbafl abi qblobj^ ab Fobbk `^i`ri^o bi qo^_^gl bcb`qr^almlo bi `^jml ab bqanv]b't+ u( < 'u * 2t(e * '1u , t(f ^i jlsbo rk^ m^oqŒ`ri^olab^kal rk^ sbw i^ bifmpb2t1 * u1 < 3 bk bi pbkqfal `lkqo^ofl ^i ab i^p ^drg^pabi obilg-
Qkhq_e‰j- Di qo^_^gl bp fdr^i H_l `t*O `u+ alkab N<u*2t+ O<1u,t+v b bp i^ bifmpb-X^ nrb kOfkt , kNfku < , 1+bi qblobj^ ab Fobbk klp a^
qN `t * P ` u < IH',1( `t ahu< ,1]'P(-//
alkab ]&P' bp bi Šob^ fkqboflo ^ i^ bifmpb-X^ nrb bpq^ bifmpbqfbkb pbjfbgbp] < 0 X ^ < 1+ pr Šob^ bp j]^ < 160! X bi s^ilo ab i^ fkqbdo^iab iŒkb bp , 36S-
DIDLOKN 1- B^i`ri^o i^ fkqbdo^iH B4 , tu , u1(`t , '1tu , t1(`u+ alkabb bp bi `r^ao^al ab s‹oqf`bp 'N+N(+'0+ N(+'0+ 0(+'N+ 0(-
Qkhq_e‰j- @nrŒN < 4 , tu , u1+P < t1 , 1tu+ v kOfkt , kNfku < 2t-Krbdl+ pbd•k bi qblobj^ ab Fobbk+ qbkbjlp+
ba N `t * P ` u < 2 II t `t ` u < 2e&+P
alkab t bp i^ `lloabk^a^ t abi `bkqolfab abi `r^ao^al- Orbpql nrb t< $+ bis^ilo ab i^ fkqbdo^iab iŒkb bp $&
DIDLOKN 2- Ch …na] atlnao]`] _kik qj] ejpacn]h ]a h‡ja]- K^ fkqbdo^ial,
/13 Gjpacn]hao iŠhpelhao
_ib nrb a^ bi Šob^ ]&P' ab rk^ obdfŽk P mrbab bumobp^opb bk i^ cloj^
]&P' < HH `t `u < HH F: , z9(`t `u+@ @
bk alkab N v P plk q^ibp nrb ^P b]t + ]l -]u < 0- Olo bgbjmil+ mlabjlp qlj^oO't+ v( < $t v N't+ v( < , $u- Rf P bp i^ obdfŽk bk`boo^a^ bk rk^ `ros^ abZloa^k b mlabjlp ^mif`^o bi qblobj^ ab Fobbk m^o^ bumobp^o ]&P' `ljl fkqbdo^iab iŒkb^
]&P' < x N `t * P `u < ' , u `t * t `u-Ha 1 Ha
Rf i^ `ros^ colkqbo^ b bpqŠ a^a^ m^o^j‹qof`^jbkqb
t<V'p(+ u < W&p'* ]ypy^+
i^ fkqbdo^i ab iŒkb^nrb a^ bi Šob^ qlj^ i^ cloj^
]&P' < h^ w, W'p(V&'p( * V'p( W&'p(x`p < h^HV'p( W'p( Hp-1 ] 1 ] V&'p( W&'p(
00-10 Blkaf`fŽk kb`bp^of^ v prcf`fbkqb m^o^ nrb rk `^jml sb`qlof^i _f,afjbk,pflk^i pb^ rk do^afbkqb
Rb^ bpt *u' < N&t* u'e * O&t* u'f rk `^jml sb`qlof^i abofs^_ib `lk `lkqf,krfa^a bk rk `lkgrkql ^_fboql Q abi mi^kl- RfGbp rk do^afbkqb bk Q qbkbjlp
'00-11( ]l < ]O]u ]t
bk qlal Q- Dp ab`fo+ i^ `lkaf`fŽk '00-11( bp ja_ao]ne] m^o^ nrb b pb^ rk do^,afbkqb- Bljl v^ ebjlp l_pbos^al+ bpq^ `lkaf`fŽk kl bp prcf`fbkqb- Olo bgbjmil+bi `^jml sb`qlof^i
G'(,u- t-
t+ u < 1 1 / * 1 10t *u t *u
p^qfpc^`b '00-11( bk qlal bi `lkgrkql Q < Q1, x'N+ N(y+mbol Gkl bp rk do^afbkqb
Akj`e_e‰j l]n] mqa qj _]ilk ra_pkne]hoa] qj cn]`eajpa 358
bk R- Dk bi qblobj^ 0/-8 pb abjlpqoŽ nrb i^ `lkaf`fŽk '00-11( bp ^ i^ sbw kb`blp^of^ v prcf`fbkqb m^o^nrb b- pb^ rk do^afbkqbbk R pf bi `lkgrkql R bp _kjratk-Blk i^ ^vra^ abi qblobj^ ab Fobbk mlabjlp buqbkabo bpqbobpriq^al ^ rk^ `i^pbjŠp dbkbo^i ab `lkgrkqlp mi^klp `ljl ilp `lkgrkqlp oeilhaiajpa _kjatko- †pqlppb abcfkbk `ljl pfdrb-
CDEHMHBHˆM CD BNMITMSN OK@MN RHLOKDLDMSD BNMDWN- Qa] R qj _kjfqjpalh]jk ]^eanpk u _kjatk- Qa `e_a mqa R ao oeilhaiajpa _kjatk oe+l]n] pk`] _qnr]`a Ykn`]j B oepq]`] aj R+h] nace‰jejpanekn] R ao p]i^e†j qj oq^_kjfqjpk `a R-
Tk ^kfiil '`lkgrkql ab mrkqlp pfqr^alp bkqob alp `fo`rkcbobk`f^p `lk`‹k,qof`^p( kl bp pfjmibjbkqb `lkbul ab_fal ^ nrb qla^ i^ obdfŽk fkqboflo ^ i^ `fo,`rkcbobk`f^ buqbok^kl bp rk pr_`lkgrkql abi ^kfiil- Cf`el bk cloj^ fkqrfqfs^+rk`lkgrkql R bp pfjmibjbkqb `lkbul `r^kal kl qfbkb ~^drgbolpƒ- Nqol jlal ababp`of_fo i^ `lkbufŽk pfjmib `lkpfpqb bk ab`fo nrb rk^ `ros^ Bi ab R nrb rkbalp mrkqlp `r^ibpnrfbo^ mrbab pboqo^kpcloj^a^ pfk ormqro^ bk lqo^ `ros^ B1 ab Rnrb rkb ^nrbiilp alp mrkqlp+`lk i^ m^oqf`ri^ofa^a ab nrb qla^p i^p `ros^p fkqbo,jbaf^p l_qbkfa^p bk i^ abcloj^`fŽk bpqŠk`lkqbkfa^p bk R- Nqo^ abcfkf`fŽk nrbbp bnrfs^ibkqb ^ i^ a^a^+ pbd•k mrbab abjlpqo^opb+ af`b nrb rk `lkgrkql bp pfj,mibjbkqb `lkbul pf pr `ljmibjbkq^ofl 'obpmb`ql ^ qlal bi mi^kl( kl bp `lkbul-Olo bgbjmil+ rk ^kfiil kl bp pfjmibjbkqb `lkbul mlonrb pr `ljmibjbkql bp kl`lkbul- Tk `lkgrkql ^_fboql v `lkbul nrb kl bp pfjmibjbkqb `lkbul pb ii^j^j•iqfmibjbkqb `lkbul-
SDNQDL@ 00-00- Qeb't+u(<N't+ u(e*O't+ u(f ao qj _]ilk ra_pkne]h`ane,r]^ha _kj _kjpejqe`]` aj qj _kjfqjpk ]^eanpk oeilhaiajpa _kjatk R `ah lh]jk+ajpkj_ao b ao qj cn]`eajpa aj R oe u o‰hkoe pajaiko
'00-12( ]l < ]O aj pk`ko hko lqjpko `a R-]u ]t
Baikopn]_e‰j- X^ ebjlp af`el nrb i^ `lkaf`fŽk '00-12( bp kb`bp^of^ m^o^nrb b pb^ rk do^afbkqb-Cbjlpqo^objlp ^elo^ nrb q^j_f‹k bp prcf`fbkqb-
Orbab abjlpqo^opb nrb bk `r^inrfbo `lkgrkql mi^kl `lkbul v ^_fboql R+qlalm^o ab mrkqlp ] v t mrbab rkfopb jbaf^kqb rk mliŒdlkl bp`^ilk^al pfjmib+ bpqlbp+jbaf^kqb rk mliŒdlkl `rvlp i^alp plk m^o^ibilp ^ ilp bgbp`lloabk^alp v nrbkl pb `loq^k ^ pŒjfpjlp- Rf i^ fkqbdo^i ab iŒkb ab babpab ] e^pq^ t qfbkb bijfpjl s^ilo m^o^qlal mliŒdlkl bp`^ilk^al pfjmib bk R nrb rk^ ] `lk t+ bkqlk,`bp bi jfpjl o^wlk^jfbkql bjmib^al m^o^abjlpqo^o bi qblobj^ 0/-3 morb_^ nrbbbp rk do^afbkqb bk R- Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb+ kb`bpfq^jlp q^k pŽil `ljmol_^o nrbi^ fkqbdo^iab iŒkb ab babpab ] e^pq^ t qfbkbbi jfpjl s^ilo m^o^qlal mliŒdlklbp`^ilk^al pfjmib bk R nrb rk^ ] `lk t-
Rb^k Bi v B1 alp mliŒdlklp bp`^ilk^alp pfjmibp bk R nrb rk^k ] v t- @idr,
/2+ Gjpacn]hao iŠhpelhao
EHFTQ@ 00-05 Gj`alaj`aj_e] `ah _]iejk aj qj] nace‰joeilhaiajpa _kjatk
k^p mlo`flkbp ab bpqlp mliŒdlklp mrbabk `lfk`fafo- K^p obpq^kqbpmlo`flkbp pb `lo,q^oŠk^ il prjl rk k•jbol cfkfql ab sb`bp+v cloj^oŠk i^p colkqbo^pab rk k•jbolcfkfql ab obdflkbp mlifdlk^ibp+ Q0+’’’ +Pi‹ Orbpql nrb pb prmlkb nrb R bp pfj,mibjbkqb `lkbul+ `^a^ rk^ ab i^p obdflkbp Pg bp rk pr_`lkgrkql ab R- Dk i^ cfdr,o^ 00-05 pb e^ af_rg^al rk bgbjmil- K^ mlifdlk^i ab qo^wl`lkqfkrl obmobpbkqB0
v i^ ab mrkqlp A1+ i^p obdflkbp plj_ob^a^p plk i^p Q0+ ’’’ +Pi‹ '@ il i^odl abipbdjbkql ?@ bp^p alp mlifdlk^ibp `lfk`fabk-(
N_pbosbjlp ^elo^ nrb i^ fkqbdo^i ab iŒkb^ab b ^ il i^odl ab B0 abpab ]e^pq^ t jŠp i^ fkqbdo^iab t e^pq^ ] ^ il i^odl ab B1 bp `bol v^ nrb i^ fkqbdo^i^ il i^odl abi `^jfkl `boo^al bp rk^ prj^ ab fkqbdo^ibpqlj^a^p pl_ob ilp pbd,jbkqlp `ljrkbp ^ B0 v B1 jŠp i^p fkqbdo^ibpqlj^a^p ^ il i^odl ab i^p colkqbo^pab i^p obdflkbp Pe- K^p `^i`ri^a^p pl_ob ilp pbdjbkqlp `ljrkbp pb ^kri^k ^ m^obp+v^ nrb `^a^ rkl ab q^ibppbdjbkqlp pb ob`loob alp sb`bp+ bk pbkqfalp lmrbpqlp+vpr prj^ bp `bol- K^ fkqbdo^i pl_ob i^ colkqbo^ Rg ab `^a^ obdfŽk Pg q^j_f‹k bp`bol mlonrb+ bk sfoqra abi qblobj^ ab Fobbk+ mlabjlp bp`of_fo
I N `t * P `u < ~ II 'z: , z9( t `u+o+ Pg
v bi fkqbdo^kal ab i^ fkqbdo^ial_ib bp `bol bk sfoqra ab i^ efmŽqbpfpkO-kt < kN-kuRb abar`b nrb i^ fkqbdo^iab ] ^ t ^ il i^odl ab B0 bp fdr^i ^ i^ `^i`ri^a^ ^ ili^odl ab A1Œ Bljl ebjlp l_pbos^al ^kqbp+bpql fjmif`^ nrb b bp rk do^afbkqbbk R-
Cfan_e_eko 360
))'** 8SN[LRLRX\
0- Tp^o bi qblobj^ ab Fobbk m^o^ `^i`ri^o i^ fkqbdo^i q]W&t * t `u `r^kal
^( b bp bi `r^ao^al ab s‹oqf`bp 'N+N(+ '1+ N(+ '1+1(+ '/+1(-_( b bp bi `r^ao^al ab s‹oqf`bp '~ 0 ~ 0(-b( b bp bi `r^ao^al ab s‹oqf`bp '~ 1+N(+ 'N+99q91(-a( b bp i^ `fo`rkcbobk`f^ ab o^afl 1 X `bkqol bk bi lofdbk-b( b qfbkb i^ b`r^`fŽk sb`qlof^i ^'q( < 1 `lp! pe * 1 pbk2 pg+N z p y 0/R,
1- Rf N't+u( < tanr! v O't+u( < \t1ua,u1 * 0.'t1 * u1( `^i`ri^o i^ fkqbdo^izOau*
P `u pfdrfbkal bi `lkqlokl abi `r^ao^al ab i^al 1] abqbojfk^al mlo i^p abpfdr^ia^abp
Zu\ z ] v Hoiz ]-2- Rb^ b rk^ `ros^ `boo^a^ pfjmib abi mi^kl tu v obmobpbkqbjlp `lk /* bi jljbkql ab
fkbo`f^ '^iobabalo abi bgb w( ab i^ obdfŽk fkqboflo ^ B- Cbjlpqo^o nrb bufpqb rk bkqbol jq^i nrb
jh‚ < q] u2 `u , u2 `t Œ
3- C^alp alp `^jmlp bp`^i^obp q v r abofs^_ibp `lk `lkqfkrfa^a bk rk `lkgrkql ^_fboqlnrb `lkqfbkb bi afp`l P `rv^ colkqbo^ bp i^ `fo`rkcbobk`f^ t& * v&< 0- Cbcfkfjlp alp `^j,mlp sb`qlof^ibp bv c `ljl pfdrb9
b't+u( < r't+u(e * q't+u(f+ &@q †HS( ' †Hr †HT(
c&t*u' < , , , e * , , , g-†Ht †Hu †Ht †Hu
Dk`lkqo^o bi s^ilo ab i^ fkqbdo^i al_ib I I b• d `t `u pf pb p^_b nrb pl_ob i^ colkqbo^ab P pb qfbkb q&t* v( < 0 X r&t* v( < v- GG
4- Rf b v d plk abofs^_ibp `lk `lkqfkrfa^a bk rk `lkgrkql ^_fboql `lkbul R abi mi^kl+
abjlpqo^o nrb q] HUc -a^ < ,q] c TG&a^ m^o^ qla^ `ros^ ab I ^oa^k b obdri^o ^
qolwlp `lkqbkfa^ bk R-5- Rb^k q v r alp `^jmlp bp`^i^obp `lk abofs^a^p m^o`f^ibp mofjbo^p v pbdrka^p `lk,qfkr^p bk rk `lkgrkql ^_fboql `lkbul R abi mi^kl- Rb^ P rk^ obdfŽk ab R ifjfq^a^ mlork^ `ros^ ab I ^oa^k b obdri^o ^ qolwlp- Cbjlpqo^o nrb
(( "J14 †HT( '†HT †Hq( 10 '†H1
T †H1q(_( , r , , q , `t * q , , r , `u < q ,, , r ,, `t `u ,1 ] kt kt †Hu †Hu kt †Hu †Ht†Hu
P
Baner]`]o jkni]hao- Dk i^ pb``fŽk 0/-6 abcfkfjlp i^p fkqbdo^ibp ab iŒkb^obpmb`ql ^ i^ilkdfqra abi ^o`l ab q^i jlal nrb bp sŠifa^ i^ pfdrfbkqb fdr^ia^a9
361 0jpacn]hao iŠhpelhao
alkab b < Ne * Of v R bp bi sb`qlo rkfq^ofl q^kdbkqb ^ b- 'Di molar`ql fkqboflo b& R pbii^j^ `ljmlkbkqb q^kdbk`f^i ab b ^ il i^odl ab A,' Rf b bp rk^ `ros^ ab Zloa^k obmobpbkq^a^mlo rk^ crk`fŽk abofs^_ib `lk `lkqfkrfa^a ^'q( < V&p'e* W&p'f*bi sb`qlo jkni]h atpaneknrkfq^ofl j ^ b pb abcfkb mlo
0j&p' < Hi^&'q(00&W%&p'e+ V%&p'f'
alkab 00 ^&'0( 00 ,{5 N- Rf n: bp rk `^jml bp`^i^o `lk rk do^afbkqb U ombk b+i^ `aner]`] jkni]hkm:.kj pb abcfkb bk b jbaf^kqb i^ b`r^`fŽk
km:,<Tm:•j-WV
Dpql bp+k^qro^ijbkqb+ i^ abofs^a^ afob``flk^i ab n: bk i^ afob``fŽk ab j- Dk ilp bgbo`f`flp obp,q^kqbp ab bpq^ pb``fŽk pb qo^q^k bpqlp `lk`bmqlp-
6- Rf b< Oe+ Nf+abjlpqo^o nrb
'Di molar`ql b&j pb ii^j^ `ljmlkbkqb kloj^i ab b ^ il i^odl ab A,'7- Rb^k b v d alp `^jmlp bp`^i^obp `lk abofs^a^p m^o`f^ibp pbdrka^p v mofjbo^p `lkqfkr^p
bk rk `lkgrkql ^_fboql R abi mi^kl- Qbmobpbkqbjlp `lk P rk^ obdfŽk 'bk R( `rv^ colk,qbo^ bp rk^ `ros^ ab Zloa^k b obdri^o ^ qolwlp- Cbjlpqo^o i^p fabkqfa^abp pfdrfbkqbp+alkab T1S < /1S-kV1 * /1S- ku1-
^( y_ 9y `o < HHT1c`t`u-P
_( y_b9y`o < HH'bT1c * Tb& Tc(`t`u-
P
b( e'p9y,c $( `o < HH'bT1c ,cT1H(`t`u-
P
K^ fabkqfa^a `( pb ii^j^ b‰niqh] `a Anaaj: bii^ abjrbpqo^ nrb
ykc y kbb,`o < c,`o
a kj a kj
alkab b v d plk ^ojŽkf`^p bk P 'bpql bp+`r^kal %T%b< %T%c< N bk P',8- Rrmlkd^jlp nrb i^ b`r^`fŽk afcbobk`f^i
N't+ u( `t * O't+ u( `u < N
qfbkb rk c^`qlo fkqbdo^kqb l,&t* v( nrb klp mbojfqb l_qbkbo rk^ c^jfif^ pfjmibjbkqb fkcfkfq^
Raknai] `a Enaaj l]n] nacekjao iŠhpelhaiajpa _kjat]o 362
ab plir`flkbp ab i^ cloj^ :l&t* v( < B- Rf i^ mbkafbkqb ab i^ `ros^ :l&t* v( < b bk 'u+ v(bp q^k a+bi sb`qlo rkfq^ofl kloj^i! pb bumobp^
j < pbk ‡ e , `lp af-
Dufpqbrk `^jml bp`^i^o c&t* v( q^i nrb i^ abofs^a^ kloj^i ab :l sfbkb a^a^ mlo i^ cŽojri^
amHaj < ,q&t*u'c&t*u'*
alkab ];l f]j < &0m9-!- G^ii^o rk^ cŽojri^ bumiŒ`fq^m^o^ c&t* v( bk crk`fŽk ab Npt+v(
v O&t* u',
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Ch jŠiank `a cenko 364
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Dk ilp bgbo`f`flp abi 5 ^i 8+ qo^kpcloj^o i^ fkqbdo^i ^ `lloabk^a^p mli^obp v `^i`ri^o prs^ilo-Hi-^ ibqo^ ] obmobpbkq^rk^ `lkpq^kqb mlpfqfs^-(
n1]Y os&1^!+,!+! \5- Il Il 't1 * u1( `u `t * 7- b9 ZI9H't1 * u1(,y `uH `t-
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Dk ilp bgbo`f`flp abi 0/ ^i 02+ qo^kpcloj^o `^a^ rk^ ab i^p fkqbdo^ibp a^a^p bk rk^ l j‹pfkqbdo^ibp obfqbo^a^p bk mli^obp-
0/- b9Yb9 't+ u( `uH `t + 01- b9Ybhy9,!+GY'V+u(`uH `t ,
00- b9Yb9r&2Y'-ft1 * u1(`uH `t- 02- b9Yb9&Y't+u(`uH `t-
03- Tqfifw^o rk^ `lksbkfbkqb qo^kpcloj^`fŽk ifkb^i m^o^ `^i`ri^o i^ fkqbdo^i al_ib
b b 't , v(1pbk1 't * u( `t `u7
alkab R bp bi m^o^ibildo^jl `lk s‹oqf`bp '&60!+N(+ '1&60!+ &60!(+'&60!+1&60!(+'N+ &60!(-
04- Klp s‹oqf`bp ab rk m^o^ibildo^jl R abi mi^kl tu plk ilp mrkqlp 'N+N(+ '1+ 0/(+ '2+ 06(X '0+6(-
^( G^ii^o rk^ qo^kpcloj^`fŽk ifkb^i q < ]t * ^u+ r&<at * `u+ nrb ^mifnrb R bk rkob`qŠkdril P abi mi^kl qr `lk s‹oqf`bp lmrbpqlp bk 'N+N( X '3+1(- Di s‹oqf`b '1+0/( ab-_boŠ ^mif`^opb bk rk mrkql abi bgb q-_( B^i`ri^o i^ fkqbdo^i al_ib HG tu `t `u qo^kpclojŠkali^ bk rk^ fkqbdo^i bnrfs^ibkqb bk
obi ob`qŠkdril P abi ^m^oq^al ]',
05 Rf n = N+mlkd^jlp G'n(< byn a,q& `q-^( Cbjlpqo^o nrb h&'n(< HGa,A!!*r&(`t `u+ bk alkab P bp bi _q]`n]`kP; Y+n* oI WY+n* n[,
_( Rf Bi v B+ plk ilp afzlp `fo`ri^obp fkp`ofql v `fo`rkp`ofql ^ P+ abjlpqo^o nrb
b b a,A!+&*rh't `u ; 01&n' ; b b a,_!+!,z-u&(t `u ,Bi 7&
Cfan_e_eko 378
b( Dumobp^oi^p fkqbdo^ibp ^ il i^odl ab B0 v B+ bk `lloabk^a^p mli^obp v ^mif`^o _( m^o^abar`fo nrb Y&n'y u:zz9 `r^kal o z `` + Dpql abjrbpqo^ -8rb Qc%a+q%q < ,&::.1-a( @mif`^o bi ^m^oq^al b( m^o^ abar`fo nrb o'q(< -H 6S+ pfbkal o i^ crk`fŽk d^jj^-
06- Blkpfabo^o i^ ^mif`^`fŽk abcfkfa^ mlo i^p b`r^`flkbp
t < q * r+
^( B^i`ri^o bi g^`l_f^kl H&q*r',_( Tk qofŠkdril R bk bi mi^kl qr qfbkb s‹oqf`bp 'N+N(+'1+ N(+'/+1(- Qbmobpbkq^o+jbaf^kqbrk af_rgb+ i^ fj^dbk R bk bi mi^kl tu,b( B^i`ri^o bi Šob^ ab R jbaf^kqb rk^ fkqbdo^i al_ib buqbkafa^ ^ R v q^j_f‹k jbaf^kqblqo^ fkqbdo^i al_ib buqbkafa^ ^ R,a( B^i`ri^o QQ 't , u * 0(,1 `t `u -
o07- Blkpfabo^o i^ ^mif`^`fŽk abcfkfa^ mlo i^p alp b`r^`flkbp t < q1 , r1+ u < 1qr-
^( B^i`ri^o bi g^`l_f^kl H&q*r',_( Rb^ R bi ob`qŠkdril bk bi mi^kl qr `lk s‹oqf`bp '0+0(+ '1+0(+ '1+2(+ '0+2(- Qbmobpbk,q^o+jbaf^kqb rk af_rgl+ i^ fj^dbk R bk bi mi^kl tu*b( B^i`ri^o i^ fkqbdo^i al_ib u tu `t a+:{e^`fbkal bi `^j_fl ab s^of^_ib t < ve , 00&+
v < 0qr* alkab B < w't+u( Ht1 * u1 y 0y-08- B^i`ri^o i^ fkqbdo^i al_ib
G' n' + 10 `t`ul+ , 'l1 * t1 * u1(N
P
pl_ob bi afp`l `fo`ri^o P < w't+u( Ht1 * u1 y n1x- Cbqbojfk^o ilp s^ilobp ab m m^o^ilp nrb hpl* n' qfbkb iŒjfqb `r^kal n y * bb +
Dk ilp bgbo`f`flp 1/ ^i 11+ bpq^_ib`bo i^p fdr^ia^abp nrb pb a^k jbaf^kqb i^ fkqolar``fŽkab rk `lksbkfbkqb `^j_fl ab s^of^_ib bk `^a^ `^pl-
1/- b b b't * u( `t `u < qfb'q( `q+Q
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alkab R < w&t*u' HZu\ * Guhy Hy-
alkab R< w't+u( c t1 * u1 y Hy
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'00-24( bbb't+ u( `t `u < bbbYV'q+ r(+ W'q+ r([ GG'q+r(0 `q `ro B
mrbab abar`fopb `ljl rk^ `lkpb`rbk`f^ abi `^pl m^oqf`ri^o bk bi nrb R bp rkob`qŠkdril v b bp fa‹kqf`^jbkqb fdr^i ^ 0- Dk bpqb`^pl i^ cŽojri^ pb pfjmifcf`^+obar`f‹kalpb ^
'00-25( bb `t `u < bb GG'q+r(0 `q `r-P P)
@nrŒP obmobpbkqrk ob`qŠkdril bk bi mi^kl tu v P) obmobpbkq pr fj^dbk bkbi mi^kl qr 's‹^pb cfdro^ 00-17( l_qbkfa^ `lk rk^ ^mif`^`fŽk rkl ^ rkl
q < S&t*u'* r < T&t*u',
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v b&q*r' bp bi abqbojfk^kqb g^`l_f^kl
]t ]t,]q ]r
H'q+r( < ]u ]u, ,]q ]r
Dk bpq^ pb``fŽk rqfifw^jlp bi qblobj^ ab Fobbk m^o^ abjlpqo^o '00-25(+ vbk i^ pfdrfbkqb abar`fjlp i^ cŽojri^ jŠp dbkbo^i '00-24( ^ m^oqfoabi `^pl m^o,qf`ri^o '00-25(-
O^o^ i^ abjlpqo^`fŽk prmlkbjlp nrb i^p crk`flkbp W b W qfbkbk abofs^a^pm^o`f^ibp pbdrka^p `lkqfkr^p v nrb bi g^`l_f^kl krk`^ pb ^kri^ bk P)- Dkqlk,`bp b&q*r' bp pfbjmob mlpfqfsl l pfbjmob kbd^qfsl- Di pfdkfcf`^al ab bpqb pfdklab b&q*r' bp nrb `r^kal rk mrkql &t*v( abp`of_b i^ colkqbo^ ab P bk bi pbkqfal`lkqo^ofl ^i ab i^p ^drg^p abi obilg+bi mrkql fj^dbk &q*r' abp`of_b i^ colkqbo^ab P( bk bi jfpjl pbkqfal pf b&q*r' bp mlpfqfsl v bk pbkqfal `lkqo^ofl pf hpq*r'bp kbd^qfsl- Dk i^ abjlpqo^`fŽk prmlkaobjlp nrb b&q*r' = N-
K^ fab^ ab i^ abjlpqo^`fŽk bp i^ ab bumobp^o^a^ fkqbdo^ial_ib ab '00-25(`ljl rk^ fkqbdo^iab iŒkb rp^kal bi qblobj^ ab Fobbk- Bljmol_^jlp irbdl i^fdr^ia^a ab i^p alp fkqbdo^ibpab iŒkb bumobpŠkali^p bk cloj^ m^o^j‹qof`^-
Bljbkw^jlp `lk i^ fkqbdo^i al_ib bk bi mi^kl tu+ bp`of_fbkal
GGt `u < GG']O + ]l( `t `u*P P ]t ]u
bk alkab O&t* v( < t v N&t* v( < N- Rbd•k bi qblobj^ ab Fobbk bpq^ fkqbdo^ial_ib bp fdr^i ^ i^ fkqbdo^i ab iŒkb^
'00-26(
@nrŒB bp i^ colkqbo^ ab P ob`loofa^ bk bi pbkqfal `lkqo^ofl ^i ab i^p ^drg^p abiobilg-
@kŠild^jbkqb+ qo^kpcloj^jlp i^ fkqbdo^i al_ib bk bi mi^kl qr bk rk^ fkqb,do^i ab iŒkb^^ il i^odl ab i^ colkqbo^ B) ab P)- Di fkqbdo^kal+ H&q*r'* mrbabbp`of_fopb`ljl pfdrb9
H'q+r( < ]t ]u \ ]t ]u < ]t ]u * u ]0u \ u ]0u \ ]t ]uMq ]r ]r ]q ]q ]r ]q ]r ]r ]q ]r ]q
< -D---'u ]u( \ y't ]u( -]q kr kr kq
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@mif`^kal bi qblobj^ ab Fobbk ^ i^ fkqbdo^ial_ib pl_ob Q) bk`lkqo^jlp
HH H'q+r( `q `r < x &t kW `q * V kW `T( -P( Ha( kq kr
Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb+ m^o^ `ljmibq^o i^ abjlpqo^`fŽk ab '00-25( kb`bpfq^jlpq^k pŽil `ljmol_^o nrb
w t `u < x 'V kW `q * V kW `T( -Ha Ha ! kq kr
Hkqolar`fjlp rk^ m^o^jbqofw^`fŽkab B) v rqfifw^jlp ‹pq^ m^o^ e^ii^o rk^obmobpbkq^`fŽkab B- Rrmlkd^jlp nrb B) bpqŠabp`ofq^mlo rk^ crk`fŽk ^ abcfkfa^bk rk fkqbos^il Y]* ^[* mlo bgbjmil
Ki^jbjlp^'q( < S'p(: * T'p(f-
y'p( < VYS'p(+ T'p([: * WYS'p(+ T'p([f-
Dkqlk`bp `r^kal p s^oŒ bk bi fkqbos^il Y]* ^[* bi sb`qlo^'q( abp`of_b i^ `ros^ B)v z &p' i^ B- Rbd•k i^ obdi^ ab i^ `^abk^+ i^ abofs^a^ ab z sfbkb a^a^ mlo
U'p( < YMV S&'p( * kV T&'p([: * YMWS&'p( * kW T&'p([f-kq kr kq kr
Krbdl
w t `u < '^ VYS'p(+ T'p([ 'MW S&'p( * kW T&'p(( `p-Ha I+ kq MT
K^ •iqfj^ fkqbdo^ipl_ob Y]* ^[ pb l_qfbkb q^j_f‹k m^o^jbqofw^kal i^ fkqbdo^iabiŒkb^pl_ob B) bk '00-26(- Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb i^p alp fkqbdo^ibpab iŒkb^'00-26(plk fdr^ibp+ 0/ nrb abjrbpqo^ '00-25(-
00-2/ Cbjlpqo^`fŽk ab i^ cŽojri^ ab qo^kpcloj^`fŽk bk bi `^pl dbkbo^i
Dk bpq^ pb``fŽk abar`fjlp i^ cŽojri^ dbkbo^i ab qo^kpcloj^`fŽk
'00-27( bbz't+ u( `t `u < bbbYV'q+ r(+W'q+r([ zH'q+r(0 `q `ro B
Baikopn]_e‰j `a h] b‰niqh] `a pn]jobkni]_e‰j aj ah _]ok cajan]h 382
^ m^oqfoabi `^pl m^oqf`ri^o qo^q^al bk i^ pb``fŽk ^kqboflo+
'00-28( bb `t `u < bb GH&q*s(0 `q `r*P P)
bk alkab P bp rk ob`qŠkdril v P) pr fj^dbk bk bi mi^kl qr-Cbjlpqo^jlp ^kqb qlal nrb
'00-3/( bb o&t*u' `t `u < bb oYV&q*r'* W&q*r'[ GH&q*r'/ `q `r*P P)
pfbkal o rk^ crk`fŽk bp`^ilk^a^ `r^inrfbo^ abcfkfa^ bk P- @ q^i cfk+pb^k Ork^m^oqf`fŽkab P bk ij pr_ob`qŠkdrilp Pez ab afjbkpflkbp 0 -Ve v 0 -uz+ X Aez bi s^ilo`lkpq^kqb nrb qlj^ o bk bi pr_ob`qŠkdril ^_fboql Pef‹ @mif`^kal '00-28( ^i ob`,qŠkdril Pef bk`lkqo^jlp
JdeyWe < bG`t `u < bb GH&q*r'/ `q `r,P9z pq+|
Lriqfmif`^kal ^j_lp jfbj_olp mlo Aez v prj^kal obpmb`ql ^ ilp Œkaf`bpe*el_qbkbjlp
'00-30(
Orbpql nrb o bp rk^ crk`fŽk bp`^ilk^a^+ bpql bp il jfpjl nrb
'00-31( -f zAe:yVeyWe <-fcbb oYV&q*r'* W&q*r'[ GH&q*r'/ `q `r-p;G,/;/ p;G*;/ 3H+$
Tqfifw^kal i^ molmfba^a ^afqfs^ ab i^p fkqbdo^ibpal_ibp sbjlp nrb '00-31( bp iljfpjl nrb '00-3/(- @pŒmrbp+'00-3/( bp rk^ `lkpb`rbk`f^ ab '00-28(-
Rbdrfa^jbkqb abjlpqo^jlp nrb i^ crk`fŽk bp`^ilk^a^ o ab '00-3/( mrbabobbjmi^w^opbmlo `r^inrfbo crk`fŽk b m^o^ i^ `r^i bufpq^k ^j_lp jfbj_olp ab'00-3/(- Rb^ b fkqbdo^_ib bk rk ob`qŠkdril P v bifg^jlp crk`flkbp bp`^ilk^a^po v p nrb p^qfpc^d^ki^p abpfdr^ia^abp
'00-32( o&t*u' yb&t*u' y p&t*u'*
m^o^ qlalp ilp mrkqlp &t*v( ab P- Sbkbjlp bkqlk`bp
'00-33( oYV&q*r'* W&q*r'[ ybYV&q* r'* W&q*r'[ y pYV&q*r'* W&q*r'[
383 Gjpacn]hao iŠhpelhao
m^o^ qlal mrkql &q*r' bk i^ fj^dbk P)- Olo _obsba^a+ bp`of_fjlp Qpq*r' bkird^o ab oYV&q*r'* W&q*r'[ v abcfkfjlp D&q*r' v R&q*r' ab jlal m^ob`fal- Lri,qfmif`^kal i^p abpfdr^ia^abp ab '00-33( mlo G-&q*r' b fkqbdo^kal bk P) l_qbkbjlp
HH oe| r( GG'q+r(. `q `r 9999::HH D'q+ r( GG'q+r(0 `q `r 9999::HH R'q+ r( GG'q+r(0 `q `r-P) P) P)
Cb_fal ^ '00-3/&- i^p abpfdr^ia^abp ^kqboflobpplk i^p jfpj^p nrb
HH o't+ u( `t `u 9999::HH D'q+ r( GG'q+r(0 `q `r 9999::HH p't+ u( `t `u-P y A
Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb+ bbD&q*r' HG&q*r' H`q`r bp rk k•jbol `ljmobkafal bkqobP(
i^p fkqbdo^ibpbb o't+ v( `t `u b bb p't+ v( `t `u m^o^qlal m^oab crk`flkbp bp`^,P P
ilk^a^p p v p bibdfa^p nrb p^qfpc^d^k'00-32(- X^ nrb b bp fkqbdo^_ib+bpql fjmif,`^ nrb
HH b't+ u( `t `u < HH D'q+ r( GG'q+r(0 `q `rP P(
v mlo q^kql '00-27( bp sŠifa^ m^o^ crk`flkbp fkqbdo^_ibp abcfkfa^p pl_ob ob`,qŠkdrilp-
Tk^ sbw mol_^a^ i^ s^ifabw ab '00-27( m^o^ob`qŠkdrilp mlabjlp cŠ`fijbkqbbuqbkaboi^ ^ obdflkbp R jŠp dbkbo^ibp mlo bi mol`bafjfbkql rpr^i ab bibdfo rkob`qŠkdril P nrb `lkqbkd^ ^ R v `lkpfabo^o bk ird^o ab b lqo^ crk`fŽk b nrb`lfk`fab `lk b bk R v s^ib N crbo^ ab R- Dkqlk`bp l_pbos^jlp nrb
HH b < HHG < HHbYV'q+ r(+ W'q+ r([ GG'q+r(0 `q `r < HH D'q+ r( GG'q+r(0 `q `ro P P) R
il `r^i abjrbpqo^ nrb '00-27( bp+bk ob^ifa^a+ rk^ `lkpb`rbk`f^ ab '00-28(-
))'+) 8a]NW\RXWN\J ^WWnVN[XVJbX[ MNMRVNW\RXWN\
Di `lk`bmql ab fkqbdo^i j•iqfmib mrbab buqbkabopbabi bpm^`fl ab alp af,jbkpflkbp ^i ab j afjbkpflkbp m^o^ `r^inrfbo j y 2- Orbpql nrb bi abp^ooliilbp `ljmibq^jbkqb ^kŠildl ^i `^pl j < 1 q^k pŽil ^mrkq^jlp ilp mofk`fm^ibpob,priq^alp-
Di fkqbdo^kal bp rk `^jml bp`^i^o b abcfkfal v ^`lq^al bk rk `lkgrkql R
Ctpajoekjao ] qj jŠiank i]ukn `a `eiajoekjao 384
abi k,bpm^`fl- K^ fkqbdo^i ab b bk R+ii^j^a^ fkqbdo^i k,j•iqfmib+ pb obmobpbkq^jbaf^kqb ilp pŒj_lilp-
{---I f+o
l I --- I f'VG+ --- +tj( `V/ ‹‹‹ `tj+o
`lk j pfdklp ab fkqbdo^i+l jŠp pbk`fii^jbkqb `lk rk pfdkl fkqbdo^i+bo b't( `t+bk alkab t < 'Vh& -ŒŒ+V++(- Br^kal j < 2 bp`of_fjlp &t*u+w( bk ird^o ab'Vh& V1+ V2( X mlkbjlp m^o^ i^p fkqbdo^ibpqofmibp
HHHf+o
l I I I f't+ u+w( `t `u `v -o
Cbcfkfjlp mofjbol i^ fkqbdo^i k,j•iqfmib m^o^ rk^ crk`fŽk bp`^ilk^a^ abcf,kfa^ bk rk fkqbos^il j,`eiajoekj]h- Qb`loabjlp nrb rk fkqbos^il `boo^al k,af,jbkpflk^i Y]* d[ bp bi molar`ql `^oqbpf^kl ab j fkqbos^ilp rkfafjbkpflk^ibp`boo^alp Y]g* ^gH* bk alkab ] < &]d% ,, * ^-+( v d < '_i+ ŠŠŠ+^j(- Tk fkqbos^ilk,afjbkpflk^i ^_fboql &]* d' bp bi molar`ql `^oqbpf^kl ab j fkqbos^ilp ^_fboqlp&]g* ^g', Di slirjbk ab Y]* d[ l ab &]* d' pb abcfkb `ljl bi molar`ql ab i^pilkdfqrabp ab ilp fkqbos^ilp `ljmlkbkqbp
Rf NG!%! n*plk m^oqf`flkbp ab Y]d _iI+ --- +Y],! ^jH* obpmb`qfs^jbkqb+bimolar`ql `^oqbpf^kl N ;NG W --- W N| pboŠ rk^ m^oqf`fŽkab Y]*d[, Tk^ crk,`fŽk b abcfkfa^ bk Y]* d[ pb ii^j^ bp`^ilk^a^ pf bp `lkpq^kqb bk `^a^ rkl ab ilppr_ fkqbos^ilp ^_fboqlp abqbojfk^alp mlo rk^ `fboq^ m^oqf`fŽkN, Dkqlk`bp i^ fkqb,do^i k,j•iqfmib ab rk^ q^i crk`fŽk bp`^ilk^a^ bpqŠabcfkfa^ mlo i^ cŽojri^
I --- Hf < J AeBe*
Y]*^[ f
bk alkab Az bp bi s^ilo `lkpq^kqb nrb qlj^ b bk bi e,†oeik pr_fkqbos^il ^_fboqlv Uf bp bi slirjbk abi e,†oeik pr_fkqbos^il- K^ prj^ bp rk^ prj^ cfkfq^buqbkafa^^ qlalp ilp pr_fkqbos^ilp ab N,
@ m^oqfoab i^ fkqbdo^i k,j•iqfmib m^o^ crk`flkbp bp`^ilk^a^p+ abcfkfjlp i^fkqbdo^im^o^ crk`flkbp ^`lq^a^p jŠp dbkbo^ibp abcfkfa^p bk fkqbos^ilp+pfdrfbkalbi j‹qlal `loofbkqb- Rb^k p v p crk`flkbp bp`^ilk^a^p q^ibp nrb o y b y p bkY]* d[, Rf bufpqbrk k•jbol / v pŽil rkl q^i nrb
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`r^ibpnrfbo^ nrb pb^k p v p nrb p^qfpc^d^kp z b y p+bkqlk`bp pb af`b nrb b bpfkqbdo^_ibbk Y]* ^[+ v bi k•jbol G bp i^ fkqbdo^i k,j•iqfmib ab /*
/ < {---bb•Y]*^[
Bljl bk bi `^pl _f,afjbkpflk^i+ i^ fkqbdo^ibufpqbpf b bp `lkqfkr^ bk Y]* ^[,S^j_f‹k bufpqbpf b bp ^`lq^a^ bk Y]* ^[ v pf bi `lkgrkql ab afp`lkqfkrfa^a ab Gqfbkb `lkqbkfal k,afjbkpflk^i kril- Tk `lkgrkql ^`lq^al R qfbkb `lkqbkfalk,afjbkpflk^i kril pf m^o^ qlal D = N bufpqbrk^ `lib``fŽk cfkfq^ ab fkqbos^ilpk,afjbkpflk^ibp `rv^ obrkfŽk `r_ob ^ R v q^i nrb i^ prj^ ab prp sli•jbkbp klprmbo^ ^ D-
O^o^ abcfkfo i^ fkqbdo^i k,afjbkpflk^i ab rk^ crk`fŽk ^`lq^a^ b pl_ob rk`lkgrkql ^`lq^al R jŠp dbkbo^i+`lkpfabo^jlp rk^ krbs^ crk`fŽk 0buqbkpfŽkabb v nrb `lfk`fab `lk bii^ bk R v s^ib N crbo^ ab R: i^ fkqbdo^i ab b pl_ob R pbabcfkb `ljl i^ fkqbdo^iab {pl_ob rk fkqbos^il nrb `lkqbkd^ ^ R-
@idrk^p fkqbdo^ibpj•iqfmibp mrbabk `^i`ri^opb jbaf^kqb fkqbdo^ibpobfqbo^,a^p ab afjbkpfŽk fkcboflo- Olo bgbjmil+ prmlkd^jlp nrb R bp rk `lkgrkqlbk bi bpm^`fl qof,afjbkpflk^i abcfkfal ^pŒ9
'00-34( p < w&t*u* v( H&t* u' D O v 8&0&t *u' y X y 8&1'V+u'x*
pfbkal P rk^ obdfŽk _f,afjbkpflk^i+ ii^j^a^ molvb``fŽk ab R bk bi mi^kl t+ u+v8&0 X 8&1 crk`flkbp `lkqfkr^p bk R- 'Dk i^ cfdro^ 00-18 pb jrbpqo^ rk bgbjmil-(Klp `lkgrkqlp ab bpqbqfml bpqŠkifjfq^alp mlo alp prmbocf`fbpab b`r^`flkbp `^o,qbpf^k^pv < 8&i'W+u' v X < 8&1wV+u' v '^ sb`bp( rk^ mlo`fŽk ab prmbocf`fb `fiŒk,aof`^ bkdbkao^a^ mlo rk^ ob`q^ nrb pb abpmi^w^m^o^ibi^jbkqb ^i bgb v pfdrfbkali^ colkqbo^ ab P- K^p ob`q^p m^o^ibi^p^i bgb v qfbkbk `ljrkbp `lk bpb `lkgrkqlpbdjbkqlp ob`qfiŒkblpnrb rkbk i^ prmbocf`fbprmboflo `lk i^ fkcboflo- Rf b bp `lk,qfkr^ bk bi fkqboflo ab R qbkbjlp i^ cŽojri^ ab fqbo^`fŽk
'00-35( HHHb't+ u+v( `t `u `v < HH ZI99x'9999b't+ u+v( `vH `t `u-o ?
Dpql bp+m^o^ t b v cfglp+i^ mofjbo^ fkqbdo^`fŽk pb bcb`q•^ obpmb`ql^ w abpab i^prmbocf`fbcolkqbo^ fkcboflo e^pq^ i^ prmboflo-Dpql obar`b bi `Ši`ril ^ rk^ fkqbdo^ial_ib pl_ob i^ molvb``fŽk P+ nrb mrbab qo^q^opblk ilp j‹qlalp ^kqbpbumrbpqlp-
Dufpqbklqolp alp qfmlp ab `lkgrkqlp ^kŠildlp ^ ilp abp`ofqlp mlo '00-34( bkilp nrb ilp bgbpt b u abpbjmb•^k bi m^mbiabi bgbw+ lk i^p molvb``flkbp bk ilpmi^klp vw l tv+ obpmb`qfs^jbkqb- K^p fkqbdo^ibpqofmibppl_ob q^ibp `lkgrkqlp mrb,abk `^i`ri^opb mlo fqbo^`fŽk+ lk cŽojri^p ^kŠild^p ^ '00-35(- K^ j^vloŒ^ ab ilp
A]i^ek `a r]ne]^hao aj qj] ejpacn]h j,iŠhpelha /42
w
u
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EHFTQ@ 00-18 Sj o‰he`kR v oq lnkua__e‰j P aj ah lh]jk tu-
`lkgrkqlp qof,afjbkpflk^ibp nrb bk`lkqo^objlp plk ab rkl ab ilp qobpqfmlpjbk,`flk^alp l mrbabk abp`ljmlkbopb bk rk k•jbol cfkfql ab co^djbkqlp+ `^a^ rklab ilp `r^ibp bp ab rkl ab bplp qfmlp-
Dufpqbkjr`e^p cŽojri^p ab fkqbdo^`fŽkobfqbo^a^m^o^ i^p fkqbdo^ibpk,j•i,qfmibp r^kal j = 2- Olo bgbjmil+ pf P bp rk fkqbos^il h,afjbkpflk^i v P rk fk,qbos^il j,afjbkpflk^i+ bkqlk`bp rk^ fkqbdo^i &i * h(,j•iqfmib pl_ob P W P bpi^ fqbo^`fŽkab rk^ fkqbdo^ij,j•iqfmib v rk^ fkqbdo^ih,j•iqfmib-
I --- I b< I --- I ZI--- I b`V/ ‹‹‹ `tj[ `Vi*h --- `Vi*g&OtP P P
`lk q^i nrb bufpq^k qla^p i^p fkqbdo^ibpj•iqfmibp nrb ^m^obw`^kbk bi `Ši`ril-Krbdl sbobjlp bk bpqb`^mŒqril`ljl pb rp^k i^p fkqbdo^ibpj•iqfmibp fqbo^a^p^i`^i`ri^o bi slirjbk ab rk^ bpcbo^k,afjbkpflk^i-
))'+* 6JVKRXMN_J[RJKUN\NW WJRW]NP[JUW&VnU]RYUN
K^ cŽojri^ m^o^bcb`qr^o rk `^j_fl ab s^of^_ibp bk rk^ fkqbdo^ial_ib qfbkbrk^ buqbkpfŽkafob`q^ m^o^ i^p fkqbdo^ibpk,j•iqfmibp- Hkqolar`fjlp rk^p krbs^ps^of^_ibp TH + ’’’ + Sj ifd^a^p ^ Wi + ’’’ +Vj mlo j b`r^`flkbp ab i^ cloj^
---+
/43 Gjpacn]hao iŠhpelhao
Olkd^jlp t < 'Wi&--- +Vj'* q < 'Sh +--- +Sj(+ X W < 'Wi& --- +Vj', Dkqlk`bpbp^p b`r^`flkbp abcfkbk rk^ ^mif`^`fŽk sb`qlof^i
W9R,,Q
ab rk `lkgrkql R abi k,bpm^`fl bk lqol `lkgrkql R abi jfpjl- Rrmlkd^jlp nrbi^ ^mif`^`fŽk W bp rkl ^ rkl v abofs^_ib `lk `lkqfkrfa^a bk R, K^ cŽojri^ abqo^kpcloj^`fŽk m^o^i^p fkqbdo^ibpk,j•iqfmibp qlj^ i^ cloj^
'00-36( Gob't( `t < bRbYV'S([ ZabqBV'q(0 `q +
bk alkab BV'q( < YBfVg'q([ bp i^ j^qofw g^`l_f^k^ abi `^jml sb`qlof^i W- Dkcrk`fŽk ab ilp `ljmlkbkqbp qbkbjlp
-:BV'q( < -
80EV&q'
Bljl bk bi `^pl _f,afjbkpflk^i+ i^ cŽojri^ ab qo^kpcloj^`fŽk bp sŠifa^ pfW bp rkl ^ rkl bk R v pf bi abqbojfk^kqb g^`l_f^kl H'q( < abq BV'q( +krk`^ bp`bol bk R, Dp q^j_f‹k sŠifa^ pf i^ ^mif`^`fŽk abg^ ab pbo rkl ^ rkl bk rk pr_,`lkgrkql ab R nrb qbkd^ `lkqbkfal k,afjbkpflk^i kril+ l pf bi abqbojfk^kqb g^`l,_f^kl pb ^kri^ bk rk q^i pr_`lkgrkql-
O^o^ bi `^pl qof,afjbkpflk^i bp`of_fjlp 'u+ v+ w( bk ird^o ab 'u+: V1+ V2(+
&q*r* t( bk ird^o ab &qq S1+ S]' v &V* W*Y( bk ird^o ab 'Wi&V1+ V2(- K^ cŽojri^ab qo^kpcloj^`fŽk m^o^i^p fkqbdo^ibpqofmibpqlj^ i^ cloj^
Hbbb't+ u+w( `t `u `vo
'00-37( ; b b b bYV'q+ r+s(+ W'q+r+s(+ X'q+ r+s([ GH'q+r+t(0 `q `r `s+R
alkab [&q* r* t( bp bi abqbojfk^kqb g^`l_f^kl+
kV I` kX, , ,kq kq kq
H'q+r+t( <kV I` kX, , ,kr kr kr
kV I` kX, , ,ks ks ks
A]i^ek `a r]ne]^hao aj qj] ejpacn]hj,iŠhpelha 388
Dk bi bpm^`fl qof,afjbkpflk^i bi abqbojfk^kqb g^`l_f^kl mrbab fj^dfk^opb `ljlrk c^`qlo ab ^jmif^`fŽk ab ilp sli•jbkbp- Dk bcb`ql+pf fkqolar`fjlp i^ crk`fŽksb`qlof^i n abcfkfa^ mlo i^ b`r^`fŽk
n'q+ r+s( < V'q+ r+s(: * W'q+ r+s(f * X'q+ r+s(g+
v ilp sb`qlobp
TG< kn < kV e* ]W f * kX g+kq kq kq kq
T0
< kn < kV e* ]W f * kX g+kr kr kr kr
U^ < kn < kV e* ]W f * kX g+ks ks ks ks
rk o^wlk^jfbkql m^ob`fal ^i nrb pb afl bk i^ pb``fŽk 00-15 prdfbobnrb rk loqlbaolab afjbkpflkbp hh-q+hh-r+ii-t abi bpm^`fl qrs pb qo^kpcloj^ bk rk pŽifal+ nrb bp`^pf rk ~m^o^ibibmŒmbalƒrosfiŒkbl+ bk bi bpm^`fl tuv abqbojfk^al mlo ilp qobpsb`qlobp TGhh-q+T1hh-r+v T2hh-s- 'Ubo cfdro^ 00-2/-( K^p `^o^p nrb ifjfq^k bpqbpŽifal plk prmbocf`fbpl_qbkfa^p e^`fbkal q < `lkpq^kqb+ r < `lkpq^kqb+v t <`lkpq^kqb+ obpmb`qfs^jbkqb- Di slirjbk ab rk m^o^ibibmŒmbalbp fdr^i ^i s^ilo^_plirql abi molar`ql jfuql ab ilp qobpsb`qlobp nrb 0/ abqbojfk^k+ ab j^kbo^nrb bi slirjbk abi m^o^ibibmŒmbal`rosfiŒkbl bp ^molufj^a^jbkqb fdr^i ^
w w
w < `lkpq^kqb
t < oblp '(u < n pbk'y
v<v !&(;z-'( < `lkpq^kqb
n < `lkpq^kqb
oo
'( u
n t
EHFTQ@ 00-2/ Rn]jobkni]_e‰j ia`e]jpa _kkn`aj]`]o _eh‡j`ne_]o-
4// Gjpacn]haoiŠhpelhao
00-22 Dgbjmilp obprbiqlp
Dk ilp alp bgbjmilp nrb pfdrbk pb bpqraf^k alp `^plp m^oqf`ri^obpfjmlo,q^kqbpab '00-37(-
DIDLOKN 0- Akkn`aj]`]o _eh‡j`ne_]o-Olkbjlp ^nrŒ n+ M+w bk ird^o abq+r+s v abcfkfjlp i^ ^mif`^`fŽk jbaf^kqb i^p b`r^`flkbp
'00-38( t < nako M* u < opbk M* w < v-
Dp ab`fo+ obbjmi^w^jlp t b v mlo prp `lloabk^a^p mli^obp bk bi mi^kl tu v kl`^j_f^jlp i^ w-S^j_f‹k ^nrŒ+m^o^`lkpbdrfo rk^ ^mif`^`fŽk rkl ^ rkl ab_bjlpj^kqbkbo n = N v ifjfq^o M ^ rk fkqbos^il ab i^ cloj^ ./ y M ; ./ * 106!- K^cfdro^ 00-2/ jrbpqo^ i^ qo^kpcloj^`fŽk ab rk loql baol abi bpm^`fl na o+
Di g^`l_f^kl ab i^ ^mif`^`fŽk '00-38( bp9
`lp M pbk M N
H'n+M+v(< ,opbkN o`lpN N <o'`lp1/*pbk1/(<o+
N N
v mlo il q^kql+i^ cŽojri^ ab qo^kpcloj^`fŽk '00-37( pb `lksfboqb bk
GGGb't+ u+ v( `t `u `v < GGGb'n `lp M+n pbkM+v(n `n `M `v -Q R
Di g^`l_f^kl pb ^kri^ `r^kal n < N+mbol bpql kl ^cb`q^ i^ s^ifabw ab i^ cŽojri^ab qo^kpcloj^`fŽk mlonrb bi `lkgrkql ab mrkqlp `lk n < N qfbkb jbafa^ qof,af,jbkpflk^i N-
DIDLOKN 1- Akkn`aj]`]o aob†ne_]o-Dk bpqb`^pl+ bk ird^o ab q+r+ t mlkb,jlp l+ M* nl v i^ ^mif`^`fŽk pb abcfkb mlo i^p b`r^`flkbp
t < l `lp M pbknl * u < l pbkM pbknl + v < l `lp pl -
Di pfdkfcf`^al dblj‹qof`l ab l+ M* X nl pb mlkb ab j^kfcfbpql bk i^ cfdro^ 00-20-@i l_gbql ab `lkpbdrfo rk ^mif`^`fŽk rkl ^ rkl ifjfq^jlp i^p `lloabk^a^p mlol = N+N ,p M ; 106!+ v N z nl ; 06!- K^p prmbocf`fbpl < `lkpq^kqb plk bpcbo^p lk,`‹kqof`^p ab `bkqol bk bi lofdbk+i^p prmbocf`fbp&f < `lkpq^kqb plk mi^klp nrb m^p^kmlo bi bgb t* v i^p prmbocf`fbpnl < `lkpq^kqb plk `lklp `fo`ri^obp `rvl bgb bp bibgb w-Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb+ rk^ `^g^ ob`q^kdri^o bk bi bpm^`fl neHnlpb qo^kpcloj^ bkrk pŽifal abi qfml nrb pb sb bk i^ cfdro^ 00-20-
Cfailhko naoqahpko 4/0
v
u < l pbk _l `lp au < l pbk G%lpbk '(v < l `lp _l
a < `lkpq^kqb&! -
'W+(--99(z.[R
l*Z+--8 Z+. H
+.. H_l +.+.+.
N < `lkpq^kqb
'x < `lkpq^kqb
a H
9,,l _ko_lHHH
+ H&I
u
l u
EHFTQD 00-20 Rn]jobkni]_e‰j ia`e]jpa _kkn`aj]`]o aob†ne_]o-
Di g^`l_f^kl ab i^ ^mif`^`fŽk bp
`lp a pbk _l pbk a pbk _l `lp _l
h'l+ a+_l( < , l pbk a pbk _l l `lp a pbk _l N < ,m1pbk _l-
l `lp b`lp _l - l pbk b`lp _l ,l pbk b
X^ nrb pbk pl 99: N pf N99: _l ; 60&+qbkbjlp Gh&l*&'* `m(f < l1 pbk _l v i^ cŽojri^ ab
qo^kpcloj^`fŽk ab fkqbdo^ibp qofmibpbp9
bbbb't+ u+w( `t `u `v < bHb D'l+ a+_l(h pbk _l `l `a `pl +o R
alkab D&l* &' _l( < b'l `lp '( pbk _l+ l pbk '( pbk _l+ l `lp _l(- Rf _fbk bi g^`l_f^klpb ^kri^ `r^kal _l < N i^ cŽojri^ ab qo^kpcloj^`fŽk bp ^•k sŠifa^ mlonrb bi `lk,grkql ab mrkqlp `lk _l < N qfbkb jbafa^ qof,afjbkpflk^i N-
Dk `lk`bmql ab slirjbk mrbab buqbkabopb ^ `fboq^p `i^pbp ab `lkgrkqlp 'ii^,j^alp `lkgrkqlp jbaf_ib p( abi k,bpm^`fl ab q^i j^kbo^ nrb pf Q bp jbaf_ib+ prslirjbk bp fdr^i ^ i^ fkqbdo^i ab i^ crk`fŽk `lkpq^kqb fdr^i ^ 0 bk R- Dpql bp+pf raQ' obmobpbkq^bi slirjbk ab Q* qbkbjlp
raQ' < b ,,, b `t: --- `tj9o
Ml s^jlp ^ fkqbkq^o abp`of_fo i^ `i^pb ab ilp `lkgrkqlp m^o^ ilp nrb bp sŠifa^
4/1 Gjpacn]haoiŠhpelhao
bpq^ cŽojri^- Dk ird^o ab biil+ bumlkaobjlp `ljl mrbab `^i`ri^opb i^ fkqbdo^ibk ^idrklp `^plp m^oqf`ri^obp-
DIDLOKN 2- Tkhqiaj `a qj ejpanr]hk j,`eiajoekj]h- Rf R bp rk fkqbos^ilk,afjbkpflk^i+ mlo bgbjmil R < Y]h%_i\ W --- W Y]j+ ^**[* i^ fkqbdo^i j•iqfmibm^o^bi `Ši`ril ab o'R( bp bi molar`ql ab j fkqbdo^ibprkf,afjbkpflk^ibp+
Dpql `lfk`fab `lk i^ cŽojri^ a^a^ ^kqbpm^o^bi slirjbk ab rk fkqbos^il k,afjbk,pflk^i-
DIDLOKN 3- Tkhqiaj `a qj] aoban] j,`eiajoekj]h- Cbpfdkbjlp `lk Qj'](i^ bpcbo^k,afjbkpflk^i 'l k,bpcbo^(ab o^afl ] a^a^ mlo
v pb^
IH9&]' + b,,, b `t ,,, `tj , 0 j&6**&]'
bi slirjbk ab Qj'](- Cbjlpqo^objlp nrb
5R jh0
'00 4/( IH9']( < ,,, ]!- ! o'qk* 0( +
alkab obp i^ crk`fŽk d^jj^- O^o^ j < 0 i^ cŽojri^ a^ Th']( < 1]+ nrb bp i^ilkdfqra abi fkqbos^il Y+]* ][, O^o^ j < 1 a^ T1&]' < 60!'0+1+ nrb bp bi Šob^ abrk afp`l `fo`ri^o ab o^afl ]- Cbjlpqo^objlp '00-4/( m^o^ j y 2-
Oofjbol abjlpqo^objlp nrb m^o^qlal ] = N qbkbjlp
'00-40(
Cf`el ab lqol jlal+ bi slirjbk ab rk^ bpcbo^ab o^afl ] bp ]! jriqfmif`^al mlobi slirjbk ab rk^ bpcbo^ab o^afl 0- O^o^ mol_^oil e^`bjlp bi `^j_fl ifkb^i abs^of^_ib t < ]q m^o^ ^mif`^o Qj'0( bk Qj'](- K^ ^mif`^`fŽk qfbkb g^`l_f^kl fdr^i^ ]jk Krbdl
T**&]' < b ,,, b`V/ ‹‹‹ `t-: < b,,, b ]j `S/
‹‹‹ `q ‚ < ]jTj'h(-
6**&]' 6**&/'
Cfailhko naoqahpko 4/2
Dpql abjrbpqo^ '00-40(- Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb+ m^o^abjlpqo^o '00-4/( _^pq^ mol_^o nrb
'00-41(5Rj.0
T&h' + +++j , n&ej * 0(
N_pbosbjlp mofjbol nrb ty * --- * ty y 0 pf v pŽil pf
t1 * --- * t1 ; 0 ] t1 \ t10 j,1 \ j,0 j v Vy\/ * ty y 0-
Olo 0/ q^kql mlabjlp bp`of_fo i^ fkqbdo^inrb a^ T**&/' `ljl i^ fqbo^`fŽk ab rk^fkqbdo^i &j + 1(,j•iqfmib v rk^ fkqbdo^i al_ib+ abi jlal pfdrfbkqb9
&//,31' Tj&h' < GG Y {---G1 1 1 1 1 1
V&j,h*tj9;99:h Wi*! !*tj,19999:0,tj,h,Vj
K^ fkqbdo^ifkqboflobpqŠbuqbkafa^ ^ i^ bpcbo^&j + 1(,afjbkpflk^i Qj+0&P'* pfbkalP < -+{60 , Wz]i , ty+ `lk il nrb bp fdr^i ^
Tj\1&P' < Pj,1Tj\1&/' < '0 , Vy\0 , ty(j.1,0 Tj\1&/',
Olkbjlp ^elo^ t bk ird^o ab W!,i b X bk ird^o ab t-: Dkqlk`bp '00-42( qlj^ i^cloj^
Tj&h' < Tj\1&/' GG '0 , t1 , h(!.1,0 `t `u-t1*u1999:0
K^ fkqbdo^i al_ib i^ `^i`ri^jlp qo^kpclojŠkali^ ^ `lloabk^a^p mli^obp v l_qb,kbjlp
Dp ab`fo+ ilp k•jbolp T**&/' p^qfpc^`bki^ cŽojri^ ab ob`roobk`f^
pf j ::992-
Obol i^ pr`bpfŽk ab k•jbolp wp&j'x abcfkfa^ mlo
p^qfpc^`bi^ jfpj^ cŽojri^ ab ob`roobk`f^ ab_fal ^ nrb obp* 0( < pH&'p(-@pf,
4/3 0jpacn]hao iŠhpelhao
jfpjl+ o'$( < v: 's‹^pb bgbo`f`fl 05+pb``fŽk 00-17(+`lk 0/ nrb o'$( < 0.1 U6fv /&/' < T*&/' < 1- S^j_f‹k+ /&0' < T1&/' < 60!+ irbdl qbkbjlp G&j' < Tj&/'m^o^qlal j 9>0- Dpql abjrbpqo^ '00-41(-
))'+, 8SN[LRLRX\
B^i`ri^o `^a^ rk^ ab i^p fkqbdo^ibp qofmibpbk ilp bgbo`f`flp abi 0 ^i 4- Qbmobpbkq^obk`^a^ `^pl i^ obdfŽk ab fkqbdo^`fŽk- RrmŽkd^pb i^ bufpqbk`f^ ab qla^p i^p fkqbdo^ibp nrb pb `fq^k-
0- QQQtu1v2 `t `u `v+ pfbkal Q bi pŽifal ifjfq^al mlo i^ prmbocf`fb v < tu v ilp mi^klpo Z
v < t+ t < 0+ X v < N-
1- QQQ 'i * t * u * X(,2 `t `u `v+ pfbkal Q bi pŽifal ifjfq^al mlo ilp qobp xii^klp `llo,o H
abk^alp v bi mi^kl t * v * v < 0-
2- QQQtuv`t`u`v+ pfbkal Q<w't+u+v(
-Q-b'V1 u1 :1(3- gg ]1 * ^1 * z `t `u `v+
Qt1 u1 X11*^1*1<0-] b
4- QQQHt1 * u1`t`u`v+ov&< t& * u& v bi mi^kl v < 0-
t1 * u1 * X1 9p:: 0 +t „ N+W „ N+v „ Ny-
pfbkal Q bi pŽifal ifjfq^al mlo bi bifmplfab
pfbkal Q bi pŽifal cloj^al mlo i^ elg^ prmboflo abi `lkl
Dk ilp bgbo`f`flp 5+ 6+ X 7+ rk^ fkqbdo^i qofmib bbb fp€*v+v( `t `u `v ab rk^ crk`fŽko
mlpfqfs^ pb obar`b ^ i^ fkqbdo^i obfqbo^a^ a^a^- Dk `^a^ `^pl af_rg^o i^ obdfŽk ab fkqbdo^`fŽkR jlpqo^kal pr molvb``fŽk pl_ob bi mi^kl tu- Dumobp^obkqlk`bp i^ fkqbdo^i qofmib`ljl rk^l jŠp fkqbdo^ibp obfqbo^a^p bk i^p nrb i^ mofjbo^ fkqbdo^`fŽk pb bcb`q•^ obpmb`ql ^ v-
5- G9S:,VYG9*WYpt:•+ v( `vH`W( `t-
6- b+Syyyy91YGyV1\W1Yp€*u+ v(`vH `u( `t-
7- ,n8S8YH91*u1z'V+ u+ v( `vH `u( `t-
8- Cbjlpqo^o nrb9
B^i`ri^o i^p fkqbdo^ibp ab ilp bgbo`f`flp iN+ (( X 01 m^p^kal ^ `lloabk^a^p `fiŒkaof`^p-Orbab prmlkbopb i^ bufpqbk`f^ ab qla^p i^p fkqbdo^ibp nrb pb `fq^k-
0/- QQQ't1 * v1( `t `u `v+ov bi mi^kl v < 1-
pfbkal R bi pŽifal ifjfq^al mlo i^ prmbocf`fb t& * v&< 10&
Cfan_e_eko 4/4
00- RRI `t `u `v+ pfbkal R bi pŽifal ifjfq^al mlo ilp qobp mi^klp `lloabk^alp+ i^ prmbo,o
cf`fb w < t& * u&+v bi mi^kl t * v < 0-
01- IRR 'u1 * v1( `t `u `v+ pfbkal R rk `lkl ob`ql ab obslir`fŽk+ ab ^iqro^ d+ _^pb pfqr^,o
a^ bk bi mi^kl tu v ab o^afl ]+ v bgb bk bi bgb v-
B^i`ri^o i^p fkqbdo^ibp 02+ 03+ X 04 jbaf^kqb i^ qo^kpcloj^`fŽk ^ `lloabk^a^p bpc‹of`^p-
02- IRR `t `u `v+ pfbkal R rk^ bpcbo^ ab o^afl ] v `bkqol bk bi lofdbk-o
03- IRR `t `u `v+ pfbkal R bi pŽifal ifjfq^al bkqob alp bpcbo^p `lk`‹kqof`^p ab o^aflpo
] v ^* 'N ; ] ; ^' v `lk `bkqol bk bi lofdbk-
04- IRR Y't , ](1 * 'u , ^(1 * 'v , A(1[yW1t `u `v+ pfbkal R rk^ bpcbo^ ab o^afl P vo
`bkqol bk bi lofdbk+ v &]* ^+b( bp rk mrkql cfgl bk bi buqboflo ab bp^ bpcbo^-05- Rb mrbabk abcfkfo rk^p `lloabk^a^p bpc‹of`^p dbkbo^ifw^a^p jbaf^kqb i^ ^mif`^`fŽk pf,
drfbkqb9
v < _ l `lp! _l+
alkab ]+^* a+i v j plk `lkpq^kqbp mlpfqfs^p- Cbjlpqo^o nrb bi g^`l_f^kl bp fdr^i ^
,]^_ijl1 `lpj,0 bpbkj,0 a `lpk,0 `mpbk1k,0 pl+
K^p fkqbdo^ibp qofmibpmrbabk bjmib^opb m^o^ `^i`ri^o sli•jbkbp+ j^p^p+ `bkqolp ab do^,sba^a+ jljbkqlp ab fkbo`f^+ v lqolp `lk`bmqlp cŒpf`lp^pl`f^alp ^ pŽifalp- Rf R bp rk pŽifal prslirjbk T sfbkb a^al mlo i^ fkqbdo^i qofmib
T < HGb `t `u `v -o
Rf ^i pŽifal pb ^pfdk^ rk^ abkpfa^a z&t* v+v' bk `^a^ rkl ab prp mrkqlp &t* v+w( 'j^p^ mlorkfa^a ab slirjbk(+ pr j^p^ L bp9
K< Hbbb't+u+v(`t`u`v+
o
v pr `bkqol ab do^sba^a bi mrkql &t* gf+v(_kj `lloabk^a^p
o < z 111 tb't+u+v(`t`u`v+
o
v `lk `Ši`ril m^ob`fal gfv e9Di jljbkql ab fkbo`f^ /! obpmb`ql ^i mi^kl tu pb abcfkb mlo i^
fdr^ia^a
GVhG < III v1b't+u+v(`t`u`vo
4/5 Gjpacn]haoiŠhpelhao
v cŽojri^p m^ob`fa^p m^o^ 0! b 0!- Di jljbkql ab fkbo`f^ ha obpmb`ql ^ rk^ ob`q^ J pb abcfkb`ljl
GJ < HHHp41't+u+v( 't+u+v(`t`u`v+Q
alkab zz&t*v+v' obmobpbkq i^ afpq^k`f^ ab rk mrkql dbk‹of`l ab R ^ i^ ob`q^ J,
06- Cbjlpqo^o nrb ilp jljbkqlp ab fkbo`f^ obpmb`ql ^ ilp bgbp `lloabk^alp plk
07- B^i`ri^o bi slirjbk ab rk pŽifal ifjfq^al mlo bk`fj^ mlo i^ bpcbo^ t& * v&* v&< 4X mlo ab_^gl mlo bi m^o^_lilfab t& * v&< 3v-
08- B^i`ri^o bi slirjbk ab rk pŽifal ifjfq^al mlo bi mi^kl tu+ bi `fifkaol t&* v&< 1t+v bi `lkl v < v u&* v&-
1/- B^i`ri^o i^ j^p^ abi pŽifal ifjfq^al mlo alp bpcbo^p `lk`‹kqof`^p ab o^aflp ] v ^+'N ; ] ; ^'* pf i^ abkpfa^a bk `^a^ mrkql bp fdr^i ^i `r^ao^al ab pr afpq^k`f^ ^i `bkqol-
10- Tk `lkl `fo`ri^o ob`ql eljld‹kbl qfbkb ^iqro^ d- Cbjlpqo^o nrb i^ afpq^k`f^ ab pr `bk,qolfab ^ i^ _^pb bp d.3-
11- Cbqbojfk^o bi `bkqol ab do^sba^a ab rk `lkl ab ^iqro^ d pf pr abkpfa^a bk `^a^ mrkqlbp molmlo`flk^i ^ i^ afpq^k`f^ ab bpb mrkql ^ i^ _^pb-
12- Habj+ prmlkfbkal nrb i^ abkpfa^a bk `^a^ mrkql bp molmlo`flk^i ^ i^ afpq^k`f^ ab bpbmrkql ^i bgb abi `lkl-
13- Tk pŽifal bpqŠ ifjfq^al mlo alp ebjfpcboflp `lk`‹kqof`lp ab o^aflp ] v ^+ pfbkalN ; ] ; ^+ Rf i^ abkpfa^a bp `lkpq^kqb+ bk`lkqo^o bi `bkqol ab do^sba^a-
14- Cbqbojfk^o bi `bkqol ab do^sba^a ab rk `r_l ab i^al d pf pr abkpfa^a bk `^a^ mrkqlbp molmlo`flk^i ^i `r^ao^al ab i^ afpq^k`f^ ab bpb mrkql ^ rk s‹oqf`b ab i^ _^pb- 'Slj^oi^ _^pb bk bi mi^kl tu v pfqr^o i^p ^ofpq^pbk ilp bgbp`lloabk^alp-(
15- Tk `lkl ob`ql ab obslir`fŽk qfbkb ^iqro^ d* o^afl bk i^ _^pb ]+abkpfa^a `lkpq^kqb+ vj^p^ L- Dk`lkqo^o pr jljbkql ab fkbo`f^ obpmb`ql ^ rk bgb m^o^ibil ^ i^ _^pb v nrbm^p^ mlo bi s‹oqf`b-
16- B^i`ri^o bi jljbkql ab fkbo`f^ ab rk^ bpcbo^ ab o^afl P v j^p^ L obpmb`ql ^ rk afŠ,jbqol pf i^ abkpfa^a bp `lkpq^kqb-
17- B^i`ri^o bi jljbkql ab fkbo`f^ ab rk `fifkaol ab o^afl ] v j^p^ L pf pr abkpfa^a bk`^a^ mrkql bp molmlo`flk^i ^ i^ afpq^k`f^ ab bpb mrkql ^i bgb abi `fifkaol-
18- Di q^iil ab rk^ pbq^ bp rk `fifkaol ob`ql ab obslir`fŽk ab afŠjbqol 0 v ilkdfqra 1+v pr`^_bw^ bp rk ebjfpcbofl ab o^afl P- Rf i^ pbq^ bp rk pŽifal eljld‹kbl `lk pfjbqoŒ^^uf^i+ v pr `bkqol ab do^sba^a bpqŠ pfqr^al bk bi mi^kl bk bi nrb bi q^iil pb rkb ^ i^`^_bw^+ `^i`ri^o P-
2/- Tk p^q‹ifqb ^oqfcf`f^i qfbkb rk^ `r_fboq^ `ljmrbpq^ ab mlo`flkbp ab alp `fifkaolp abobslir`fŽk ab fdr^i afŠjbqol B `rvlp bgbppb `loq^k bk Škdril ob`ql- G^v bi molmŽpfqlabqo^kpmloq^obi p^q‹ifqb ^ B^_l Jbkkbav bk rk^ `^g^ `•_f`^ ab fkqboflo B, Cbjlpqo^o nrbrk^ qbo`bo^ m^oqbabi slirjbk ab i^- `^g^ pb mfboab-
20- Cbpfdkbjlp `lk Q,&]' bi pfdrfbkqb `lkgrkql abi k,bpm^`fl+ pfbkal ] = N9
Br^kal j < 1 bi `lkgrkql bp rk `r^ao^al `lk s‹oqf`bp bk 'N+~]( v '~]- N(- Br^kal
Cfan_e_eko 4/6
j < 2 bp rk l`q^baol `lk s‹oqf`bp bk 'N+N+~]'* 'N+~]* N(+v &~]* N+N(- Ki^jbjlp T,&]'
^i slirjbk ab 3,&]' a^al mlo
Tj&]' < b,,, b`VG ,,, `tj•
@j&]'
^( Cbjlpqo^o nrb T,&]' < ]•Tj&/',_( O^o^ j y 1+ bumobp^o i^ fkqbdo^i nrb a^ Tj&/' `ljl rk^ fqbo^`fŽk ab rk^ fkqbdo^irkŒ,afjbkpflk^i v rk^ fkqbdo^i &j + 0(,j•iqfmib v abjlpqo^o nrb
,j]jb( G^`bo rpl ab ilp ^m^oq^alp ^( v _( m^o^ abar`fo nrb Tj&]' < ,+,V(
21- Cbpfdkbjlp `lk 3,&]' bi pfdrfbkqb `lkgrkql abi j+aol]_ek* pfbkal ] = N v j y 19
Qj&]' < x'Wi&--- +Vj' HHWfi* Huki z ] m^o^ `^a^ e < 0+ --- +j + iy-
^( Dp_lw^o rk doŠcf`l ab 4k'0( `r^kal j < 1 X `r^kal j < 2-_( OŽkd^pb Tj&]' < I --- I `VG ,,, `tj* v abjlpqo^o nrb Tj&]' < ]jTj&/',
@j&]h
b( Dumobp^o i^ fkqbdo^i nrb a^ U-'i( `ljl rk^ fqbo^`fŽk ab rk^ fkqbdo^i rkf,afjbkpfl,k^i v rk^ fkqbdo^i 'j , i(•j•iqfmib v abar`fo nrb Tj&]' < 1j]j.j-
22- ^( Dk obi^`fŽk `lk bi bgbjmil 3+ mŠd-4/1- Dumobp^o i^ fkqbdo^i nrb a^ Tj&/'* 'slirjbkab i^ bpcbo^ k•afjbkpflk^i rkfa^a( `ljl i^ fqbo^`fŽk ab rk^ fkqbdo^i &j + 0(,j•iqfmibv rk^ fkqbdo^i rkf,afjbkpflk^i v `lk biil abjlpqo^o nrb
Tj&h' < 1Uk]H
'i( c'i , t0'&j+G'-0 `t*
_( Blk bi ^m^oq^al ^( v i^ b`r^`fŽk '00-41( abar`fo nrb
!"
<@E8:C4>8D 78 DFB8C9<6<8
01-0 Qbmobpbkq^`fŽkm^o^j‹qof`^ ab rk^ prmbocf`fb
Dpqb `^mŒqril qo^q^ ab i^p fkqbdo^ibp ab prmbocf`fb v prp ^mif`^`flkbp- Orbabfj^dfk^opb i^ fkqbdo^i ab prmbocf`fb `ljl bi bnrfs^ibkqb bk alp afjbkpflkbp ^rk^ fkqbdo^i ab iŒkb^ pfbkal i^ obdfŽk ab fkqbdo^`fŽk rk^ prmbocf`fb bk ird^o abrk^ `ros^- @kqbp ab bpqraf^o i^p fkqbdo^ibp ab prmbocf`fb+ qbkbjlp nrb mlkboklp
ab ^`rboal bk il nrb bp rk^ prmbocf`fb-G^_i^kal pfk mob`fpfŽk+rk^ prmbocf`fb bp bi ird^o ab rk mrkql nrb pb jrbsb
bk bi bpm^`fl `lk alp do^alp ab if_boq^a- Dk i^ m^oqb ab FbljbqoŒ^ ^k^iŒqf`^ abiUlirjbk 0 sfjlp alp j‹qlalp m^o^ bumobp^o ^k^iŒqf`^jbkqb rk q^i ird^o- Tkl bpi^ nalnaoajp]_e‰j eilh‡_ep] bk bi nrb pb `lkpfabo^ rk^ prmbocf`fb `ljl rk `lkgrkqlab mrkqlp 'u+ v+ w( nrb p^qfpc^`bk rk^ b`r^`fŽk ab i^ cloj^ Dp9t* u+ w( < N- @idr,k^p sb`bp mlabjlp abpmbg^o bk i^ b`r^`fŽk rk^ ab i^p `lloabk^a^p bk crk`fŽk abi^p lqo^p alp+ mlo bgbjmil w bk crk`fŽk ab t b u- Br^kal bpl bp mlpf_ib l_qbkb,jlp rk^ nalnaoajp]_e‰j atlh‡_ep] a^a^ mlo rk^ l s^of^p b`r^`flkbp ab i^ cloj^w < z't+ u', Olo bgbjmil+ rk^ bpcbo^ ab o^afl 0 v `bkqol bk bi lofdbk qfbkb i^ ob,mobpbkq^`fŽk fjmiŒ`fq^ t! * e* w! , 0 < N- @i abpmbg^o w pb l_qfbkbk alp plir,`flkbp+ w < &-.0 , u1 , v! v w < , UH , t! , v!+ K^ mofjbo^ bp i^ obmobpbk,q^`fŽk bumiŒ`fq ab i^ pbjfbpcbo^ prmboflo v i^ pbdrka^ i^ ab i^ fkcboflo-
Dufpqb rk qbo`bo j‹qlal ab obmobpbkq^`fŽk ab prmbocf`fbp nrb bp jŠp •qfi bkbi bpqrafl ab i^p jfpj^p: bp i^ obmobpbkq^`fŽk l]n]i†pne_] l ra_pkne]h mlo jbaflab qobp b`r^`flkbp nrb bumobp^k t+ u+ w bk crk`fŽk ab alp m^oŠjbqolp q v r9
'01-0 ( u < V&q* r'* u < W&q*r'* w < X&q* r',
@nrŒ bi mrkql &q* r' mrbab s^of^o bk rk `lkgrkql `lkbul _fafjbkpflk^i R bk bimi^kl qr+ v ilp mrkqlp 'u+ u+ w( `loobpmlkafbkqbp `lkpqfqrvbk rk^ mlo`fŽk ab prmbo,
4/8
40/ Gjpacn]hao`a oqlanbe_ea
cf`fb bk bi bpm^`fl tuv, Dpqbj‹qlal bp ^kŠildl ^i ab i^ obmobpbkq^`fŽkab rk^ `ros^bk D^ jbaf^kqb qobpb`r^`flkbp `lk rk m^oŠjbqol- K^ mobpbk`f^ab ilp alp m^oŠ,jbqolp bk '01-0( mbojfqb qo^kpjfqfoalp do^alp ab if_boq^a ^i mrkql &t* u+w(+ ljlprdfbob i^ cfdro^ 01-0- Nqol jlal ab bumobp^oi^ jfpj^ fab^ `lkpfpqb bk ab`fo nrbrk^ prmbocf`fbbp i^ fj^dbk ab rk^ obdfŽkmi^k^ R mlo jbafl ab i^ ^mif`^`fŽk abcf,kfa^ mlo '01-0(-
Rf fkqolar`fjlp bi o^afl sb`qlo n nrb rkb bi lofdbk ^ rk mrkql dbk‹of`l&t* u+w(ab i^ prmbocf`fb+mlabjlp `lj_fk^o i^p qobpb`r^`flkbp m^o^j‹qof`^p '01-0(
v
r
t < V&q*r'
u < W&q*r'
v < X&q*r'
q
u
t
EHFTQ@ 01-0 Palnaoajp]_e‰j l]n]i†pne_] `a qj] oqlanbe_ea-
bk rk^ b`r^`fŽk sb`qlof^i ab i^ cloj^
&/0,0' n&q*r' < V&q* r'e * W&q*r'f * X&q*r'g* alkab 'q+ r( D R,
†pq^ bp i^ ii^j^a^ a_q]_eˆj ra_pkne]hab i^ prmbocf`fb-Dufpqbk+k^qro^ijbkqb+ jr`e^p obmobpbkq^`flkbpm^o^j‹qof`^p ab i^ jfpj^ pr,
mbocf`fb-Tk^ ab bii^p mrbab l_qbkbopb pfbjmob ^ m^oqfoab i^ cloj^ bumiŒ`fq^w< b&t* u' qlj^kal V&q* r' < q* W&q*r' < r* X&q* r' < b&q*r', Olo lqo^ m^oqb+pf bp mlpf_ib bifjfk^o q v r bk i^p b`r^`flkbp m^o^j‹qof`^p ,mlo bgbjmil+ pf mlab,jlp obplisbo i^p alp mofjbo^p b`r^`flkbp '01-0( obpmb`ql^ q v r bk- crk`fŽk abt b u v prpqfqrfjlp bk i^ qbo`bo^, l_qbkbjlp i^ obmobpbkq^`fŽkbumiŒ`fqw<b&t* u',
DIDLOKN 0- Palnaoajp]_eˆj l]n]i…pne_] `a qj] aoban], K^p qobpb`r^`flkbp
'01-2( t < ] `lp q `lp r + u < ] pbkq `lp r + w< ] pbks
Palnaoajp]_e‰j l]n]i†pne_] `a qj] oqlanbe_ea 400
v
q
u
r
10q
0q
1
EiFKQ@ 01-1 Palnaoaj.]_e‰j l]nqi…pne_] `a qj] aoban]-
,,,,,,,,EHFTQ@ 01-2 Babkni]_e‰j `a qj na_p…jcqhk aj qj daieobanek-
obmobpbkq^k rk^ bpcbo^ ab o^afl ] v `bkqol bk bi lofdbk- Rf bibs^jlp ^i `r^ao^al-i^p qobpb`r^`flkbp '01-2( v prj^jlp obpriq^ t1 * v1 * Y1 < ]&+v sbjlp nrb qlalmrkql &t* v+ w( nrb p^qfpc^`b '01-2( bpqŠ bk i^ bpcbo^- Klp m^oŠjbqolp q v r bkbpqb bgbjmil mrbabk fkqbomobq^opbdblj‹qof`^jbkqb `ljl ilp Škdrilp af_rg^alpbk i^ cfdro^ 01-1- Rf e^`bjlp nrb bi mrkql &q* r' s^oŒb bk bi ob`qŠkdrilR < ZN+16o\ uZ,006+ 006\+0/p mrkqlp abqbojfk^alp mlo '01-2( abp`of_bk qla^ i^bpcbo^- Di ebjfpcbofl prmboflo bp i^ fj^dbk abi ob`qŠkdril I@$ 16o\ W I@$ 0.16o\ Xbi fkcboflo bp fj^dbk ab ZN+16o\ W Z, 0.16o+N\- K^ cfdro^ 01-2 klp a^ rk^ fab^ab `ljl bi ob`qŠkdril ZN+16o\ W ZN+0.16o\ bp ^mif`^al bk bi ebjfpcbofl prmboflo-Hj^dfkbjlp nrb bi ob`qŠkdril bp ab rk j^qbof^i miŠpqf`l cibuf_ib `^m^w ab bpqfo^opbl bk`ldbopb- K^ cfdro^ 01-2 jrbpqo^ bi ob`qŠkdril `lksboqfal mlo abcloj^`fŽk bkrk ebjfpcbofl- K^ _^pb ?@ pb qo^kpcloj^ bk bi b`r^alo+ ilp i^alp lmrbpqlp ?B v@A pb e^`bk `lfk`fafo+ v bi i^al prmboflo CB abdbkbo^ bk rk mrkql 'bi mlilMloqb(-
Q01 Gjpacn]hao `a oqlanbe_ea
DIDLOKN 1- Palnaoajp]_e‰j l]n]i†pne_] `a qj _kjk- K^ b`r^`fŽk sb`qlof^i
o' q+ r( < r pbk 'W `lp q e* r pbk 'W pbk q f * r `lp 'W g
obmobpbkq^bi `lkl `fo`ri^o ob`ql af_rg^al bk i^ cfdro^ 01-3+ alkab ] bp bi pbjf,Škdril bk bi s‹oqf`b- S^j_f‹k ^nrŒ+ilp m^oŠjbqolp q+r+^ajfqbk fkqbomobq^`flkbpdblj‹qof`^p: r bp i^ afpq^k`f^ abpab bi s‹oqf`b ^i mrkql &t* u+w( abi `lkl+ v q bpbi Škdril mli^o- Br^kal &q* r' s^oŒ^ bk rk ob`qŠkdril ab i^ cloj^ ZN- 1pp[ W
r w
d
l 1009q u
EHFiQ@ 01-3 Palnaoajp]_e‰j l]n]i†pne_] `a qj EHFTQ@ 01-4 Babkni]_e‰j `a qj na_p…jcqhk_kjk- aj qj _kjk-
YM*d[* ilp `loobpmlkafbkqbp mrkqlp &t* u+w( abp`of_bk rk `lkl ab ^iqro^ d `lp ]-
Tk ob`qŠkdril miŠpqf`l mrbab+ mlo abcloj^`fŽk+ `lksboqfopb bk rk `lkl e^`fbkal`lfk`fafo ilp i^alp ?T v @a* `ljl fkaf`^ i^ cfdro^ 01-4+ v `lksfoqfbkal bi i^al?@ bk rk mrkql 'bi s‹oqf`b abi `lkl(- K^ prmbocf`fb ab i^ cfdro^ 01-4 jrbpqo^ rkbpq^al fkqbojbafl ab i^ abcloj^`fŽk-
Dk bi bpqrafl dbkbo^i ab i^p prmbocf`fbp+i^p crk`flkbp W+X+ X Y nrb ^m^ob`bkbk i^p b`r^`flkbp m^o^j‹qof`^p '01-0( l bk i^ b`r^`fŽk sb`qlof^i '01-1( pb prmlkbk`lkqfkr^p bk R- K^ fj^dbk ab R ^ qo^s‹p ab i^ ^mif`^`fŽk o pb ii^j^ oqlanbe_eal]n]i†pne_] v pb obmobpbkq^oŠjbaf^kqb bi pŒj_lil n'R(- Dk jr`elp ab ilp bgbj,milp nrb `ljbkq^objlp+ R pboŠ rk ob`qŠkdril+ rk afp`l `fo`ri^o+ l ^id•k lqol `lk,grkql `lkbul pfjmib ifjfq^al mlo rk^ `ros^ `boo^a^ pfjmib- Rf i^ crk`fŽk n bprkl ^ rkl bk R+ i^ fj^dbk n'R( ab abkljfk^oŠ oqlanbe_ea l]n]i†pne_] oeilha- Dkq^i `^pl+ mrkqlp afpqfkqlp ab R pb ^mif`^k bk mrkqlp afpqfkqlp ab i^ prmbocf`fb-Dk m^oqf`ri^o+ qla^ `ros^ `boo^a^ pfjmib bk R pb ^mif`^ bk rk^ `ros^ `boo^a^ pfj,mib pfqr^a^ bk i^ prmbocf`fb-
Tk^ prmbocf`fb m^o^j‹qof`^ n&R' mrbab abdbkbo^o bk rk mrkql l bk rk^ `ros^-Olo bgbjmil+ pf i^p qobp crk`flkbp W+ X+ Y plk `lkpq^kqbp+ i^ fj^dbk n&R' bp rkplil mrkql- Rf W+ X X Y plk fkabmbkafbkqbp ab r* i^ fj^dbk n&R' bp rk^ `ros^-
Nnk`q_pk ra_pkne]h bqj`]iajp]h 402
Nqol bgbjmil ab prmbocf`fb abdbkbo^a^ pb mobpbkq^ `r^kal V&q* r' < q * r*W&q* r' < &q * T(1+ v X&q* r' < &q * T(2+ pfbkal R < ZN+0I W ZN+0\- Rf bp,`of_fjlp p < q * r sbjlp nrb i^ prmbocf`fb abdbkbo^ bk rk^ `ros^ ^i^_b^a^ abb`r^`flkbp m^o^j‹qof`^p t < p* W < p1 X w < p!+ alkab N99:p 8891- Dpqlp `^plpbu`bm`flk^ibp mrbabk bsfq^opb fjmlkfbkal `fboq^p obpqof``flkbp ^ i^ crk`fŽk n nrbabcfkb i^ ^mif`^`fŽk+ `ljl pb bumif`^ bk i^ pfdrfbkqb pb``fŽk-
)*'* B[XM^L]X_NL]X[RJUO^WMJVNW]JU
Blkpfabobjlp rk^ prmbocf`fb obmobpbkq^a^ mlo i^ b`r^`fŽk sb`qlof^i
neq+r' < V&q* r'e * W&q*r'f * X&q* r'g* alkab &q* r' D R-
Rf W+W+X Y plk abofs^_ibp bk R mlabjlp `lkpfabo^o ilp alp sb`qlobp
kn < kV e * ]u g* kX gMS -kq ]h- NG
v
Di molar`ql sb`qlof^ilo.lr u kn-kr pb abkljfk^oŠ lnk`q_pk ra_pkne]h bqj`]iajp]hab i^ obmobpbkq^`fŽk n- Rrp `ljmlkbkqbp mrbabk bumobp^opb `ljl abqbojfk^kqbp
Z^`l_f^klp- Dk bcb`ql+ qbkbjlp+
e Q g]u kX kX kV kV ]u
kV ]u kX , ,
kn kn , , , kq kq ]h- ]h- ]h- ]h-'01-3( (\(8 ]q ]q ]q < e) Q& g
]q ]r ]u kX kX kV ]t ]u]t ]u ]v , , , , , ,, , , ]r ]r ]r ]r kr ]r]r ]r ]r
]&u* X', ]&v* V', ]&t* W' g;++G)++H) ,
]&q* r' ]&q* r' ]&q* r'
Rf &q* r' bp rk mrkql bk R bk bi `r^i ]n-Mh- v kn-kr plk `lkqfkr^p v bi mol,ar`ql sb`qlof^i crka^jbkq^i kl bp kril+ bi mrkql fj^dbk n &q* r' pb ii^j^ lqjpknacqh]n ab n+Klp mrkqlp bk ilp nrb kl plk `lkqfkr^p ]n- ]h- l ]n- ]h%l _fbk]n-]q u kn-]r < M pb ii^j^k lqjpko oejcqh]nao ab n, Tk^ prmbocf`fb n&R' pb ii^j^nacqh]n pf qlalp prp mrkqlp plk obdri^obp- Sla^ prmbocf`fb qfbkb jŠp ab rk^ obmob,pbkq^`fŽk m^o^j‹qof`^- @idrklp ab ilp bgbjmilp nrb irbdl pb `ljbkq^k mlkbk abj^kfcfbpql nrb rk mrkql ab rk^ prmbocf`fb mrbab pbo obdri^o m^o^ rk^ obmobpbk,
403 Gjpacn]hao `a oqlanbe_ea
v
r
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q u
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kn kn kn knEHFTQ@ 01-5 Gjpanlnap]_e‰j caki†pne_] `a hko ra_pknao , + ,+ v , u ] -
kS MT MS MT
q^`fŽk v pfkdri^o m^o^ lqo^- Rbdrfa^jbkqb bumif`^jlp bi pfdkfcf`^al dblj‹qof`l abilp `lk`bmqlp ab mrkqlp obdri^obp v pfkdri^obp-
Blkpfabobjlp bk R rk pbdjbkql ob`qfiŒkbl elofwlkq^i- Rr fj^dbk mlo n bprk^ `ros^ 'ii^j^a^ r,`ros^( pfqr^a^ bk i^ prmbocf`fb n&R', O^o^ r cfg^+fj^dfkb,jlp nrb bi m^oŠjbqol q obmobpbkqbbi qfbjml- Di sb`qlo kn.kq bp bi sb`qlo sbil,`fa^a ab bpq^ `ros^- Br^kal q pb fk`objbkq^ bk Qq* rk mrkql pfqr^al ^i mofk`f,mfl bk neq+r( pb abpmi^w^ ^ 0/ i^odl ab rk^ r,`ros^ rk^ afpq^k`f^ ^molufj^a^,jbkqb fdr^i ^ Hilo.lrii J0q mrbpql nrb Ghkn.kqhh obmobpbkq^i^ sbil`fa^a ^ il i^odlab i^ r,`ros^- @kŠild^jbkqb+ m^o^ q cfg^ rk mrkql ab rk^ s,`ros^ pb abpmi^w^ bkbi qfbjml Jhr rk^ afpq^k`f^ ^molufj^a^jbkqb fdr^i ^ Gh]n.]rhhJ0r- Tk ob`qŠkdrilbk R nrb qbkd^ rk Šob^ J0q J0r pb `lksfboqb bk rk^ mlo`fŽk ab n'R( nrb ^moluf,j^objlp mlo rk m^o^ibildo^jl abqbojfk^al mlo ilp sb`qlobp 'kn.kq( J0q v'kn.kr( J0r- 'Ubo cfdro^ 01-5-( Di Šob^ abi m^o^ibildo^jl abqbojfk^al mlo'kn.kq( J0q v 'kn.kr( J0r bp bi jŽaril ab pr molar`ql sb`qlof^i
! y9 J0q u z9J0r 00 < ++z9u :9 00 J0q J0r -
Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb i^ ilkdfqra abi molar`ql sb`qlof^i crka^jbkq^i mrbab fj^dfk^opb`ljl rk c^`qlo ab molmlo`flk^ifa^a ab i^p Šob^p- Dk ilp mrkqlp bk ilp nrb bpqbmolar`ql sb`qlof^i bp kril bi m^o^ibildo^jl abdbkbo^ bk rk^ `ros^ l bk rk mrkql-Dk `^a^ mrkql obdri^o ilp sb`qlobp kn.]q v kn.kr abqbojfk^k rk mi^kl nrb qfbkbbi sb`qlo kn.kq u kn.kr `ljl kloj^i- Dk i^ moŽufj^ pb``fŽk abjlpqo^objlpnrb kn.kq u kn.kr bp kloj^i ^ qla^ `ros^ obdri^o bk i^ prmbocf`fb: mlo bpq^o^wŽk bi mi^kl abqbojfk^al mlo kn.kq v kn.]r pb ii^j^ lh]jk p]jcajpa ^ i^ prmbo,
Nnk`q_pk ra_pkne]h bqj`]iajp]h 404
Hf`fb- K^ `lkqfkrfa^a ab ]nh]q v ]nh]r fjmif`^ i^ `lkqfkrfa^a ab ]nh]q u ]nh]r:bpql- ^ pr sbw+ pfdkfcf`^ nrb bi mi^kl q^kdbkqb pb jrbsb `lk `lkqfkrfa^a bk rk^prmbocf`fb obdri^o- @pŒsbjlp nrb i^ `lkqfkrfa^a ab ]nh]q v ]nh]r bsfq^ i^ mob,pbk`f^ ab ^ofpq^p l ~mrkq^pƒ bk i^ prmbocf`fb: i^ kl ^kri^`fŽk ab ]nh]q u ]nh]rbsfq^ ilp `^plp abdbkbo^alp ^kqbp `fq^alp-
DIDLOKN 0- Qqlanbe_eao _kj nalnaoajp]_e‰j atlh‡_ep]+ w < b't+ u', O^o^ rk^prmbocf`fb `lk rk^ obmobpbkq^`fŽk bumiŒ`fq ab i^ cloj^ w < b&t* u'* mlabjlp rp^ot b u `ljl m^oŠjbqolp+ il nrb klp a^ i^ b`r^`fŽk sb`qlof^i
n't+ u' < te * re * b't+ u'g,
Dpq^ obmobpbkq^`fŽk klp a^ pfbjmob rk^ prmbocf`fb m^o^j‹qof`^ pfjmib- K^ obdfŽk Rpb abkljfk^ molvb``fŽk ab i^ prmbocf`fb pl_ob bi mi^kl tu- 'Dk i^ cfdro^ 01-6 pbjrbpqo^ rk bgbjmil-( O^o^ `^i`ri^o bi molar`ql sb`qlof^i crka^jbkq^i l_pbosb,
jlp nrb
v
pf b bp afcbobk`f^_ib- Dpql klp a^
e g g
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]h]u
Orbpql nrb bi `ljmlkbkqb w ab ]nh]t u ]nh]u bp 0+bi molar`ql sb`qlof^i crka^,jbkq^i krk`^ bp `bol- Krbdl ilp •kf`lp mrkqlp pfkdri^obp nrb mrbabk mobpbk,q^opb mlo bpq^ obmobpbkq^`fŽk plk mrkqlp bk ilp nrb ^i jbklp rk^ ab i^p abofs^,a^p m^o`f^ibp ]bh]t l ]bh]u kl bp `lkqfkr^]- ]
Tk `^pl qŒmf`lbp i^ b`r^`fŽk w < ! 0 , u1, u1+ nrb obmobpbkq^rk ebjfp,
cbofl ab o^afl 0 v `bkqol bk bi lofdbk+ pf t1 * v1 z 0- K^ b`r^`fŽk sb`qlof^i
n&t*u' < te *:y * HG , t1, bg
^mif`^ bi afp`l rkfa^a R < w&t* v( Ht1 * v1 z 0y pl_ob bi ebjfpcbofl v af`e^ ^mif,`^`fŽk bp rkl ^ rkl- K^p abofs^a^p m^o`f^ibp ]nh]t v ]nh]u bufpqbk v plk `lk qf,
405 Gjpacn]hao `a oqlanbe_ea
kr^p bk qlal bi fkqboflo abi afp`l+ mbol kl bufpqbk bk i^ mbofcbof^-Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb+qlal mrkql abi b`r^alo bp rk mrkql pfkdri^o ab bpq^ obmobpbkq^`fŽk-
DIDLOKN 1- Blkpfabobjlp bi jfpjl ebjfpcbofl abi bgbjmil ^kqboflo+ mbolbpq^ sbw `ljl fj^dbk abi ob`qŠkdril R < ZN+1!\ W ZN+0.y![ ^ qo^s‹p ab i^ ^mif,`^`fŽk
n'q+ r( < ] `lp q `lp re * ] pbk q `lp rg* ] pbk r g-
Klp sb`qlobp knhkq v knhkr sfbkbk a^alp mlo i^p cŽojri^p
kn - - * -, < , ] pbk q `lp r / ] `lp q `lp r I +W\kn &! * g, < , ] `lp q pbk r / + ] pj q pbk rH]_ko r -kr
Tk pbk`fiil `Ši`ril jrbpqo^ nrb pr molar`ql sb`qlof^i bp fdr^i ^
kn kn, W , < ] `lp r n'q+ r(-kq kr
K^ fj^dbk ab R kl bp rk^ prmbocf`fb m^o^j‹qof`^ pfjmib ^ `^rp^ ab nrb bpq^ ^mif,`^`fŽk kl bp rkl ^ rkl bk R- Dk bcb`ql+ qlal mrkql abi pbdjbkql ob`qfiŒkblr < 0 1!! N 9999:S 888891pp pb ^mif`^ bk bi mrkql 'N+ N+]' 'bi mlil Mloqb(- S^j_f‹k+ mloi^ mboflaf`fa^a abi pbkl v `lpbkl+ o qlj^ ilp jfpjlp s^ilobp bk ilp mrkqlp 'N+ r'v '1 ’’-+ r'* ab jlal nrb ilp i^alp fwnrfboal v abob`el ab R pb ^mif`^k bk i^ jfpj^`ros^+ nrb bp rk ^o`l nrb rkb bi mlil Mloqb ^i mrkql &]* N+N( abi b`r^alo- 'U‹^pbcfdro^ 01-2-( Klp sb`qlobp knhkq v knhkr plk `lkqfkrlp bk qlal R, Orbpql nrb f knhkq W knhkr 99< ]1 `lp s-Hlp •kf`lp mrkqlp pfkdri^obp ab bpq^ obmobpbkq^`fŽkpb mobpbkq^k `r^kal `lp r < N- Ml e^v lqol mrkql pfkdri^o nrb bi mlil Mloqb-
01-2 Di molar`ql sb`qlof^i crka^jbkq^i+ `lkpfabo^al `ljl rk^ kloj^i ^ i^prmbocf`fb
Blkpfabobjlp rk^ prmbocf`fb m^o^j‹qof`^ obdri^o n&R'* v pb^ B) rk^ `ros^obdri^o bk R- K^ fj^dbk B < n'A)( bp bkqlk`bp rk^ `ros^ obdri^o pfqr^a^ bk i^prmbocf`fb- Cbjlpqo^objlp nrb bk `^a^ mrkql ab B bi sb`qlo knhkq W knhkr bpkloj^i ^ B+ `ljl pb sb bk i^ cfdro^ 01-5-
Rrmlkd^jlp nrb B) bpqŠ abp`ofq^ mlo rk^ crk`fŽk ^ abcfkfa^ bk rk fkqbos^ilY]* ^[* mlo bgbjmil pb^
]&p' < S &p'e* T'p(f-
Cfan_e_eko 406
Dkqlk`bp i^ fj^dbk ab i^ `ros^ b bpqŠobmobpbkq^a mlo i^ crk`fŽk `ljmrbpq^
m'q( < nY]&p'[ < VY]&p'[e * WY]&p'[f* XY]&p'[g,
Prbobjlp abjlpqo^o nrb i^ abofs^a^ l&'p( bp mbombkaf`ri^o ^i sb`qlo kn.kq Wkn.kr `r^kal i^p abofs^a^p m^o`f^ibpkn.kq v knhkr bpqŠk`^i`ri^a^p bk 'S'p(+
T&p', O^o^ `^i`ri^o l%&p'abofs^jlp `^a^ `ljmlkbkqb ab l&p' jbaf^kqb i^ obdi^ab i^ `^abk^ 'qblobj^ 7-7( m^o^l_qbkbo
'01-5( l%&p'< T%V%]%&p'e* T%W•]%&p'f* U&Y&]%&p'g*
alkab ilp sb`qlobp do^afbkqbp U&W+ U&X+X U&Y bpqŠk`^i`ri^alp bk 'S'p(+ T&j',K^ b`r^`fŽk '01-5( mrbab bp`of_fopbbk i^ cloj^
l&'p( < kkn S&'p( * kn T&'p(+q kr
bpq^kal `^i`ri^a^p i^p abofs^a^p kn.kq v kn.kr bk 'S'p(+ T&p'', X^ mqaknzkq vkn.kr plk mbombkaf`ri^obpbk `^a^ mrkql ^i molar`ql sb`qlof^i kn.kq W kn.kr +iljfpjl l`roob `lk l&'p(- Dpql abjrbpqo^ nrb knzkq W kn.kr bp kloj^i ^ b+`ljlnrboŒ^jlp mol_^o- Olo bpq^o^wŽk+bi sb`qlo kn.kq W knhkr pb abkljfk^ jkni]h^ i^ prmbocf`fbnaR(k Dk `^a^ mrkql obdri^o N ab n'R( bi sb`qlo kn.kq W kn.kr bpafpqfkql ab `bol: bi mi^kl nrb m^p^mlo N v qfbkbbpqbsb`qlo `ljl kloj^i pb ii^j^lh]jk p]jcajpa ^ i^ prmbocf`fbbk N-
)*', 8SN[LRLRX\
Dk ilp bgbo`f`flp abi 0 ^i 5+ bifjfk^o ilp m^oŠjbqolp q v r m^o^ l_qbkbo i^ b`r^`fŽk`^oqbpf^k^+mol_^kal ^pŒnrb i^ b`r^`fŽk sb`qlof^i a^a^ obmobpbkq i^ prmbocf`fbnrb pb `fq^-B^i`ri^o q^j_f‹k bi molar`ql sb`qlof^i crka^jbkq^i knhkq u knhkr bk crk`fŽk ab q v r-
0- Nh]jk9
n'q+ r( < &tk * ]hq * ^0r(: * 'Xl * ]1q * ^1r(f * 'w„ * ]]q * ^]r(g-1- N]n]^khke`a ah‡lpe_k9
neq+r( < ]q `lp k e * ^q pbksg * q1g-2- Cheloke`a9
n'q+ r( < ] pbk q `lp r e * ^ pbk q pbk r g * a `lp q g-3- Qqlanbe_ea `a narkhq_e‰j9
n'q+ r( < q `lp k e * q pbk rf * b'q(g-4- Aehej`nk9
n'q+r( < q: * ^pbksg * ]_korg-5- Rknk9
o' q+r( < '] * ^ `lp q( pbkr : * '] * ^ `lp q( `lp r g * ^ pbk q g+ alkab N ; ^ ; ] -
407 Gjpacn]hao `a oqlanbe_ea
„BrŠi bp bi pfdkfcf`^al dblj‹qof`l ab ] v ^>
Dk ilp bgbo`f`flp 6 ^i 0/ `^i`ri^o i^ j^dkfqra abi molar`ql sb`qlof^i crka^jbkq^ibk crk`fŽk ab q v r-
6- n'q+ r( < ]oaj q `lpe r e * ^ `lp q `lpe rf * `pbke r g-
7- npq+r( < 'q * r(e * 'q , r(f * 3r0g-
8- npq+r( < 'q * r(e * 'q1 * r1(f * 'q2 * r2(g-
0/- npq+r( < q `lp r e * q pbk rg* eq0-oaj 1r g-
)*'- e[NJ MN WJ\^YN[ORLRNYJ[JVk][RLJ
Rb^ R < n&R'rk^ prmbocf`fb m^o^j‹qof`^ obmobpbkq^a^ mlo i^ crk`fŽk n abcf,kfa^ bk rk^ obdfŽk R abi mi^kl qr- Dk i^ pb``fŽk 01-1 sfjlp nrb i^ ilkdfqra abimolar`ql sb`qlof^i crka^jbkq^i knzkq W knzkr mrbab fkqbomobq^opb ljl rk c^`,qlo ab molmlo`flk^ifa^a ab Šob^p-&'U‹^pb cfdro^ 01-5( Tk ob`qŠkdril bk S ab Šob^C- q B,r bp ^mif`^al mlo n pl_ob rk m^o^ibildo^jl `rosfiŒkbl bk R `lk Šob^ ^mol,ufj^a^jbkqb fdr^i ^
Dpq^ l_pbos^`fŽk prdfbob i^ pfdrfbkqb abcfkf`fŽk-
CDEHMHBHˆM CD …QD@ CD TM@ RTODQEHBHD O@Q@L†SQHB@- Ch …na] `a R+ mqanalnaoajp]iko lkn ] 'Q(+oa `abeja lkn h] ejpacn]h `k^ha
'01-6( ]'Q( 3 11 00 z9 W z9 00 `q `r-R
Cf`el ab lqol jlal+ m^o^ abqbojfk^o bi Šob^ ab R `^i`ri^jlp mofjbol bi mol,ar`ql sb`qlof^i crka^jbkq^i knzkq W knzkra fkqbdo^jlp bkqlk`bp pr ilkdfqra bki^ obdfŽk R- Br^kal knzkq W knzkr bpqŠ bumobp^al bk crk`fŽk ab prp `ljmlkbk,qbp+mlo jbafl ab i^ b`r^`fŽk '01-3(+ qbkbjlp+
' 01-7( ]'Q( < HH H'M' W+Yƒ(1 * '/'1+ V•(1 * 'M'V+ W•(1 `q `r-R k'q+ r( k'q+ r( k'q+ r(
Dp`ofq^ bk bpq^ cloj^+ i^ fkqbdo^i m^o^ bi Šob^ ab rk^ prmbocf`fb pb m^ob`b ^ i^ fkqb,
ƒna] `a qj] oqlanbe_ea l]n]i†pne_] 408
do^i rp^a^ m^o^ `^i`ri^o i^ ilkdfqra ab rk ^o`l ab `ros^-')(Rf Q sfbkb a^a^ bumiŒ`fq^jbkqb mlo rk^ b`r^`fŽk ab i^ cloj^ w < b&t* u' ml,
abjlp rp^o t b u `ljl m^oŠjbqolp- Di molar`ql sb`qlof^i crka^jbkq^i bp bi ab i^
b`r^`fŽk '01-4(+ ab bpqb jlal qbkbjlp9
Dk bpqb `^pl+ i^ fkqbdo^i m^o^ `^i`ri^o bi Šob^ ab i^ prmbocf`fb qlj^ i^ cloj^9
'01-8(
alkab i^ obdfŽk R bp ^elo^ i^ molvb``fŽk ab R bk bi mi^kl tu+ `ljl pb sb bk i^cfdro^ 01-6-
w
v <z&t*u'
u
R
EHFTQ@ 01-6 Qqlanbe_ea R _SGhqj] nalnao_jp]_ekj atlhe_ep]* w < b&t* u', J] naceˆj R ao h]lnkua__eˆj `a R ok^na ah lh]jk tu,
')( Orbpql nrb bk i^ fkqbdo^i '01-6( fkqbosfbkb n bi Šob^ ab rk^ prmbocf`fbabmbkaboŠ abi^ crk`fŽk rqfifw^a^ m^o^ obmobpbkq^oi^ prmbocf`fb- Br^kal `ljbkqbjlp i^p fkqbdo^ibp abprmbocf`fbabjlpqo^objlp 'bk i^ pb``fŽk 01-7( nrb _^gl `fboq^p`lkaf`flkbp dbkbo^ibp bi Šob^ bpfkabmbkafbkqb ab i^ obmobpbkq^`fŽkm^o^j‹qof`^- Di obpriq^al bp ^kŠildl ^i abi qblobj^ 0/-0+bkbi nrb pb afp`rqfŽ i^ fks^of^k`f^ ab i^p fkqbdo^ibpab iŒkb^cobkqb^ rk `^j_fl ab m^oŠjbqol-
41/ Gjpacn]hao `a oqlanbe_ea
Br^kal Q bpqŠ bk rk mi^kl m^o^ibil ^i mi^kl tu+ i^ crk`fŽk b bp `lkpq^kqb+ abjlal nrb ]f.kt < kh.ku < N+X i^ b`r^`fŽk '01-8( pb `lksfboqb bk9
]&Q' < HH `t `u-R
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Rrmlkd^jlp rk^ `ros^ b+fkf`f^ijbkqb bk bi mi^kl tv+ nrb dfo^ ^iobabalo abibgb w- Rb^ w < b&t'* pr b`r^`fŽk bk bi mi^kl tv* alkab ] 88899t88899^+] 998*N- K^ prmbo,cf`fb ab obslir`fŽk Q ^pŒbkdbkao^a^ mrbab obmobpbkq^opbmlo i^ b`r^`fŽk sb`qlof^i
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ab R bpIRc * Rz * Q4&1- B^i`ri^o bi Šob^ ab i^ obdfŽk nrb bk bi mi^kl t * v * w < ] abqbojfk^ bi `fifkaol
t0 * v1 < ]0,
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3- B^i`ri^o bi Šob^ ab i^ mlo`fŽk ab prmbocf`fb w1 < 0tu nrb pb molvb`q^ bk bi mofjbo`r^ao^kqb abi mi^kl tu v ifjfq^a^ mlo ilp mi^klp t < 1 b v < 0-
4- C^a^ rk^ prmbocf`fb R ab b`r^`fŽk sb`qlof^i
n'q+ r( < q `lp r e * q pbkr f * q0g+
alkab N99: q 99:3 X N 99:r 99:1on-^( Cbjlpqo^o nrb R bp rk^ mlo`fŽk ab `rŠaof`^- Habkqfcf`^o af`e^ `rŠaof`^+ af_rg^oi^b fkaf`^o bi pfdkfcf`^al dblj‹qof`l ab ilp m^oŠjbqolp q v r bk i^ prmbocf`fb-_( B^i`ri^o bi molar`ql sb`qlof^i crka^jbkq^i knbkq u knbkraj crk`fŽk ab q v r-`( Di Šob^ ab R bp p9'54 U5R , M.j+ alkab j bp bkqbol- B^i`ri^o bi s^ilo ab j-
5- B^i`ri^o bi Šob^ ab i^ mlo`fŽk ab prmbocf`fb `Žkf`^ t0 * v1 < w1 pfqr^a^ mlo bk`fj^ abimi^kl tu v ifjfq^a^ mlo i^ bpcbo^ t1 * v1 * w1 < 1]t-
6- B^i`ri^o bi Šob^ ab i^ mlo`fŽk ab prmbocf`fb `Žkf`^ t1 * v1 < w1 pfqr^a^ bkqob ilpalp mi^klp w < N X t * 1w < 2-
7- B^i`ri^o bi Šob^ ab i^ mlo`fŽk ab m^o^_lilfab t1 * v1 < 0]u `loq^a^ mlo bi mi^kl v < ],8- B^i`ri^o bi Šob^ abi qlol ab b`r^`fŽk sb`qlof^i
n'q+r( < '] *^_koq(oajre * '] *^_koq(_korf *^oajqg+
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0/- Tk^ bpcbo^ bpqŠ fkp`ofq^ bk rk `fifkaol `fo`ri^o ob`ql- K^ bpcbo^ bp `loq^a^ mlo alp mi^klpm^o^ibilp mbombkaf`ri^obp ^i bgb abi `fifkaol- Cbjlpqo^o nrb i^p mlo`flkbp ab i^ bpcbo^v abi `fifkaol `ljmobkafa^p bkqob bplp alp mi^klp qfbkbk i^ jfpj^ Šob^-
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n&q*r'1q 1r q1 * r1 , H
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Dk jr`elp ^pmb`qlp+ i^p fkqbdo^ibp ab prmbocf`fb plk ^kŠild^p ^ i^p fkqbdo^ibpab iŒkb^- Cbcfkfjlp i^p fkqbdo^ibp ab iŒkb^ jbaf^kqb rk^ obmobpbkq^`fŽk m^o^j‹,qof`^ ab i^ `ros^- @kŠild^jbkqb+ abcfkfobjlp i^p fkqbdo^ibp ab prmbocf`fb bk crk,`fŽk ab rk^ obmobpbkq^`fŽk m^o^j‹qof`^ ab i^ prmbocf`fb- Cbjlpqo^objlp irbdlnrb bk `fboq^p `lkaf`flkbp dbkbo^ibp bi s^ilo ab i^ fkqbdo^i bp fkabmbkafbkqb ab i^obmobpbkq^`fŽk-
CDEHMHBHˆM CD HMSDFQ@K CD RTODQEHBHD- Qa] R < n'R( qj] oqlanbe_ea l],n]i†pne_] `ao_nep] lkn qj] bqj_e‰j `eeanaj_e]^ha n `abeje`] aj qj] nace‰j R `ahlh]jk qr+ v oa] b qj _]ilk ao_]h]n `abeje`k v ]_kp]`k aj R- J] ejpacn]h `a oqlan,be_ea `a b ok^na R oa nalnaoajp] _kj ah o‡i^khk bbb `Q Yk lkn HGb't+ v+w( `Q[+v aop… abeje`] lkn h] a_q]_e‰j n&R' Q
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oeailna mqa ateop] h] ejpacn]h `k^ha `ah oacqj`k ieai^nk-
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DIDLOKN 1- Aajpnk `a cn]ra`]`- Kkiajpk `a ejan_e]- Rf bi `^jml bp`^i^o bpb fkqbomobq^`ljl i^ abkpfa^a 'j^p^ mlo rkfa^a ab Šob^( ab rk^ iŠjfk^ abid^a^
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bk i^ nrb &q* r' D&ZN+16S\ W ZN+i6S\- Dpq^ obmobpbkq^`fŽk v^ crb afp`rqfa^ bk bibgbjmil 1 ab i^ pb``fŽk 01-1+ alkab bk`lkqo^jlp nrb i^ j^dkfqra abi molar`qlsb`qlof^i crka^jbkq^i bp ]1 H `lp re- Dk bpqb bgbjmil i^ abkpfa^a b bp `lkpq^kqb+mlkd^jlp b < b+ v i^ j^p^ i bp 1n-]1_+ b sb`bp bi Šob^ ab Q- Cb_fal ^ i^ pfjb,qoŒ^+i^p `lloabk^a^p t b gfabi `bkqol ab do^sba^a plk N- K^ `lloabk^a^ w sfbkba^a^ mlo
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< 16R]2a pbk r `lp r `r < 6R]2a< z il 1 &
ab jlal nrb v < ].1-
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j^p^ afpq^k`f^ j^p^
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Q^( i^ obmobpbkq^`fŽk sb`qlof^i n'q+ b( < pbk q `lp re * pbk q pbk rg* `lp peg*_( i^ obmobpbkq^`fŽk bumiŒ`fq^w <--y0 ] t1 \ u1-
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2- G^ii^o bi `bkqol ab do^sba^a ab i^ mlo`fŽk ab prmbocf`fb bpc‹of`^ eljld‹kb^ty * vz * vy < ]y pfqr^a^ pl_ob bi mofjbo `r^ao^kqb abi mi^kl tu+
3- Rb^ R i^ mlo`fŽk ab mi^kl ifjfq^a^ mlo rk qofŠkdril ab s‹oqf`bp 'i+ N+N(+'N+ 0+N(+ X'N+/+0(+ X oa]D&t* u* v' < te * re * vg ,Qbmobpbkq^jlp `lk j i^ kloj^i rkfq^of^ ^ Rnrb qfbkb `ljmlkbkqb v kl kbd^qfs^- B^i`ri^o i^ fkqbdo^i ab prmbocf`fb QQ D• j `Qrqfifw^kal9 {-:
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n P `v < GG&+kP `v .Z `t * kP `u .Z `X( -Ib o kt ku
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Di mi^k ab i^ abjlpqo^`fŽk `lkpfpqb bk bumobp^oi^ fkqbdo^i ab prmbocf`fb `ljlrk^ fkqbdo^i al_ib pl_ob R, Dkqlk`bp pb ^mif`^ bi qblobj^ ab Fobbk m^o^ bumobp^oi^ fkqbdo^i al_ib pl_ob R `ljl rk^ fkqbdo^i ab iŒkb^pl_ob o-Olo •iqfjl+ abjlp,qo^jlp nrb bpq^ fkqbdo^i ab iŒkb^bp fdr^i ^ ba N `t,
Dp`of_^jlp
n'q+ r( < V'q+ r(e * W'q+ r(f * X'q+ r(g
v bumobpbjlp i^ fkqbdo^i ab prmbocf`fb pl_ob R bk i^ cloj^
HG' kN kN ( HGw kN k'V+ X( kN ak9V(e,,`t.Z`u*,`v.Z`t < ,, *,\,b&`q`r-o ku kv R ku k'q+ r( kv k'q+ r(
Cbpfdkbjlp ^elo^ `lk l i^ crk`fŽk `ljmrbpq^ a^a^ mlo
l'q+ r( < NYV'q+ r(+ W'q+ r(+X'q+ r'[,
Di •iqfjl fkqbdo^kal mrbab bp`of_fopb bk i^ cloj^
'01-18( \ kN k'V+ W( * kN k'X+ V( < e 'l MV( \ e'l MV(ku k'q+ r' kv k'q+ r( kq kr kr kq -
Dk bi bgbo`f`fl 02 ab i^ pb``fŽk 01-02 pb a^k i^p afob`qof`bp ab i^ `ljmol_^`fŽkab '01-18(- @mif`^kal ^ i^ fkqbdo^i al_ib pl_ob R bi qblobj^ ab Fobbk l_qbkbjlp
HGwy'l MV( , e'l MV(x `q `r < bl kV `q * l kV `r+MS MT kr MS o MS MT
R
bk alkab o pb ob`loob bk pbkqfal mlpfqfsl- O^o^jbqof`bjlp o jbaf^kqb rk^ crk`fŽkv abcfkfa^ bk rk fkqbos^il Y]* ^[ X pb^
'01-2/( _t'p( < nYu'p([
Ch nkp]_ekj]h u h] `erancaj_e] `a qj _]ilk ra_pkne]h 426
i^ `loobpmlkafbkqb m^o^jbqofw^`fŽk ab B- Dumobp^kal bkqlk`bp `^a^ fkqbdo^i abiŒkb^ bk crk`fŽk ab pr obmobpbkq^`fŽk m^o^j‹qof`^ bk`lkqo^jlp nrb
e at at Il + `q * l + `r < N `t+o MS MT a
il `r^i `ljmibq^ i^ abjlpqo^`fŽk ab '01-17(-
)*')* 8U [X]JLRXWJUb UJMR_N[PNWLRJMN W LJVYX _NL]X[RJU
K^ fkqbdo^i ab prmbocf`fb nrb ^m^ob`b bk bi qblobj^ ab Rqlhbp mrbab bumob,p^opb bk cloj^ jŠp pbk`fii^ bk crk`fŽk abi nkp]_ekj]h ab rk `^jml sb`qlof^i-Rb^ D rk `^jml sb`qlof^i abofs^_ib a^al mlo
D't+u+ v( < N't+u+ v(e * O't+u+ v(f * P't+u+ v(g-
Di olq^`flk^i ab D bp lqol `^jml sb`qlof^i abcfkfal jbaf^kqb i^ b`r^`fŽk
'01-20( olq D < 'kP \ kO(e * 'kN \ kP(f * 'kO \ MN(g-]u kv kv kt kt ]u
Klp `ljmlkbkqbp ab olq D plk i^p crk`flkbp nrb ^m^ob`bk bk i^ fkqbdo^i ab pr,mbocf`fb ab- i^ cŽojri^ ab Rqlhbp '01-16(- Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb+ bpq^ fkqbdo^i ab prmbo,cf`fb mrbab mlkbopb bk i^ cloj^
I I 'olq D'% j `Q*o
pfbkal j bi sb`qlo rkfq^ofl kloj^Œ nrb qfbkb bi jfpjl pbkqfal nrb bi molar`qlsb`qlof^i crka^jbkq^i ab i^ prmbocf`fb: bpql bp+
kn kn'_'MS MT
j < 00 99 u :9 oK^ fkqbdo^i ab iŒkb^ bk i^ cŽojri^ ab Rqlhbp '01-16( mrbab mlkbopb bk i^
cloj^ baD - a^+ pfbkal ^ i^ obmobpbkq^`fŽk ab b a^a^ mlo '01-2/(- @pŒmrbp+ biqblobj^ ab Rqlhbp qlj^ i^ cloj^ jŠp pbk`fii^
bb'olq D'% j `Q < ˆD%a^-o Ha
427 Gjpacn]hao `a oqlanbe_ea
O^o^ bi `^pl bpmb`f^i bk bi nrb R bp rk^ obdfŽk abi mi^kl tu v j < g* bpq^cŽojri^ pb obar`b ^
HG'kO , MN( `t `u < n N `t * P `u-kt k(& Ibo
K^ b`r^`flk '01-20( nrb abcfkb bi olq^`flk^i mrbab ob`loa^opb cŠ`fijbkqbbp`of_f‹kali^ `ljl rk abp^ooliil ab rk abqbojfk^kqb ab qbo`bo loabk+
e f gk k k 'MP \ MO(e * 'MN \ MP(f * 'MO \ MN(g-olq D ; , , ,
kt ]u kv ]u kv kv kt kt ]uN P P
Dpqb abqbojfk^kqb bpqŠ abp^oolii^al mlo i^ mofjbo^ cfi^+ mbol `^a^ ~molar`qlƒ`ljl bi ab 2f2u mlo P ab_b fkqbomobq^opb`ljl i^ abofs^a^ m^o`f^i 2Pf2u- S^j,_f‹k mlabjlp bp`of_fo bp^ cŽojri^ `ljl rk molar`ql sb`qlof^i
nkpD < [6 u 0%
bk alkab bi pŒj_lil U pb j^kbg^ `ljl pf crbo^ rk sb`qlo+
i!6 M- k-kgU<,i*,\*, -
kt ]u ]v
Rf cloj^jlp bi ~molar`ql bp`^i^oƒ U& D ab jlal mro^jbkqb cloj^i+ fk,qbomobq^kal lqo^ sbw ilp molar`qlp q^ibp `ljl kfkt mlo N `ljl kNfkt+ bk`lkqo^,jlp nrb
'01-21(]l kO ]P
Z5•D;+)+)+,]t ]u ]v
K^ b`r^`fŽk '01-21( abcfkb rk `^jml bp`^i^o ii^j^al `erancaj_e] ab 0%v pb bp`of,_b afs D,
X^ ebjlp rqfifw^al bi pŒj_lil T&b m^o^ abpfdk^o bi do^afbkqb ab rk `^jmlbp`^i^o &b*a^al mlo
]nl, knl ‹ knlrnl;+h)+[)+g,kt ]u kv
Cfan_e_eko 428
Dpq^ cŽojri^ mrbab fkqbomobq^opb ljl rk^ jriqfmif`^`fŽk cloj^i abi sb`qlo pfj,_Žif`l U mlo bi `^jml bp`^i^o &h&9@pŒmrbp+ bi do^afbkqb+ i^ afsbodbk`f^ v bi olq^,`flk^i mrbabk obmobpbkq^opbpfj_Žif`^jbkqb mlo ilp qobp molar`qlp U'e U -D*XU W D* obpmb`qfs^jbkqb-
@idrklp ab ilp qblobj^p ^kqbp abjlpqo^alp mrbabk bumobp^opbbk crk`fŽk abiolq^`flk^i- Olo bgbjmil+ bk bi qblobj^ 0/-8 pb abjlpqoŽ nrb rk `^jml sb`qlof^ib< '.0&--- +Gj(+ abofs^_ib `lk `lkqfkrfa^a bk rk `lkgrkql `lksbul ^_fboql R abik,bpm^`fl+ bp rk do^afbkqb bk R pf v pŽil pf i^p abofs^a^p m^o`f^ibp ab ilp `ljml,kbkqbp ab b p^qfpc^`bk i^p obi^`flkbp
'01-22( B`%-t' < BH*Ht' &f*g < 0+1+--- +j',
Dk bi `^pl qof,afjbkpflk^i+ bi qblobj^ 0/-8 mrbab bkrk`f^o pb ^pŒ-
SDNQDL@ 01-3- RfD<Ne * Of * Pg ao qj _]ilk ra_pkne]h `aner]^ha _kj_kjpejqe`]` aj qj _kjfqjpk _kjratk ]^eanpk Q `aJ aol]_ek `a 2 `eiajoekjao+ aj,pkj_ao D ao qj cn]`eajpa aj Q oe v o‰hkoe pajaiko
'01-23( nkpD < M aj R-
Baikopn]_e‰j- Dk bi `^pl qof,afjbkpflk^i i^p obi^`flkbp '01-22( plk bnrf,s^ibkqbp ^ i^ ^cfoj^`fŽk ab nrb olq D < M,
)*')+ 8SN[LRLRX\
Dk `^a^ bgbo`f`fl abi 0 ^i 3+ qo^kpcloj^o i^ fkqbdo^i ab prmbocf`fbQQ 'wlq D' , j ` Q bko
rk^ fkqbdo^i ab iŒkb^rqfifw^kal bi qblobj^ ab Rqlhbp+ v `^i`ri^o bkqlk`bp i^ fkqbdo^i ab iŒkb^-
/, D&t* u* v' <be * tuf * tvg* alkab Q bp bi ebjfpcbofl t1 * v1 * w1 < 0+ w:<9 N+ X jbp i^ kloj^i rkfq^of^ `lk `ljmlkbkqb w kl kbd^qfs^-
0, D&t* u* v' < ue * vf * tg* alkab Q bp i^ m^oqb ab m^o^_lilfab w < 0 , t1 , v1 `lkw :<9 N+X j bp i^ kloj^i rkfq^of^ `lk `ljmlkbkqb w kl kbd^qfs^-
1, D&t*u*v' < &u + v'e * uvf + uwh+alkab Q `lkpq^ ab i^p `fk`l `^o^p abi `r_l M8M9t8M90*N 999::W 999::1+ N 999::v 999::1 kl pfqr^a^p bk bi mi^kl tu* j bp i^ kloj^i rkfq^of^ buqboflo-
3- D&t* u* v' < tve + ue * t1ug* alkab Q `lkpq^ ab i^p qobp `^o^p kl pfqr^a^p bk bimi^kl tv abi qbqo^baol ifjfq^al mlo ilp qobpmi^klp `lloabk^alp v bi mi^kl 2t*u*2v<5-K^ kloj^i j bp i^ kloj^i rkfq^of^ buqboflo abi qbqo^baol-
Dk ilp bgbo`f`flp abi 4 ^i 0/+ rp^o bi qblobj^ ab Rqlhbp m^o^ abjlpqo^o nrb i^p fkqbdo^,ibp ab iŒkb^ qfbkbk ilp s^ilobp nrb pb a^k- Dk `^a^ `^pl+ bumif`^o bi pbkqfal bk bi nrb pbob`loob b m^o^ iibd^o ^i obpriq^al-
3, Qb u `t * v `u * t `v < 0R]1-x2+ pfbkal b i^ `ros^ ab fkqbopb``fŽk ab i^ bpcbo^
t1 * v1 * w1 < ]1 v bi mi^kl t * v * w < N--z
43/ Gjpacn]hao `a oqlanbe_ea
4, Qa &u * v' `t * &v * t' `r * &t * u' `v < N+ pfbkal B i^ `ros^ ab fkqbopb``fŽk abi`fifkaol t1 * v1 < 1v X bi mi^kl v < v-
5, Qa u0 `t * tu `u * tv `v < N+ alkab B bp i^ `ros^ abi bgbo`f`fl 5-
6, Q a &u + v' `t * &v + t' 'yT * &t + u' `v < 05R]&] * ^'* alkab B bp i^ fkqbopb``fŽkabi `fifkaol t1 * v1 9999]1 v bi mi^kl t.] * v.^ 99990+ ] = N+^ = N-
7, Q a 'v1 * X0' `t * &t0 * X0' `u * &t0 * u0' `v < 05R]^0* pfbkal B i^ fkqbopb``fŽk abiebjfpcbofl t1 * v1 * w199990]t* v = N+v bi `fifkaol t1 * v1 99990^t* alkab N ; ^ ; ],
/., Qb 'v1 , X0' `t * &X0 + t0' `u * &t0 + u0' `v < 7]1.1+ alkab B bp i^ `ros^ fkqbopb``fŽkab i^ prmbocf`fb abi `r_lN999::t 999::]+M999::u 999::]+N999::v 999::] v bi mi^kl t * u * v < 2].1-
00- Rf n < te * Ig * vg v Ne * Of * Pg < ] u n +pfbkal ] rk sb`qlo `lkpq^kqb+ abjlp-qo^o nrb Qb N `t * O `u * P `v < 1 QQ ] , j `Q* alkab B bp rk^ `ros^ nrb ifjfq^ rk^
Rprmbocf`fb m^o^j‹qof`^ R v j bp i^ kloj^i ^ R ^ab`r^a^-
01- Rb^ D < Ne * Of * Qh+alkab N < +u-&t0 * u0'* O < t-&t0 * u0'* P < v * Rb^ Cbi qlol bkdbkao^al mlo i^ olq^`fŽk ab i^ `fo`rkcbobk`f^ &t + 1(1 * v0 < 0 + W < N+ ^iob,abalo abi bgb v, Cbjlpqo^o nrb nkpD < Mlank nrb Qa N `t * O `u * P `v kl bp `bolpf i^ `ros^ B bp i^ `fo`rkcbobk`f^ t1 * u1 < 3+ v < N -
02- Dpqb bgbo`f`fl a^ fkaf`^`flkbp m^o^ rk^ abjlpqo^`fŽk ab i^ b`r^`fŽk '01-18( rp^a^ ^iabjlpqo^o bi qblobj^ ab Rqlhbp-^( Tqfifw^o i^ cŽojri^ ab i^ abofs^`fŽk ab rk molar`ql m^o^ mol_^o nrb
k 'MV( k 'MV( kl kV kl kVkq l ^+: , kr l MS < kq ^:: , kr MS -
_( OŽkd^pb lpq* r( < NYV'q+ r(+ W'q+ r(+ X'q+ r([- B^i`ri^o kl.kq v kl.kr mlo jbaflab i^ obdi^ ab i^ `^abk^ v ^mif`^o i^ m^oqb ^( m^o^ abar`fo i^ b`r^`fŽk '01-18(+
k 'MV( k ' MV(kq l ^: , kr l ^:
on k'V+ W( kN k'X+ V(,,,,,*,,,
ku k'q+ r( kv k'q+ r( -
)*'), A][J\ Y[XYRNMJMN\MNU[X]JLRXWJUb MNUJMR_N[PNWLRJ
Di olq^`flk^i v i^ afsbodbk`f^ ab rk `^jml sb`qlof^i bpqŠk obi^`flk^alp `lki^ j^qofw g^`l_f^k^- Rf D < Ne* Of * Pg* i^ j^qofw g^`l_f^k^ ab D bp
W> W> W>, , ,W_ W` Wa
89#_& `&w( <W? W? W?W_ W` Wa
W@ W@ W@, , ,W_ W` Wa
K^ qo^w^ab bpq^ j^qofw '0^ prj^ ab bibjbkqlp ab pr af^dlk^i mofk`fm^i( bp i^ afsbo,dbk`f^ ab D,
Mpn]olnklea`]`ao `ah nkp]_ekj]h u `a h] `erancaj_e] 430
Sla^ j^qofw ob^i ? mrbab bp`of_fopb`ljl prj^ ab rk^ j^qofw pfj‹qof`^+G@ * ?p( v ab rk^ j^qofw ebjf,pfj‹qof`^+ f&? + @&(-Br^kal ? bp i^ j^qofwg^`l_f^k^ BD* i^ m^oqbebjf,pfj‹qof`^ pb `lksfboqb bk
l
'01-24(0 ]O \ ]N0 ]t ]u
]P ]N,,,
-ˆ• ]v
]N \ ]O]u ]t
]N ]P,,,]v ^u
l ]O \ ]P^w ]u
]P \ ]O]u ]v l
Klp bibjbkqlp kl krilp ab bpq j^qofw plk ilp `ljmlkbkqbp ab olq D v prp lmrbpqlp-Rf i^ j^qofw g^`l_f^k^ BD bp pfj‹qof`^+ `^a^ bibjbkql ab '01-24( bp `bol v
olq D < M,
DIDLOKN 0- Rb^ D't+ u+w(< te * uf * vg- Sbkbjlp bkqlk`bp
N&t*u* w( < t* O't+u+ w( < u+ P&t*u* w( < w+
v i^ j^qofw g^`l_f^k^ `loobpmlkafbkqb bp i^ j^qofw fa‹kqf`^ ab loabk 2 W 2- Olo0/ q^kql
afs D < 2 v olq D < M,
Dk dbkbo^i+oeD't+ u+w(< b't(e * c'u(f * d'v(g+ i^ j^qofw g^`l_f^k^ qfbkb ilp bib,jbkqlp b%&t'*c%&u'*d%&v'bk i^ af^dlk^i mofk`fm^iv `bolp ilp obpq^kqbpbibjbkqlp+^pŒnrb
afs D < b&'t( * c%&u'* d&'v( v nkpD < M-
DIDLOKN 1- Rb^ D't+u+v( < tu1v1e * v1oajuf*t1ahhg- K^ j^qofw g^`l_f^,k^ bp
Olo il q^kql+
v
1tuv1
Y1 `lp W
1Vu1X[1wpzkv -
olq D < 't1ahh, 1voaju(e * '1tu1v , 1tahh(f , 1tuv1g-
afs D < u1v1 * Y1 _kou
431 Gjpacn]hao a oqlanbe_ea
DIDLOKN 2- Berancaj_e] u nkp]_ekj]h `a qj cn]`eajpa- Rrmlkd^jlp nrbD bp rk do^afbkqb+ pb^ D < do^a om < WYX)W_ e* WYX)W` f * WYX)Wa g, K^ j^qofw g^&`l_f^k^ bp
*,YX *,YX *,YX
kt1 ku kt kv kt
'01-25(*,YX
MV ku*,YX
\kt MX
Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb+
K^ bumobpfŽk abi pbdrkal jfbj_ol pb ii^j^ h]lh]_e]j] ab om v ^ jbkral pb ob,mobpbkq^ `lk bi pŒj_lil U 1nl- @pŒmrbp- i^ afsbodbk`f^ ab rk do^afbkqb Uom bp i^i^mi^`f^k^ ab _l- Rfj_Žif`^jbkqb bpql pb bumobp^ mlkfbkal
'01-26(
Br^kal U 1om< N+i^ crk`fŽk _l pb ii^j^ ]ni‰je_]- K^ b`r^`fŽk '01-26( e^`b sbonrb bi do^afbkqb ab rk^ crk`fŽk ^ojŽkf`^ qfbkb afsbodbk`f^ kri^- Br^kal i^pabofs^a^p m^o`f^ibp jfuq^p nrb ^m^ob`bk bk i^ j^qofw '01-25( plk `lkqfkr^p+ i^j^qofw bp pfj‹qof`^ v olq D bp `bol- Dp ab`fo+
olq 'do^a AD( < M
m^o^ qlal `^jml bp`^i^o AD `lk abofs^a^p m^o`f^ibp pbdrka^p jfuq^p `lkqfkr^p-Dpqb bgbjmil abjrbpqo^ nrb olq D < M bp `lkaf`fŽk kb`bp^of^ m^o^ nrb rk `^jmlsb`qlof^i D abofs^_ib `lk `lkqfkrfa^a pb^ rk do^afbkqb- Cf`el ab lqol jlal+ pfolq D y M bk rk `lkgrkql ^_fboql R+ bkqlk`bp D kl bp rk do^afbkqb bk R- R^_b,jlp q^j_f‹k+ pbd•k bi qblobj^ 01-3 nrb pf olq D < M bk rk `lkgrkql _kjratk^_fboql R+bkqlk`bp D bp rk do^afbkqb bk R- Tk `^jml `lk olq^`flk^i kril pb ii^j^ennkp]_ekj]h-
DIDLOKN 3- A]ilk ra_pkne]h_kj `erancaj_e] u nkp]_ekj]h jqhko- Rb^ R bi`lkgrkql ab qlalp ilp mrkqlp &t* u' <0< 'N+N(+X mlkd^jlp
D&' u- t-t+u < , 1 1
&* 1 1I
t *u t *u
Mpn]olnklea`]`ao `ah nkp]_ekj]h u `a h] `erancaj_e] 432
pf 't+ u' D R- Rbd•k bi bgbjmil 1 ab i^ pb``fŽk 0/-05 p^_bjlp nrb D jk ao qjcn]`eajpa `a R 'pf _fbk D bp rk do^afbkqb bk qlal ob`qŠkdril nrb kl `lkqbkd^bi lofdbk(- K^ j^qofw g^`l_f^k^ bp
1tu h, u1
't1 * e(1 't1 * h(1
BD't+ u( <u1 \ u1 ,1tu
't1 * u1(1 't1 * u1(1
N N
l
l +
l
v sbjlp ^i jljbkql nrb afs D < N X olq D < N bk R-
DIDLOKN 4- Berancaj_e] u nkp]_ekj]h `a qj nkp]_ekj]h-Qe D < Ne * Pg * Pg+bi olq^`flk^i ab D bp rk krbsl `^jml sb`qlof^i v mlabjlp `^i`ri^o pr afsbodbk`f^v pr olq^`flk^i- K^ j^qofw g^`l_f^k^ ab olq D bp
]1P \ ]1O ]1P \ ]1O ]1P \ ]
1O]t ]u ‡t ]v ]h ]u]v ]v ]u ]v1
]1l ]1P ]1l ]1P ]1l ]1P,,,, ,,,,, ,,,,,]t ]v ]t1 ]u]v ]u]t ]v1 ]v ]t
]1O \ ]1l ]1O \ ]1l ]1O \ ]1l
]t1 ]t ]u ]u]t ]e ]v ]t ]v ˆr--Rf prmlkbjlp nrb qla^p i^p abofs^a^p m^o`f^ibpjfuq^p plk `lkqfkr^p+ bk`lkqo^,jlp nrb
afs ' olq D( < N
v
'01-27( olq 'olq D( < do^a 'afs D( , Z.1D+
bpq^kal abcfkfa^ Zf1 D jbaf^kqb i^ b`r^`fŽk
Z.1D < 'Z.1N(e * 'Z.1O(f * 'Z.1P(g-
K^ fabkqfa^a '01-27( obi^`flk^ ilp `r^qol lmbo^alobp+do^afbkqb+olq^`flk^i+ afsbo,dbk`f^ v i^mi^`f^k^- Dk bi bgbo`f`fl 6 ab i^ pb``fŽk 01-04 pb molmlkb i^ `ljmol_^,`fŽk ab '01-27(-
Di olq^`flk^i v i^ afsbodbk`f^ qfbkbk ^idrk^p molmfba^abpdbkbo^ibp^kŠild^p
433 Gjpacn]hao `a oqlanbe_ea
^ i^p ab i^p abofs^a^p loafk^of^p- Dk mofjbo ird^o+ plk klan]`knao heja]hao- Dpqlbp+ pf ] v ^ plk `lkpq^kqbp+ qbkbjlp
'01-28( afs ']D * ^E( < ] afs D * ^ afs E+
v
'01-3/( olq ']D * ^E( < ] olq D * ^ olq E-
S^j_f‹k mlpbbk i^ molmfba^a ^kŠild^ ^ i^ cŽojri^ ab i^ abofs^`fŽk ab rk mol,ar`ql9
'01-30( afs 'm:D( < m:afs D * T_l& 0%
v
'01-31( olq 'm:D( < m: nkpD * Un: W 0%
alkab _l bp `r^inrfbo `^jml bp`^i^o abofs^_ib- Dpq^pmolmfba^abp plk `lkpb`rbk`f^pfkjbaf^q^p ab i^p abcfkf`flkbp ab olq^`flk^i v afsbodbk`f^: prp abjlpqo^`flkbp pbmolmlkbk bk bi bgbo`f`fl 5 ab i^ pb``fŽk 01-04-
Rf bjmib^jlp bi sb`qlo pfj_Žif`l
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Cfan_e_eko 434
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Pa_kjopnq__e‰j`a qj _]ilk ra_pkne]h] l]npen `a oq nkp]_ekj]h 436
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1- Cbjlpqo^o nrb bi `^jml sb`qlof^i D&t*u* v' < &u + v'e * 'w , t'f * &t + u'g bp pl,ibklfa^i+ v e^ii^o rk `^jml sb`qlof^i E q^i nrb D < olq E
2- Rb^ D&t*u* v' < , ve * trg , G^ii^o rk `^jml sb`qlof^i abofs^_ib `lk `lkqfkrfa^a Eab i^ cloj^ E&t*u*v';J&t*u*v'e)K&t*u*v'fp]h nrb D <olq E bk qlal m^o^ibibmŒmbalob`q^kdri^o ab C2- „BrŠi bp bi E jŠp dbkbo^i ab bp^ cloj^>
3- Rf alp `^jmlp sb`qlof^ibp S v T plk foolq^`flk^ibp+ abjlpqo^o nrb bi `^jml sb`qlof^iS u Tao plibklfa^i-
4- Rb^ o < te * ue * vg v n < Zo\+Cbjlpqo^o nrb j < ,2 bp bi •kf`l s^ilo ab j m^o^ binrb n!n bp plibklfa^i pfbkal n +‹ N- O^o^ bpqb j+ bibdfo rk m^o^ibibmŒmbalR nrb kl `lk,qbkd^ bi lofdbk v bumobp^o n,1n `ljl rk olq bk R- Y?`ranpaj_e]- Rf _fbk n,1n bp rk olq^,`flk^i bk `r^inrfbo R ab bpqb qfml+ jk hk ao bk bi `lkgrkql ab qlalp ilp mrkqlp afpqfkqlpabi '/+/+/(\-
5- Dk`lkqo^o i^ cloj^ jŠp dbkbo^i ab rk^ crk`fŽk Gabofs^_ib `lk `lkqfkrfa^a v ab rk^pli^ s^of^_ib ob^i q^i nrb bi `^jml sb`qlof^i b'n(n pb^ plibklfa^i+ alkab o < te * ue )) vg v n < Hioii-
6- Rb^ T rk `^jml sb`qlof^i abofs^_ib `lk `lkqfkrfa^a bk `fboql m^o^ibibmŒmbalob`q^k,dri^o R ab C2- Blkpfabobjlp i^p alp ^cfoj^`flkbp pfdrfbkqbp obi^qfs^p ^ T8'0( olq T < M X T < olq S m^o^ ^id•k `^jml sb`qlof^i S abofs^_ib `lk `lkqfkrfa^a'bk qlal Q','00( Dufpqb rk `^jml bp`^i^o &N q^i nrb [0 &N bp abofs^_ib `lk `lkqfkrfa^a v
T < do^a nl v &:1nl < N bk qlal R-
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7- Rrmlkd^jlp qlalp ilp `^jmlp sb`qlof^ibp nrb pb `lkpfabobk abofs^_ibp `lk `lkqfkrfa^a-Rb^ F < D * E* alkab D bp plibklfa^i v E foolq^`flk^i- Dufpqb bkqlk`bp rk `^jmlsb`qlof^i S q^i nrb D < olq S v rk `^jml bp`^i^o o{: q^i nrb E < Zhal bk R- Cbjlpqo^onrb S v al p^qfpc^`bk bk R i^ pfdrfbkqb b`r^`fŽk afcbobk`f^i bk abofs^a^p m^o`f^ibp9
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bb'nkp N(&j`Q<e N&`l*e N&`Nh*e N&`l1&fa fA/ f_-o
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Di qblobj^ ab Rqlhbp mrbab q^j_f‹k buqbkabopb ^ ^idrk^p prmbocf`fbp obdri^,obp kl pfjmibp 'mbol kl ^ qla^p(- Ub^jlp ^idrklp bgbjmilp
Blkpfabobjlp mofjbol bi `fifkaol af_rg^al bk i^ cfdro^ 01-04- Dp i^ obrkfŽkab alp prmbocf`fbp m^o^j‹qof`^p obdri^obp pfjmibp RH v Q1&fjŠdbkbp ab alp ob`,qŠkdrilp ^av^`bkqbp RGv R1 ^ qo^s‹p ab i^p ^mif`^`flkbp o0 X n1+ obpmb`qfs^jbkqb-Rf Xi abp`of_b i^ colkqbo^ 0&0&mlpfqfs^jbkqb lofbkq^a^+ ab RGv X1 i^ colkqbo^ 0&1ab R1 ^pfjfpjl lofbkq^a^ mlpfqfs^jbkqb+ i^p crk`flkbp OHv O1 abcfkfa^p mlo
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HH 'olq D(•j`Q-Q&SQ1
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HH 'olq D'%j `Q,Q/SQ,
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445 Gjpacn]hao `a oqlanbe_ea
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vj < `lp '0- e * `lp b2g* `lp &Wg +
i^ b`r^`fŽk '01-42( mrbab bkqlk`bp mlkbopb bk i^ cloj^9
'01-43( 100 "*** 9z * ]]y( `t `u `v < 10 &N`lp '0- * O `lp '2 * P `lp u( `Q-T +!:
Baikopn]_e‰j- A^pq^oŠ bpq^_ib`bo i^p qobp b`r^`flkbp
=== d `t `u `v < HGN `lp ah `Q+r o
447 Gjpacn]hao`a oqlanbe_ea
HHH9O`V`W`X< II O_kozH`Q+r u o
II I z9 `t `u `v < II P `lp u `Q+r o
v prj^o ilp obpriq^alp m^o^l_qbkbo '01-43(- Bljbkw^jlp mlo i^ qbo`bo^ab bp^pcŽojri^p v i^ abjlpqo^jlp m^o^pŽifalp ab qfml `fboq^jbkqb bpmb`f^i-
Rrmlkd^jlp nrb T bp rk `lkgrkql ab mrkqlp &t* v+ w( nrb p^qfpc^`bkrk^ ob,i^`fŽk ab i^ cloj^
c't+u( 99p:: w99Q::b't+u( m^o^ 't+ u( bk o+
pfbkal R rk^ obdfŽk`lkbu^ abi mi^kl tu+ v b v d crk`flkbp `lkqfkr^p bk R* `lk i^`lkaf`fŽk c&t* v( 9#b&t* v( m^o^ `^a^ mrkql &t* v( bk R, Fblj‹qof`^jbkqb+ bpqlpfdkfcf`^ nrb R bp i^ molvb``fŽk ab T bk bi mi^kl tu, Sla^ ob`q^ m^o^ibi^^i bgbvnrb ^qo^sfbpbR `loq^ ^i pŽifal T ^ il i^odl ab rk pbdjbkql ob`qfiŒkblnrb rkbi^ prmbocf`fbv < c&t* u' ^ i^ w< b&t* u', K^ prmbocf`fbcolkqbo^ R `lkpq^ ab rk`^pnrbqb prmboflo Qo+a^al bk i^ cloj^ bumiŒ`fqw< b&t* u'9 lqol fkcboflo R1 a^almlo w< c&t* u'9 v bk ^idrklp `^plp mlo rk^ mlo`fŽk ab `fifkaol R2 bkdbkao^al mlork^ ob`q^ nrb pb jrbsb ^ il i^odl ab i^ colkqbo^ ab R j^kqbkf‹kalpb m^o^ibi^^ibgbw+K^ kloj^i buqboflo^ R qfbkb`ljmlkbkqb w kl kbd^qfs^ bk Q+v kl mlpfqfs^bk R1 v bp m^o^ibi^^i mi^kl tu bk Q2&Klp pŽifalp ab bpqbqfml pb ii^j^k ~molvb`,q^_ibp,uvƒ- 'Dk i^ cfdro^ 01-07 pb jrbpqo^ rk bgbjmil-( Dk ‹i pb fk`irvbk qlalp
v
j
u
t
EHFTQ@ 01-07 Cfailhk `a o‰he`klnkua_p]^ha,tu-
Raknai] `a h] `erancaj_e] 'paknai] `a E]qoo( 448
ilp pŽifalp `lksbulp 'mlo bgbjmil+ bpcbo^p+bifmplfabp+ `r_lp( v lqolp jr`elp nrbkl plk `lksbulp 'mlo bgbjmil+ bi qlol `lk bgb m^o^ibil ^i v',
K^ fab^ ab i^ abjlpqo^`fŽk bp pbk`fiiŒpfj^- Dumobp^jlp i^ fkqbdo^i qofmib`ljlrk^ al_ib buqbkafa^ ^ i^ molvb``fŽk R- Dkqlk`bp abjlpqo^jlp nrb bpq^ fkqbdo^ial_ib qfbkb bi jfpjl s^ilo nrb i^ fkqbdo^i ab prmbocf`fb `fq^a^ bk bi bkrk`f^al-Bljbk`bjlp `lk i^ cŽojri^
HHGkP HGYh&'V+W(…HP [, `t `u `v < 9, `v `t `u-kv u&t*u' kvT R
K^ fkqbdo^i rkfafjbkpflk^i obpmb`ql ^ w mrbab `^i`ri^opb jbaf^kqb bi pbdrkal qbl,obj^ crka^jbkq^i abi `Ši`ril+ aŠkalklp
'01-44( HHHy8 `t `u `v < HHwPYt+u+b't+ u([ , PYt+ u+c't+ u([x `t `u-
T R
O^o^ i^ fkqbdo^i ab prmbocf`fb mlabjlp bp`of_fo9
'01-45( HH P `lp u `Q < HH P `lp u `Q * HH P `lp u `Q * HH P `lp u `Q-o y y y
Rl_ob R2 i^ kloj^i j bp m^o^ibi^ ^i mi^kl tu* ab jlal nrb `lp v < N+X i^ fkqbdo^ipl_ob R2 bp kri^- Rl_ob i^ prmbocf`fb RHrp^jlp i^ obmobpbkq^`fŽk
n't+ u( < te * uf * b't+ u(g+
v pl_ob R1
n't+ u( < te * uf * c&t* u(g-
Dk RHi^ kloj^i j qfbkb i^ jfpj^ afob``fŽk nrb bi molar`ql sb`qlof^i crka^jbk,q^i kn.kt W kn.ku+ ^pŒmlabjlp bp`of_fo Zs‹^pb b`r^`fŽk '01-14(\9
HH P `lp u `Q < HH P `t /Z `u < HH PYt+ u+b't+ u([ `t `u-QG QG R
Dk R1 i^ kloj^i j qfbkb afob``fŽk lmrbpq^ ^ i^ ab kn.kt u kn.ku ab jlal nrb+ bksfoqra ab '01-15(+ qbkbjlp+
HH P `lp u `Q < , HH P `t /Z ` u < , HH PYt+ u+c't+ u([ `t `u-c c B
45/ Gjpacn]hao `a oqlanbe_ea
Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb+ i^ b`r^`fŽk '01-45( pb `lksfboqb bk
bb P `lp v `Q < bb wPYt+u+b't+ u([ , PYt+ u+c't+ u([x `t `u-Q R
Bljm^o^kal ‹pq^ `lk i^ '01-44( sbjlp nrb
HHH yy `t `u `v < HH P `lp v `Q -r o
Dk i^ abjlpqo^`fŽk ^kqboflo i^ efmŽqbpfpab nrb T bp molvb`q^_ib,uv klp mbo,jfqb bumobp^oi^ fkqbdo^iqofmibbuqbkafa^ ^ T `ljl rk^ fkqbdo^i al_ib pl_ob prmolvb``fŽk R pl_ob bi mi^kl tu, Dp bsfabkqb nrb pf T bp molvb`q^_ib,vwmlabjlpo^wlk^o abi jfpjl jlal v abjlpqo^o i^ fabkqfa^a
HHHy9`V`W`X < HH N_ko_;`Q:r o
v pf T bp molvb`q^_ib,uwl_qbkbjlp9
HHHyO`V`W`X< HH O_kobH`Q-r u o
@pŒsbjlp nrb bi qblobj^ ab i^ afsbodbk`f^ bp sŠifal m^o^qlalp ilp pŽifalp mol,vb`q^_ibp pl_ob ilp qobp mi^klp `lloabk^alp: bk m^oqf`ri^o+m^o^ qlal pŽifal`lksbul-
Tk qlol `lk bi bgbm^o^ibil ^i bgbw bp molvb`q^_ib,uv mbol kl molvb`q^_ib,uwkf molvb`q^_ib,vw-O^o^buqbkabobi qblobj^ ab i^ afsbodbk`f^ ^ bpb pŽifal `loq^jlpbi qlol bk `r^qol m^oqbpfdr^ibp mlo jbafl ab mi^klp nrb m^p^kmlo pr bgbv m^o^,ibilp ^ ilp mi^klp tv b uv+ obpmb`qfs^jbkqb+v ^mif`^jlp bi qblobj^ ^ `^a^ rk^ abi^p m^oqbp-K^ fkqbdo^iqofmibpl_ob bi qlol `ljmibql bp i^ prj^ ab i^p fkqbdo^ibpqofmibppl_ob i^p `r^qol m^oqbp-Br^kal prj^jlp i^p fkqbdo^ibpab prmbocf`fbpl_obi^p `r^qol m^oqbpbk`lkqo^jlp nrb i^p ^mloq^`flkbp ab i^p `^o^p `ljrkbp ^ i^pm^oqbp av^`bkqbp pb obar`bk rk^p `lk lqo^p+mrbpql nrb i^p kloj^ibp buqboflobpqfbkbk afob``flkbp lmrbpq^p pl_ob rk m^oab q^ibp`^o^p- Olo il q^kql+i^ prj^ abi^p fkqbdo^ibpab prmbocf`fbpl_ob i^p `r^qol m^oqbpbp fdr^i ^ i^ fkqbdo^iab prmbo,cf`fb pl_ob bi qlol `ljmibql- Dpqbbgbjmil e^`b sbo `Žjl bi qblobj^ ab i^ afsbo,dbk`f^ mrbab buqbkabopb^ `fboqlp pŽifalp kl `lksbulp-
?lhe_]_ekjao `ah paknai] `a h] `erancaj_e] 450
)*'*( 4YURLJLRXWN\MNU]NX[NVJMNUJMR_N[PNWLRJ
Klp `lk`bmqlp ab olq^`flk^i v afsbodbk`f^ ab rk `^jml sb`qlof^i D < Ne)Of * 3; pb fkqolargbolk bk i^ pb``fŽk 01-01 jbaf^kqb i^p cŽojri^p
'01-46(- kN kO kP
afs D; + * , *,kt ku kvv
'01-47( olq D < 'MP \ MO(e * 'MN \ MP(f * 'MO \ MN(g-ku MX kv kt kt ku
O^o^ `^i`ri^o afs D v olq D ^ m^oqfoab bp^p cŽojri^p pb kb`bpfq^ bi `lkl`fjfbkqlab ilp `ljmlkbkqbp ab D, Dplp `ljmlkbkqbp+ ^ pr sbw+abmbkabk ab i^ bib``fŽk abilp bgbp `lloabk^alp bk C]- Tk `^j_fl bk i^ mlpf`fŽk ab ilp bgbp `lloabk^alp pfd,kfcf`^oŒ^rk `^j_fl bk ilp `ljmlkbkqbp ab D v+ `ljl `^_b bpmbo^o+bi `loobpmlk,afbkqb `^j_fl bk i^p crk`flkbp afs D v olq D, Blk i^ ^vra^ abi qblobj^ ab Rqlhbpv abi ab i^ afsbodbk`f^ mlabjlp l_qbkbo cŽojri^p m^o^ i^ afsbodbk`f^ v bi olq^`fl,k^i bk i^p nrb kl fkqbosfbkbk ilp `ljmlkbkqbp ab D, Dpq^p cŽojri^p abjrbpqo^knrb bi olq^`flk^i v i^ afsbodbk`f^ obmobpbkq^k molmfba^abp fkqoŒkpb`^pabi `^jmlsb`qlof^i D v kl abmbkabk ab i^ bib``fŽk nrb pb e^d^ ab ilp bgbp `lloabk^alp-U^jlp ^ qo^q^o mofjbol i^ cŽojri^ m^o^ i^ afsbodbk`f^-
SDNQDL@ 01-6- Qa] T'p( qj] aoban] `a n]`ek p = N _kj _ajpnk aj ah lqjpk] `a C]+X nalnaoajpaiko _kj Q'p( h] bnkjpan] `a rap(k Qa] D qj _]ilk ra_pkne]h`aner]^ha _kj _kjpejqe`]` aj T'p(- Cjpkj_ao oe T'p( nalnaoajp] ah rkhqiaj `aT'p(+ v j h] jkni]h qjep]ne] atpanekn ] R+ pajaiko
'01-48( afs D']( < ifj ]0] HGD& j `Q-p+M zT'p(0
R'q(
Baikopn]_e‰j-q^i nrb
Rb^ om< afs D, Rf a = N qbkbjlp nrb bk`lkqo^o rk Hi= N
'01-5/( Gnl'](,zTyp(+bbD&j`oh;• pfbjmob nrb M;p;;4-oq<
Orbpql nrb ombp `lkqfkr^ bk :% m^o^ bi a a^al bufpqb rk^ 2,bpcbo^ @']: d( q^i nrb
Gnl't( , nl']( H; z pfbjmob nrb t D @']: d',1
451 Gjpacn]hao `a oqlanbe_ea
Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb+ pf bp`of_fjlp m9&]'< m9&t' * Ym9&]'+ m9&t'[ b fkqbdo^jlp ^j_lpjfbj_olp ab bpq^b`r^`fŽk pl_ob i^ bpcbo^T&p' ab o^afl p ; d* bk`lkqo^jlp
m9&]'hT&p'H< bbb m9&t'`t `u `v * bbb Ym9&]'+ m9&t'[ `t `u `v ,U'q( s'q(
Rf ^mif`^jlp bi qblobj^ ab i^ afsbodbk`f^ ^ i^ mofjbo^ fkqbdo^iqofmibabi pbdrkaljfbj_ol v m^p^jlp bpqbq‹ojfkl ^i mofjbo jfbj_ol+ l_qbkbjlp i^ obi^`fŽk+
Hm9&]'hT&p'- + HHD%j `Q Hz HHHGm9&]'+ m9&t'Ht `u `v y y hT&p'H; a hT&p'h•
p'q( s'q(
Br^kal afsfafjlp bpq^ abpfdr^ia^a mlo YT&p'e sbjlp nrb '01-5/( bp `fboq^ m^o^7 < d- Dpql abjrbpqo^ bi qblobj^-
Dk i^ abjlpqo^`fŽk ^kqboflo kl e^`bjlp rpl bpmb`f^iabi eb`el ab nrb T&p'crbpb rk^ bpcbo^-Di jfpjl qblobj^ pr_pfpqb pf+bk ird^o ab bpcbo^p+rqfifw^jlp`r^inrfbo `lkgrkql ab pŽifalp T&p' m^o^ ilp nrb bi qblobj^ ab i^ afsbodbk`f^ bpsŠifal+ `lk q^i nrb bplp pŽifalp `lkqbkd^k bi mrkql ] v qfbka^k e^`f^ ] `r^kalp y N-Olo bgbjmil+ `^a^ T&p' mlaoŒ pbork `r_l fkp`ofql bk rk^ bpcbo^ab o^afl pbk qlokl ab ]9 pb ^mif`^oŒbu^`q^jbkqb i^ jfpj^ abjlpqo^`fŽk-
Di qblobj^ 01-6 mrbab q^j_f‹k grpqfcf`^opb lk o^wlkbp cŒpf`^p-Rrmlkd^jlpnrb D obmobpbkqbi sb`qlo abkpfa^a ab cirgl ab rk^ `loofbkqb bpq^`flk^of^- K^fkqbdo^iab prmbocf`fbbb D%j `Q jfab bkqlk`bp i^ j^p^ qlq^i ab cirfal nrb ^qo^,
os
sfbp^ R bk i^ rkfa^a ab qfbjml v bk i^ afob``fŽk ab j+ Di `l`fbkqb GD%j `Q.0 T'p(0oo•
obmobpbkqi^ j^p^ mlo rkfa^a ab slirjbk nrb cirvb ^ qo^s‹p ab R bk i^ rkfa^aab qfbjml bk i^ afob``fŽk ab j- Br^kal p y N+bi iŒjfqb ab bpb `l`fbkqb bp i^afsbodbk`f^ ab D bk ]- Krbdl i^ afsbodbk`f^ bk ] mrbab fkqbomobq^opbljl bi`lbcf`fbkqb ab s^of^`fŽk ab j^p^ mlo rkfa^a ab slirjbk v mlo rkfa^a ab qfbj,ml bk ]-
Dk ^idrklp if_olp ab @kŠifpfpsb`qlof^i+ i^ b`r^`fŽk '01-48( pb qlj^ `ljl`abeje_e‰j ab afsbodbk`f^- Dpql mbojfqb fkjbaf^q^jbkqb ^pfdk^o rk pfdkfcf`^alcŒpf`l i^ afsbodbk`f^- @abjŠp+ bk i^ cŽojri^ '01-48( kl fkqbosfbkbk ilp `ljml,kbkqbp ab D, Olo il q^kql+bp sŠifa^ bk `r^inrfbo pfpqbj^ ab `lloabk^a^p- Rf bib,dfjlp `ljl T&p' rk `r_l `lk prp ^ofpq^pm^o^ibi^p^ ilp bgbptuv v `lk `bkqolbk 7&mlabjlp rqfifw^oi^ b`r^`fŽk '01-48( m^o^ abar`fo i^ cŽojri^ '01-46( nrbbumobp^i^ afs D bk crk`fŽk ab ilp `ljmlkbkqbp ab D, Dpqbmol`bafjfbkql pbbp_lw^ bk bi bgbo`f`fl 03 ab i^ pb``fŽk 01-10-
Cfan_e_eko 452
Dufpqbrk^ cŽojri^ ^kŠild^ ^ i^ '01-48( nrb ^ sb`bp pb rp^ `ljl lqo^ abcf,kf`fŽk ab olq^`flk^i- Cf`e^ cŽojri^ bp9
'01-50( olq D&]' < ifj ]0] HGj W D `Q*.,*/ zT&p'H
R'qi
alkab T&p' v Q&p' qfbkbkbi jfpjl pfdkfcf`^al nrb bk bi qblobj^ 01-6- K^ fkqbdo^iab prmbocf`fbnrb ^m^ob`b bk bi pbdrkal jfbj_ol qfbkb rk fkqbdo^kal sb`qlof^i-S^ibp fkqbdo^ibpmrbabk abcfkfopbbk crk`fŽk ab ilp `ljmlkbkqbp- K^ abjlpqo^,`fŽk ab '01-50( bp ^kŠild^ ^ i^ abi qblobj^ 01-6-
Dufpqblqo^ cŽojri^ bk i^ nrb fkqbosfbkbbi olq^`flk^i v nrb mrbab abar`fopbab '01-50( l _fbk afob`q^jbkqb- S^i cloj^ bpq^_ib`bnrb
'01-51( j 8olq D&]' < ifj ]0]0 D%`] ,- .,*/ zQ'p(0 I B'qi
Dk bpq^cŽojri^+ Q&p' bp rk afp`l `fo`ri^o ab o^afl p v `bkqol bk ]+v Q&p' obmob,pbkq^pr Šob^-Di sb`qlo j bp i^ kloj^i rkfq^of^ ^ Q'p(+v ^- bp i^ crk`fŽk nrb abp,`of_b A&p' bk rk^ afob``fŽk q^i nrb sfpq^ abpab bi buqobjl ab j m^ob`b`lkqo^of^^ i^ ab i^p ^drg^p abi obilg- Di `^jml sb`qlof^i D pb prmlkb abofs^_ib `lk `lkqf,krfa^a bk Q&p', Orbab a^opb rk^ abjlpqo^`fŽk ab '01-51( `lk bi jfpjl j‹qlalrp^al m^o^ abjlpqo^o '01-48(- Olkbjlp m9&t'< j , olq D&t' v o^wlk^jlp `ljl^kqbp+p^isl nrb bjmib^jlp fkqbdo^ibpab prmbocf`fbbk ird^o ab fkqbdo^ibpqofmibpv bi qblobj^ ab Rqlhbp bk ird^o abi ab i^ afsbodbk`f^-
Rf D bp rk `^jml ab sbil`fa^a+ i^ fkqbdo^iab iŒkb pl_ob A&p' pb ii^j^ `fo`r,+i^`fŽk ab D ^ il i^odl ab A&p'9 bi iŒjfqb ab '01-51( obmobpbkqi^ `fo`ri^`fŽk mlorkfa^a ab Šob^bk bi mrkql ], Cb bpqbjlal+ j , olq D&]' mrbab `lkpfabo^opb `ljlrk^ ~abkpfa^a ab `fo`ri^`fŽkƒ ab D bk bi mrkql ]+`lk obpmb`ql^ rk mi^kl mbo,mbkaf`ri^o ^ j bk ]-
Br^kal j qlj^ pr`bpfs^jbkqb ilp s^ilobp e*g+X g* ilp molar`qlp fkqboflobpe-olq D* g-olq D* Xg , olq D plk ilp `ljmlkbkqbp ab olq D bk `lloabk^a^p ob`,q^kdri^obp-Br^kal i^ b`r^`fŽk '01-50( pb qlj^ `ljl mrkql ab m^oqfa ab i^ abcf,kf`fŽk ab olq^`flk^i+ i^ cŽojri^ '01-47( ab ilp `ljmlkbkqbp ob`q^kdri^obp abolq D mrbabk abar`fopb ab '01-51( bu^`q^jbkqb abi jfpjl jlal-
01-10 Dgbo`f`flp
0- Rb^ R i^ prmbocf`fb abi `r _l rkfa^a N 994t 9940+N 994X 9940+N 994v 9940+X pb^ j i^ kloj^irkfq^of^ buqboflo ^ R- Rf D 't+ v+v( < t1: * u1f *v1g, bjmib^jlp bi qblobj^ ab i^ afsbodbk,`f^ m^o^ `^i`ri^o i^ fkqbdo^i ab prmbocf`fb bb D - j `Q- Bljmol_^o bi obpriq^al `^i`ri^kal
oi^ fkqbdo^i ab prmbocf`fb afob`q^jbkqb-
1- Rb- `loq^ i^ bpcbo^ t0 * v1 * v0 < 14 mlo bi mi^kl v < 2- K^ m^oqb jbklo bp rk pŽif,al T ifjfq^al mlo rk^ prmbocf`fb Rl `lkpqfqrfa^ mlo alp m^oqbp+rk^ bpc‹of`^ RH v lqo^
453 Gjpacn]hao `a oqlanbe_ea
mi^k^ Qy- Rf i^ kloj^i rkfq^of^ buqboflo ^ T bp `lp l`: * `lp b2f * `lp Wg+ `^i`ri^o bis^ilo ab i^ fkqbdo^i ab prmbocf`fb
I I 'tv `lp l` * uv `lp b1 * `lp u( `QQ
pf ^( R bp bi `^pnrbqb bpc‹of`l QG*_( Q bp i^ _^pb mi^k^ 30* b( R bp i^ colkqbo^ `ljmibq^Rl- Qbplisbo i^ m^oqb b( `lk ilp obpriq^alp ab i^p m^oqbp^( v _(+ X q^j_f‹k rp^kal biqblobj^ ab i^ afsbodbk`f^-
2- Rb^ j < `lp l`: * `lp b1f * `lp u g i^ kloj^i rkfq^of^ buqboflo ^ rk^ prmbocf`fb `boo^,a^ Q nrb ifjfq^ rk pŽifal eljld‹kbl T abi qfml abp`ofql bk bi qblobj^ ab i^ afsbodbk,`f^- Rrmlkd^jlp nrb bi `bkqol ab do^sba^a &t*v+Y( v bi slirjbk HUHab T plk `lkl`f,alp- B^i`ri^o i^p pfdrfbkqbp fkqbdo^ibp ab prmbocf`fb bk crk`fŽk ab iUf v ab t+v+w-
^( QQ &t `lp l` * u `lp b1 * v `lp u( `Q,o
_( QQ 'tv `lp l` * 1uv `lp bH * 2v1 `lp u( `Q-o
b( QQ 'u1 `lp l` * 1tu `lp b1 + tv `lp u( `Q-o
a( Dumobp^oQ Q 't1 * u1('t: * uˆ -j `Q bk crk`fŽk abi slirjbk 9s9 v rk jljbkql abo
fkbo`f^ abi pŽifal-
Dk ilp bgbo`f`flp abi 3 ^i 0/+ ]h.]j v ]c.]j fkaf`^k i^p abofs^a^p afob``flk^ibp ab ilp`^jmlp bp`^i^obp b v d bk i^ afob``fŽk ab i^ kloj^i rkfq^of^ buqboflo j ^ rk^ prmbocf`fb`boo^a^ Q nrb ifjfq^ rk pŽifal T abi qfml abp`ofql bk bi qblobj^ ab i^ afsbodbk`f^- Dpqlbp+]h.kj< X&h• j v ]c.]j < X&d -k - Dk `^a^ rkl& ab ilp bgbo`f`flp abjlpqo^o i^ fdr^ia^anrb pb a^- Rb mrbab prmlkbo i^ `lkqfkrfa^a ab qla^p i^p abofs^a^p nrb fkqbosfbkbk-
3- II y`Q < III W1b`t`u`v-
o r
4- II z `Q < N pfbjmob nrb Gpb^ ^ojŽkf`^ bk T-
o
5- HHb9y`Q< HHHbW1c`t`u`X* HHHrb•rc`t`u`v-
o r r
6- II'q9z ,c y( `Q < III 'bu1c ,cT1b(`t`u`v-
o r
7- GGb99`Q < GGc y`Qo o
pf Gv d plk ^j_^p ^ojŽkf`^p bk U-
Cfan_e_eko 454
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†pqb v lqolp mol_ibj^p mi^kqb^alp mlo ab L‹o‹ jlqfs^olk rk fkqbo`^j_fl ab`^oq^pbkqobO^p`^i v Eboj^q bk i^p nrb mlo mofjbo^ sbw pb clojri^olk ilp mofk`f,mflp crka^jbkq^ibp abi BŠi`ril ab mol_^_fifa^abp- Rf _fbk rklp ml`lp mol_ibj^ppl_ob grbdlp ab ^w^oe^_Œ^k pfal obprbiqlp mlo j^qbjŠqf`lp fq^if^klp bk ilp pf,dilp us v WUH+kl bufpqŒrk^ qbloŒ dbkbo^i ^kqbpab bp^ c^jlp^ `loobpmlkabk`f^+
Di `fbkqŒcf`leli^ka‹p Beofpqf^k Grvdbkp+ j^bpqol ab Kbf_kfw+bkqbo^al abbp^ `loobpmlkabk`f^ mr_if`Ž oŠmfa^jbkqb 'bk 0546( bi mofjbo if_ol ab mol_^_fif,a^abp: qfqri^al Ba P]pek_ejeeoej Jq`k ?ha]a+crb rk qo^q^al ab mol_ibj^p obi^,`flk^alp `lk ilp grbdlp- Di BŠi`ril ab mol_^_fifa^abp iibdŽ ^ pbo molkql mlmri^omlo prp ^irpflkbp ^ ilp grbdlp ab ^w^o+v pb abp^ooliiŽ oŠmfa^jbkqb ^ il i^odl abipfdil WUHHH-Prfbkbp jŠp `lkqof_rvbolk ^ pr abp^ooliil bk bpbmboŒlalcrbolk Z^hl_Aboklriif ')( '0543,06/4( v @_o^e^j ab Llfsob '0556,0643(-
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460
461 Dqj_ekjao `a _kjfqjpk v lnk^]^ehe`]` ahaiajp]h
qbp ab K^mi^`b+bi BŠi`ril ab mol_^_fifa^abp moŠ`qf`^jbkqb `lkpfpqŒ bk rk ^kŠ,ifpfp j^qbjŠqf`l ab ilp grbdlp ab ^w^o-K^mi^`b abjlpqoŽ nrb bp^ qbloŒ mlaŒ^pbo ^mif`^a^ ^ jriqfqra ab mol_ibj^p `fbkqŒcf`lpv moŠ`qf`lp- Dgbjmilp ab q^ibp^mif`^`flkbp plk i^ pakn‡] a annknao+i^ i]pai…pe_] ]_pq]ne]hv i^ ia_…je_] aop]`‡o,pe_]nrb pb abp^oolii^olk bk bi pfdil WHW-
@i fdr^i nrb e^ l`roofal `lk lqo^p jr`e^p o^j^p ab i^ L^qbjŠqf`^+ bi ab,p^ooliil abi BŠi`ril ab mol_^_fifa^abp e^ pfal bpqfjri^al mlo i^ s^ofba^a ab prp^mif`^`flkbp- Hksbop^jbkqb+`^a^ ^s^k`b bk i^ qbloŒe^ ^jmif^al bi `^jml ab prfkcirbk`f^- K^ Dpq^aŒpqf`L^qbjŠqf`^ bp rk^ o^j^ fjmloq^kqb abi BŠi`ril abmol_^_fifa^abp ^mif`^al: lqo^p ^mif`^`flkbp i^p qbkbjlp bk `^jmlp q^k afpqfkqlp`ljl i^ Fbk‹qf`^+ i^ Opf`lildŒ^+i^ D`lkljŒ^ v i^ HkdbkfboŒ^-Lr`elp ^rqlobp e^k`lkqof_rfal ^i abp^ooliil ab i^ qbloŒ abpab bi qfbjml ab K^mi^`b: bkqobilp jŠpfjmloq^kqbp bpqŠkBeb_vpebs+ L^ohls+ slk Lfpbp v Jlijldlols-
Tk^ ab i^p afcf`riq^abp nrb pb mobpbkq^olk i abp^oolii^o rk^ qbloŒ j^qbjŠ,qf`^ ab i^ qbloŒ ab i^ mol_^_fifa^a e^ pfal ^i`^kw^o rk^ abcfkf`fŽk ab mol_^_fif,a^a il _^pq^kqbmob`fp^m^o^ pr rqfifw^`fŽk j^qbjŠqf`^+ mbol il _^pq^kqb^jmif^m^o^nrb pb^ ^mif`^_ib ^ rk k•jbol ab cbkŽjbklp il j^vlo mlpf_ib- K^ _•pnrba^ab rk^ abcfkf`fŽk `ljmibq^jbkqb ^`bmq^_ibaroŽ `bo`^ ab qobppfdilp v crb `^o^`,qbofw^a mlo do^k k•jbol ab `lkqolsbopf^p- Di ^prkql crb abcfkfqfs^jbkqb obprbiqlbk bi pfdil uu ^i qo^q^oi^ qbloŒ ab i^ mol_^_fifa^a bk cloj^ ^ufljŠqf`^- Dk 0822rk^ jlkldo^cŒ^ abi j^qbjŠqf`l orpl @- Jlijldlols bpq^_ib`fŽrk^ fkqolar``fŽk^ufljŠqf`^ nrb `lkpqfqrvŽ i^ _^pb m^o^i^ jlabok^ qbloŒ^-'K^ qo^ar``fŽk fkdibp^ab i^ jlkldo^cŒ^ ab Jlijldlols pb qfqri^ Dkqj`]pekjo /0 Nnk^]^ehepuRdaknu+Bebipb^+Mbt Xloh+ 084/-( Cbpab bkqlk`bp i^p fab^p pb e^k fal ^cfk^kal ^idljŠp v elv aŒ i^ qbloŒ ab i^ mol_^_fifa^a bp m^oqbab rk^ afp`fmifk^ jŠp dbkbo^inrb bp i^ qbloŒ ab i^ jbafa^-
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3- Rb^ b rk^ crk`fŽk ab `lkgrkql ab ^afqfsfa^a cfkfq^ abcfkfa^ bk rk^ `i^pb ab `lkgrkqlp `-Rb^k ?h+ --- +?j j `lkgrkqlp ab a q^ibp nrb ?z k ?z < / pf f z f- 'Tk^ q^i `lib``fŽk
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qlal i 94 j+ rqfifw^o bi j‹qlal ab fkar``fŽk m^o^ abjlpqo^o nrb
Dk ilp bgbo`f`flp 4+ 5 X 6+ R obmobpbkq^rk `lkgrkql cfkfql nrb `lkpq^ ab j bibjbkqlpafpqfkqlp+ pb^ R < x^i+]1+--- +]jx-
4- Rb^ ?h < w]`+ bi pr_`lkgrkql nrb `lkpq^ abi •kf`l bibjbkql ^i- Cbjlpqo^o nrb i^`i^pb ?Ii < w/+?h+?y+Qx bp i^ jŠp mbnrb•^ Šidb_o^ ab Allib nrb `lkqfbkb ?h-
5- Rb^k ?h < w]zx+ ?1 < w]1x- Dk cloj^ m^ob`fa^ ^ i^ rqfifw^a^ bk bi bgbo`f`fl 4+ abp`of,_fo i^ jŠp mbnrb•^ Šidb_o^ ab Allib b hH1 nrb `lkqbkd^ ?h v ?1-
6- G^`bo il jfpjl nrb bk bi bgbo`f`fl 5 m^o^ ilp pr_`lkgrkqlp ?h < w]`+ ?1 < w]1x v?2 < w]2x-
7- Qe8HeHgobmobpbkq i^ jŒkfj^ Šidb_o^ ab Allib nrb `lkqfbkb ilp g pr_`lkgrkqlp ?h <w]`+?1 < w]vx+--- +?g < w]`* abjlpqo^o nrb >Hg `lkqfbkb 1h*i pr_`lkgrkqlp ab R pfg ; j v 1j pr_`lkgrkqlp pf g < j-
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02-4 Cbcfkf`fŽk ab mol_^_fifa^a m^o^bpm^`flpjrbpqo^ibp cfkfqlp
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^( N ao `a ]`epere`]` bejep]-_( N ao jk jac]per]-b( Ne,Q' < 0-
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Hjmloq^ a^opb `rbkq^ ab nrb m^o^ rk^ abp`ofm`fŽk `ljmibq^ ab i^ jbafa^ abmol_^_fifa^a ab_bk mob`fp^opb qobp fab^p9 bi bpm^`fl jrbpqo^i Q+ bi Šidb_o^ abAllib 920 `lkpqfqrfa^ `lk `fboqlp pr_`lkgrkqlp ab Q* v i^ crk`fŽk ab `lkgrkql N,K^ qbok^ 'Q+b/6* N( pb abkljfk^ cob`rbkqbjbkqb aol]_ek `a lnk^]^ehe`]`- Dk i^ j^,vloŒ^ ab i^p ^mif`^`flkbp bibjbkq^ibp bi Šidb_o^ ab Allib 8H/ bp i^ `lib``fŽk ab
pk`ko ilp pr_`lkgrkqlp ab Q-
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N&F' * N&R' < NeQz< i-
Bljl s^ilobp ab N&F' v N&R' mlabjlp qlj^o s^ilobp `r^ibpnrfbo^ kl kbd^qfslp`lk q^i ab niib pr prj^ pb^ 0- Rf qbkbjlp bk `rbkq^ nrb i^ jlkba^ bp fjm^o`f^i
467 Dqj_ekjao `a _kjfqjpk v lnk^]^ehe`]` ahaiajp]h
ab jlal nrb kl bufpqb o^wŽk ^ lnekne m^o^ mobcbofo`^o^ l `orw+ m^ob`b k^qro^i^pfdk^o ilp s^ilobp
N&F' < N&R'<z,-
Rf+bk `^j_fl+ i^ jlkba^ kl bp dblj‹qof`^jbkqb mbocb`q^+mlaobjlp ^pfdk^o s^ilobpafcbobkqbp ^ bp^p alp mol_^_fifa^abp- Olo bgbjmil+ ilp s^ilobp N&F' < @ v N&R' < zplk q^k ^`bmq^_ibp `ljl N&F' < N&R' < z-Dk bcb`ql+ m^o^ qlal k•jbol ob^i lbk bi fkqbos^il N z N y 0 mlabjlp abcfkfo N&F' < l v N&R' < 0 , l* v i^ crk`fŽkobpriq^kqb N p^qfpc^oŠqla^p i^p `lkaf`flkbp nrb pb bufdbk ^ rk^ jbafa^ ab mol_^,_fifa^a-
O^o^ rk^ jlkba^ abqbojfk^a^+ kl bufpqb rk j‹qlal j^qbjŠqf`l m^o^ mob`fp^o`rŠi bp i^ mol_^_fifa^a l ~ob^iƒ- Rf bp`ldbjlp l < z-mlabjlp abar`fo `lkpb`rbk,`f^p iŽdf`^p bk i^ efmŽqbpfp ab nrb i^ jlkba^ bp `loob`q^ v kl mobpbkq^ pbpdl-K^ qbloŒ^abp^oolii^a^ m^o^ bi bpqrafl ab i^p mol_^_fifa^abp bk jlkba^p `loob`q^p+mrbab rqfifw^opb `ljl qbpq`ljmol_^qlofl ab pr `^obk`f^ ab pbpdl+ bcb`qr^kal rkdo^k k•jbol ab bumbofbk`f^p `lk bii^ v `ljm^o^kal ilp obpriq^alp bumbofjbkq^ibp`lk i^p mobaf``flkbp qbŽof`^p- Di mlkbo ab ^`rboal i^ qbloŒ^v i^ bsfabk`f^ bjmŒ,of`^ mboqbkb`b ^ i^ o^j^ ab ^mif`^`fŽk ab i^ qbloŒ^ab i^ mol_^_fifa^a nrb pb ii^j^ejbanaj_e] aop]`‡ope_]+v nrb kl bumlkaobjlp bk bpqb if_ol-
Di bgbjmil ^kqboflo bp rk^ qŒmf`^ mif`^`fŽk abi BŠi`ril ab mol_^_fifa^abp-K^p `rbpqflkbp mol_^_fiŒpqf`^p pb mobpbkq^k ^ jbkral bk pfqr^`flkbp ii^j^a^p~bumbofjbkqlpƒ- Ml fkqbkq^objlp abcfkfo rk bumbofjbkql: bk `^j_fl+ jbk`flk^ob,jlp q^k pŽil ^idrklp bgbjmilp `loofbkqbp9 i^kw^o rk^ l s^of^p jlkba^p+ b`e^o rkm^o ab a^alp+ obm^oqfork^ j^kl ab _ofadb+ p^`^o rk^ _li^ ab rk^ rok^+ ob`rbkqlab i^p jr`e^`e^p bpqraf^kqbp bk bi Hkpqfqrql Sb`kliŽdf`l ab B^ifclokf^+ pbib``fŽkab rk k•jbol bk rk^ drŒ^ qbibcŽkf`^+ obdfpqol ab i^ o^af^`fŽk bk rk `lkq^aloFbfdbo-
O^o^ afp`rqfo i^p `rbpqflkbp ab mol_^_fifa^a nrb prodbk bk q^ibp bumbofjbkqlp+krbpqol mofjbo qo^_^gl bp i^ `lkpqor``fŽk ab rk bpm^`fl jrbpqo^ R nrb mrba^ rqfif,
w^opbm^o^ obmobpbkq^oqlalp ilp obpriq^alp mlpf_ibp abi bumbofjbkql+ `ljl ef`fjlpbk bi grbdl ab `^o^ v `orw- B^a^ bibjbkql ab R obmobpbkq^oŠrk obpriq^al abi bumb,ofjbkql v `^a^ obpriq^al `loobpmlkaboŠ ^ rkl v pŽil rk bibjbkql ab R- @ `lkqfkr^,`fŽk+ bibdfjlp rk Šidb_o^ ab Allib -& hHab pr_`lkgrkqlp ab R '`^pf pfbjmob pk`ko ilppr_`lkgrkqlp ab R( v bkqlk`bp pb abcfkb rk^ jbafa^ ab mol_^_fifa^a N pl_ob 13-K^ bib``fŽk ab Q*8=H*X N abmbkaboŠ ab i^ fkcloj^`fŽk nrb pb mlpb^ ^`bo`^ ab ilpabq^iibp abi bumbofjbkql v abi mol_ibj^ nrb klp s^jlp ^ mi^kqb^o- Di l_gbql abiBŠi`ril ab mol_^_fifa^abp kl bp afp`rqfo pf bi bpm^`fl ab mol_^_fifa^a &Q*,00+ N' e^pfal bibdfal `loob`q^jbkqb- Dpql mboqbkb`b ^ i^ `fbk`f^ l grbdl abi nrb bi bumbof,jbkql e^ prodfal+ v q^k pŽil i^ bumbofbk`f^ mrbab a^oklp fab^ ab pf 00&0 bib``fŽk crb_fbk eb`e^ l kl il crb- Ch A…h_qhk `a lnk^]^ehe`]`ao ao ah aopq`ek `a h]o _kjoa,
Raniejkhkc‡] lnkle] `ah _…h_qhk`a lnk^]^ehe`]`ao 468
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Rf R < x^! ]1+ ŒŒŒ + ]jx+ v pf ,7H `lkpq^ ab qlalp ilp pr_`lkgrkqlp ab R+ i^crk`fŽk ab mol_^_fifa^a N bpqŠ `ljmibq^jbkqb abqbojfk^a^ pf `lkl`bjlp prp s^,ilobp m^o^ ilp `lkgrkqlp ab rk plil bibjbkql+
Dk bcb`ql+ qlal pr_`lkgrkql ? ab R bp rk^ obrkfŽk afpgrkq^ ab ilp `lkgrkqlp ^kqb,oflobp+ v la?' bpqŠ abqbojfk^a^ mlo i^ molmfba^a ^afqfs^- Olo bgbjmil+ `r^kal
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Br^kal pb e^_i^ ab mol_^_fifa^abp+ ^ jbkral pb lvbk co^pbp q^ibp `ljl ~alppr`bplp plk fdr^ijbkqb mol_^_ibpƒ+ ~rk pr`bpl bp fjmlpf_ibƒ+ l ~rk pr`bpl bp`fboqlƒ- K^p bumobpflkbp ab bpqb qfml qfbkbk pbkqfal fkqrfqfsl v bp ^do^a^_ib v •qfip^_bo bjmib^o rk ibkdr^gb q^k iibkl ab `lilofal bk i^p afp`rpflkbp j^qbjŠqf`^p-@kqbp ab e^`boil ^pŒ+kl l_pq^kqb+ bp kb`bp^ofl bumlkbo bi pfdkfcf`^al ab bpqb ibk,dr^gb rp^kal ilp `lk`bmqlp crka^jbkq^ibp ab krbpqo^ qbloŒ^-
Cb_fal ^ nrb bi j‹qlal mol_^_fiŒpqf`l pb rp^ bk `rbpqflkbp moŠ`qf`^p+bp `lksb,kfbkqb fj^dfk^opb nrb `^a^ bpm^`fl ab mol_^_fifa^a &Q*?+ N' bpqŠ ^pl`f^al ^ rkbumbofjbkql ob^i&l fab^i- Di `lkgrkql rkfsbop^i R mrbab bkqlk`bp `lk`b_fopb `ljli^ `lib``fŽk ab qlalp ilp obpriq^alp fj^dfk^_ibp abi bumbofjbkql+ `ljl bk bi bgbj,mil ab i^ jlkba^ `ljbkq^al bk i^ pb``fŽk mob`babkqb- B^a^ bibjbkql ab Q pb ii^j^naoqhp]`k l iqaopn] v ilp pr_`lkgrkqlp ab Q nrb pb mobpbkq^k bk bi Šidb_o^ abAllib ? pb abkljfk^k oq_aoko- Klp jlqfslp ab bpq^ qbojfklildŒ^ pb mlkaoŠk bkbsfabk`f^ ^i qo^q^o ^idrklp bgbjmilp-
Rrmlkd^jlp rk bpm^`fl ab mol_^_fifa^a &Q*?+ N' ^pl`f^al ^ rk bumbofjbkql-Rb^ ? rk pr`bpl+ v prmlkd^jlp nrb bi bumbofjbkql pb iibs^ ^ `^_l v nrb pr obpri,q^al bp t- 'Dk lqo^p m^i^_o^p+ pb^ t rk mrkql ab Q,' Dpqb obpriq^al mrbab l kl
47/ Dqj_ekjao `a _kjfqjpk u lnk^]^ehe`]` ahaiajp]h
mboqbkb`bo ^i `lkgrkql ?- Rf mboqbkb`b+pb af`b mqa ah oq_aok ? d] k_qnne`k- Dk bi`^pl `lkqo^ofl+ ah oq_aok ? jk d] k_qnne`k+ bk `rvl `^pl t D ?&+il nrb bnrfs^ib^ ab`fo nrb e^ l`roofal bi pr`bpl `ljmibjbkq^ofl ?&- Tk pr`bpl ? ao eilkoe^ha pf? < /+ mlonrb bk bpqb `^pl kfkd•k obpriq^al abi bumbofjbkql mrbab mboqbkb`bo^ ?, Di pr`bpl ? bp `fboql pf ? < Q* mlonrb bkqlk`bp qlal obpriq^al ab i^ morb_^mboqbkb`b ^ ?-
K^ crk`fŽk ab mol_^_fifa^a N ^pfdk^ ^ `^a^ pr`bpl ? rk^ mol_^_fifa^a la?',ZCbi s^ilo ab la?' v abi jlal ab ^pfdk^oil kl klp l`rm^objlp mlo bi jljbkql-\Di k•jbol la?' pb ii^j^ h] lnk^]^ehe`]` `a mqa qj naoqhp]`k `a h] lnqa^] oa] qjahaiajpk `a ?, S^j_f‹k ab`fjlp nrb la?' bp h] lnk^]^ehe`]` `a mqa ah oq_aok ?k_qnn] ]h aba_pq]n bi bumbofjbkql-
@i pr`bpl fjmlpf_ib / ab_b ^pfdk^opb mol_^_fifa^a `bol mlonrb N bp rk^ jb,afa^ ab ^afqfsfa^a cfkfq^- Ml l_pq^kqb+ bufpqbk pr`bplp `lk mol_^_fifa^a `bol v nrbkl plk fjmlpf_ibp- Dk lqo^p m^i^_o^p+ ^idrklp ab ilp pr_`lkgrkqlp kl s^`Œlp ab Qmrbabk qbkbo ^pfdk^a^ mol_^_fifa^a `bol- @i pr`bpl `fboql Q pb ^pfdk^ mol_^_fif,a^a 0 pbd•k i^ `loob`q^ abcfkf`fŽk ab mol_^_fifa^a+ mbol mrbabk bufpqfo lqolp pr_,`lkgrkqlp nrb q^j_f‹k qfbkbk ^pfdk^a^ mol_^_fifa^a 0- Dk bi bgbjmil 0 ab i^pb``fŽk 02-7 pb `fq^k `lkgrkqlp kl s^`Œlp `lk mol_^_fifa^a `bol v pr_`lkgrkqlpmolmflp ab Q nrb qfbkbk mol_^_fifa^a 0-
Clp pr`bplp ? v @ plk ecq]hiajpa lnk^]^hao pf la?' < N'@(- Di pr`bpl ? bpi…o lnk^]^ha nrb bi @ pf la?' = N'@(+v lkn hk iajko p]j lnk^]^ha `ljl bi @ pfla?' y N&@', K^ q^_i^ 02-0 klp jrbpqo^ rk^ ifpq^ ab il`r`flkbp abi ibkdr^gb e^,_fqr^i bk i^p afp`rpflkbp ab i^ qbloŒ^ab mol_^_fifa^abp- K^p ibqo^p ? v @obmobpbk,q^k pr`bplp+ v t bi obpriq^al ab rk bumbofjbkql ^pl`f^al ^i bpm^`fl jrbpqo^i Q,
B^a^ cfi^ ab i^ `lirjk^ ab i^ fwnrfboa^ bp rk^ ^cfoj^`fŽk obi^qfs^ ^ ilp pr`bplp? v @*X bk i^ jfpj^ cfi^ bk i^ `lirjk^ ab i^ abob`e^ pb bumobp^ i^ jfpj^ ^cfo,j^`fŽk bk bi ibkdr^gb ab i^ qbloŒ^,ab `lkgrkqlp-
S@AK@02-0 Oolmlpf`flkbp rp^a^p bk i^ SbloŒ^ ab Ool_^_fifa^abpv pr pfdkfcf`^al bk i^ ab `lkgrkqlp
Nnklkoe_ekjao Qecjebe_]`k aj h] pakn‡] `a _kjfqjpko
Olo il jbklp rkl ab ilp pr`bplp ? l @ l`roob@j_lp pr`bplp ? v @ l`roobk
Mf ? kf @ l`roobk? l`roob v @ kl
Du^`q^jbkqb l`roob rkl ab ilp pr`bplp ? l @
Ml jŠp ab rkl ab ilp pr`bplp ? k @ l`roobRf ? l`roob+ q^j_f‹k @ &? fjmif`^ @h
? X @ pb bu`irvbk jrqr^jbkqbRr`bpl ? l pr`bpl @Rr`bpl ? v pr`bpl @
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t D ?& j @&t D@ j @&
t D &? j @%'r &?%j @'
t D &? j @'%
5Z6?j@;.? q@? j @
Cfailhko naoqahpko 470
)+'/ 8SN[LRLRX\
Rb^k R rk bpm^`fl jrbpqo^i a^al v ?* @*B pr`bplp `r^ibpnrfbo^ 'bpql bp+ pr_`lkgrkqlpab R bk i^ `loobpmlkafbkqb Šidb_o^ ab Allib z(- B^a^ rk^ ab i^p ^cfoj^`flkbp ab ilp bgbo,`f`flp abi 0 ^i 01 pb bumobp^ `lk rk^ molmlpf`fŽk- Dumobp^oaf`e^p ^cfoj^`flkbp `ljl obrkfl,kbp b fkqbopb``flkbp ab ?* @X B v ab prp `ljmibjbkqlp-
0- Rf l`roob ?* kl l`roob @, 6- Olo 0/ jbklp alp ab ilp ?* @*B l`roobk-1- Mfkdrkl ab ilp pr`bplp ?* @*B l`roob- 7- N`roobk bu^`q^jbkqb alp-2- S^k pŽil l`roob ?- 8- N`roobk kl jŠp ab alp-3- Olo 0/ jbklp rkl ab ilp ?* @*B l`roob- 0/- N`roobk ? v B+ mbol kl @,4- Tkl bu^`q^jbkqb ab ilp ?* @*B l`roob-H i- N`roobk ilp qobp pr`bplp-5- Ml l`roob jŠp nrb rkl- 01- N`roobk kl jŠp ab qobp-
/1, ? abpfdk^ bi pr`bpl ab `lkpbdrfo rk qlq^i fjm^o ^i i^kw^o alp a^alp+ v @ bi pr`bpl abp^`^o mlo 0/ jbklp rk 5- Dumobp^omlo rk^ co^pb `^a^ rkl ab ilp pr`bplp pfdrfbkqbp9
^( ? r @+
_( ? j @*b( ? j @&+
a( ?& j @+b( ?& j @&+
N ?& r @-
03- Rb^k ? v @ alp pr`bplp- Cbjlpqo^o nrb
N&? j @' y N&?' y N&? T @' y N&?' * N&@',
/3, ? X @ obmobpbkq^k alp pr`bplp v pb^k ] < N&?'* ^ < N&@'*b < N&? j A(-B^i`ri^o bkcrk`fŽk ab ]+ ^* v b+ i^p mol_^_fifa^abp ab ilp pr`bplp pfdrfbkqbp9
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_( @*b( ? r @*
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05- C^alp qobp pr`bplp ?* @* B- Cbjlpqo^o nrb
N&? r Ar B( < N&?' * N&@' * N&A' + N&? j @' + N&? j B( , N&@j B( * N&? j @ j B(
)+'0 8SNVYUX\[N\^NU]X\
@ `lkqfkr^`fŽk sbobjlp `Žjl mrbabk rp^opb ilp `lk`bmqlp ab i^p pb``flkbpmob`babkqbp+m^o^ obplisbo mol_ibj^p qŒmf`lpab mol_^_fifa^abp-
DIDLOKN 0- „BrŠi bp i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab nrb mlo il jbklp rk^ `^o^ p^id^ bkalp qfo^a^p ab rk^ jlkba^>
471 Dqj_ekjao `a _kjfqjpk u lnk^]^ehe`]` ahaiajp]h
Nneian] okhq_e‰j- Di bumbofjbkql `lkpfpqb bk i^kw^ork^ jlkba^ alp sb`bp:bi `lkgrkql R ab qlalp ilp obpriq^alp mlpf_ibpmrbab bumobp^opbljl pfdrb9
p< wdd+dp+pd+ppx-
Rf ^`bmq^jlp nrb bplp obpriq^alp plk fdr^ijbkqb mol_^_ibp+^pfdk^jlp i^ mol_^_f,ifa^a mrkqr^i N&t' < f ^ `^a^ t ab R- Di pr`bpl ~nrb pb mobpbkqbmlo il jbklprk^ `^o^ƒ mrbab obmobpbkq^opbmlo bi pr_`lkgrkql
? < wdd+dp+pdx-
K^ mol_^_fifa^a ab bpqbpr`bpl bp i^ prj^ ab i^p mol_^_fifa^abp mrkqr^ibp ab prpbibjbkqlp- Krbdl+ la?( < q* * 0 < f-
Qacqj`] okhq_e‰j- Rrmlkd^jlp nrb pb rp^ bi jfpjl bpm^`fl jrbpqo^i mbolnrb ^pfdk^jlp i^p mol_^_fifa^abp mrkqr^ibp `ljl pfdrb9 ')(
N'dd( < 0+ N'dp( < N'pd( < N'pp( < N-
Dkqlk`bp i^ mol_^_fifa^a abi pr`bpl ~mlo il jbklp p^ib rk^ `^o^ƒ bp
N'dd( * N'dp( * N'pd( < 0 * N * N < i-
Di eb`el ab nrb iibdrbjlp ^ rk obpriq^al cfk^i afpqfkql abi `lkpbdrfal bk i^ mof,jbo^ plir`fŽk kl ab_b ^i^oj^o ^i ib`qlo- O^oqfjlp ab rk `lkgrkql ab mobjfp^pafpqfkql- Blkpfabo^`flkbp ab qfml mpf`liŽdf`l mrbabk iibs^oklp ^ mbkp^onrb i^^pfdk^`fŽk ab mol_^_fifa^abp bk i^ mofjbo^ plir`fŽk bp i^ jŠp k^qro^i- Ml l_pq^kqb+jr`elp mlaoŒ^kbpq^oab ^`rboal bk nrb bpql bp ^pŒpf i^ jlkba^ bp ~fjm^o`f^iƒ-Rfk bj_^odl+ pf i^ jlkba^ bpqŠ~`^od^a^ƒ ab j^kbo^ nrb pfbjmob p^id^ `^o^+ i^^pfdk^`fŽk eb`e^ bk i^ pbdrka^ plir`fŽk bp jŠp k^qro^i-
Di bgbjmil ^kqboflo klp abjrbpqo^ nrb kl `^_b bpmbo^oobpmrbpq •kf`^ ^ i^mobdrkq^clojri^a^ bk bi jfpjl- O^o^ `lkqbpq^o bk cloj^ ^ab`r^a^ qbkbjlp nrbbpmb`fcf`^oi^ bib``fŽk abi bpm^`fl jrbpqo^i v i^ ^pfdk^`fŽk ab i^p mol_^_fifa^abpmrkqr^ibp- K^ mol_^_fifa^a ab rk pr`bpl mrbab abar`fopb ab j^kbo^ iŽdf`^ •kf`^,jbkqb `r^kal pb `lkl`bk bi bpm^`fl jrbpqo^i v i^ ^pfdk^`fŽk ab i^p mol_^_fifa^abpmrkqr^ibp- Difdfbkal ab afpqfkqlp jlalp bi bpm^`fl jrbpqo^i v i^p mol_^_fifa^abpmrkqr^ibp mrbab iibd^opb ^ `lkqbpq^`flkbp ~`loob`q^pƒ afcbobkqbpab i^ jfpj^`rbpqfŽk-
@ sb`bp+ i^ ^pfdk^`fŽk ab mol_^_fifa^abp ^ ilp obpriq^alp m^oqf`ri^obpab rk
')( MŽqbpbnrb m^o^ bpq^ ^pfdk^`fŽk ab mol_^_fifa^abp e^v pr_`lkgrkqlp ab R kl s^`Œlp`lk mol_^_fifa^a `bol v pr_`lkgrkqlp molmflp `lk mol_^_fifa^a 0-
Cfailhko naoqahpko 472
bumbofjbkql sfbkb af`q^a^ mlo bi ibkdr^gb rqfifw^al ^i abp`of_foil- Olo bgbjmil+`r^kal rk l_gbql bp bibdfal ~^i ^w^oƒbk rk `lkgrkql cfkfql,ab j bibjbkqlp+ pbbkqfbkab nrb `^a^ obpriq^al bp fdr^ijbkqb mol_^_ib v mlaoŒ^ pfdkŠopbibmol_^_fif,a^a h.j- @kŠild^jbkqb+ `r^kal i^kw^jlp rk^ jlkba^ l rk a^al+ pf kl qbkbjlp^ moflof jlqfsl ^idrkl m^o^ mbkp^onrb i^ jlkba^ l bi a^al kl plk mbocb`qlp+prmlkbjlp nrb qlalp ilp obpriq^alp plk fdr^ijbkqb mol_^_ibp- Dpqb`lksbkfl pb^almq^oŠ bk qlalp ilp bgbo`f`flp ab bpqb`^mŒqril-
DIDLOKN 1- Rf rk k^fmbbp p^`^al ^i ^w^oab `^a^ rk^ ab alp _^o^g^p+„`rŠibp i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab nrb mlo 0/ jbklp rkl pb^ bi ^p ab `lo^wlkbp>
Qkhq_e‰j- Di bumbofjbkql `lkpfpqb bk qlj^o alp k^fmbp+] v ^+ rkl ab `^a^_^o^g^- Qbmobpbkq^objlp rk obpriq^al mlo rk m^o loabk^al &]*^', Di k•jbol abobpriq^alp mlpf_ibp+bpql bp+bi k•jbol qlq^i ab m^obpafpqfkqlp &]* ^' abi bpm^`fljrbpqo^i R bp 411
’ @pfdk^jlp ^ `^a^ rkl ab bplp m^obpi^ mol_^_fifa^a 0.411’
Di pr`bpl bk bi nrb bpq^jlp fkqbobp^alp bp bi `lkgrkql ? ab m^obp&]* ^'* bk ilpnrb l ] l ^ bp bi ^p ab `lo^wlkbp- Dk ? e^v 41 * 40 bibjbkqlp- Olo q^kql+bkbpq^pefmŽqbpfpabar`fjlp nrb
N&?' < 41 * 40 < 0-, ]] 0 -41- 15 41-
DIDLOKN 2- Rf alp k^fmbppb p^`^k ^i ^w^oab rk^ _^o^g^: „`rŠi bp i^ mol_^,_fifa^a ab nrb rk^ ab bii^p pb^ rk ^p ab `lo^wlkbp>
Qkhq_e‰j- Bljl bk bi bgbjmil 1 bjmib^jlp m^obploabk^alp ']+^( `ljlbibjbkqlp abi bpm^`fl jrbpqo^i- Dk bpqb ^pl bi `fq^al bpm^`fl qfbkb41 - 40 bibjbk,qlp v bi pr`bpl ? nrb pb `lkpfabo^ qfbkb 40 * 40 bibjbkqlp- Rf ^pfdk^jlp i^ mol,_^_fifa^a mrkqr^i 0.'41& 40( ^ `^a^ obpriq^al l_qbkbjlp
N&?' < z < 0-, -41•40 15
DIDLOKN 3- „BrŠi bp i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab p^`^o 5 l jbklp ab 5 `lk qobpa^alp-
Qkhq_e‰j- Cbpfdk^jlp `^a^ obpriq^al abi bumbofjbkql `ljl rk^ qbok^&]* ^+a' alkab ]* ^ v a mrbabk qlj^o s^ilobp ab 0 ^ 5- Olo 0/ q^kql+bi bpm^`fljrbpqo^i `lkpq^ ab 52 bibjbkqlp v ^pfdk^jlp i^ mol_^_fifa^a 0.52 ^ `^a^ obpriq^al-Di pr`bpl ? bk `rbpqfŽk bp bi `lkgrkql ab qla^p i^p qbok^pnrb p^qfpc^`bki^ abp,fdr^ia^a 29R9:] * ^ * _8Q895- Rf ?j obmobpbkq ilp `lkgrkqlp &]* ^* a' m^o^ ilp`r^ibp ] * ^ * a < j+ qbkbjlp
? < @^ T ?3 T @p T ?5Œ
473 Dqj_ekjao `a _kjfqjpk u lnk^]^ehe`]` ahaiajp]h
K^ bkrjbo^`fŽk afob`q^ jrbpqo^ nrb ilp `lkgrkqlp ?j* `lk j < 2+3+4 X 5 `lk,qfbkbk 0+2+ 5 X 0/ bibjbkqlp obpmb`qfs^jbkqb-Olo bgbjmil+ bi `lkgrkql ?! sfbkba^al mlo
?! < x'i+ 1+2(+ '0+ 2+1(+ '0+ 0+3(+'0+3+0(+ '1+0+2(+
'1+2+0(+ '1+1+1(+ '2+ 0+1(+'2+1+ 0(+'3+ 0+i(y-
Olo q^kql+? qfbkb1/ bibjbkqlp v
1/ 4N&?' < , < ,-
52 43
DIDLOKN 4- Rb i^kw^ rk a^al rk^ sbw- „BrŠi bp i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab nrb bik•jbol ab mrkqlp `lkpbdrfal pb^ m^ol j•iqfmil ab 2>
Qkhq_e‰j- Dibdfjlp bi bpm^`fl jrbpqo^i R < x0+ 1+ 2+ 3+ 4+ 5y+ nrb `lkpq^ab pbfpbibjbkqlp+ ^ `^a^ rkl ab ilp `r^ibp ^pfdk^jlp i^ mol_^_fifa^a zz- Di pr`bpl~m^oƒbp bi `lkgrkql ? < x1+3+5y+bi pr`bpl ~j•iqfmil ab 2ƒ bp @< x2+5y- Mlpfkqbobp^pr obrkfŽk+ nrb bp bi `lkgrkql ? T @ < x1+ 2+ 3+ 5y- Orbpql nrb bpqb`lkgrkql mlpbb `r^qol bibjbkqlp qbkbjlp N&? T @' < $&
Dpqbbgbjmil mrbab obplisbopb ab lqol jlal+ rp^kal i^ cŽojri^
N&? T @' < N&?' * N&@'+ N&? k @' < q* f , c{-
)+'1 8SN[LRLRX\
0- Rb^ R rk bpm^`fl jrbpqo^i cfkfql ab j bibjbkqlp- Rrmlkd^jlp nrb ^pfdk^jlp i^ jfpj^mol_^_fifa^a ^ `^a^ rkl ab ilp mrkqlp ab R- Rb^ ? rk pr_`lkgrkql ab R nrb `lkpqbab g bibjbkqlp+ Cbjlpqo^o nrb N'?( < ghj-
Dk `^a^ rkl ab ilp bgbo`f`flp 1 ^i 7+ abp`of_fo i^ bib``fŽk abi bpm^`fl jrbpqo^i v i^ ^pfd,k^`fŽk ab mol_^_fifa^abp- Dk ilp bgbo`f`flp obi^`flk^alp `lk grbdlp ab k^fmbp+ pb prmlkbnrb qlalp ilp k^fmbp qfbkbk i^ jfpj^ mol_^_fifa^a ab pbo obm^oqfalp-
1- Rb jbw`i^k `fk`l jlkba^p c^ip^p `lk krbsb ^rq‹kqf`^p-^( Rb pbib``flk^ ^i ^w^o rk^ jlkba^- B^i`ri^o i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab nrb pb^ c^ip^-Rf pb pbib``flk^k alp jlkba^p+ `^i`ri^o i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab nrb9_( rk^ pb^ _rbk^ v rk^ c^ip^-b( i^p alp pb^k c^ip^p-a( i^p alp pb^k _rbk^p-
2- B^i`ri^o i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab `^a^ rkl ab ilp pr`bplp nrb pb abp`of_fbolk bk bi bgbo`f`fl 02ab i^ pb``fŽk 02-6- @pfdk^o i^ jfpj^ mol_^_fifa^a ^ `^a^ rkl ab ilp 25 bibjbkqlp abibpm^`fl jrbpqo^ -
Cfan_e_eko 474
3- „BrŠi bp i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab p^`^o mlo il jbklp rkl ab ilp obpriq^alp 6+ 00+ l 01 `lkalp a^alp>
4- Tk^ j^kl ab mlhbo `lkqfbkb `r^qol `lo^wlkbp v rk^ bpm^a^- K^ bpm^a^ pb ob`e^w^ vpb qlj^ rk k^fmb ab ilp obpq^kqbp ab i^ _^o^g^- B^i`ri^o i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab p^`^o rknrfkql `lo^wŽk-
5- Dk bi mlhbo+ rk^ bp`^ibo^ plk `fk`l `^oq^p `lkpb`rqfs^p kl kb`bp^of^jbkqb abi jfpjlm^il- Rf rk^ j^kl `lkqfbkb `r^qol `^oq^p `lkpb`rqfs^p 'mbol kl @123 l IPJ@( v rk^nrfkq^ `^oq^ kl `lkpb`rqfs^ ^ i^p lqo^p+ `^i`ri^o i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab ildo^o i^ bp`^ibo^+ ^iabslisbo i^ nrfkq^ `^oq^ v mbafo rk^ krbs^-
6- Tk^ j^kl ab mlhbo `lkqfbkb `r^qol ab i^p `fk`l `^oq^p bk pr`bpfŽk mbol `lk rk ~p^iqlƒfkqbo`^i^al 'mlo bgbjmil+ 4578(+ i^ nrfkq^ `^oq^ pb absrbisb v pb qlj^ lqo^ krbs^ abiobpql ab i^ _^o^g^- B^i`ri^o i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab `lkpbdrfo iibk^o bi ~erb`l fkqbojbaflƒ-
7- Tk^ rok^ `lkqfbkb ? _li^p _i^k`^p v @ _li^p kbdo^p- Tk^ pbdrka^ rok^ `lkqfbkb b _li^p_i^k`^p v C _li^p kbdo^p- Rb p^`^ ^i ^w^o rk _li^ ab i^ mofjbo^ rok^ v pb b`e^ bk i^pbdrka^ rok^- Rbdrfa^jbkqb pb buqo^b ^i ^w^o rk^ _li^ ab i^ pbdrka^ rok^- B^i`ri^oi^ mol_^_fifa^a ab `^a^ rkl ab ilp pr`bplp pfdrfbkqbp9^( K^ mofjbo^ _li^ bp _i^k`^-_( K^ mofjbo^ _li^ bp kbdo^-b( K^ pbdrka^ _li^ bp _i^k`^+ e^_fbkal pfal _i^k`^ i^ _li^ qo^kpcbofa^-a( K^ pbdrka^ _li^ bp _i^k`^+ e^_fbkal pfal kbdo^ i^ _li^ qo^kpcbofa^-
8- Rb buqo^bk alp _li^p ab rk^ rok^ abslisfbkal i^ _li^ abpmr‹p ab i^ mofjbo^ buqo^``fŽk-K^ rok^ `lkqfbkb `r^qol _li^p olg^p v alp _i^k`^p- B^i`ri^o i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab `^a^rkl ab ilp pr`bplp pfdrfbkqbp-^( @j_^p _li^p plk _i^k`^p-_( @j_^p _li^p plk olg^p-b( @j_^p _li^p plk abi jfpjl `lilo-a( Olo il jbklp rk^ _li^ bp olg^-
0/- Rb^ N: i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab nrb l`roo^k bu^`q^jbkqb j pr`bplp ab ilp ? v @+qlj^kal jilp s^ilobp N+ 0+ 1- Dumobp^o `^a^ rkl ab ilp k•jbolp Nk+ Ne+ N1 bk crk`fŽk ab la?(+N&@' X la? j C',
Nqjpko ] b]rkn- @idrklp grbdlp ab ^w^o pb bumobp^k bk crk`fŽk ab i^ ~prboqb ^ c^sloƒl ~mrkqlp ^ c^sloƒ jbglo nrb bk crk`fŽk ab i^p mol_^_fifa^abp- Olo bgbjmil+ pf i^kw^jlprk a^al+ i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab p^`^o rk qobpbp 0.5- Klp obpriq^alp mlpf_ibp plk pbfp+rkl abbiilp bp c^slo^_ib v `fk`l abpc^slo^_ibp- Dpql ^ jbkral pb bumobp^ af`fbkal nrb i^ prboqb^ c^slo abi pr`bpl bpqŠ `ljl 0 ^ 4+ l nrb i^ prboqb bk `lkqo^ bp ab 4 ^ 0- Dkqlk`bp prbibobi^`flk^opb ‹pq^ `lk i^ mol_^_fifa^a jbaf^kqb i^ fdr^ia^a
0 0
5<0*4&
Dk dbkbo^i+ pf ? bp rk pr`bpl `lk mol_^_fifa^a la?( v pf ] v ^ plk alp k•jbolp ob^ibpnrb
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00- Rf N&?' < 0- mol_^o nrb '02-5( pŽil mrbab p^qfpc^`bopb pf ^ < N X ] y N- Rf N&?' y 0+abjlpqo^o nrb bufpqbk fkcfkfa^a ab bib``flkbp mlpf_ibp ab ] v ^ nrb p^qfpc^`bk '02-5(mbol nrb qla^p qfbkbk i^ jfpj^ o^wŽk ]b^,
01- B^i`ri^o ilp mrkqlp ^ c^slo ab `^a^ rkl ab ilp pr`bplp abp`ofqlp bk bi bgbo`f`fl 1-02- C^alp ilp pr`bplp ? v @, Rf i^ prboqb bk `lkqo^ ab ? bp ab 1 ^ 0 v ^ c^slo ab ? r @
ab 2 ^i+ abjlpqo^o nrb
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Lr`elp mol_ibj^p abi `Ši`ril ab mol_^_fifa^abp v ab lqo^p o^j^p ab i^ L^qb,jŠqf`^ mrbabk obar`fopb ^ mol_ibj^p ab ob`rbkql abi k•jbol ab bibjbkqlp ab rk`lkgrkql cfkfql- Klp j‹qlalp pfpqbjŠqf`lp m^o^ bpqraf^o q^ibp mol_ibj^p cloj^km^oqbab rk^ afp`fmifk^ j^qbjŠqf`^ `lkl`fa^ `lk bi klj_ob ab ]j…heoeo_ki^ej],pknek-Dk bpq^pb``fŽk klp obcbofjlp _obsbjbkqb ^ ^idrk^p fab^p crka^jbkq^ibp ab^kŠifpfp `lj_fk^qlofl nrb plk •qfibp ^i ^k^ifw^o^idrklp ab ilp jŠp `ljmif`^alpmol_ibj^p ab i^ qbloŒ ab i^ mol_^_fifa^a-
Rf qbkbjlp ^ i^ sfpq^ qlalp ibp bibjbkqlp ab rk `lkgrkql cfkfql+kl obpriq^afcŒ`fi lkq^o bi k•jbol ab ilp jfpjlp- Rfk bj_^odl+ jrv ^ jbkral+ rk `lkgrkqlpb abp`of_b ab q^i j^kbo^ nrb bp fjmlpf_ib ~sboƒ qlalp prp bibjbkqlp- Olo bgbj,mil+ abpb^jlp `lkl`bo bi k•jbol ab j^klp ab _ofadb afpqfkq^pnrb pb mrbabkobm^oqfo-B^a^ grd^alo ob`f_b 02 k^fmbpab ilp 41 ab i^ _^o^g^-Di k•jbol mlpf_ibab j^klp afpqfkq^pbp bi jfpjl nrb bi ab pr_`lkgrkqlp afpqfkqlpab 02 bibjbkqlpafpqfkqlpnrb pb mrbabk cloj^o `lk rk `lkgrkql ab 41 bibjbkqlp q^j_f‹k afpqfk,qlp- X^ nrb bpqbk•jbol prmbo^ ilp 524 jfi jfiilkbp+ i^ bkrjbo^`fŽk afob`q^ abqla^p i^p mlpf_fifa^abp kl bp bi jbglo j‹qlal ab ^q^`^o bi mol_ibj^: kl l_pq^kqb+`lk bi @kŠifpfp lj_fk^qlofl mrbab obplisbopb pfk afcf`riq^a-
Dpqbmol_ibj^ bp rk `^pl m^oqf`ri^oabi mol_ibj^ jŠp dbkbo^i ab `^i`ri^o bik•jbol ab pr_`lkgrkqlp afpqfkqlp ab g bibjbkqlp nrb mrbabk cloj^opb `lk rk`lkgrkql ab j bibjbkqlp ')(+ pfbkal j998g, Cbpfdkbjlp bpqbk•jbol mlo b&j* g',X^ bp `lkl`fal nrb
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alkab+ `ljl ab `lpqrj_ob+ 'z( obmobpbkqbi `lbcf`fbkqb _fkŽjf`l+
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')( Br^kal ab`fjlp nrb rk `lkgrkql qfbkb j bibjbkqlp+ pfdkfcf`^jlp nrb `lkpq^ ab jbibjbkqlp `eopejpko-
?hcqjko lnej_eleko ^„oe_ko `a ]j„heoeo _ki^ej]pknek 476
Dk bi mol_ibj^ ab i^p j^klp ab _ofadb qbkbjlp b&30*02( < ;fC <524/024485//j^klp afpqfkq^pnrb rk grd^alo mrbab ob`f_fo-
Dufpqbkjr`elp j‹qlalp `lkl`falp m^o^iibd^o ^ '02-6(- Di jŠp afob`ql `lk,pfpqbbk cloj^o `^a^ pr_`lkgrkql ab g bibjbkqlp bifdfbkal ‹pqlp rkl ^ rkl- Dufp,qbk j mlpf_fifa^abp bk i^ mofjbo^ bib``fŽk+ j + 0 bk i^ pbdrka^+ v j + &g + 0( bki^ h,‹pfj^- Rf bcb`qr^jlp qla^p i^p bib``flkbp mlpf_ibp ab bpq^j^kbo^+ l_qbkbjlprk qlq^i ab
V"j&j + 0( --- &j + g * 0( < -, &j + g'
pr_`lkgrkqlp ab g bibjbkqlp- M^qro^ijbkqb+ kl qlalp bplp `lkgrkqlp plk afpqfkqlp-Olo bgbjmil+ pf g < 2 ilp pbfp pr_`lkgrkqlp-
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plk qlalp fdr^ibp- Dk dbkbo^i+`lk bpqbj‹qlal+ `^a^ pr_`lkgrkql ab g bibjbkqlppb `rbkq^ bu^`q^jbkqb g sb`bp-')(- Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb+ ab_bjlp afsfafo bi k•jbolj f&j + g' mlo g m^o^ l_qbkbo b&j* g', Dpql klp a^ b&j* g' < j+ `ljl pb^cfojŽ-
Dpqbo^wlk^jfbkql bp jŠp l jbklp `^o^`qboŒpqf`labi @kŠifpfp`lj_fk^qloflnrb pb mob`fp^bk i^p moŽufj^p pb``flkbp- Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb+ m^ob`bk^qro^i `ljbk,q^o_obsbjbkqb ilp mofk`fmflpcrka^jbkq^ibp bk ilp nrb pb ^mlv^ bpqb@kŠifpfp-
@ jbkral klp fkqbobp^`lkq^o bi k•jbol ab bibjbkqlp abi molar`ql `^oqb,pf^kl ab j `lkgrkqlp cfkfqlp ?h*!! ?jŒ Di molar`ql `^oqbpf^kl pb obmobpbkq^`lk bi pŒj_lil ?h W --- W ?j v pb abcfkb ^pŒ9
Dpql bp+bi molar`ql `^oqbpf^kl `lkpq^ abi `lkgrkql ab qla^p i^p k,mi^p loabk^a^p&]h* ,,, *],,' bk i^p nrb bi g,†oeik bibjbkql ab `^a^ k,mi^ mol`bab abi h,‹pfjl`lkgrkql ?g-
Dk i^ cfdro^ 02-0 pb jrbpqo^ rk bgbjmil `lk j < 1- Dk ‹i @i < x0+1+3+ 4yX?1 < x0+2y- Dufpqbk3 bibjbkqlp bk ?h v 1 bk ?1+ a^kal rk qlq^i ab 7 bibjbk,qlp bk bi molar`ql `^oqbpf^kl ?h W ?1Œ Blk j^vlo dbkbo^ifa^a+pf ?h `lkpq^ ab g*bibjbkqlp v ?1 ab g9 bibjbkqlp+ bkqlk`bp ?h W ?1 `lkpq^oŠ ab g+g9 bibjbkqlp-Olo fkar``fŽk obpmb`ql^ j+ pb abar`b nrb pf ?n `lkpq^ ab g: bibjbkqlp+ bi mol,ar`ql `^oqbpf^kl ?h W --- W ?j `lkpq^oŠ ab g* ,,, g9 bibjbkqlp-
O^o^ bumobp^obpqbobpriq^al bk i^ qbojfklildŒ^ ab i^p crk`flkbp ab `lkgrkql+pb^ D i^ `i^pb ab qlalp ilp `lkgrkqlp cfkfqlp v r i^ crk`fŽk ab `lkgrkql abcfkfa^
')( Dk bi bgbjmil 2 bk i^ mŠdfk^ 48/- pb sb `lk `i^ofa^a i^ bumif`^`fŽk ab bpql+ va^jlp rk^ abar``fŽk ab '02-6( jŠp ofdrolp^-
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pl_ob cc ^pŒ9Rf ?C cc+ra?( obmobpbkqbi k•jbol ab bibjbkqlp afpqfkqlp ab ?-'O^o^ bi `lkgrkql s^`Œl abcfkfjlp r& /( < N-( Dp bkqlk`bp cŠ`fi `ljmol_^o nrb rbp rk^ crk`fŽk ab `lkgrkql ab ^afqfsfa^a cfkfq^+mlabjlp mrbp bp`of_fo+
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Tk^ cŽojri^ m^ob`fa^ klp af`b `Žjl `lkq^o bi k•jbol ab bibjbkqlp ab `r^inrfbo`lkgrkql R ab k,mi^ppf `lkl`bjlp bi k•jbol ab bib``flkbp mlpf_ibpm^o^`^a^ rk^ab i^p pr`bpfs^p `ljmlkbkqbp- Olo bgbjmil+ prmlkd^jlp nrb bufpqbkg+bib``flkbpmlpf_ibp m^o^bi mofjbo `ljmlkbkqb Wi- Rb^ g1 bi k•jbol ab bib``flkbp mlpf_ibpm^o^V1+ rk^ sbw Wi bp `lkl`fal- @kŠild^jbkqb+ g: pb^ bi k•jbol ab bib``flkbp ml,pf_ibp m^o^ Vn+ rk^ sbw Wi&V1 + ŒŒŒ + Vn,h e^k pfal bibdfalp- Di k•jbol ab k,mi^pnrb mrbabk cloj^opb `lk bpq^pbib``flkbp bp9
?hcqjko lnej_eleko ^…oe_ko `a ]j…heoeo_ki^ej]pknek 034
Dpq^ cŽojri^ pb abkljfk^ cob`rbkqbjbkqb nach] `ah _…h_qhkoa_qaj_e]h- Orbab ab,jlpqo^opb mlo fkar``fŽk- Dk jr`e^p ^mif`^`flkbp bi `lkgrkql ab bib``flkbp m^o^ t+mrbab pbo afcŒ`fi ab mob`fp^o+mrbp kl mrbab abqbojfk^opb e^pq^ abpmr‹p ab e^_bobibdfal ilp `ljmlkbkqbp ^kqboflobp- 'Dpqb bp bi `^pl abi `Ši`ril ab i^p j^klp ab_ofadb-( @cloqrk^a^jbkqb+ ^i ^mif`^o i^ obdi^ abi `Ši`ril pb`rbk`f^i kl kb`bpfq^,jlp `lkl`bo bpb `lkgrkql ab bib``flkbp ab t! pfkl •kf`^jbkqb bi k•jbol ab bib`,`flkbp mlpf_ibp m^o^ t--
K^ molmfba^a ^afqfs^ bumobp^a^ mlo i^ cŽojri^ '02-7( v i^ obdi^ abi `Ši`rilpb`rbk`f^i klp molmlo`flk^k i^ plir`fŽk ab jr`elp mol_ibj^p ab `Ši`ril- Dk ilpbgbjmilp pfdrfbkqbp s^jlp ^ sbo bi jlal ab ^mif`^oilp-
DIDLOKN 0- Kqaopnak _kj nalkoe_e‰j- Rb^ rk `lkgrkql R nrb `lkpqb ab jbibjbkqlp- Rf g < 0+ „`rŠkq^p h,mi^p mrbabk cloj^opb pf, `^a^ `ljmlkbkqb mrbabpbo rk bibjbkql `r^inrfbo^ ab R>
M^oanr]_e‰j- Orbab pbo •qfi fj^dfk^o R `ljl rk^ rok^ nrb `lkqbkd^ j _li^p kr,jbo^a^p 0+1+--- +j- R^`^jlp rk^ _li^ v qlj^jlp pr j^o`^ `ljl mofjbo `ljml,kbkqb ab krbpqo^ h,mi^- Cbslisbjlp i^ _li^ ^ i^ rok^+ slisbjlp ^ p^`^o lqo^ _li^v qlj^jlp pr j^o`^ `ljl pbdrka^ `ljmlkbkqb v ^pŒpr`bpfs^jbkqb+ e^pq^ nrbebjlp `ljmibq^al g buqo^``flkbp- Cb bpqb jlal+ i^ jfpj^ j^o`^ mrbab ^m^ob`bos^of^p sb`bp bk i^ h,mi^ cloj^a^-
Qkhq_e‰j- B^a^ g,lh] bp rk bibjbkql abi molar`ql `^oqbpf^kl
pfbkal `^a^ Rf < R- Qb`Œmol`^jbkqb+ `^a^ bibjbkql ab R bp rk^ ab i^p h,mi^p nrb`lkpfabo^jlp- Krbdl bi k•jbol ab i^p h,mi^p cloj^a^p ab bpqb jlal bp
DIDLOKN 1- Kqaopnak oej nalkoe_e‰j- C^al rk `lkgrkql R ab j bibjbkqlp-Rf g y j+ „`rŠkqlp h,mi^p mrbabk cloj^opb pf ilp `ljmlkbkqbp pb bifdbk bk R oejobmlpf`fŽk+ bp ab`fo+ pf kfkd•k bibjbkql ab R mrbab rp^opb jŠp ab rk^ sbw bk rk^jfpj^ g,lh]>
Qkhq_e‰j- O^o^ bi mofjbo `ljmlkbkqb Vh bufpqbk j bib``flkbp mlpf_ibp '0lp jbibjbkqlp ab Q', Tk^ sbw bibdfal Vh* nrba^k j , 0 bib``flkbp mlpf_ibp m^o^ t1Œ
Dibdfal V1+ nrb a^k j , 1 mlpf_fifa^abp m^o^ V2+ X ^pŒpr`bpfs^jbkqb+ m^o^ Vg qbk,aobjlp j,g * 0 mlpf_fifa^abp ab bib``fŽk- Olo il q^kql+ pbd•k i^ obdi^ abi`Ši`ril pb`rbk`f^i+ bi k•jbol qlq^i ab g,lh]o ^pŒcloj^a^p bp9
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Dk m^oqf`ri^o+ `r^kal g < j obpriq^k j k,mi^p afpqfkq^p-
DIDLOKN 2- LŠiank `a oq^_kjfqjpko `a g ahaiajpko `a qj _kjfqjpk `]`k`a j ahaiajpko- Rf g y j+ „`rŠkqlp pr_`lkgrkqlp afpqfkqlp ab g bibjbkqlp mrbabkcloj^opb ^ m^oqfoab rk `lkgrkql a^al R ab j bibjbkqlp>
Qkhq_e‰j- Cbpfdkbjlp mlo n bi k•jbol ab pr_`lkgrkqlp bk `rbpqfŽk v ‹pqlpmlo
Dpqlp `lkgrkqlp plk afpqfkqlp+ mbol kl kb`bp^of^jbkqb afpgrkqlp- B^i`ri^objlp n bkcrk`fŽk ab j v g mlo rk j‹qlal fkafob`ql- @ q^i cfk+ abpfdkbjlp `lk @z i^ `libb,`fŽk ab h,mi^p nrb mrbabk cloj^opb bifdfbkal ilp `ljmlkbkqbp bkqob ilp bibjbkqlpab ?z pfk obmlpf`fŽk- Klp `lkgrkqlp @h+ @1 + ŒŒŒ + @R okj afpgrkqlp- @abjŠp+ pf ^mif,`^jlp bi obpriq^al abi bgbjmil 1 `lk j < g qbkbjlp9
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Cfan_e_eko 480
X^ nrb bpq^prj^ q^j_f‹k pb l_qfbkb ^i abp^oolii^o '0 * i (! mlo i^ cŽojri^ _fkl,jf^i+ bi k•jbol ab pr_`lkgrkqlp ab R bp 1j
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0- Rb^ ? < x0+1+2y- Cbp^oolii^o pbd•k i^ klq^`fŽk bk ifpq^ bi `lkgrkql ab m^obp loabk^alp&]* ^' l_qbkfalp bifdfbkal bi mofjbo `ljmlkbkqb bk ? v bi pbdrkal `ljmlkbkqb bkqobilp naop]jpao bibjbkqlp ab ?- S^i `lkgrkql ab m^obp loabk^alp+ „mrbab bumobp^opb bkcloj^ ab molar`ql `^oqbpf^kl>
&1- Tk^ m^obg^ab k^fmbp mrbab pbo l_qbkfa^ ab rk^ _^o^g^ ab 41 k^fmbp+ab 41•40 < 1541j^kbo^p- Cbqbojfk^o bi k•jbol ab m^obg^p`eopejp]o v bumlkbo bi o^wlk^jfbkql-
2- Tk `ljfq‹ abi Rbk^al kloqb^jbof`^kl nrb `lkpq^ ab pbfp abjŽ`o^q^p v `r^qol obmr_if,`^klp ab_b bibdfo rk mobpfabkqb v rk sf`bmobpfabkqb- „Cb `rŠkq^p j^kbo^p pb mrbabkbibdfo bpqb m^o ab crk`flk^oflp pf bi mobpfabkqb ab_b pbo abjŽ`o^q^>
3- Tk grbdl `lkpfpqb bk qfo^o rk^ jlkba^ alp sb`bp v i^kw^o irbdl rk a^al- Dumobp^o`^a^ obpriq^al ab bpqb bumbofjbkql `ljl rk^ qbok^ loabk^a^ &]* ^+a'* alkab `^a^ ] v ^mrbabk pbo l B '`^o^( l q '`orw( v a bp bi k•jbol ab mrkqlp nrb j^o`^ bi a^al-mlo bgbjmil &A*B+2( pfdkfcf`^ nrb e^ p^ifal `^o^ bk ^j_^p qfo^a^p v bi a^al e^ j^o,`^al bi 2- Dumobp^o bi `lkgrkql ab qlalp ilp obpriq^alp mlpf_ibp `ljl molar`ql `^oqb,pf^kl v abqbojfk^o bi k•jbol ab obpriq^alp mlpf_ibp-
4- „Cb `rŠkq^p j^kbo^p mrbab obm^oqfopbrk^ _^o^g^ ab _ofadb ab 41 k^fmbp bk `r^qolj^klp ab 02 k^fmbp> Dumlkbo bi o^wlk^jfbkql+
5- Rb i^kw^k alp a^alp+ rkl olgl v rkl _i^k`l- Qbmobpbkq^o bi obpriq^al `ljl rk m^oloabk^al &]* ^'* alkab ] obmobpbkq^bi k•jbol ab mrkqlp abi a^al olgl+ v ^ ilp abi_i^k`l- „BrŠi bp bi k•jbol mlpf_ib ab m^obp loabk^alp &]* ^'= „BrŠkqlp ab bplp `rj,mibk i^ `lkaf`fŽk ab nrb i^ prj^ ] * _bp9^( „m^o> _( „afsfpf_ib mlo 2> b( „m^o l afsfpf_ib mlo 2>
6- Tk^ j^kl ab mlhbo `lkqfbkb `fk`l k^fmbp obm^oqfalp ab rk^ _^o^g^ ab 41- „BrŠkq^pj^klp afpqfkq^p mrbabk obm^oqfopbnrb `lkqbkd^k9^( „alp m^obg^p 'mlo bgbjmil+ 1 obvbp+1 ^pbp v rk 2(>_( „rk ciru '`fk`l `^oq^p ab rk jfpjl m^il(>b( „rk^ bp`^ibo^ ab rk jfpjl m^il '`fk`l `^oq^p `lkpb`rqfs^p ab rk jfpjl m^il+ klfk`irvbkal bi ~H•ƒ+ i^ plq^+ i^ obfk^+ bi obv v bi ^p(>a( „rk^ bp`^ibo^ ob^i ';;0/ƒ+ plq^+ obfk^+ obv+ ^p ab rk jfpjl m^il(>
7- Dk obi^`fŽk `lk bi bgbo`f`fl 6- B^i`ri^o i^ mol_^_fifa^a m^o^ nrb rk^ j^kl ab mlhbo pb^9^( rk ciru-_( rk^ bp`^ibo^ ab rk jfpjl m^il-b( rk^ bp`^ibo^ ob^i-
8- „BrŠkqlp `ljfq‹p ab 4/ pbk^alobp kloqb^jbof`^klp mrbabk cloj^opb nrb `lkqbkd^k9^( „rk plil pbk^alo ab @i^ph^>_( „alp pbk^alobp ab @i^ph^>
0/- Tk `ljfq‹ ab 4/ pbk^alobp pb bifdb ^i ^w^o- B^i`ri^o i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab nrb nrbabkfk`irfalp ilp alp pbk^alobp mlo @i^ph^-
00- Rb cloj^k dormlp ab `r^qol pŒj_lilp mrbpqlp bk iŒkb^-B^a^ pŒj_lil mrbab pbo mrkqll o^v^- „BrŠkqlp dormlp mrbabk cloj^opb>
01- „BrŠkq^p m^i^_o^p ab g ibqo^p mrbabk cloj^opb `lk rk ^ic^_bql nrb `lkqfbkb j ibqo^p>02- Cbjlpqo^o nrb9
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03- Rrmlkd^jlp nrb rk `lkgrkql ab m^obp loabk^alp &]* ^' pb e^ `lkpqorfal bifdfbkal bimofjbo `ljmlkbkqb bk rk `lkgrkql ab g bibjbkqlp+ mlo bgbjmil+ abi `lkgrkqlw]h+--- +]+x+u bi pbdrkal `ljmlkbkqb bk rk `lkgrkql ab i bibjbkqlp w^h+--- *^ix-
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5- Tk _^o^g^ bp obm^oqfa^ bk `r^qol j^klp ab 02 k^fmbp `^a^ rk^- Rf rk^ j^kl qfbkbbu^`q^jbkqb pfbqb bpm^a^p+ „`rŠi bp i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab nrb rk^ abqbojfk^a^ ab i^plqo^p j^klp `lkqbkd^ ^( mlo il jbklp rk^ bpm^a^+ _( mlo il jbklp alp bpm^a^p+b( rkm^il `ljmibql>
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8- Tk^ jlkba^ ~`loob`q^ƒ bp i^kw^a^ obmbqfa^jbkqb- R^ib `^o^ bk ilp pbfp mofjbolp i^kw^,jfbkqlp- „BrŠi bp i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab nrb p^id^ `^o^ bk bi p‹mqfjl>
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00- C^alp ilp pr`bplp fkabmbkafbkqbp ? v @, Ool_^o l ob`e^w^o+pbd•k `lksbkd^ bk `^a^`^pl+ nrb9^( ?% v @ plk fkabmbkafbkqbp-_( ? r @ v ? k @ plk fkabmbkafbkqbp-b( N&? r @' < 0, N&?%'N&@%',
01- Rf ?h- ?1+--- *?, plk pr`bplp fkabmbkafbkqbp+ abjlpqo^o nrb
02- Rf qobp pr`bplp ?* @*v b plk fkabmbkafbkqbp+ abjlpqo^o nrb ? r @ v b plk fkabmbk,afbkqbp- YGj`e_]_e‰j- Tqfifw^o bi obpriq^al abi bgbo`f`fl 6 m^o^ abjlpqo^o nrbN&? rAH B( ;N&? TA(-\
03- Rb^k ? v @ alp pr`bplp+ kfkdrkl ab ilp `r^ibp qfbkb mol_^_fifa^a N- Cbjlpqo^o nrb plk`fboq^p l nrb kl il plk `^a^ rk^ ab i^p ^cfoj^`flkbp pfdrfbkqbp9^( Rf ? v @ plk afpgrkqlp+ ? v @ plk fkabmbkafbkqbp-_( Rf ? v @ plk fkabmbkafbkqbp+ ? v @ plk afpgrkqlp-
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`ljl rk^ morb_^ `ljmrbpq^- LŠp dbkbo^i+ rk^ morb_^ `ljmrbpq^ mrbab pbo biobpriq^al ab bgb`rq^o alp l jŠp morb_^p afpqfkq^p pr`bpfs^jbkqb- B^a^ rk^ ab i^pmorb_^p fkafsfar^ibp mrbab bpq^o obi^`flk^a^ `lk `^a^ rk^ ab i^p lqo^p l mrbabkpbo bpql`Špqf`^jbkqb fkabmbkafbkqbp+ bk bi pbkqfal ab nrb i^ mol_^_fifa^a abi ob,priq^al ab `^a^ rk^ ab bii^p kl abmbkab ab ilp obpriq^alp ab i^p lqo^p-
Olo pfjmif`fa^a+ afp`rqfobjlp `Žjl pb mrbabk `lj_fk^o `ko morb_^p fkab,mbkafbkqbp bk rk^ morb_^ `ljmrbpq^- K^ dbkbo^ifw^`fŽk ^ jŠp ab alp bumbofbk`f^ppboŠ bsfabkqb-
O^o^ ^pl`f^o bi bpm^`fl ab mol_^_fifa^a k^qro^i ^ rk^ morb_^ l bumbofbk`f^`ljmrbpq^+ ab_bjlp abcfkfo bi krbsl bpm^`fl jrbpqo^i R+i^ `loobpmlkafbkqb Šidb,_o^ _llib^k^ 9\7ab pr_`lkgrkqlp ab R+ v i^ jbafa^ ab mol_^_fifa^a O pl_ob 997-Bljl bk bi bgbjmil ^kqboflo+ rp^jlp bi `lk`bmql ab lnk`q_pk _]npaoe]jk-
Rb^k 'Rf& H{/* Ne' X 'R1& eH60*N0', alp bpm^`flp ab mol_^_fifa^a ^pl`f^alp ^alp bumbofbk`f^p Ch v C1Œ Blk C obmobpbkq^jlp i^ bumbofbk`f^ l morb_^ `ljmrbpq^m^o^ i^p nrb bi bpm^`fl jrbpqo^i R bp bi molar`ql `^oqbpf^kl RHW Q1&Tk obpriq^alab C bp bi m^o &t* v( ab R+ alkab bi mofjbo `ljmlkbkqb t bp rk obpriq^al ab Chv bi pbdrkal v rk obpriq^al ab C1Œ Rf RH qfbkb j bibjbkqlp v R1 i+ bi molar`qlRH W R1 qbkaoŠ ji bibjbkqlp-
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Br^kal pb ^almq^ bpq^abcfkf`fŽk ab N ab`fjlp nrb C bpqŠabqbojfk^al mlo j lnqa,^]o ej`alaj`eajpao Di= D1+ ’’’ + Cj- Dk bi `^pl m^oqf`ri^o bk bi nrb qla^p i^pmorb_^p bpqŠk^pl`f^a^p ^i jfpjl bpm^`fl ab mol_^_fifa^a+ i^ morb_^ `ljmrbpq^ Cbp rk bgbjmil ab lnqa^]o ej`alaj`eajpao nalape`]o ^]fk e`†jpe_]o _kj`e_ekjao- Dki^ pb``fŽk pfdrfbkqb pb `lkpfabo^ rk bgbjmil-
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Baikopn]_e‰j- Qbmobpbkqbjlpbi ~‹ufqlƒ `lk R v bi ~c^iilƒ `lk E v `lkpfabob,jlp rk^ pr`bpfŽk m^oqf`ri^o ab j obpriq^alp- Dpql mrbab obmobpbkq^opbjbaf^kqbrk^ k,mi^-
alkab `^a^ tz bp R l E- Di pr`bpl ? bk bi nrb bpq^jlp fkqbobp^alpbpi^ `lib``fŽkab qla^p i^p k,mi^p nrb `lkqfbkbk bu^`q^jbkqb g sb`bp i^ R v j,g sb`bp i^ E-B^i`ribjlp i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab rk^ k,mi^ abqbojfk^a^ ab ?, K^ mol_^_fifa^a ab`^a^ R bp l* v i^ ab `^a^ E bp m, Krbdl+ bk sfoqra ab '02-08(+ i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab`^a^ k,mi^ ab ? bp bi molar`ql ab g c^`qlobp fdr^ibp ^ l mlo j,g c^`qlobp m,Dpql bp+
Olo il q^kql+m^o^`^i`ri^o N&?' q^k pŽil qbkbjlp nrb `lkq^o bi k•jbol ab bibjbk,qlp ab ? v jriqfmif`^o af`el k•jbol mlo l!mj,g- Obol bi k•jbol ab bibjbkqlpab ? bp pfjmibjbkqb bi k•jbol ab j^kbo^p ab `lil`^o g sb`bp i^ R bk i^p j mlpf,`flkbp mlpf_ibp ab j,lh]- Dpql bp il jfpjl nrb bi k•jbol ab pr_`lkgrkqlp ab gbibjbkqlp nrb mrbabk cloj^opb `lk rk `lkgrkql ab j bibjbkqlp: p^_bjlp v^ nrbbpqbk•jbol bp 'h(- Cb ^eŒnrb+ pf prj^jlp i^p mol_^_fifa^abp `loobpmlkafbkqbp
5/3 Dqj_ekjao `a _kjfqjpk v lnk^]^ehe`]` ahaiajp]h
^ qlalp ilp mrkqlp ab ? l_qbkbjlp9
DIDLOKN 0- Rb i^kw^ 4/ sb`bp rk^ jlkba^- B^i`ri^o i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab nrbp^id^k 14 `^o^p bu^`q^jbkqb-
Qkhq_e‰j- Hkqbomobq^jlp bpqb grbdl `ljl rk^ pr`bpflk ab 4/ morb_^p abAboklriif+ bk i^p nrb ~‹ufqlƒ pfdkfcf`^ ~`^o^ƒ v ~c^iilƒ pboŠ ~`orwƒ- Rrmrbpq^ i^jlkba^ `loob`q^ ^pfdk^jlp i^p mol_^_fifa^abp l < m < igw+v i^ cŽojri^ '02-1/(klp a^ 'z(' (4/ `ljl mol_^_fifa^a ab l_qbkbo bu^`q^jbkqb g sb`bp `^o^ bk 4/qfo^a^p- Dk m^oqf`ri^o+ pf g < 14 l_qbkbjlp9
'4/( 'i(4/ < z 'i(4/-14 1 14 14 1
O^o^ bumobp^o bpqb k•jbol bk cloj^ ab`fj^i bp jbglo rqfifw^o ild^ofqjlp+ v j^kb,g^kal q^_i^p ab ild^ofqjlp ab c^`qlof^ibp- Cbpfdk^kal bi k•jbol _rp`^al mlo N*bk ild^ofqjlp _^pb 0/ l_qbkbjlp
i^d N < h]c 4/ , 1 i^d 14 , 4/ h]c 0
< 53-372 , 4/-270 , 04-/41 < ,/-84/ < /-/4 , 0-//
< i^d 0-01 , i^d i^ < ild /-0i1+
^pŒnrb N < /+001-
DIDLOKN 1- „BrŠi bp i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab `lkpbdrfo n ‹ufqlp mlo 0/ jbklpbk j morb_^p ab Aboklriif>
Qkhq_e‰j- Rb^ ?g bi pr`bpl ~l_qbkbo bu^`q^jbkqb g ‹ufqlp bk k morb_^pƒ-Di pr`bpl C nrb ^k^ifw^jlp bp i^ obrkfŽk
X^ nrb ilp ?g plk afpgrkqlp+ bk`lkqo^jlp9
LŠiank i…o lnk^]^ha `a †tepko aj j lnqa^]o `a @anjkqhhe 5/4
Orbpql nrb+
i^ mol_^_fifa^a abi pr`bpl `ljmibjbkq^ofl C&mrbab `^i`ri^opb ^pŒ9
Dpq^ •iqfj^ prj^ klp a^ i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab ildo^o mlo 0/ jbklp n + 0 ‹ufqlp bk
j morb_^p-
02-06 M•jbol jŠp mol_^_ib ab ‹ufqlp bk j morb_^p ab Aboklriif
Tk m^o ab a^alp `loob`qlp bp i^kw^al 17 sb`bp- „BrŠi bp bi k•jbol jŠp mol,_^_ib ab pfbqbp> O^o^ obplisbo bpqb mol_ibj^ abpfdkbjlp `lk z&g' i^ mol_^_fifa^aab l_qbkbo bu^`q^jbkqb g pfbqbp bk 17 qfo^a^p- K^ mol_^_fifa^a ab `lkpbdrfo rkpfbqb bk rk^ qfo^a^ bp (&::-K^ cŽojri^ ab Aboklriif klp af`b nrb
'17( '0&g'4(17,gb'g( < ,( , -g 5 5
Prbobjlp abqbojfk^o nr‹ s^ilo 'l s^ilobp( ab g bkqob ilp s^ilobp g < N+ 0+ 1+--- +17 e^`bk jŠufjl ^ z&g', Di pfdrfbkqb qblobj^ obprbisb i^ `rbpqfŽk m^o^ `r^i,
nrfbo pr`bpfŽk ab morb_^p ab Aboklriif-
SDNQDL@ 02-3- B]`ko qj ajpank j y 0 W qj jŠiank na]h l+ N ; N ; 0+_kjoe`anaiko ah _kjfqjpk `a jŠianko
b'g( < &8'N%%&/+ •9&-l]n] g < N+0+ --- +j-
^( Rf 'j * 0(l jk ao ajpank+ ah i…teik `a z'g( oa lnaoajp] at]_p]iajpal]n] qj r]hkn `a g9
g < Yaj * h'lH* ah i]ukn ajpank ; 'j * h(l-
_( Rf 'j * 0(l ao ajpank+ ah i…teik `a z'ha( oa lnaoajp] at]_p]iajpa l]n]`ko r]hknao `a g9
g < &j * h'l v g < &j * h'l + 0-
1+1 Dqj_ekjao `a _kjfqjpk v lnk^]^ehe`]` ahaiajp]h
Baikopn]_eˆj, O^o^ bpqraf^o bi `ljmloq^jfbkql ab b&g' `lkpfabobjlp i^o^wŽk
n' g( < b' g( < g * 0 0 , Nb'g * 0( j,g l
m^o^g < /+0+--- +j + 0- K^ crk`fŽk n&g' bp `ob`fbkqb bk pbkqfal bpqof`qlmlo 0/`r^i qbkbjlp
l ; w'N( ; n&h' ; --- ; n&j + 0(-
U^jlp ^ `lkpfabo^o pbfp`^plp+ obmobpbkq^alpbk i^ cfdro^ 02-1- Dk ilp qobpmofjb,olp abjlpqo^jlp nrb b&g' qlj^ pr s^ilo jŠufjl m^o^rk plil s^ilo ab g, Dk ilpobpq^kqbpb&g' ^i`^kw^k pr jŠufjl m^o^alp s^ilobp `lkpb`rqfslp ab g,
00
B^pl 0
-&g'
00
B^pl 3
j
B^pl 1
00
B^pl 4
o j
B^pl 2
//
B^pl 5
EHFTQ@ 02-1 A…h_qhk`ah jŠiank i…o lnk^]^ha `a †tepko aj j lnqa^]o `a @anjkqhhe-
B@RN 0- n&%M'= 0- Dk bpqb`^pl n&g' = 0 m^o^qlal g `lk 0/ nrb
baM( =&.'0(= --- = b'j(-
Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb bi s^ilo jŠufjl ab b&g' pb mobpbkq pŽil m^o^g < N- S^j_f‹k+naM'< 'i , l'-&jl€ ($ ^pŒnrb 0 , l<jl* &j * h'l: ($ irbdl Y&j) h'l[ < l-
L‰iank i„o lnk^]^ha `a …tepkoaj j lnqa^]o `a @anjkqhhe 4.5
B@RN 1- n&j + 0( ; 0- Dk bpqb `^pl n&g' ; 0 m^o^ qlal g `lk 0/ nrbbaM' ; b&/' ; --- ; b&j' v bi s^ilo jŠufjl ab b&g' pb mobpbkq pŽil m^o^g < j,
Orbpql nrb n&j + 0( < j&/ + l'-l ; 0+qbkbjlp j + jl ; l* irbdl j ; &j) h'l
: j * 0+^pŒnrb Yaj * /'l[ < j-
B@RN2- /%&.' ; 0+n&j + 0( = 0+v n&g' " 0 l]n] pk`k g, Dk bpqb`^pl e^vrk •kf`l bkqbol p+N ; p ; j* q^i nrb nao + 0( ; 0 v nao' = 0- K^ crk`fŽk b&g' bp`ob`fbkqb bk bi fkqbos^il N 999:g 8889o v ab`ob`fbkqb bk bi fkqbos^il o 999:g 8889j- Olo!lkpfdrfbkqb b&g' qfbkbrk plil jŠufjl bk g < p- Orbpql nrb nao + 0( < p'0 , l'-
&jl + ol * l' ; 0 qbkbjlp p ; &j * /'l, K^ abpfdr^ia^a nao' = 0 abjrbpqo^nrb '00 * /'l ; p * 0+irbdl Yaj * /'l[ < p-
N_p‹osbpb nrb bk `^a^ rkl ab ilp qobpmofjbolp `^plp bi s^ilo jŠufjl abb&g' pb mobpbkq^ r^kal g < Yaj * /'l[9 ^pfjfpjl &j * /'l kl bp bkqbol bkkfkdrkl ab bplp `^plp-
B@RN 3- /%&.' ; 0+ n&j + 0( = 0+ v nao + 0( < 0 l]n] qj _eanpk 3*1 999:p ; j+ Dk bpqb`^pl b&g' `ob`b m^o^ N 999:g 8889o , 0 X ab`ob`b m^o^o 999:g 8889j-Di s^ilo jŠufjl ab b&g' pb mobpbkq alp sb`bp+`r^kal g < p , 0 v `r^kal g < p-K^ b`r^`fŽk nao , 0( < 0 fjmif`^ &j * /'l < p-
B@RN 4- n&j + 0( < 0- Dk bpqb `^pl n&g' ; 0 m^o^ g 94 j + 1+ ^pŒnrbb&g' `ob`b bk bi fkqbos^il N 94 g 94 j + 0+X b&j ,0( < b&j', Krbdl b&g' qfbkb alpjŠufjlp+ `r^kal g < j + 0 v `r^kal g < j, K^ b`r^`fŽk n&j + 0( < 0 fjmif`^&j * /'l < j,
B@RN 5- /%&.' < 0- Dk bpqb`^pl n&g' = 0 m^o^g y 0+^pŒnrb b&g' ab`ob`bbk bi fkqbos^il 0 94 g 94 j, Klp jŠufjlp ab b&g' plk alp+ `r^kal g < N v `r^kalg < 0- K^ b`r^`fŽk /%&.' < 0 fjmif`^ &j * /'l < 0-
Dk `^a^ rkl ab ilp qobp•iqfjlp `^plp bi s^ilo jŠufjl ab b&g' l`roob m^o^g < &j * /'l v m^o^ g < &j * /'l + 0- Dpql `ljmibq^ i^ abjlpqo^`fŽk-
DIDLOKN 0- Tk m^o ab a^alp pb i^kw^ 17 sb`bp- „BrŠi bp bi k•jbol jŠpmol_^_ib ab pfbqbp>
Qkhq_eˆj, Rb ^mif`^ bi qblobj^ 02-3 `lk j < 17+N < zz+v pj * /'l < yh,†pqb kl bp rk bkqbol `lk 0/ `r^i bi s^ilo jŠufjl ab b&g' pb mobpbkq^m^kg < Zzb&},\< 3-
M^oanr]_e‰j9 Rf pb b`e^k ilp a^alp 18 sb`bp e^v alp plir`flkbp+ g<3 v g<4
DIDLOKN 1- G^ii^o bi jbklo j q^i nrb pf pb qfo^k alp a^alp `loob`qlp H
sb`bp i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab `lkpbdrfo `r^qol pfbqbpbp mlo 0/ jbklp q^k do^kab `ljoi^ ab l_qbkbo `r^inrfbo lqol k•jbol ab pfbqbp-
1+3 Dqj_ekjao `a _kjfqjpk v lnk^]^ehe`]` ahaiajp]h
Qkhq_e‰j- Slj^jlp m < 0.5 bk bi qblobj^ 02-3- Prbobjlp nrb bi jŠufjlab b&g' l`roo^ `r^kal g;2, Dpql bufdb l _fbk nrb Y'j* /'l[ <3+ 'j* 0( l;2*l &j * /'l + 0 < 3- Di jbklo s^ilo ab j nrb p^qfpc^`b `r^inrfbo^ ab bp^p obi^,`flkbp bp j < 12-
)+')0 8SN[LRLRX\
0- Rb i^kw^ rk^ jlkba^ alp sb`bp+ i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab `^o^ bk i^ mofjbo^ qfo^a^ pb^ OHvbk i^ pbdrka^ qfo^a^ N0, Blkpfabobjlp bpql `ljl rk^ morb_^ `ljmrbpq^ abqbojfk^a^mlo alp morb_^p bpql`Špqf`^jbkqb fkabmbkafbkqbp+ v pb^ bi bpm^`fl jrbpqo^i
p< w&F*F'* &F* R'* &R*F'* &R*R'x,
^( B^i`ri^o i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab `^a^ bibjbkql ab R-_( „Orbab pbo i^ ^pfdk^`fŽk ab i^p mol_^_fifa^abp OH v N1 ab jlal nrb
N'F+ F( <K N&F* R' < N&R* F' < z+ N&R*R' < z>
`( „Orbabk pbo ^pfdk^a^p NG v N1 ab jlal nrb
N&F*F' < N&R*R' < y+ N&F* R' < N&R*F' < q>
a( Blkpfabo^o ilp `r^qol pr`bplp pfdrfbkqbp 'pr_`lkgrkqlp ab Q'8F 09 `^o^ bk i^ mofjbo^ qfo^a^+F19 `^o^ bk i^ pbdrka^ qfo^a^+RG8 `orw bk i^ mofjbo^ qfo^a^+R19 `orw bk i^ pbdrka^ qfo^a^-
Cbqbojfk^o nr‹ m^obp ab bplp `r^qol pr`bplp plk fkabmbkafbkqbp-
Dk `^a^ rkl ab ilp bgbo`f`flp abi 1 ^i 01 abqbojfk^o bi bpm^`fl jrbpqo^i+ i^ ^pfdk^`fŽkab mol_^_fifa^abp+ v bi pr`bpl `rv^ mol_^_fifa^a pb `^i`rib-
1- Tk bpqraf^kqb ab_b obkafo rk bu^jbk `lkpfpqbkqb bk 0/ mobdrkq^p- Ml bpqŠ mobm^o^alm^o^ biil v pb molmlkb ^`boq^o i^p mobdrkq^p `lkqbpqŠkali^p ^i ^w^o- Olo bgbjmil+ mrbabi^kw^o rk^ _rbk^ jlkba^ v rqfifw^o bi obpriq^al m^o^ abqbojfk^o pr molkŽpqf`l-^( B^i`ri^o i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab nrb ^`fboqb `loob`q^jbkqb mlo il jbklp `fk`l sb`bp-_( B^i`ri^o i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab nrb ^`fboqb `loob`q^jbkqb mlo il jbklp krbsb sb`bp-`( „BrŠi bp bi jbklo s^ilo ab j q^i nrb i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab ^`boq^o mlo il jbklp jobpmrbpq^p`loob`q^p bp jbklo nrb z >
2- Cfbw a^alp `loob`qlp pb i^kw^k grkqlp- „BrŠi bp i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab l_qbkbo bu^`q^jbkqbqobp pbfpbp>
3- Rb i^kw^ `fk`l sb`bp rk^ jlkba^ `loob`q^- „BrŠi bp i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab l_qbkbo ^( qobp`^o^p bu^`q^jbkqb+ _( mlo il jbklp qobp `^o^p+ b( mlo il jbklp rk^ `^o^>
4- Tk elj_ob ^cfoj^_^ mlpbbo rk^ s^ofii^ `lk i^ nrb mlaŒ^ il`^ifw^o v^`fjfbkqlp ab mbqoŽ,ibl- Di Cbm^oq^jbkql ab FblildŒ^ ab B^iqb`e ob^ifwŽ bi pfdrfbkqb bumbofjbkql m^o^ mlkbo^ morb_^ pr ^cfoj^`fŽk- Erb `lil`^al bk rk^ e^_fq^`fŽk alkab e^_Œ^ 0/ _^oofibp mob`fk,q^alp- Rb ib ^asfoqfŽ nrb `fk`l ab biilp `lkqbkŒ^k mbqoŽibl v ilp lqolp `fk`l ^dr^-
Cfan_e_eko
Rr qo^_^gl `lkpfpqfŽ bk ab`fafo `rŠibp `lkqbkŒ^k mbqoŽibl v `rŠibp ^dr^-^( „BrŠi bp i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab nrb il`^ifw^o^ `loob`q^jbkqb ilp `fk`l _^oofibp ab mb,qoŽibl q^k pŽil mlo ^w^o>_( „BrŠi i^ ab nrb il`^ifw^o^ mlo il jbklp qobp ab ilp _^oofibp ab mbqoŽibl •kf`^jbkqbmlo ^w^o>
5- Tk^ ^k`f^k^ ab O^p^abk^ ^cfoj^ nrb mol_^kal rk^ q^w^ ab q‹ `lk ib`eb mrbab ab`fonr‹ crb il mofjbol nrb pb mrpl bk i^ q^w^9 bi q‹ l i^ ib`eb- S^i ^cfoj^`fŽk pb mlkb ^morb_^ , e^`f‹kalib abdrpq^o v `i^pfcf`^o 0/ m^obp ab q^w^p ab q‹+ `lkqbkfbkal `^a^ m^ork^ q^w^ ab q‹ pbosfa^ ab `^a^ rk^ ab i^p alp j^kbo^p `fq^a^p- Rb^ l pr mol_^_fifa^a~`fboq^ƒ ab `i^pfcf`^o rk m^o ab q^w^p `loob`q^jbkqb- 'Rf bii^ bp eŠ_fi+ l bp pr_pq^k`f^i,jbkqb j^vlo nrb z-: pf kl il bp+l 9p:z-( Rb prmlkb nrb ilp 0/ m^obp ab q^w^p plk `i^pf,cf`^a^p _^gl `lkaf`flkbp fa‹kqf`^p b fkabmbkafbkqbp-^( B^i`ri^o+ bk crk`fŽk ab l* i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab nrb `i^pfcfnrb `loob`q^jbkqb mlo iljbklp l`el ab ilp 0/ m^obp ab q^w^p-_( U^ilo^o bpq^ mol_^_fifa^a bumiŒ`fq^jbkqb `r^kal l < z-
6- 'Nqol mol_ibj^ abi `^_^iibol ab L‹o‹-( Cbqbojfk^o pf bp l kl sbkq^glpl grd^o ^mlp,q^kal `^kqfa^abp fdr^ibp+ ^ nrb mlo il jbklp ^m^ob`b rk 5 bk `r^qol qfo^a^p ab rk
a^al `loob`ql- YGj`e_]_e‰j- Ool_^o nrb i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab p^`^o mlo il jbklp rk 5 bkj qfo^a^p bp 0 , 'z(!-\
7- Tk^ rok^ `lkqfbkb ] _li^p _i^k`^p v ^ _li^p kbdo^p- Rf g 9p:j+ `^i`ri^o i^ mol_^_fifa^aab p^`^o g _li^p _i^k`^p bk j buqo^``flkbp+ pf `^a^ _li^ bp absrbiq^ ^ i^ rok^ ^kqbp abp^`^o i^ pfdrfbkqb-
8- Rb i^kw^k alp a^alp l`el sb`bp- B^i`ri^o i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab nrb i^ prj^ pb^ 00 bu^`q^,jbkqb qobp sb`bp-
0/- Rb i^kw^ rk^ jlkba^ 0/ sb`bp l 0/ jlkba^p rk^ sbw v pb `rbkq^ bi k•jbol ab `^o^p-Dk`lkqo^o i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab l_qbkbo mlo il jbklp pbfp `^o^p-
00- Cbpmr‹p ab rk^ i^od^ pbofb ab qbpqp^mif`^alp ^ `fboql qfml ab `lebqb pb e^ abqbojfk^alnrb ^molufj^a^jbkqb bk rk 4 $ ab morb_^p pb molar`foŠ rk j^i crk`flk^jfbkql nrbpboŠ i^ `^rp^ ab nrb bi `lebqb co^`^pb- B^i`ri^o i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab nrb bk 0/ morb_^pe^v^ mlo il jbklp rk c^iil-
01- Rb i^kw^ obmbqfa^jbkqb rk^ jlkba^- B^i`ri^o i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab nrb bi k•jbol qlq^iab `^o^p pb^ mlo il jbklp 5 ^kqbp ab nrb bi k•jbol qlq^i ab `or`bp pb^ 4-
02- Di bgbo`f`fl 01 mrbab dbkbo^ifw^opb `ljl pfdrb9 Cbjlpqo^o nrb i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab nrbpb molarw`^k mlo il jbklp i ‹ufqlp ^kqbp nrb j c^iilp bk rk^ pr`bpfŽk ab morb_^p abAboklriif bp9
j,•!,i 'i * j , 0( .& &,h,ino&9! -g
g<i
03- Cbqbojfk^o qlalp ilp s^ilobp ab 00 `lk i^ pfdrfbkqb molmfba^a9 Rf pb qfo^ j sb`bp rk m^oab a^alp `loob`qlp+ i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab l_qbkbo bu^`q^jbkqb afbw pfbqbp bp mlo il jbklpq^k do^kab `ljl i^ ab l_qbkbo `r^inrfbo lqol k•jbol ab pfbqbp-
04- Tk^ jŠnrfk^ qo^d^jlkba^p _fk^of^ qfbkb qobp orba^p fa‹kqf`^p b fkabmbkafbkqbp- Br^kalpb grbd^ `lk i^ jŠnrfk^ ilp obpriq^alp nrb mrbabk l_qbkbopb plk qbok^p loabk^a^p&t* v+v'* bk alkab `^a^ rk^ ab i^p ibqo^p t* v+w mrbab pbo N Ž 0- Dk `^a^ orba^ i^mol_^_fifa^a ab N bp l v i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab 0 bp 0 , l* bk alkab /; l ; 0- K^ jŠnrfk^m^d^ 1# pf bi obpriq^al bp '0+0+0( l 'N+ N+N(: m^d^ 0# pf pb l_qfbkb bi obpriq^al '0+0+ N(:bk `r^inrfbo lqol `^pl kl m^d^ k^a^- Cbpfdkbjlp `lk b&l' i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab nrb i^jŠnrfk^ m^drb rk aŽi^o l jŠp `r^kal pb e^d^ rk^ qfo^a^-^( B^i`ri^o b&l',
50/ Dqj_ekjao `a _kjfqjpk v lnk^]^ehe`]` ahaiajp]h
e( Cbcfk^jlp bi ~m^dl qlq^iƒ `ljl i^ prj^ J-nao c&t'N&t'* bk alkab R bp bi bpm^`fljrbpqo^i+ N&y' bp i^ mol_^_fifa^a abi obpriq^al t* v c&t' bi k•jbol ab aŽi^obp m^d^alpmlo bi obpriq^al t- B^i`ri^o bi s^ilo ab l m^o^ bi `r^i bi ~m^dl qlq^iƒ pb^ jŒkfjl-
)+')1 6XWS^W]X\W^VN[JKUN\b WXW^VN[JKUN\
G^pq^ ^nrŒ pŽil ebjlp `lkpfabo^al bi `lk`bmql ab mol_^_fifa^a m^o^ bpm^,`flp jrbpqo^ibp cfkfqlp- Prbobjlp ^elo^ buqbkabo i^ qbloŒ^^ bpm^`flp jrbpqo^ibpfkcfkfqlp- O^o^ biil bp kb`bp^ofl afpqfkdrfo alp qfmlp ab `lkgrkqlp fkcfkfqlp+ ilpjqian]^hao v ilp jk jqian]^hao- Dk bpq^ pb``fŽk pb bpqraf^k ^j_lp-
O^o^ `lkq^o ilp bibjbkqlp ab rk `lkgrkql cfkfql pb mlkb bk `loobpmlkabk,`f^ bi `lkgrkql+ bibjbkql ^ bibjbkql+ `lk bi `lkgrkql ab ilp k•jbolp k^qro^ibpx0+ 1+ --- +jx, K^ `ljm^o^`fŽk ab ilp ~q^j^•lpƒ ab alp `lkgrkqlp jbaf^kqb i^`loobpmlkabk`f^ bkqob biilp bibjbkql ^ bibjbkql prpqfqrvb bi ob`rbkql ab ilp bib,jbkqlp `r^kal pb qo^q^ ab `lkgrkqlp fkcfkfqlp- @ bpqb mol`bpl pb ib mrbab a^o rk^`i^o^ clojri^`fŽk j^qbjŠqf`^ bjmib^kal bi `lk`bmql ab crk`fŽk9
CDEHMHBHˆM Qa `e_a mqa `ko _kjfqjpko ? v @ aop…j aj _knnaolkj`aj_e] qjk] qjk pf ateopa qj] bqj_e‰j b _kj h]o lnklea`]`ao oecqeajpao9
^( Ch `kiejek `a b ao ? v ah na_knne`k `a b ao @-_( Rf t a v okj ahaiajpko `eopejpko `a ?+ ajpkj_ao b't( v b'u( okj ahaiajpko
`eopejpko `a @-Copk ao+l]n] pk`k l]n `a ahaiajpko t a v `a ?+
/•0-10( t;z4,u eilhe_] b't( <{5- b'u(-
Tk^ crk`fŽk nrb p^qfpc^d^ i^ molmfba^a '02-10( pb ii^j^ qjk ] qjk pl_ob @-Clp `lkgrkqlp ? v @ bk `loobpmlkabk`f^ rkl ^ rkl pb ii^j^k q^j_f‹k amqer]haj,pao+b fkaf`^jlp bpql mlkfbkal ?,@- Qbpriq^ `i^ol nrb qlal `lkgrkql ? bp bnrf,s^ibkqb ^ pŒjfpjl+ mrbpql nrb b't( < t m^o^ `^a^ t ab ?-Tk `lkgrkql mrbab pbo bnrfs^ibkqb ^ rk pr_`lkgrkql ab pŒjfpjl- Olo bgbjmilbi `lkgrkql N;w 0+1+2--- y+ `ljmrbpql mlo qlalp ilp k•jbolp bkqbolp mlpfqfslp+bp bnrfs^ibkqb ^ pr pr_`lkgrkql P < x1+3+5--- y `ljmrbpql mlo ilp m^obp mlpfqf,slp- Dk bpqb `^pl+ i^ crk`fŽk rkl ^ rkl nrb ilp e^`b bnrfs^ibkqbp bp b't(99991tm^o^ qlal t ab N,
Rf ? , @ bp cŠ`fi ab abjlpqo^o nrb @, ?- Rf b bp rkl ^ rkl bk ? v pf biob`loofal ab b bp @* bkqlk`bp m^o^ `^a^ ^ bk @ bufpqb bu`^q^jbkbq rk ] bk ? q^inrb b&]' < ^, Cb ^eŒnrb mlabjlp abcfkfo rk^ crk`fŽk fksbop^ d bk @ abi jlalpfdrfbkqb9 Rf ^ D @+c'^( < ]+ alkab ] bp bi •kf`l bibjbkql ab ? q^i nrb b']( < ^+Dpq^ d bp rkl ^ rkl bk @ v pr ob`loofal bp ?: irbdl @ , ?- Dpq^ molmfba^a abbnrfs^ibk`f^ pb ii^j^ oeiapn‡]-
' Z2-11( fjmif`^
Akjfqjpko jqian]^hao v jk jqian]^hao 500
S^j_f‹k bp cŠ`fi abjlpqo^o nrb i^ bnrfs^ibk`f^ qfbkb i^ molmfba^a pfdrfbkqb+ii^,j^a^ pn]joepere`]`9
'02-12( fjmif`^
Dk bi bgbo`f`fl 1 ab i^ pb``fŽk '02-1/( pb molmlkb rk^ abjlpqo^`fŽk ab i^ molmfb,a^a qo^kpfqfs^-
Tk `lkgrkql R pb abkljfk^ bejepkv pb af`b nrb `lkqfbkb j bibjbkqlp pf
R!,&xH+1+--- +jx,
Di `lkgrkql s^`Œl q^j_f‹k pb `lkpfabo^ cfkfql- @ ilp `lkgrkqlp nrb kl plk cfkfqlppb ibp ii^j^ ejbejepko-Tk `lkgrkql R pb ii^j^ ejbejepk jqian]^ha pf bp bnrfs^ibkqb^i `lkgrkql ab qlalp ilp k•jbolp k^qro^ibp+bpql bp+pf
'02-13( R!,&xH+1+2+--- y-
Dk bpqb`^pl bufpqbrk^ crk`fŽk b nrb bpq^_ib`b rk^ `loobpmlkabk`f^ rkl ^ rklbkqobilp bkqbolp mlpfqfslp v ilp bibjbkqlp ab R: irbdl bi `lkgrkql R mrbab bumob,p^opbpbd•k i^ klq^`fŽk bk ifpq^^pŒ9
p< wb'0(+b'1(+b'2(+ --- x-
@ jbkral rqfifw^jlp pr_Œkaf`bpv obmobpbkq^jlp b&g' `lk ]+'l `lk rk^ klq^`fŽkm^ob`fa^( v bp`of_fjlp R < w]h=]1+ ]2+--- +x- K^ fab^ fjmloq^kqb bp ^nrŒnrb i^`loobpmlkabk`f^ '02-13( klp mbojfqb rp^o ilp j‹qlalp k^qro^ibp `ljl ~j^o`^pƒab ilp bibjbkqlp ab R-
Tk `lkgrkql pb af`b nrb bp jqian]^ha aj oajpe`k ]ilhek pf bp cfkfql l fkcfkfqlkrjbo^_ib- Tk `lkgrkql nrb kl bp krjbo^_ib pb ii^j^ jk jqian]^ha- 'Rb a^oŠkbgbjmilp-( Lr`e^p lmbo^`flkbp `lk `lkgrkqlp bcb`qr^a^p pl_ob `lkgrkqlp krjb,o^_ibp molar`bk `lkgrkqlp krjbo^_ibp- Olo bgbjmil+ qbkbjlp i^p molmfba^abppf,drfbkqbp9
^( Slal pr_`lkgrkql ab rk `lkgrkql krjbo^_ib bp krjbo^_ib-_( , K^ fkqbopb``fŽkab qla^ `lib``fŽk ab `lkgrkqlp krjbo^_ibp bp krjbo^_ib-`( , e^ obrkfŽk ab rk^ `lib``fŽk krjbo^_ib ab `lkgrkqlp krjbo^_ibp bp kr,
jbo^_ib- &-a( Di molar`ql `^oqbpf^kl ab rk k•jbol cfkfql ab `lkgrkqlp krjbo^_ibp bp
krjbo^_ib-Orbpql nrb bk bpqbif_ol qo^q^objlp jrv ml`l ab ilp `lkgrkqlp fkcfkfqlp kr,
jbo^_ibp+ kl a^objlp `lk abq^iib i^p abjlpqo^`flkbp ab prp molmfba^abp-')( Dk`^j_fl+ lcob`bjlp s^oflp bgbjmilp m^o^ mlkbo ab j^kfcfbpql `Žjl `lk bii^p pbmrbabk `lkpqorfo krbslp `lkgrkqlp krjbo^_ibp ^ m^oqfoab rklp a^alp-
')( Dk ilp bgbo`f`flp 2 ^i 7 ab i^ pb``fŽk 02-1/ pb bp_lw^k i^p abjlpqo^`flkbp-
501 Dqj_ekjao `a _kjfqjpk v lnk^]^ehe`]` ahaiajp]h
DIDLOKN 0- Di `lkgrkql Q ab qlalp ilp k•jbolp bkqbolp 'mlpfqfslp+kbd^qfslpv bi `bol( bp krjbo^_ib-
Baikopn]_e‰j- Rf j D Q+pb^ b'j( < 1j pf j bp mlpfqfsl+v b'j( < 1&kf* 0pf j bp kbd^qfsl l `bol- Di aljfkfl ab b bp Q v pr ob`loofal bp bi `lkgrkql ab bkqb,olp mlpfqfslp- Orbpql nrb b bp rkl ^ rkl bk Q+pb abar`b nrb Q bp krjbo^_ib-
DIDLOKN 1- Di `lkgrkql P ab qlalp ilp k•jbolp o^`flk^ibp bp krjbo^_ib-
Baikopn]_e‰j- O^o^ `^a^ bkqbol j < 0 cfgl+pb^ Q| bi `lkgrkql ab k•jbolpo^`flk^ibp ab i^ cloj^ tYj+ alkab t mboqbkb`b i `lkgrkql Q abi bgbjmil 0- B^a^Q| bp bnrfs^ibkqb ^ Q ZqŽjbpb b'p( < jp pf p D Qj[ v mlo `lkpfdrfbkqb `^a^ Q: bpkrjbo^_ib- Orbpql nrb P bp i^ obrkfŽk ab qlalp ilp Qj+ bk sfoqra ab i^ molmfb,a^a `( obpriq^ P krjbo^_ib-
M^oanr]_e‰j- Rf #&< x@i+?1+ ?2+ ŒŒŒx bp rk^ `lib``fŽk krjbo^_ib ab `lkgrkqlp+i^ obrkfŽk ab qlalp biilp pb bumobp^ `lk bi pŒj_lil
l
DIDLOKN 2- Rb^ ? < w]h&]1+ ]2!!&x rk `lkgrkql fkcfkfql krjbo^_ib-O^o^ `^a^ bkqbol j:(9 0+pb^ z i^ c^jfif^ ab pr_`lkgrkqlp ab ? `lk j bibjbk,qlp- Dpql bp9
•: < xRHR p999? v Q qfbkb j bibjbkqlpy-
U^jlp ^ mol_^o nrb `^a^ z{ bp krjbo^_ib-
Baikopn]_e‰j- Rf Q bp rk pr_`lkgrkql ab j bibjbkqlp ab ?+ mlabjlp bp,`of_fo9
alkab g* ; g1 ; &! ; g,9 Rb^ baQ'< &]g! ]g-+ --- +]g(- Dpql bp+b bp i^ crk,`fŽk nrb ^pl`f^ ^ Q i^ k,mi^ loabk^a^ ']g! ]g-+ --- +]gH Di aljfkfl ab b bp bbjXpr ob`loofal+ nrb abpfdk^jlp `lk R• bp rk pr_`lkgrkql abi molar`ql `^oqbpf^klA| < ? W ? W --- W ? &j c^`qlobp(-X^ nrb ? bp krjbo^_ib+ il jfpjl ib l`roob^ aj Zmlo i^ molmfba^a a(\ v+ mlo il q^kql+R9q^j_f‹k il bp Zmlo i^ molmfba^a^( \- Obol Rj&!! -&Djmrbpql nrb b bp rkl ^ rkl- Dpql abjrbpqo^ nrb9E
kbp kr,
jbo^_ib-
DIDLOKN 3- K^ `lib``fŽk ab qlalp ilp pr_`lkgrkqlp cfkfqlp ab rk `lkgrkqlkrjbo^_ib bp krjbo^_ib-
Baikopn]_e‰j- Di obpriq^al bp bsfabkqb pf bi `lkgrkql a^al bp cfkfql- Rrmlk,
Akjfqjpko jqian]^hao v jk jqian]^hao 502
d^jlp+ mrbp+nrb bi `lkgrkql a^al 'ii^j‹jlpib ?' bp fkcfkfql krjbo^_ib+ v obmob,pbkqbjlp `lk9E i^ `i^pb ab qlalp ilp pr_`lkgrkqlp cfkfqlp ab ?9
9D < xRHR p: ? X Q bp cfkfqly
Dk bpq^p`lkaf`flkbp 8D bp i^ obrkfŽk ab qla^p i^p c^jfif^p •bb&jabi bgbjmil 2:irbdl+ bk sfoqra ab i^ molmfba^a b(+8Dbp krjbo^_ib-
DIDLOKN 4- K^ `lib``fŽk ab pk`ko ilp pr_`lkgrkqlp ab rk `lkgrkql fkcfkfqlkrjbo^_ib bp kl krjbo^_ib-
Baikopn]_e‰j- Rb^ ? bi `lkgrkql krjbo^_ib a^al v a i^ c^jfif^ ab qlalpilp pr_`lkgrkqlp ab ?- Rrmlkaobjlp nrb a bp krjbo^_ib v iibd^objlp ^ rk^ `lk,qo^af``fŽk- Rf a bp krjbo^_ib+ bkqlk`bp a , ? X mlo q^kql bufpqbrk^ crk`fŽk brkl ^ rkl `rvl aljfkfl bp ? v `rvl ob`loofal bp a- @pŒ+m^o^`^a^ ] ab ?* bis^ilo b&]' ab i^ crk`fŽk bp rk pr_`lkgrkql ab ?- Dpqbpr_`lkgrkql mrbab l kl`lkqbkbo bi bibjbkql ]- Cbpfdkbjlp `lk @ bi `lkgrkql ab bibjbkqlp ] q^ibpnrb] 0&, b&]', @pŒ
@ < w] H] D @mbol^ 0&,b'](x-
Rfbkal @rk pr_`lkgrkql ab ?* ab_b mboqbkb`bo i^ c^jfif^ a- Dpql pfdkf,cf`^ nrb @ < b&^' m^o^^id•k ^ ab ?, Dufpqbk^elo^ alp mlpf_fifa^abp9 0( ^ D @*l00( ^ 0&, @- Rf ^ D @*pbd•k i^ abcfkf`fŽk ab @ qbkbjlp ^ 0&, b'^(+ nrb bp rk^ `lkqo^,af``fŽk+ v^ nrb b&^' < @, Olo q^kql 0( bp fjmlpf_ib- Dk bi `^pl 00(+ ^ 0&, @* l pb^+^ 0&,b'^(- Dpql `lkqo^af`b i^ abcfkf`fŽk ab @*`lk 0/ nrb 00( q^j_f‹k bp fjmlpf_ib-Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb+ bi prmlkbo nrb a bp krjbo^_ib klp iibs^ ^ rk^ `lkqo^af``fŽk vab_bjlp `lk`irfo nrb a bp kl krjbo^_ib-
@ `lkqfkr^`fŽk lcob`bjlp rk bgbjmil ab `lkgrkql kl krjbo^_ib jŠp pbk`fiilnrb bi abi bgbjmil 4-
DIDLOKN 5- Di `lkgrkql ab k•jbolp ob^ibp t nrb p^qfpc^`bkN ; t ; 0 bpkl krjbo^_ib-
Baikopn]_e‰j- Rrmlkd^jlp lqo^ sbw nrb bi `lkgrkql bp krjbo^_ib v iibd^,objlp ^ rk^ `lkqo^af``fŽk- Rf bi `lkgrkql bp krjbo^_ib mlabjlp afpmlkbo prpbibjbkqlp ^pŒ9wVh& V1+ V2+ ŒŒŒ x- Blkpqorfobjlp ^elo^ rk k•jbol ob^i v nrb `rj,mi^ N ; v ; 0 v nrb kl bpq^oŠbk i^ ifpq^-@ q^i cfk bp`of_fjlp `^a^ bibjbkql t:bk cloj^ ab`fj^i9
503 Dqj_ekjao `a _kjfqjpk u lnk^]^ehe`]` ahaiajp]h
alkab `^a^ ]j+e bp rkl ab ilp bkqbolp abi `lkgrkql xN+0+1+--- +8y- Rb^ u bi k•,jbol ob^i `rvl abp^ooliil ab`fj^i bp9
u < M%WGW0W] ,,, *
alkab+
Wj < xzpf ]j+j9z5 0+
pf ]j-j < 0-
Cb bpqbjlal kfkd•k bibjbkql abi `lkgrkql wVh= V1+ V2+ Œ! x mrbab pbofdr^i ^ u+mrbpql nrb u afcfbobab Wi bk i^ mofjbo^ `fco^ ab`fj^i+ ab V1 bk i^ pbdrka^+ v bkdbkbo^i+afcfbobab Vg bk i^ h,‹pfj^ `fco^ ab`fj^i- Olo q^kql u p^qfpc^`b} ; u ; 0+0/ `r^i bp rk^ `lkqo^af``fŽk+ 0/ nrb morb_^ nrb bi `lkgrkql ab k•jbolp ob^ibpabifkqbos^il ^_fboql '/+0( bp kl krjbo^_ib-
)+'*( 8SN[LRLRX\
0- Rb^ O < x0+1+2+--- y bi `lkgrkql ab ilp k•jbolp k^qro^ibp- O^o^ `^a^ rkl ab ilp pf,drfbkqbp `lkgrkqlp+ a^o rk^ crk`fŽk rkl ^ rkl b `rvl aljfkfl bp O v `rvl ob`loofalbp bi `lkgrkql bk `rbpqfŽk9^( ? < x1+3+5+--- y+ `lkgrkql ab ilp k•jbolp m^obp mlpfqfslp-_( @ < x2+21+ 22+ ŠŠŠy+ `lkgrkql ab i^p mlqbk`f^p ab 2-b( b < x1+2+4+6+00+02+--- y+ `lkgrkql ab ilp k•jbolp mofjlp- YLkp], Tk^ m^oqb abi^ abjlpqo^`fŽk `lkpfpqb bk abjlpqo^o nrb b bp rk `lkgrkql fkcfkfql-\a( O W O+ molar`ql `^oqbpf^kl ab O mlo pŒjfpjl-b( Di `lkgrkql ab bkqbolp ab i^ cloj^ 1&!2!+alkab i v j plk k^qro^ibp-
1- Cbjlpqo^o i^ molmfba^a qo^kpfqfs^ ab i^ bnrfs^ibk`f^ ab `lkgrkqlp
Rf ? ‹,,‹@ v @ Œ--Œb+ bkqlk`bp ?---+b-
YGj`e_]_e‰j- Rf b e^`b ? bnrfs^ibkqb ^ @ v d e^`b @ bnrfs^ibkqb ^ b+abjlp,qo^o nrb i^ crk`fŽk `ljmrbpq^ d < d l b e^`b ? bnrfs^ibkqb ^ a,[
Klp bgbo`f`flp abi 2 ^iA bpqŠk abaf`^alp ^ i^p abjlpqo^`flkbp ab i^p molmfba^abp ^(+ _(+b(+ a( ab ilp `lkgrkqlp krjbo^_ibp `fq^a^p bk i^ pb``fŽk 02-08-
2- Cbjlpqo^o nrb qlal pr_`lkgrkql ab rk `lkgrkql krjbo^_ib bp krjbo^_ib- YGj`e_]_e‰j-RrmŽkd^pb R rk `lkgrkql fkcfkfql krjbo^_ib+ pb^ R < xWi+V0* V1* ‹‹‹ x* v pb^ ? rk pr_,`lkgrkql fkcfkfql ab R- Rb^ g&h' bi jbklo k•jbol k^qro^i i q^i nrb ti D ?, @ajf,q^jlp nrb g&h'* g&0'* ,, %,*g&j + 0( bpq‹k abcfkfalp+ pb^ g&j' bi jbklo k•jbol k^qro^ii = g&j + 0( q^i nrb ti D ?, Rb^ b&j' < V,&,', &Cbjlpqo^o nrb b bp rk^ crk`fŽk rkl ^rkl `rvl aljfkfl bp bi `lkgrkql ab ilp k•jbolp k^qro^ibp v `rvl o^kdl bp ?, Dpqlabjrbpqo^ bi qblobj^ bk bi prmrbpql ab nrb R pb^ fkcfkfql krjbo^_ib- Blkpqorfo lqo^ ab,jlpqo^`fŽk m^o^ R cfkfql-\
3- Cbjlpqo^o nrb i^ fkqbopb``fŽk ab `r^inrfbo `lib``fŽk ab `lkgrkqlp krjbo^_ibp bp kr,jbo^_ib- YGj`e_]_e‰j- Tqfifw^o bi obpriq^al abi bgbo`f`fl 2-\
4- Rb^ O < x0+1+2+--- y bi `lkgrkql ab ilp k•jbolp k^qro^ibp-^i Cbjlpqo^o nrb bi molar`ql `^oqbpf^kl O W O bp krjbo^_ib- YGj`e_]_e‰j- CbpŒdkbpb
Babeje_e‰j`a lnk^]^ehe`]` l]n] aol]_eko iqaopn]hao ejbejepko jqian]^hao 504
`lk P bi `lkgrkql ab k•jbolp k^qro^ibp ab i^ cloj^ 1i2!+ alkab i v j plk k^qro^ibp-Dkqlk`bp P b N* ab jlal nrb P bp krjbo^_ib 'bk sfoqra abi bgbo`f`fl 2(- Rf&i, j' D N W N+ qŽjbpb b&i* j' < 1i2! v rqfifw^o bpq^ crk`fŽk m^o^ abjlpqo^o nrbN W N + O,[_( Cbar`fo ab ^( nrb bi molar`ql `^oqbpf^kl ab alp `lkgrkqlp krjbo^_ibp bp krjbo^,_ib- Tqfifw^o bi j‹qlal ab fkar``fŽk v buqbkabo bi obpriq^al ^ j `lkgrkqlp krjbo^_ibp-
5- Rb^ b GH; w@G,@0,@1‹,,, x rk^ `lib``fŽk krjbo^_ib ab `lkgrkqlp `eofqjpko &@9j@z< /
pf f:‹ f' q^i nrb `^a^ @: bp krjbo^_ib- Cbjlpqo^o nrb i^ obrkfŽk T @‚ bp q^j_f‹k`l h<i
krjbo^_ib- YGj`e_]_e‰j- Rb^ @:< x_0j+ ^1 j+ d2 j-k& -yv R < T @gŒ Rf t D R+ bk,’ ’’ hzi
qlk`bp t < ^i+j m^o^ ^id•k •kf`l m^o &i* j' v mlabjlp abcfkfo b&t' < &i* j', Tqfifw^obpq^ b m^o^ abjlpqo^o nrb R bp bnrfs^ibkqb ^ rk pr_`lkgrkql ab N W N X abar`fo 'bksfoqra abi bgbo`f`fl 4( nrb R bp krjbo^_ib-\
6- Rb^ ` < x@i+?1+?2+ --- x rk^ `lib``fŽk krjbo^_ib ab `lkgrkqlp+ v abcfk^jlpb GH< xAH+@0*@1*%%%x^pŒ9Ai < @i v- m^o^ j = 0+
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Dpql bp- @: `lkpq^ ab ilp bibjbkqlp ab ?j nrb kl mboqbkb`bk ^ ilp `lkgrkqlp mob`babk,qbp @y+?1 Œ---?j,h-Cbjlpqo^o nrb b GHbp rk^ `lib``fŽk ab `lkgrkqlp afpgrkqlp &@hj @/ < / pf e :‹ f' v nrb
7DS 7DS
T ?g < T @gŒ
hzi h<i
Dpql klp mbojfqb bumobp^o i^ obrkfŽk ab `r^inrfbo `lib``fŽk krjbo^_ib ab `lkgrkqlp`ljl obrkfŽk ab rk^ `lib``fŽk krjbo^_ib ab `lkgrkqlp `eofqjpko-
7- Rf lcE bp rk^ `lib``fŽk krjbo^_ib ab `lkgrkqlp krjbo^_ibp+ abjlpqo^o nrb i^ obrkfŽkab qlalp ilp `lkgrkqlp ab lcE bp krjbo^_ib- YGj`e_]_e‰j- Tqfifw^o ilp bgbo`f`flp 5 v 6-\
8- Cbjlpqo^o nrb ilp&pfdrfbkqbp `lkgrkqlp plk krjbo^_ibp9^( Di `lkgrkql ab qlalp ilp fkqbos^ilp abi bgb ob^i `lk buqobjlp o^`flk^ibp-_( Di `lkgrkql ab qlalp ilp `Œo`rilp abi mi^kl `lk o^aflp o^`flk^ibp v `bkqolp ab`lloabk^a^p o^`flk^ibp-`( Br^inrfbo `lkgrkql ab fkqbos^ilp afpgrkqlp ab ilkdfqra mlpfqfs^-
0/- Cbjlpqo^o nrb ilp pfdrfbkqbp `lkgrkqlp plk kl krjbo^_ibp9^( Di `lkgrkql ab ilp k•jbolp foo^`flk^ibp abi fkqbos^il 'N+0(-_( Di `lkgrkql ab qlalp ilp fkqbos^ilp ab ilkdfqra mlpfqfs^-b( Di `lkgrkql ab qla^p i^p pr`bpflkbp `rvlp q‹ojfklp plk ilp bkqbolp N v 0- 'Qb`r‹o,abpb nrb rk^ pr`bpfŽk bp rk^ crk`fŽk `rvl aljfkfl bp bi `lkgrkql ab ilp k•jbolpk^qro^ibp-(
02-10- Cbcfkf`fŽk ab mol_^_fifa^a m^o^bpm^`flp jrbpqo^ibp fkcfkfqlp krjbo^_ib!+
Dk bpq^pb``fŽk pb buqfbkabi^ abcfkf`fŽk ab mol_^_fifa^a ^ bpm^`flp jrbpqo^,ibp fkcfkfqlp krjbo^_ibp- Rb^k R rk `lkgrkql fkcfkfql krjbo^_ib v b GHrk Šidb_o^
505 Dqj_ekjao `a _kjfqjpk v lnk^]^ehe`]` ahaiajp]h
ab Allib ab pr_`lkgrkqlp ab Q, Cbcfk^jlp rk^ jbafa^ ab mol_^_fifa^a N bk cc`ljl pb efwl bk bi `^pl cfkfql+bu`bmql nrb bufdfobjlp i^ ^afqfsfa^a krjbo^_ib^abjŠp ab i^ ^afqfsfa^a cfkfq^- Dpql bp+m^o^ qla^ `lib``fŽk fkcfkfq^ krjbo^_ibx@i&?1 + ŒŒŒ x ab bibjbkqlp ab cc* bufdfjlp nrb
pf ?: j ?f < / pfbjmob nrb e ;Nf,
K^p crk`flkbp ab `lkgrkql ab ^afqfsfa^a cfkfq^nrb p^qfpc^`bk'02-14( pb ii^j^k ab]`epere`]` jqian]^ha 'l `ljmibq^jbkqb ^afqfs^p(- M^qro^ijbkqb+ bpq^ molmfba^abufdb q^j_f‹k prmlkbo nrb i^ obrkfŽk krjbo^_ib @i T ?1 T ?2 T - -- mboqbkb`b^ cc `r^kal `^a^ ?g mboqbkbw`^ cc- Ml qla^p i^p Šidb_o^pab Allib qfbkbk bpq^molmfba^a- K^p nrb i^ qfbkbk pb ii^j^k r,Šidb_o^p ab Allib- Tk bgbjmil bp biŠidb_o^ _llib^k^ ab qlalp ilp pr_`lkgrkqlp ab Q-
CDEHMHBHˆM CD OQNA@AHKHC@C O@Q@ DRO@BHNR LTDRSQ@KDR HMEHMHSNR MTLD,
Q@KDR- Qa] cc qj] q,…hca^n] `a @kkha _quko ahaiajpko okj oq^_kjfqjpko `a qj_kjfqjpk ejbejepk jqian]^ha Q `]`k- Sj] bqj_e‰j `a _kjfqjpk N oa hh]i] ia`e`]`a lnk^]^ehe`]` aj cc oe ao jk jac]per]+ `a ]`epere`]` jqian]^ha v o]peob]_aN&Q' < 0-
Br^kal ,AH2 bp bi Šidb_o^ ab Allib ab qlalp ilp pr_`lkgrkqlp ab Q* rk^ crk,`fŽk ab mol_^_fifa^a nrba^ `ljmibq^jbkqb abqbojfk^a^ jbaf^kqb prp s^ilobp m^o^ilp pr_`lkgrkqlp ab rk plil bibjbkql 'q^ibp s^ilobp pb ii^j^k mol_^_fifa^abp mrk,qr^ibp(- Slal pr_`lkgrkql ? ab Q bp cfkfql l fkcfkfql krjbo^_ib+ v i^ mol_^_fifa^aab ? pb `^i`ri^ prj^kal i^p mol_^_fifa^abp mrkqr^ibp m^o^ qlalp ilp bibjbkqlpab ?*
la?' < HN&t',VCƒ
K^ prj^ abi pbdrkal jfbj_ol qfbkbrk k•jbol cfkfql ab prj^kalp lbp rk^ pbofb^_plirq^jbkqb `lksbodbkqb-
Di bgbjmil nrb pfdrb jrbpqo^ rk bgbjmil ab rk^ morb_^ `lk rk bpm^`fl jrbp,qo^i fkcfkfql krjbo^_ib-
DIDLOKN- Rb i^kw^ rk^ jlkba^ obmbqfa^jbkqb e^pq^ nrb bi mofjbo obpri,q^al srbisb ^ ^m^ob`bomlo pbdrka^ sbw: bkqlk`bp qbojfk^ bi grbdl-
Bljl bpm^`fl jrbpqo^i qlj^jlp i^ `lib``fŽk ab qlalp ilp mlpf_ibpgrbdlp nrbmrbabk e^`bopb- Dpqb lkgrkql mrbab bumobp^opbljl i^ obrkfŽk ab alp `lkgrkqlpfkcfkfqlp krjbo^_ibp ? v @ nrb plk
? < wRR+RFR+ RFFR+ RFFFR+ --- x v @ < wFF+ FRF+ FRRF+ FRRRF+ --- x-
Cfan_e_eko 506
Cbpfdk^jlp ilp bibjbkqlp abi `lkgrkql ? 'bk bi loabk bk nrb pb `fq^k bk i^ ifpq^(`lk ]k+ ^e ]1 + ŒŒŒ+ v ilp ab @ `lk ^-+ ^o+ ^1 + ŒŒŒ Œ Olabjlp ^pfdk^o ^o_fqo^of^,jbkqb mol_^_fifa^abp mrkqr^ibp kl kbd^qfs^p la]++( v N&^**'`lk q^i nrb
Bcg //
J N&]j' * JN'^j' < 0-jyM jyM
Olo bgbjmil+ prmlkd^jlp nrb i^ jlkba^ qbkd^ mol_^_fifa^a l ab jlpqo^o`^o^ &F' v mol_^_fifa^a m < 0 , N ab jlpqo^o `orw &R'* pfbkal N ; N ; 0- Dk,qlk`bp pboŒk^qro^i i^ ^pfdk^`fŽk ab mol_^_fifa^abp mrkqr^ibp
'02-15( v
S^i ^pfdk^`fŽk,bp ^`bmq^_ibmlonrb qbkbjlp
Rrmlkd^jlp ^elo^ nrb nrbobjlp p^_bo i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab nrb bi grbdl qbo,jfkb abpmr‹p ab bu^`q^jbkqb j * 1 i^kw^jfbkqlp- †pqb bp bi pr`bpl x^--yT w^jx*
v pr mol_^_fifa^a bp
K^ mol_^_fifa^a ab nrb qbojfkb bi grbdl mlo il jbklp bk j * 1 i^kw^jfbk,qlp bp
z x& 0 k*i 0 k*iJ-h']g( * ‚N'^+a= < m1 , N * l1 , m < 0 ] mlj*h \ pj9!+gyM g<M 0 , l 0 , m
)+'** 8SN[LRLRX\
Klp bgbo`f`flp ab bpq^ pb``fŽk pb obcfbobk ^i bgbjmil ab i^ pb``fŽk 02-10-
0- Tqfif`bjlp i^p mol_^_fifa^abp ^pfdk^a^p bk i^ b`r^`fŽk '02-15(+ abpfdkbjlp `lk ,&l' i^mol_^_fifa^a ab nrb bi grbdl cfk^if`b bu^`q^jbkqb bk j * 1 qfo^a^p- B^i`ri^o ilp s^ilobpjŠufjl v jŒkfjl ^_plirqlp ab ,&l' bk bi fkqbos^il N z N y 0 m^o^ `^a^ rkl ab ilps^ilobp j < N+0+ 1+ 2-
1- Cbjlpqo^o nrb bp ^`bmq^_ib `^a^ rk^ ab i^p ^pfdk^`flkbp ab mol_^_fifa^abp mrkqr^ibppfdrfbkqbp-
0^( N']j( < N'^j( < 1j*1 m^o^ j < /+0+1+ ----
507 Dqj_ekjao `a _kjfqjpk v lnk^]^ehe`]` ahaiajp]h
0_( N&]j' < N&^j' < &j * 0'&j * 2( m^o^ j < N+ 0+1+ ----
2- B^i`ri^o i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab nrb qbojfkb bi grbdl ^kqbp ab i^ nrfkq^ qfo^a^+ rqfifw^kal9^( i^p mol_^_fifa^abp mrkqr^ibp ab '02-15(-_( i^p mol_^_fifa^abp mrkqr^ibp abi bgbo`f`fl 1 ^(-b( i^p mol_^_fifa^abp mrkqr^ibp abi bgbo`f`fl 1 _(+
3- B^i`ri^o& i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab nrb pb kb`bpfqb rk k•jbol fjm^o ab qfo^a^p m^o^ qbojfk^obi grbdl+ rqfifw^kal9^( i^p mol_^_fifa^abp mrkqr^ibp ab '02-15(-_( i^p mol_^_fifa^abp mrkqr^ibp abi bgbo`f`fl 1 ^(-`( i^p mol_^_fifa^abp mrkqr^ibp abi bgbo`f`fl 1 _(-
02-12 Dgbo`f`flps^of^alp pl_ob mol_^_fifa^abp
0- „BrŠi bp i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab `lkpbdrfo rk pfbqb `lk alp a alp `loob`qlp>1- Cfbw pb•lobp v prp bpmlp^p bpqŠk pbkq^alp ^i ^w^o bk rk _^knrbqb- B^i`ri^o i^ mol_^_fiŒ,
a^a ab nrb rk abqbojfk^al pb•lo bpq‹ pbkq^al grkql ^ pr bpmlp^ pf9 ^( bpqŠk pbkq^alpbk rk^ jbp^ `fo`ri^o: _( bpqŠk pbkq^alp bk cfi^-
2- Tk ^oj^ofl qfbkb alp `^glkbp- Di `^gŽk k•jbol 0 `lkqfbkb `r^qol jlkba^p ab lol v alpab mi^q^- Di `^gŽk k•jbol 1 `lkqfbkb qobp jlkba^p ab lol v qobp ab mi^q^- Rb ^_ob rk`^gŽk ^i ^w^o v ab ‹i pb buqo^b rk^ jlkba^ ^i ^w^o- B^i`ri^o i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab `^a^rkl ab ilp pfdrfbkqbp pr`bplp9^( Prb pb^ ^_fboql bi `^gŽk k•jbol 1 v pb p^nrb rk^ jlkba^ ab mi^q^-_( Prb pb^ buqo^Œa^rk^ jlkba^ ab lol abi `^gŽk ^_fboql-
3- Clp `^oq^p pb bp`ldbk pr`bpfs^jbkqb bk rk^ _^o^g^ ab 41 `^oq^p+ qbkfbkal `^a^ `^oq^ i^jfpj^ mol_^_fifa^a ab pbo bibdfa^-^( „BrŠi bp i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab nrb mlo il jbklp rk^ pb^ rk^ bpm^a^>
Rfk bu^jfk^o i^p alp `^oq^p bp`ldfa^p pb b`e^k bk rk^ _lip^- Rb buqo^b ab i^ _lip^rk^ ab i^p `^oq^p v pb bu^jfk^ sf‹kalpb nrb kl bp rk^ bpm^a^- 'B^a^ `^oq^ qfbkb i^jfpj^ mol_^_fifa^a ab pbo buqo^Œa^-(_( „BrŠi bp ^elo^ i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab qbkbo mlo il jbklp rk^ bpm^a^>
K^ `^oq^ ^kqbp buqo^Œa^ab i^ _lip^ pb absrbisb ^ i^ jfpj^ v i^p alp `^oq^p pb _^o^,g^k- Mrbs^jbkqb pb buqo^b rk^ `^oq^ v pb bu^jfk^- Ml e^`bjlp `ljm^o^`fŽk ^idrk^m^o^ sbo pf i^ `^oq^ bp i^ jfpj^ nrb ^kqbp pb buqo^gl- Nqo^ sbw pb absrbisb i^ `^oq^^ i^ _lip^ v pb _^o^g^k- Dpq^ lmbo^`fŽk pb e^`b qobp sb`bp+ fk`irvbkal i^ ab i^ m^oqb _(+v `^a^ sbw i^ `^oq^ bu^jfk^a^ kl bp bpm^a^-`( „BrŠi bp bi bpm^`fl jrbpqo^i v i^ crk`fŽk ab mol_^_fifa^a ab bpqb bumbofjbkql>„BrŠi bp i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab nrb rk^ ab i^p alp `^oq^p lofdfk^ibp pb^ bpm^a^>
4- Tk elj_ob qfbkb afbw jlkba^p ab rk `bkq^sl+ 8 `loofbkqbp v 0 `lk alp `^o^p- Slj^rk^ jlkba^ ^i ^w^o v i^ i^kw^ pbfp sb`bp+ v pfbjmob l_qfbkb `^o^- B^i`ri^o i^ mol_^_f,ifa^a ab nrb e^v^ qlj^al i^ jlkba^ ab alp `^o^p-
5- Cbjlpqo^o nrb bp fjmlpf_ib ~i^pqo^op rk m^o ab a^alp ab jlal nrb qlal obpriq^al`ljmobkafal bkqob 1 v 01 qbkd^ i^ jfpj^ mol_^_fifa^a ab mobpbkq^opb-
6- Tk bpqraf^kqb ab pbdrkal ^•l ab B^iqb`e qfbkb rk abpmboq^alo nrb plk^oŠ ^ i^p elo^cfg^a^ `lk mol_^_fifa^a /+6- Rf prbk^+ ib abpmboq^oŠ^ qfbjml m^o^ iibd^o ^ pr `i^pb abj^qbjŠqf`^p `lk mol_^_fifa^a /+7- Rf kl prbk^+ i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab nrb iibdrb ^ pr`i^pb bp /+2- B^i`ri^o i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab nrb iibdrb ^ qfbjml ^ `i^pb-
7- Sobp `^_^iilp ?* @* X b bpqŠk bk rk^ `^oobo^- Di pr`bpl |? sbk`b ^ @€ pb abpfdk^oŠ
Cfan_e_ekor]ne]`ko ok^na lnk^]^ehe`]`ao 508
pfj_Žif`^jbkqb &bp`of_fbkal ?@, Di pr`bpl |? sbk`b ^ @ bi `r^i sbk`b ^ A€ pb abpfd,k^oŠ mlo ?@A* bq`- Rb p^_b nrb
N&?@' < f- N&?A' < f- N&@A' < q-] W[M
N&?@A' < N&?A@', N&@?A' < N&@A?', N&A?@' < N&A@?',
^( B^i`ri^o i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab nrb sbkw^ ?,_( B^i`ri^o i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab nrb sbkw^ @,b( B^i`ri^o i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab nrb sbkw^ A,a( „Rlk fkabmbkafbkqbp ilp pr`bplp ?@* ?A v A@=
8- K^ c^pb cfk^i ab rk i^odl `Ši`ril bufdb i^ ^af`fŽk ab qobp bkqbolp ^i-]v+]2- Rb prmlkbnrb9 ^( ilp `Ši`rilp ab ^i+]1 X ]2 plk bpql`Špqf`^jbkqb fkabmbkafbkqbp: _( bk bi `Ši`rilab `^a^ ]+ bufpqb rk^ jfpj^ mol_^_fifa^a l ab nrb pb^ `loob`ql v i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab`ljbqbo rk boolo fdr^i ^ * 0bp i^ jfpj^ nrb i^ ab `ljbqboil fdr^i ^ ,0: b( kl mrbab`ljbqbopb boolo j^vlo nrb * 0 l jbklo nrb ,0- Qb`loa^o i^ mlpf_fifa^a ab `ljmbk,p^`fŽk ab boolobp+v `^i`ri^o i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab nrb i^ prj^ ^i * ]1 * ]2 pb^ `loob`q^
0/- Ch fqack `a |o]ha ah jkj•- Rb prmlkb nrb j mboplk^p i^kw^k `^a^ rk^ rk^ jlkba^ abj^kbo^ pfjriqŠkb^ b fkabmbkafbkqb+ alkab j y 2: X N bp i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab l_qbkbo`^o^ `lk `^a^ rk^ ab i^p jlkba^p- B^i`ri^o i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab nrb bk rk^ qfo^a^ a^a^pb mobpbkqb rk ;;klkƒ,+ bp ab`fo+ rk^ mboplk^ `rv^ jlkba^ jrbpqo^ rk obpriq^alafpqfkql abi ab qla^p i^p abjŠp-
00- Rb prmlkb nrb j mboplk^p grbd^k ^ ~p^ib bi klkƒ `lk jlkba^p `loob`q^p '`ljl pb e^abp`ofql bk bi bgbo`f`fl 0/(- O^o^ rk bkqbol i+ `^i`ri^o i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab nrb plkkb`bp^of^p mob`fp^jbkqb i qfo^a^p m^o^ nrb e^v^ rk ~klkƒ-
01- Rrmlkd^jlp nrb rk^ bumbofbk`f^ `ljmrbpq^ &Q, H`,O(bpqŠ abqbojfk^a^ mlo alp morb_^pbpql`Špqf`^jbkqb fkabmbkafbkqbp &QG% H`h*N/' v'R1+ H`0,N9' alkab R < RHW R1 v
m^o^ `^a^ &t*v( ab R- Di l_gbql ab bpqb bgbo`f`fl bp bpq^_ib`bo i^ cŽojri^
'02-16(
m^o^ qlal m^o ab pr_`lkgrkqlp S ab H`0v T ab Ia1- Klp bpm^`flp jrbpqo^ibp RHv R1 pbprmlkbk cfkfqlp l fkcfkfqlp krjbo^_ibp- -^( Bljmol_^o nrb i^ fdr^ia^a '02-16( bp sboa^abo^ `r^kal S v T plk `lkgrkqlp ab rkplil bibjbkql+ v q^j_f‹k `r^kal mlo 0/ jbklp rkl ab biilp bp s^`Œl-
Rrmlkd^jlp ^elo^ nrb
v
Dk q^i `^pl S W T `lkpq^ ab gi m^obp 'Sz+ Te(& O^o^ `^a^ f< 0+1+-’-’ g pb^ @i bi`lkgrkql ab i m^obp ab S W T `rvl mofjbo `ljmlkbkqb bp Ti-
_( Cbjlpqo^o nrb ilp ?h plk `lkgrkqlp afpgrkqlp `rv^ obrkfŽk bp S W T,b( Cbjlpqo^o nrb
j
N&?e' < z N&Se*Tf( < N0&Se'N1&T',fy/
1-+ Dqj_ekjao `a _kjfqjpk v lnk^]^ehe`]` ahaiajp]h
a( Cbar`fo ^ m^oqfoab _( v b( nrb
ib
N&S W T' < N&?9' < N0&S'N1&T',:<0
),
6R=6E=@ 78 AB@545;=;7478C
03-0 Cbcfkf`fŽk ab mol_^_fifa^a m^o^bpm^`flp jrbpqo^ibp kl krjbo^_ibp
Tk pbdjbkql ob`qfiŒkblpb abp`ljmlkb bk alp m^oqbp+lk bi mrkql ab pr_,afsfpfŽk bibdfal ^i ^w^o-„BrŠi bp i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab nrb ilp alp co^djbkqlp qbkd^ki^ jfpj^ ilkdfqra> „BrŠi bp i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab nrb bi j^vlo qbkd^ bu^`q^jbkqbilkdfqra al_ib nrb i^ abi mbnrb•l> „BrŠi bp i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab nrb bi j^vlo qbk,d^ ilkdfqra mlo 0/ jbklp al_ib nrb bi jbklo> †pqlp plk bgbjmilp ab mol_ibj^pab mol_^_fifa^a bk ilp nrb bi bpm^`fl jrbpqo^i bp kl krjbo^_ib v^ nrb `lkpq^ abqlalp ilp mrkqlp abi pbdjbkql- Dk bpq^pb``fŽk pb buqfbkab i^ abcfkf`fŽk ab mol_^,_fifa^a fk`irvbkal ilp bpm^`flp jrbpqo^ibp kl krjbo^_ibp-
Rf pfdrf‹o^jlp bi jfpjl mol`bpl nrb m^o^ bpm^`flp jrbpqo^ibp krjbo^_ibpqbkaoŒ^jlp nrb m^oqfoab rk `lkgrkql kl krjbo^_ib R `r^inrfbo^ v rk^ r,Šidb_o^ab Allib cz ab pr_`lkgrkqlp ab R!v abcfkfo rk^ jbafa^ ab mol_^_fifa^a nrb crbo^rk^ crk`fŽk ab `lkgrkql N kl kbd^qfs^ `ljmibq^jbkqb ^afqfs^ abcfkfa^ pl_ob czpfbkal Ne,Q' < 0- Dpql lofdfk^ `fboq^p afcf`riq^abp q‹`kf`^p nrb kl pb mobpbkq^k`r^kal R bp krjbo^_ib- Oobqbkaboi^ abp`ofm`fŽkab bp^p afcf`riq^abp klp iibs^oŒ^abj^pf^al ibglp- K^p bsfq^objlp fjmlkfbkal obpqof``flkbp fkf`f^ibp ^i `lkgrkql Rv ^i Šidb_o^ ab Allibw‹&-
Oofjbo^jbkqb+ obpqofkdfjlp R ^ pbo rk pr_`lkgrkql abi bgb ob^i Q+ l abik,bpm^`fl Q!+ O^o^ bi Šidb_o^ _llib^k^ cz bjmib^jlp pr_`lkgrkqlp bpmb`f^ibpabR nrb+ bk bi ibkdr^gb ab i^ jlabok^ qbloŒ ab i^ fkqbdo^`fŽk+pb ii^j^k pr_`lk,grkqlp ab R ia`e^hao- Ml fkqbkq^objlp abp`of_fo bi pfdkfcf`^al mob`fpl ab rk `lk,grkql jbaf_ib: bk `^j_fl+ jbk`flk^objlp ^idrk^p ab i^p molmfba^abpnrb mlpbbi^ `i^pb ab ilp `lkgrkqlp jbaf_ib p-
Blkpfabobjlp mofjbol pr_`lkgrkqlp ab Q- Klp pr_`lkgrkqlp jbaf_ib p qfbkbki^p molmfba^abppfdrfbkqbp9
0( Rf ? bp jbaf_ib+ ^pfjfpjl il bp Q , ?, `ljmibjbkql ab ?,
510
1-- A…h_qhk a lnk^]^ehe`]`ao
1( Rf w?h* ?1+ @^ + - -- y bp rk^ `lib``fŽk krjbo^_ib ab `lkgrkqlp jbaf,_ibp+i^ obrkfŽk ?h T ?1 U ?2 T --- q^j_f‹k bp jbaf_ib-
2( Slal fkqbos^il '^_fboql+`boo^al+ pbjf^_fboql+ cfkfql l fkcfkfql( bpjbaf_ib-
@pŒmrbp+ilp `lkgrkqlp jbaf_ibp ab Q cloj^k rk^ ^,Šidb_o^ _llib^k^ nrb`lkqfbkb ilp fkqbos^ilp- Dufpqbrk^ ^,Šidb_o^ _llib^k^ jŒkfj^ 'bk bi pbkqfal ab i^fk`irpfŽk( nrb qfbkb bpq^molmfba^a: prp bibjbkqlp pb ii^j^k _kjfqjpko `a @knahbk ^qbk`fŽk ^i j^qbjŠqf`l co^k`‹p †jfib Alobi '0760,0845(- @kŠild^jbkqb+ bk C1
bufpqbrk ^,Šidb_o^ _llib^k^ jŒkfj^ nrb `lkqfbkb qlalp ilp molar`qlp `^oqbpf^klpab m^obpab fkqbos^ilp: prp bibjbkqlp plk `lkgrkqlp ab Alobi- Klp `lkgrkqlp abAlobi bk Cj pb abcfkbk bk cloj^ ^kŠild^-
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Di qblobj^ 03-0 klp af`b nrb mrbabk ^pfdk^opbmol_^_fifa^abp mlpfqfs^p^ ilprjl ^ rk pr_`lkgrkql krjbo^_ib ab R- Klp obpq^kqbpmrkqlp ab R qbkaoŠk mol_^,_fifa^a `bol- Dk m^oqf`ri^o+pf qlalp ilp obpriq^alp ab R plk fdr^ijbkqb mol_^_ibp+bkqlk`bp qlal mrkql ab R ab_b qbkbo^pfdk^a^ mol_^_fifa^a `bol-
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Orbpql nrb i^ j^vlo m^oqbab 'pf kl qla^p( i^p mol_^_fifa^abp mrkqr^ibp m^o^rk bpm^`fl jrbpqo^i kl krjbo^_ib pboŠ`bol+ kl _^pq^ `lkl`bo i^p mol_^_fifa^abpmrkqr^ibp m^o^`^i`ri^o i^p mol_^_fifa^abp ab pr`bplp ^o_fqo^oflp-Rb kb`bpfq^ jŠpfkcloj^`fŽk: i^ abp`ofm`fŽk bp jbglo rqfifw^kal alp `lk`bmqlp krbslp+ h]o r]ne],^hao]ha]pkne]ov i^p bqj_ekjao `a `eopne^q_e‰j+i^p nrb klp s^jlp ^ obcbofopbdrf,a^jbkqb- Cf`elp `lk`bmqlp mbojfqbk e^`bo rpl abi BŠi`ril fkqbdo^i bk jr`elpmol_ibj^p `lk bpm^`flp jrbpqo^ibp kl krjbo^_ibp- K^ fkqbdo^`fŽk prpqfqrvb ^ i^prj^`fŽk bk bi BŠi`ril ab mol_^_fifa^abp-
03-2 U^of^_ibp ib^qlof^p
Dk jr`elp bumbofjbkqlp klp fkqbobp^kjŠianko ^pl`f^alp ^ ilp obpriq^alp abibumbofjbkql- Olo bgbjmil+ j jlkba^p pb i^kw^k pfjriqŠkb^jbkqb v mobdrkq^jlpmlo bi k•jbol ab `^o^p- Tk m^o ab a^alp orba^k v klp fkqbobp^i^ prj^ ab ilpmrkqlp `lkpbdrfalp- Rbi^kw^ rk^ cib`e^ e^`f^ rk _i^k`l `fo`ri^o v nrbobjlp p^_boi^ afpq^k`f^ abpab bi mrkql bk nrb `^vŽ+ ^i `bkqol- Rfbjmob nrb ^pl`f^jlp rkk•jbol ob^i ^ `^a^ obpriq^al ab rk bumbofjbkql bpq^jlp qo^q^kal `lk rk^ bqj,_e‰j `rvl aljfkfl bp bi `lkgrkql ab obpriq^alp mlpf_ibp v `rvl ob`loofal bp bi`lkgrkql ab ilp k•jbolp ob^ibp bk `rbpqfŽk- Tk^ q^i crk`fŽk pb ii^j^ r]ne]^ha]ha]pkne]-@ `lkqfkr^`fŽk a^jlp rk^ abcfkf`fŽk cloj^i ab s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^9
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@ `^rp^ ab i^ dbkbo^ifa^a ab i^ ^kqboflo abcfkf`fŽk bp mlpf_ib qbkboafpqfkq^ps^of^_ibp ^ib^qlof^p^pl`f^a^p ^ rk jfpjl bumbofjbkql- Dk `^a^ `^pl m^oqf`ri^obibumbofjbkq^alo ab_b ab`fafo `rŠibp plk i^p s^of^_ibp ^ib^qlof^p nrb ib fkqbobp^k-Fbkbo^ijbkqb+ mol`ro^jlp qo^_^g^o`lk i^p s^of^_ibp ^ib^qlof^p `rv^p crk`flkbpobcibg^k+lk i^ jŠufj^ pfjmif`fa^a mlpf_ib+i^p molmfba^abpab ilp obpriq^alp abibumbofjbkql nrb plk ob^ijbkqb bpbk`f^ibp-
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Cfan_e_eko 514
Klp s^ilobp N v 0 kl plk bpbk`f^ibp ,mlaoŒ^ rqfifw^opb r^inrfbo m^oab k•jbolpob^ibp afpqfkqlp- Ml l_pq^kqb+N v 0 prdfbobk ~m^oƒ l ~fjm^oƒ+ obpmb`qfs^jbkqb+mlonrb obmobpbkq^kbi obpql nrb pb l_qfbkb ^i afsfafo bi obpriq^al s mlo 1-
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5- Tk^ c^`qloŒ^ ab molar``fŽk bk `^abk^ `lkpq^ ab alp bpq^`flkbp ab qo^_^gb ? v @,Dk i^ bpq^`fŽk ?* pb jlkq^k W rkfa^abp mlo elo^: fkjbaf^q^jbkqb plk, qo^kpmloq^a^p ^i^ bpq^`fŽk @* alkab plk fkpmb``flk^a^p ^ o^wŽk ab X rkfa^abp mlo elo^- pfbkalv ; W- Klp mlpf_ibp s^ilobp ab W b W plk ilp bkqbolp 7+ 8 X 0/- Rf Y bp i^ s^of^_ib ^ib^,qlof^ nrb obmobpbkq^bi k•jbol ab rkfa^abp nrb p^ibk ab i^ `^abk^ bk i^ mofjbo^ elo^ab molar``fŽk9^( Dumobp^oY bk crk`fŽk ab W b X+ prmlkfbkal `^a^ W v `^a^ W `lkpq^kqbp aro^kqbbpq^ elo^-_( Cbp`of_fo+ ab j^kbo^ m^ob`fa^+ i^ s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^ S nrb `rbkq^ bi k•jbol abrkfa^abp molar`fa^p bk i^p alp mofjbo^p elo^p- B^a^ rk^ ab i^p W b X bp `lkpq^kqbaro^kqb `^a^ elo^+ mbol ilp s^ilobp `lkpq^kqbp aro^kqb i^ pbdrka^ elo^ kl ab_bkkb`bp^of^jbkqb `lfk`fafo `lk ilp ab i^ mofjbo^-
),'- 9^WLRXWN\MNMR\][RK^LRmW
Ulisbjlp ab krbsl ^i mol_ibj^ abi `Ši`ril ab mol_^_fifa^abp ab rk pr`bpl^pl`f^al ^ rk^ `fboq^ s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^+ Rb^ W rk^ s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^ rkfafjbkpfl,k^i abcfkfa^ bk rk bpm^`fl jrbpqo^i R+ pfbkal R rk `lkgrkql ab Alobi bk Cj m^o^j 199 0+ Rb^ O rk^ jbafa^ ab mol_^_fifa^a abcfkfa^ bk ilp pr_`lkgrkqlp ab Alobiab R+ O^o^ `^a^ ol ab R+ W'ol( bp rk k•jbol ob^i+v `r^kal ol ob`loob ilp bibjbkqlpab R ilp k•jbolp W'ol( ob`loobk rk `lkgrkql ab k•jbolp ob^ibp 'bi ob`loofal ab V'*
Dqj_ekjao `a `eopne^q_e‰j 51f
Dpqb`lkgrkql mrbab pbo cfkfql+ fkcfkfql krjbo^_ib+ l kl krjbo^_ib- O^o^ `^a^k•jbol ob^i p `lkpfabo^jlp bi pfdrfbkqb pr_`lkgrkql ab R9
?'p( < xol HV's( y px-
Rf p bp jbklo nrb qlalp ilp k•jbolp abi ob`loofal ab W+bi `lkgrkql ?&p' pboŠs^`Œl: ab il `lkqo^ofl+ ?&p' pboŠrk pr_`lkgrkql ab R kl s^`Œl- Rrmlkbjlp nrbm^o^`^a^ p bi `lkgrkql ?'p( bp rk oq_aok+bpql bp+rk `lkgrkql ab Alobi- Cb ^`rbo,al `lk bi `lksbkfl bpq^_ib`fal ^i cfk^i ab i^ pb``fŽk 03-2+ obmobpbkq^jlp bpqbpr`bpl `lk bi pŒj_lil W -pp-
Rrmlkbjlp `lkl`fa^ i^ mol_^_fifa^a N&V -pp' m^o^qlal p ob^i- Dpqb`lkl`f,jfbkql klp mbojfqfoŠ `^i`ri^o i^p mol_^_fifa^abp ab lqolp jr`elp pr`bplp abfkqbo‹p-O^o^ildo^oil pb rp^k i^p mol_^_fifa^abp N&V 889p' `ljl _^pb m^o^i^ `lkp,qor``fŽk ab rk^ krbs^ crk`fŽk E+ ii^j^a^ bqj_e‰j `a `eopne^q_e‰jab W nrb pbabcfkb ab i^ j^kbo^ pfdrfbkqb9
CDEHMHBHˆM CD ETMBHˆM CD CHRSQHATBHˆM- Qa] Wqj] r]ne]^ha ]ha]pkne]qje,`eiajoekj]h- J] bqj_e‰jE `abeje`] l]n] pk`k pna]hia`e]jpa h] a_q]_e‰j
D'p( < N'V y p(
oa hh]i] h] bqj_e‰j`a `eopne^q_e‰ja h] r]ne]^ha ]ha]pkne]W-
M^oanr]_e‰j- @idrk^p sb`bp+ i^ klq^`fŽk D| pb rqfifw^ m^o^ obp^iq^o bi eb`elab nrb i^ crk`fŽk ab afpqof_r`fŽk bpqŠ ^pl`f^a^ ^ rk^ `fboq^ s^of^_ib W- Dkqlk`bpbi s^ilo ab i^ crk`fŽk bk p pb bp`of_b Dt&p',
Dp fjmloq^kqb a^opb `rbkq^ ab nrb i^ crk`fŽk ab afpqof_r`fŽk E bpqŠabcfkfa^pl_ob bi bgbob^i `ljmibql+ ^rk `r^kal bi ob`loofal ab W mrbab pbo rk^ mlo`fŽk^`lq^a^ abi bgbob^i- Dk bcb`ql+pf qlalp ilp k•jbolp V's( bpqŠkbk rk `fboql fkqbo,s^il cfkfql Y]* ^[* bkqlk`bp m^o^ p ; ] i^ mol_^_fifa^a N&V 889p' bp `bol 'v^ nrbm^o^ p ; ] bi `lkgrkql W 99:p bp s^`Œl( v m^o^ p y ^ i^ mol_^_fifa^a N'V ,p p(bp 0 'ab_fal ^ nrb bk bpqb ^pl bi `lkgrkql W 99:pbp bi bpm^`fl jrbpqo^i `ljmibql(+Dpql pfdkfcf`^ nrb m^o^s^of^_ibp ^ib^qlof^pW ]_kp]`]o `rvl ob`loofal bpqŠabkqolab rk fkqbos^il Y]+^[ qbkbjlp D'p( < N m^o^ qlal p ; ] v D'p( < 0 m^o^ qlalp y ^+
Ool`babobjlp ^elo^ ^ abar`fo rk `fboql k•jbol ab molmfba^abp`ljrkbp ^qla^p i^p crk`flkbp ab afpqof_r`fŽk-
SDNQDL@ 03-1- RfE ao qj] bqj_e‰j `a `eopne^q_e‰ja qj] r]ne]^ha ]ha]pk,ne] qje`eiajoekj]h W+ajpkj_ao
^( N z D'p( y 0 l]n] pk`k p-_( Na] ; V y ^( < D'^( , D']( pf ] ; ^-b( D']( y D'^( oe ] ; ^-
1-3 A…h_qhk a lnk^]^ehe`]`ao
Baikopn]_e‰j- K^ m^oqb^( pb abar`b fkjbaf^q^jbkqb ab i^ abcfkf`fŽk abE mlonrb i^ mol_^_fifa^a bpqŠpfbjmob `ljmobkafa^ bkqobN v 0-
O^o^ abjlpqo^o _( l_pbosbjlp nrb ilp pr`bplp |] ; W ,p ^€ v ~W -p ]€ plkafpgrkqlp- Rr obrkfŽk bp bi pr`bpl ~W z ^•+ @mif`^kal i^ ^afqfsfa^a l_qbkbjlp
Na] ; V y ^' * N&V y ]' < N&V y ^'*
nrb q^j_f‹k pb mrbab mlkbo bk i^ cloj^
Na] ; V y ^' < N&V y ^' + N&V y ]' < D&^' + D&]',
K^ m^oqbb( pb abar`b ab _( mrbpql nrb Na] ; W ,p ^' y N-
M^oanr]_e‰j9 Tp^kal i^ ^k^ildŒ^ ab i^ j^p^+ afoŒ^jlp nrb D'p( obmobpbkq^i^`^kqfa^a qlq^i ab j^p^ pfqr^a^ bkqob , // v p 'fk`irvbkal bi jfpjl mrkql o(+K^`^kqfa^a ab j^p^ il`^ifw^a^ bk bi fkqbos^il pbokf^_fboql ']+ ^[ bp D'^( , D'](-
D&p' D&p'
l ?
EHFTQ@ 03-0 Dqj_e‰j `a `eopne^q_e‰j`a EHFTQ@ 03-1 Dqj_e‰j `a `eopne^q_e…j `a qj]qj] r]ne]^ha ]ha]pkne] ]_kp]`]- r]ne]^ha ]ha]pkne] jk ]_kp]`]-
K^ cfdro^ 03-0 klp jrbpqo^ rk^ crk`fŽk ab afpqof_r`fŽk ab rk^ s^of^_ib ^ib^,qlof^ ^`lq^a^ W `rvlp s^ilobp W'‰i( bpqŠkbk bi fkqbos^il ZN+0\- Dpqbbgbjmil bp`lkl`fal `ljl `eopne^q_e‰jqjebknia- Dk ‹i qbkbjlp
D'p( < N m^o^ p ; N+ D'p( < p m^o^ N ; p y 0+ D'p( < 0 m^o^ p::9990-
Dk i^ cfdro^ 03-1 pb sb rk bgbjmil ab rk^ crk`fŽk ab afpqof_r`fŽk `loobpmlk,afbkqb ^ rk^ s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^ kl ^`lq^a^- Dpqbbgbjmil pb `lkl`b `lk bi klj_obab `eopne^q_e‰ja A]q_du v prp s^ilobp sfbkbk a^alp mlo i^ cŽojri^
0 0D'p( < , * ,^o`q^k p-
1 5R
Dqj_ekjao `a `eopne^q_e‰j 1-4
LŠp ^abi^kqb sbobjlp `^plp moŠ`qf`lp nrb `lkar`bk ^ afpqof_r`flkbp rkfclojbpv ab B^r`ev-
M^oanr]_e‰j9 Blk bi pŒjfi ab i^ j^p^+ afoŒ^jlp nrb bk i^ cfdro^ 03-0 kl bufpqbj^p^ pfqr^a^ ^ i^ fwnrfboa^ abi lofdbk l ^ i^ abob`e^ abi mrkql 0- Sla^ i^ j^p^ e^pfal afpqof_rfa^ bk bi fkqbos^il ZN+0i- K^ doŠcf`^ ab E bp rk^ ob`q^ pl_ob bpb fkqbo,s^il mlonrb i^ j^p^ bpqŠbuqbkafa^ `lk abkpfa^a rkfclojb- Dk i^ cfdro^ 03-1 i^ j^p^bpqŠ afpqof_rfa^ ^ il i^odl ab qlal bi bgb- K^ doŠcf`^ kl bp ifkb^i mlonrb i^ j^p^ bpqŠbuqbkafa^ `lk abkpfa^a s^of^_ib-
Di qblobj^ 03-1 _( fkaf`^ `Žjl `^i`ri^o 'bk crk`fŽk ab E( i^ mol_^_fifa^aab nrb W bpq‹ bk rk fkqbos^il pbjf,^_fboql ab i^ cloj^ &]* ^[, Di qblobj^ nrbpfdrb pb obcfbob lqolp qfmlpab fkqbos^ilp-
SDNQDL@ 03-2- Qe E ao qj] bqj_e‰j `a `eopne^q_e‰ja qj] r]ne]^ha ]ha],pkne] qje,`eiajoekj]h W+ajpkj_ao oe ] ; ^ pajaiko9
^( Na] y V y ^( < D'^( , D']( * N'V < ](-_( Na] ; V ; ^( < D'^( , D']( , N'V < ^(-b( Na] y V ; ^( < D'^( , D']( * N'V < ]( , N'V < ^(-
Baikopn]_e‰j- O^o^ abjlpqo^o ^( l_pbosbjlp nrb ilp pr`bplp |] ; W 4 ^•v ~W < ]• plk afpgrkqlp v pr obrkfŽk bp |] 4 W 4 ^•+ Sbkfbkal bk `rbkq^ i^^afqfsfa^a v bi qblobj^ 03-1 _( l_qbkbjlp ^(- K^p m^oqbp_( v b( pb abjrbpqo^k bkcloj^ m^ob`fa^-
N_pbosbjlp nrb ilp `r^qol pr`bplp
] ; Vy ^+ ] y Vy ^* ] ; V; ^+ v ]yV;^
qfbkbk fdr^i mol_^_fifa^a pf v pŽil pf N&V < ]' < N X N&V < ^' < N-
Klp bgbjmilp obmobpbkq^alpbk i^p cfdro^p 03-0 v 03-1 e^`bk sbo lqo^p alpmolmfba^abpnrb qfbkbkqla^p i^p crk`flkbp ab afpqof_r`fŽk+v nrb pb abp`of_bk bkbi qblobj^ pfdrfbkqb-
SDNQDL@ 03-3- QeE ao h] bqj_e‰j `a `eopne^q_e‰ja qj] r]ne]^ha ]ha]pkne]qje,`eiajoekj]h W+ajpkj_ao
'03-0( ifj D'p( < NC((K'2/#
v ifj D'p( < 0-]&$$XX
Baikopn]_e‰j- K^ bufpqbk`f^ab ilp alp iŒjfqbpab '03-0( v bi eb`el ab nrbilp alp iŒjfqbpbpq‹k bkqobN v 0 pb abar`b ^i jljbkql+ mrbpql nrb E bp rk^ crk,`fŽk jlkŽqlk^ `rvlp s^ilobp bpqŠkbkqobN v 0- -
Cbpfdkbjlp ilp iŒjfqbpab '03-0( `lk J0 v J1 obpmb`qfs^jbkqb- O^o^ abjlp,
52/ A…h_qhk a lnk^]^ehe`]`ao
qo^onrb J0 < N X nrb J1 < 0 bjmib^objlp i^ molmfba^a ab ^afqfsfa^a krjbo^_ibab i^ mol_^_fifa^a- @ q^i cfk bumobpbjlp i^ qlq^ifa^a abi bpm^`fl R `ljl rk^obrkfŽk krjbo^_ib ab pr`bplp afpgrkqlp9
++ ++
R < T ',j ; V y ,j * 0( r T'k ; V y j * 0(-V4T Vc=
Dkqlk`bp+ mlo i^ ^afqfsfa^a+ l_qbkbjlp
++ ++
laQ( < J N' , j ; V y , j * 0( * J N' j ; V y j * 0(k<i j<M
K L
< ifj J YD',j * 0( , D' ,j•( * ifj J YD'j * 0( , D'j•(-L,*ll j<h L,kk j<M
K^p prj^p abi pbdrkal jfbj_ol pb pfjmifcf`^k rk^p `lk lqo^p+aŠkalklp
laQ( < Hfj YD'M(, D' ,K([ * ifj YD'L * 0( , D'M•(Kykk Lykk
< D'M( , J0 * J1 , D'M( < J1 , J0 Œ
Orbpql nrb laQ( < 0+bpql abjrbpqo^ nrb 3 , J0 < 0 l pb^ J1
< 0 * J/‹ Olo
lqo^ m^oqb+qbkbjlp q^j_f‹k nrb J1 9p: 0 X J0 199 N- Dpql fjmif`^ nrb J1< N X
K0< 0+`ljl pb ^cfojŽ-
03-5 Cfp`lkqfkrfa^abp ab i^p crk`flkbp ab afpqof_r`fŽk
Dk i^ cfdro^ 03-2 pb jrbpqo^ rk bgbjmil ab rk^ mlpf_ib crk`fŽk ab afpqof_r,`fŽk `lk afp`lkqfkrfa^abp- Tqfifw^kal i^ ^k^ildŒ^ ab j^p^p afoŒ^jlp nrb D qfbkbrk^ afp`lkqfkrfa^a ab p^iql bk `^a^ mrkql nrb plmloq^ rk^ `^kqfa^a mlpfqfs^ abj^p^- Di qblobj^ nrb pfdrb jrbpqo^ nrb bi p^iql bp fdr^i ^ i^ `^kqfa^a ab j^p^`lk`bkqo^a^ bk bi mrkql `loobpmlkafbkqb-
EHFTQ@ 03-2 Sj] lkoe^ha bqj_e‰j `a`eopne^q_e‰j-
--R^iql < N&V < ]' !! y
z ifj D&h' < D&]'H +wh)
z]
EHFTQ@ 03-3 Beo_kjpejqe`]` `a o]hpk`a qj] bqj_e‰j `a `eopne^q_e‰j-
((((((((((((((((`
z{o&! ++ +,,,
0 0 9+ + +0 +
Beo_kjpejqe`]`ao `a h]o bqj_ekjao `a `eopne^q_e‰j 520
SDNQDL@ 03-4- Qe D ao qj] bqj_e‰j `a `eopne^q_e‰j`a qj] r]ne]^ha ]ha]pkne]qje,`eiajoekj]h W+ajpkj_ao l]n] _]`] r]hkn na]h p pajaiko
'03-1( ifj D'p( < D'](p,,*]*
v
'03-2( heiD'p( < D']( , N'V < ](-['I'
M^oanr]_eˆj8 K^ obi^`fŽk bkqob iŒjfqbp '03-1( klp af`b nrb D bp _kjpejq] ]h] `ana_d] ab `^a^ mrkql ]* ab_fal ^ nrb D&p'y D&]' `r^kal p y ] mlo i^ abob,`e^- Olo lqo^ m^oqb+i^ b`r^`fŽk '03-2( klp af`b nrb `r^kal p y ] mlo i^ fwnrfboa^+D&p' qfbkab e^`f^ D&]' pf v pŽil pf i^ mol_^_fifa^a N&V < ]' bp `bol- Br^kalN&V < ]' kl bp `bol+ i^ doŠcf`^ ab D qfbkb rk^ afp`lkqfkrfa^a ab p^iql bk ] abiqfml ab i^ nrb pb sb bk i^ cfdro^ 03-3-
Baikopn]_e‰j- K^ bufpqbk`f^ab ilp iŒjfqbpobpriq^ fkjbaf^q^jbkqb ab i^ jl,klqlkŒ^ v ^`lq^`fŽk ab D, U^jlp ^ abjlpqo^o nrb ilp iŒjfqbpqfbkbk ilp s^ilobpfkaf`^alp- @ q^i fkrqfifw^jlp i^ m^oqb_( abi qblobj^ 03-1- Rf p = ] bp`of_fjlp9
'03-3( D'p( < D']( * Na] ; V y p(:
pf p ; ]+mlkbjlp
'03-4( D'p( < D']( , N'p ; V y ](-
G^`fbkal p y ]* bk '03-3( bk`lkqo^jlp
ifj D'p( < D']( * ifj Na] ; V y p(+p,,*]* p,j*
jfbkqo^p nrb pf p y ], bk '03-4( l_qbkbjlp
ifj D'p( < D']( ,ifjO'q ; V y ](-[''%I' [cI'
Olo 0/ q^kql m^o^ abjlpqo^o '03-1( v '03-2( ab_bjlp bpq^_ib`boalp fdr^ia^abp9
'03-5( heiN'];Vyp(<Mp---Œ]*
v
'03-6( ifj N'p ; V y ]' < N' V < ]',C'C7'
521 A…h_qhk a lnk^]^ehe`]`ao
Hkqrfqfs^jbkqb mrbabk bpq^_ib`bopb ^pŒ9Br^kal py ]* +bi fkqbos^il pbjf ^_fboql&]* p[ qfbkab ^ `lkcrkafopb `lk bi `lkgrkql s^`Œl- Dpql bp+i^ fkqbopb``fŽk ab qlalpilp fkqbos^ilp pbjf ^_fboqlp &]* p[* m^o^ p = ]* bp s^`Œ^- Olo lqo^ m^oqb+`r^kalp y ] , bi fkqbos^il pbjf^_fboql &p*][ qfbkab ^ `lkcrkafopb `lk bi mrkql ]- 'K^fkqbopb``fŽk ab qlalp ilp fkqbos^ilp &p*][ m^o^ p ; ] bp bi `lkgrkql w]x-( Olo `lk,pfdrfbkqb+ pf i^ mol_^_fifa^a pb `ljmloq^ ab j^kbo^ `lkqfkr^+ i^p fdr^ia^abp '03-5(v '03-6( ab_bk pbo `fboq^p- O^o^ pbdrfo bpqb o^wlk^jfbkql bk cloj^ ofdrolp^ s^jlp^ e^`boil abi pfdrfbkqb jlal9
O^o^ `^a^ bkqbol j y 0+ pb^
'03-7(
O^o^ abjlpqo^o '03-5( _^pq^ `lk abjlpqo^o nrb lj y N `r^kal j y ll + Qbmobpbk,
q^kal `lk Qj bi pr`bpl
0 0]*,,;V;]*,-
j*0 , j
Klp `lkgrkqlp R’’ plk afpgrkqlp v pr obrkfŽk R0 T R1 T R2 T bp bi pr`bpl] ; W 99:] * 0- Olo i^ ^afqfsfa^a krjbo^_ib qbkbjlp9
'03-8(
//
N'Qj( < N'] ; V y ] * 0( < N/%jy/
Olo lqo^ m^oqb+i^ fdr^ia^a '03-7( fjmif`^ nrb
^pŒnrb ab '03-8( l_qbkbjlp i^ obi^`fŽk
'03-0/(//
'Nj , Nj*0( < N0&=,<
K^ `lksbodbk`f^ ab i^ pbofb bp rk^ `lkpb`rbk`f^ ab '03-8(- Obol i^ pbofb abi mofjbojfbj_ol ab '03-0/( qfbkb mlo prj^
N0 , ifj Nj&j ,,,‹bl
Olo il q^kql '03-0/( fjmif`^ nrb iŒjkzll N| < N+X bpql morb_^ '03-5(-Tk^ ifdbo^ jlafcf`^`fŽk ab bpqb o^wlk^jfbkql klp mbojfqb abjlpqo^o q^j_f‹k
'03-6(- Orbpql nrb
N'p ; V y ]( < N'p ; V ; ]( * N'V < ](
Beo_kjpejqe`]`ao `a h]o bqj_ekjao `a `eopne^q_e‰j 522
q^k pŽil kb`bpfq^jlp abjlpqo^o nrb H
heiN'p;V;](<M-C&$:&
@ q^i cfk fkqolar`fjlp ilp k•jbolp
o: 3 ?"7 ' G ; W2 7#v abjlpqo^jlp nrb mŒŒy N `r^kal j y bb + 8W bpqb`^pl `lkpfabo^jlp ilp pr`bplpR: a^alp mlo
] + ; W999:9] \\ 0]k k * 0
m^o^j < 0+1+2+---- Dplp plk afpgrkqlp v pr obrkfŽk bp bi pr`bpl ] , 0 ; W ; ]+^pŒnrb qbkbjlp
~I
GN'R+-(< la] , 0 ; W ; ]( < O0&ŠŠ<0
N_pbosbjlp ^elo^ nrb mj , mj*0 < N&Rj(+ v mlabjlp `ljmibq^o i^ abjlpqo^`fŽk`ljl ^kqbp-
Di qfml jŠp dbkbo^i ab afpqof_r`fŽk bp `r^inrfbo crk`fŽk ob^i E `lk i^p mol,mfba^abp pfdrfbkqbp9
^( E bp jlkŽqlk^ `ob`fbkqb bk bi bgbob^i-_( E bp `lkqfkr^ ^ i^ abob`e^ ab `^a^ mrkql-b( iŒj D&p' < N X iŒj D&p' < 0 -
C&$&:-# ]&$XX
Dk bcb`ql+mrbab abjlpqo^opb nrb m^o^`^a^ rk^ ab bp^p crk`flkbp E bufpqbrk^ `loobpmlkafbkqb crk`fŽk ab `lkgrkql N* abcfkfa^ pl_ob ilp `lkgrkqlp ab Alobiabi bgbob^i+q^i nrb N bp rk^ jbafa^ ab mol_^_fifa^a nrb ^pfdk^ i^ mol_^_fifa^aD&^' + D&]' ^ `^a^ fkqbos^il pbjf^_fboql &]* ^[, Orbab sbopb rk^ abjlpqo^`fŽk abbpql bk G- Bo^j‹o+ K]pdai]pe_]h Kapdk`o kb Qp]peope_o+Oofk`bqlk TkfsbopfqvOobpp+Oofk`bqlk+M- I-+ 0835-
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l'p( < N&V < p(-
Dpql bp+l&p' bp i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab nrb W qljb bi s^ilo p-Br^kal abpbbjlp mlkboab j^kfcfbpql nrb l bpqŠ^pl`f^al ^ W bp`of_fjlp lt bk ird^o ab l v Nt'p( bkird^o ab l&p',
Di `lkgrkql ab k•jbolp ob^ibpp m^o^ilp `r^ibp l&p' = N bp cfkfql l krjbo^,_ib- Kl bumobp^jlp mlo R: bpql bp+mlkbjlp
R < wp-zl'p( = Ny-
K^ s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^ W pb ii^j^ `eo_nap] pf
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Cf`el ab lqol jlal+ W bp afp`obq^ pf rk^ rkfa^a ab j^p^ ab mol_^_fifa^a bpqŠafpqof_rfa^ pl_ob bi bgbob^i `lk`bkqoŠkalpb rk^ j^p^ mlpfqfs^ l&p' bk `^a^ mrkqlp ab rk `fboql `lkgrkql R cfkfql l fkcfkfql krjbo^_ib v bk ilp obpq^kqbpmrkqlp kle^v j^p^- Klp mrkqlp ab R pb ii^j^k lqjpko `a i]o] ab V-
O^o^ s^of^_ibp ^ib^qlof^p afp`obq^pbi `lkl`fjfbkql ab i^ crk`fŽk ab j^p^ abmol_^_fifa^a klp mbojfqb `^i`ri^o i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab pr`bplp ^o_fqo^oflp-Sbkb,jlp+ bcb`qfs^jbkqb+ bi pfdrfbkqb qblobj^-
SDNQDL@ 03-5- Qe ? ao qj oq^_kjfqjpk `a @knah `a h] na_p] na]h B$ v oe`aoecj]iko _kj N'V D ?( h] lnk^]^ehe`]` `ah _kjfqjpk `a s p]h mqa V's( † ?+ajpkj_ao
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Baikopn]_e‰j- Orbpql nrb ? '( R R: ? X R , ? R: Q , ? +
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Beopne^q_ekjao`eo_nap]o 524
Obol ? k R v R , ? plk `lkgrkqlp afpgrkqlp `rv^ obrkfŽk bp R+^pŒnrb i^ pb,drka^ abpfdr^ia^a ab '03-01( bp bnrfs^ibkqb ^
0 , 9• l' t' y 0 , O'V C?'9nC? kS
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D'p( < N'V&y p( < 99•l&t',typ
Rf rk^ s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^ bp afp`obq^+i^ crk`fŽk ab afpqof_r`fŽk `loobpmlkafbkqb Eq^j_f‹k bp afp`obq^-
Klp bgbjmilp nrb pfdrbk ab afpqof_r`flkbp afp`obq^ppb mobpbkq^kcob`rbkqb,jbkqb bk i^ moŠ`qf`^-
DIDLOKN 0- Beopne^q_e5j^ejkie]h- Rb^ l rk k•jbol ob^i nrb p^qfpc^`bi^^`lq^`fŽk N 94 N 94 0 X pb^ m < 0 , l, Rrmlkd^jlp rk^ s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^ nrbqlj^ ilp s^ilobp N+0+1+ 2+--- +j+ pfbkal j rk bkqbol mlpfqfsl cfgl+v ^ajfq^jlpnrb i^ mol_^_fifa^a N&V < g' sfbkb a^a^ mlo i^ cŽojri^
N&V < g' < 'y(zGmj,+-m^o^ g < N+0+1+--- +j-
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525 A…h_qhk a lnk^]^ehe`]`ao
Dpq^ ^pfdk^`fŽk ab mol_^_fifa^abp bp ibdŒqfj^mlonrb i^ prj^ ab qla^p bii^p bp9
N'V < g(< h9'X(lgmj,g < 'l * m(j < 0-g<M g<M
K^ `loobpmlkafbkqb crk`fŽk ab afpqof_r`fŽk Nt pb abkljfk^ `eopne^q_e‰jejkie]hab m^oŠjbqolp j v l, Rrp s^ilobp mrbabk `^i`ri^opb jbaf^kqb i^ cŽojri^ ab pr,j^`fŽk
K^ afpqof_r`fŽk _fkljf^i pb mobpbkq ab j^kbo^ k^qro^i bk bi `^pl ab rk^pr`bpfŽk ab morb_^p ab Aboklriif pf l bp i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab rk pr`bpl v m i^ abipr`bpl `lkqo^ofl- Dcb`qfs^jbkqb+ `r^kal i^ s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^ W `rbkq^ bi k•jb,ol ab sb`bp nrb pb mobpbkq bi pr`bpl bk j morb_^p+N&V < g' bp mob`fp^jbkqbABlg |9&bk sfoqra ab i^ cŽojri^ ab Aboklriif- 'U‹^pb bi qblobj^ 02-2 ab i^ pb`,`fŽk 02-05-( K^ cfdro^ 03-4 jrbpqo^ i^p doŠcf`^pab i^ crk`fŽk ab j^p^ ab mol_^,_fifa^a v i^ crk`fŽk ab afpqof_r`fŽk `loobpmlkafbkqb m^o^ rk^ afpqof_r`fŽk _fkl,jf^i `lk m^oŠjbqolp j < 4 X N < „z-
DIDLOKN 1- Beopne^q_e‰ja Nkeookj- Rb^k --[rk k•jbol ob^i mlpfqfsl v Wrk^ s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^ nrb qlj^ ilp s^ilobp N+0+ 1+ 2+---- Rf i^ mol_^_fifa^aN&V < g' bpqŠa^a^ mlo i^ cŽojri^
M'$&3!SN&V < g' < ,, m^o^ g < N+0+1+--- +
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i^ crk`fŽk ab afpqof_r`fŽk `loobpmlkafbkqb Eu pb ii^j^ `eopne^q_e‰ja Nkeookj abm^oŠjbqol --[-Rb abkljfk^ ^pŒbk elklo abi j^qbjŠqf`l co^k`‹p R- C- Olfpplk'0670,073/(- Dpq^^pfdk^`fŽk ab mol_^_fifa^abp bp sŠifa^ mlonrb
Klp s^ilobp ab i^ crk`fŽk ab afpqof_r`fŽk pb `^i`ri^k `lk i^p prj^p m^o`f^ibp
K^ afpqof_r`fŽk ab Olfpplk bp ^mif`^_ib ^ afsboplp mol_ibj^p obi^qfslp ^ pr,`bplp ^ib^qloflp nrb pb mobpbkq^kbk bi qo^kp`ropl abi qfbjml+ q^ibp`ljl ^``fabk,
Cfan_e_eko 526
qbpab qoŠcf`l+ lkbuflkbp bnrfsl`^a^p bk rk^ `bkqo^i qbibcŽkf`^+b fkqbo`^j_flp ab`oljlplj^p bk i^p `‹iri^p molsl`^alp mlo o^vlp W- Dk ilp if_olp ab Ebiibo vO^owbk+nrb ^i cfk^i abi `^mŒqrilpb `fq^k+ pb afp`rqbk ^idrk^p ^mif`^`flkbp m^o,qf`ri^obp-
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1- Rb i^kw^k alp a^alp- Rb^ W i^ s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^ nrb `rbkq^ bi qlq^i ab mrkqlp`lkpbdrfalp- Blkpqorfo rk^ q^_i^ nrb a‹ ilp s^ilobp kl krilp ab i^ crk`fŽk ab j^p^ abmol_^_fifa^a lt v af_rg^o i^ doŠcf`^ ab i^ crk`fŽk ab afpqof_r`fŽk D€,
2- K^ crk`fŽk ab afpqof_r`fŽk D ab rk^ s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^ W sfbkb abcfkfa^ `ljl pfdrb
D'p( y 'y
pf p ; ,1+
pf ,1 99::p ; N+
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pf p y 1-
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N&V 88991(+ N&M; V ; 1(+ N&M; V 88991(+ NM 8899V 88991( -
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j j * 0 -`flk^i`p ab i^ cloj^ ,, v,, RHbkal j < 0+1+2+--- Rf
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4- K^ crk`fŽk ab j^p^ ab mol_^_fifa^a l ab rk^ s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^ W bp kri^ p^iXN bkilp mrkqlp p < N+ 0+ 1- Dk biilp qlj^ ilp s^ilobp
l&M' < 1_2+ l&h' < 3` , iN`1+ l&h' < 4` , 0+
m^o^ rk `fboql ` = N-^( Cbqbojfk^o bi s^ilo `-_( B^i`ri^o i^p mol_^_fifa^abp9 N&V ; 0(+N&V ; 1(+ O'i ; V 88990'*N&. ; V ; 2(-b( Cbp`of_fo v obmobpbkq^oi^ crk`fŽk ab afpqof_r`fŽk D+a( G^ii^o bi j^vlo s^ilo ab p q^i nrb D&p' ; q-b( G^ii^o bi jbklo s^ilo ab p q^i nrb D&p' = q-
527 A…h_qhk a lnk^]^ehe`]`ao
5- Tk^ s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^ W qfbkb afpqof_r`fŽk _fkljf^i `lk m^oŠjbqolp j < 3 X N < q-^( Cbp`of_fo v obmobpbkq^oi^ crk`fŽk ab j^p^ ab mol_^_fifa^a l,_( Cbp`of_fo v obmobpbkq^oi^ crk`fŽk ab afpqof_r`fŽk D,b( B^i`ri^o i^p mol_^_fifa^abp ON ; W z 1(v N&h-p W ,p 1(-
6- Rrmlkd^jlp nrb rk^ `efk`ebq^ pb b`e^ pl_ob i^ jbp^+ v `^b l `lk i^ mrkq^ e^`f^^oof_^ l bk rk^ mlpf`fŽk bpq^_ib `lk i^ mrkq^ bk i^ jbp^- Rrmlkd^jlp nrb bufpqb rk^mol_^_fifa^a l ab nrb nrbab `lk i^ mrkq^ e^`f^ ^oof_^-^( Rrmlkd^jlp nrb pb b`e^k bk i^ jbp^ alp `efk`ebq^p fa‹kqf`^p- @ajfqfbkal i^fkabmbkabk`f^ bpql`Špqf`^+ abjlpqo^o nrb i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab nrb ^j_^p nrbabk `lki^ mrkq^ e^`f^ ^oof_^ bp l1-
_( Blkqfkr^kal i^ m^oqb ^(+ pb^ W i^ s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^ nrb `rbkq^ bi k•jbol ab`efk`ebq^p nrb nrba^k `lk i^ mrkq^ e^`f^ ^oof_^ 'ilp s^ilobp mlpf_ibp ab W plk N+i X1(- B^i`ri^o i^p mol_^_fifa^abp N&V < N( X N&V < 0(-b( Qbmobpbkq^o i^ crk`fŽk ab afpqof_r`fŽk Dt `r^kal l < -
7- C^a^ rk^ s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^ W `rvlp s^ilobp mlpf_ibp plk 0+1+--- +j- @ajfq^jlp nrbi^ mol_^_fifa^a N&V < g' bp molmlo`flk^i ^ g, Cbqbojfk^o i^ `lkpq^kqb ab molmlo`fl,k^ifa^a+ i^ crk`fŽk ab j^p^ ab mol_^_fifa^a l|* v i^ ab afpqof_r`fŽk D€,
8- C^a^ rk^ s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^ W `rvlp s^ilobp mlpf_ibp plk /+0+1+2+ ---- @ajfq^jlpnrb N&V < g' bp molmlo`flk^i ^ _g-g * alkab a bp rk k•jbol ob^i cfgl- Cbqbojfk^o i^`lkpq^kqb ab molmlo`flk^ifa^a v i^ crk`fŽk ab j^p^ ab mol_^_fifa^a l,
0/- ^( Rb i^kw^ rk a^al `loob`ql- Di bpm^`fl jrbpqo^i bp R <x0+ 1+ 2+ 3+ 4+ 5y-Rf bi k•jbolab mrkqlp `lkpbdrfalp bp fjm^o+ rk grd^alo ob`f_b rk aŽi^o: bk bi `^pl `lkqo^ofl ab_bm^d^o rk aŽi^o- Rb^ W i^ s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^ nrb jfab bi obpriq^al 'k•jbol ab aŽi^obp(bk `^a^ m^oqfa^ abi grbdl- 'Klp s^ilobp mlpf_ibp ab W plk * i v ,0(- Cbp`of_fo v ob,mobpbkq^o i^p crk`flkbp ab j^p^ ab mol_^_fifa^a lt v ab afpqof_r`fŽk Dt-
_( Rb i^kw^ rk^ jlkba^ mbocb`q^- Di bpm^`fl jrbpqo^i bp R ;wF* Rx '`^o^ l `orw(-Rf bi obpriq^al bp `^o^+ rk grd^alo ob`f_b rk aŽi^o: pf bp `orw m^d^ rk aŽi^o- Rb^ W i^s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^ nrb jfab bi obpriq^al 'k•jbol ab aŽi^obp( bk `^a^ m^oqfa^ abi grbdl-Cbjlpqo^o nrb i^p crk`flkbp ab j^p^ ab mol_^_fifa^a Nu v ab afpqof_r`fŽk D: plkfa‹kqf`^p ^ i^p ab i^ m^oqb ^( ab bpqb bgbo`f`fl- Dpqb bgbjmil mlkb ab j^kfcfbpql nrbs^of^_ibp ^ib^qlof^p afpqfkq^p mrbabk qbkbo i^ jfpj^ crk`fŽk ab afpqof_r`fŽk a^a^ D,'„Olo nr‹>( Rb af`b nrb q^ibp s^of^_ibp ^ib^qlof^p bpqŠk `eopne^qe`]o e`†jpe_]iajpa-B^a^ qblobj^ obi^qfsl ^ rk^ crk`fŽk ab afpqof_r`fŽk m^oqf`ri^o bp ^mif`^_ib ^ `r^inrfbo^ab i^p fkcfkfq^p s^of^_ibp ^ib^qlof^p nrb qbkd^k bpq^ afpqof_r`fŽk-
00- Rb p^_b nrb bi k•jbol ab jfkrqlp nrb rkl qfbkb nrb bpmbo^ork qobk bk `fboq^ bpq^`fŽkabi jbqol bp rk^ s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^ W `lk i^ pfdrfbkqb crk`fŽk ab j^p^ ab mol_^_fifa^a9
l'p( < N p^isl m^o^ p < 2g.0M pf h</+0+1+ --- +0/-
l'p( < qio pf p < /+/-2+/-5+/-8+1-0+1-3++1-6+2-/-
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Beopne^q_ekjao_kjpejq]o 528
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'03-02( D'p( , D']( < b8b'q( `q+
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Dk ^idrk^p l`^pflkbp i^ crk`fŽk ab afpqof_r`fŽk E mrbab bumobp^opbljl rk^fkqbdo^iab i^ cloj^ '03-02(+ bk i^ nrb bi fkqbdo^kal b bp fkqbdo^_ibmbol kl kb`blp^of^jbkqb `lkqfkr^- Rfbjmob nrb rk^ fdr^ia^a `ljl i^ '03-02( bp sŠifa^ m^o^qlalp ilp fkqbos^ilp Y]+pH+bi fkqbdo^kal b pb ii^j^ bqj_e‰j `a `ajoe`]` `a lnk,^]^ehe`]` ab i^ s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^ W 'l ab i^ afpqof_r`fŽk E( `lk q^i nrb b pb^ klkbd^qfs^- Cf`el ab lqol jlal+ qbkbjlp i^ pfdrfbkqb abcfkf`fŽk9
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'03-03( D'p( , D']( < b8b'q( `q-
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'03-04( D'p( < N'V 9p9:p( < p-+ 'q( `q+
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bp i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab nrb W < p+mbol bk bi `lkqfkrl b&p' jk ao i^ mol_^_fifa^a abnrb 'W < p', Dk bcb`ql+ bpq^mol_^_fifa^a bp `bol ab_fal ^ nrb D bp `lkqfkr^m^o^qlal p+il nrb bnrfs^ib ^ nrb m^o^rk^ afpqof_r`fŽk `lkqfkr^ bp9
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Rf D qfbkb rk^ abkpfa^a b `^a^ rk^ ab bp^p mol_^_fifa^abp bp fdr^i ^ i^ fkqbdo^iQyb'q( `qk
M^oanr]_e‰j9 Tk^ afpqof_r`fŽk a^a^ mrbab qbkbo jŠp ab rk^ abkpfa^a mrbpqlnrb bi s^ilo abi fkqbdo^kal ab '03-03( mrbab jlafcf`^opb bk rk k•jbol cfkfql abmrkqlp pfk nrb mlo biil s^oŒb i^ fkqbdo^i- Obol pf p bp _kjpejq] bk p bkqlk`bppS' < D%&p'9bk bpqb `^pl bi s^ilo ab i^ crk`fŽk abkpfa^a bk p bpqŠ abqbojfk^al `lkrkf`fa^a mlo D,
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Dk i^p pb``flkbp nrb pfdrbk s^jlp ^ sbo ^idrklp bgbjmilp fjmloq^kqbp ab afp,qof_r`flkbp `lkqfkr^p-
Beopne^q_e‰j qjebknia ok^na qj ejpanr]hk 530
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Baikopn]_e‰j- Rrmlkd^jlp mofjbol nrb W qfbkb rk^ crk`fŽk ab afpqof_r,`fŽk pl_ob Y]* ^[, Rf Ya*a * d[ bp rk pr_fkqbos^il `r^inrfbo^ ab Y]* ^[ ab ilk,dfqra d qbkbjlp
( K%P'I M'I PN'a -999::V&999::b * d' < D'a * d' + D'_( < ,,, , ,, < ]] -^,] ^,] ^,]
Dpql abjrbpqo^ nrb N'V D 0( < N'V DH( < df'^ , ]( m^o^ qlal m^o ab pr_ fk,qbos^ilp h v H ab Y]* ^[ ab ilkdfqra d-
O^o^ abjlpqo^o bi ob`Œmol`l+prmlkd^jlp nrb W p^qfpc^`b'03-06(- N_pbosb,jlp mofjbol nrb D&p' < N pf p ; ] v D&p' < 0 pf p = ^* v^ nrb W qfbkbqlalp prps^ilobp bk Y]* ^[*
Hkqolarw`^jlp rk^ krbs^ crk`fŽk d abcfkfa^ bk bi fkqbos^il pbjf ^_fboql&&M* + ][ jbaf^kqb i^ b`r^`fŽk
c&q' < Na] ; V&999::] * q' pf N ; q y ^ , ]-
@mif`^kal i^ ^afqfsfa^a v i^ molmfba^a '03-06( bk`lkqo^jlp
c&q * r' < Na] ; V y ] * q * r'
< la] ; V-999::] * q' * Na] * q ; V y ] * q * r'
< c&q' ),N&] ; V,88899] * r' < c&q' * c&r' *
`lk q^i nrb N ; q * r 994 ^ , ]- Dpql bp+d p^qfpc^`bi^ b`r^`fŽk crk`flk^i
'03-07( c&q * r' < c&q' * c&r'
m^o^ qla^p i^p crk`flkbp q v r q^ibp nrb q = /+ r = N+ q * r 994 ^ , ]- Dpq^bpi^ ii^j^a^ a_q]_e‰jbqj_ekj]h `a A]q_dr+ Cbjlpqo^objlp bk _obsb nrb qla^ plir,
Beopne^q_e5j qjebknia ok^na qj ejpanr]hk 532
`fŽk kl kbd^qfs^ ab i^ b`r^`fŽk crk`flk^i ab B^r`ev sfbkb a^a^ mlo
qc&q' < ,, c&^ + ]' m^o^ N ; q y ^ + ],
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Baikopn]_e‰j- Hkqolar`fbkal rk `^j_fl ab bp`^i^ mlabjlp obar`fo i^ ab,jlpqo^`fŽk ^i `^pl m^oqf`ri^obk bi nrb a < 0- Dk bcb`ql+mlkd^jlp
E&t' < c&_t' m^o^ N ; t y 0-
533 A„h_qhk `a lnk^]^ehe`]`ao
Dkqlk`bp F bp kl kbd^qfs^ v p^qfpc^`bi^ b`r^`fŽk crk`flk^i ab B^r`ev
E&t * u' < E&t' * E&u'
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'03-08( E&t' < tE&/' m^o^ N ; t 8890
obpriq^ nrb c&_t' < tc&_'* l nrb c&q' < &q-_'c&_' m^o^N ; q899_,Rf t bpqŠbk 'N+ 0\ bkqlk`bp t.1 q^j_f‹k mboqbkb`b 'N+ 0\ X qbkbjlp
Olo fkar``fŽk+ m^o^`^a^ t ab '/+0\ qbkbjlp
'03-1/( E't( < jE'y( m^o^ j < 0+1+2+---
Cbi jfpjl jlal+ pf v v iu bpqŠkbk 'N+ 0\ qbkbjlp
E&iu' < iE&u' m^o^ i < 0+1+2+----
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F'9 t( <9E&t'
pf t v itb j bpqŠkbk 'N+ 0\- Cf`el ab lqol jlal+ qbkbjlp
'03-10( E&nt' < nE&t'
m^o^qlal k•jbol o^`flk^i mlpfqfsl n q^i nrb t v nt bpq‹k bk 'N+ 0\-
Sljbjlp ^elo^ rk t `r^inrfbo^ bk bi fkqbos^il ^_fboql 'N+ 0( X pb^k x0&++yv wPjx ab alp pr`bpflkbp k•jbolp o^`flk^ibp abi fkqbos^il 'N+ 0\ q^ibpnrb
v nrb ifj nj < ifj Pj < t -W&$XX po,b ll
K^ b`r^`fŽk crk`flk^i ab B^r`ev v i^ molmfba^aab pboF kl kbd^qfs^ abjrbpqo^k
Beopne^q_e‰jqjebknia ok^na qj ejpanr]hk 534
nrb E&t * u' 9888E&t' ^pŒnrb F bp jlkŽqlk^ `ob`fbkqb bk 'N+0\- Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb
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G^`fbkal nrb j y // bk`lkqo^jlp tE&h' 88889E&t' 88889t E&/'* `lk il nrb E&t' <tEM'* il `r^i abjrbpqo^ '03-08(-
M^oanr]_e‰j9 K^p afpqof_r`flkbp rkfclojbp pb rqfifw^k ^ jbkral bk bumbof,jbkqlp `rvlp obpriq^alp plk mrkqlp pbib``flk^alp ^i ^w^o bk rk fkqbos^il Y]9 ^[*l bk bumbofjbkqlp nrb pb obcfbobk ^ rk jqbos^il Y]* ^[ `ljl rk _i^k`l+ bk bi nrbbp fjmlpf_ib e^`bo mrkqboŒ^-Klp q‹ojfklp ~^i ^w^oƒ b ~fjmlpf_ib e^`bo mrkqboŒ^ƒpb fkqbomobq^kloafk^of^jbkqb m^o^ pfdkfcf`^o nrb pf / bp rk pr_fkqbos^il `r^inrfbo^ab Y]* ^[ bkqlk`bp i^ mol_^_fifa^a N&V D /' abmbkab pli^jbkqb ab i^ ilkdfqra ab/ v kl ab pr mlpf`fŽk bk Y]* ^[, Di qblobj^ 03-6 abjrbpqo^ nrb i^p afpqof_r`flkbprkfclojbp plk i^p •kf`^p afpqof_r`flkbp nrb qfbkbk bp^ molmfba^a-
Ulis^jlp ^elo^ ^ i^p `rbpqflkbp ab mol_^_fifa^a clojri^a^p ^i `ljfbkwl abbpqb`^mŒqril-
DIDLOKN- Tk pbdjbkql ob`qfiŒkblpb abp`ljmlkb bk alp m^oqbp+bifdfbkal bimrkql ab pr_afsfpfŽk ^i ^w^o-Cbpfdkbjlp `lk W i^ s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^ nrb jfabi^ o^wŽkab i^ ilkdfqra ab i^ m^oqbfwnrfboa^ ^ i^ ab i^ m^oqbabob`e^- Cbqbojfk^oi^ crk`fŽk ab afpqof_r`fŽk ab mol_^_fifa^a Dt,
Qkhq_e‰j- Tqfif`bjlp bi fkqbos^il ZN+0\ m^o^obmobpbkq^obi pbdjbkql ob`qfiŒ,kbl v bumobpbjlp bi mrkql ab pr_afsfpfŽk jbaf^kqb i^ s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^ W&s' < s
m^o^`^a^ s bk 'N+ 0(- X^ nrb bi mrkql ab pr_afsfpfŽk pb bifdb ^i ^w^oprmlkd^jlpnrb X qfbkbrk^ crk`fŽk ab afpqof_r`fŽk rkfclojb Du pl_ob Z/+0\-Krbdl
Du'p( < p m^o^ N z p y 0-
Rf bi pbdjbkql pb m^oqbbk s+ bkqlk`bp V.N , s( bp i^ o^wŽkab i^ ilkdfqraab i^ m^oqbfwnrfboa^ ^ i^ ab i^ m^oqbabob`e^- Olo q^kql V's( < t.N , s(-
Rf p ; } qbkbjlp Dt&p' < N v^ nrb i^ o^wŽkV&s' kl mrbab pbo kbd^qfs^- Rfp9888N+i^ abpfdr^ia^a V's( 9999:p bp bnrfs^ibkqb ^ t.N , s( 9999:p+i^ `r^i bnrfs^ib ^s 9999:p.M * q(+Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb
Dt&p' < N&V y p(< l'W y \p\( < Du'\p\( < \p\0*p 0*p 0*p
mrbpql nrb N9999:p.M * p' ; 0-
535 A…h_qhka lnk^]^ehe`]`ao
@elo^ mlabjlp `^i`ri^o afsbop^p mol_^_fifa^abp- Olo bgbjmil+ i^ mol_^_fif,a^a ab nrb i^p alp m^oqbpqbkd^k i^ jfpj^ ilkdfqra bp N&V < 0( < N- Dk bcb`ql+mrbpql nrb Eu bp rk^ afpqof_r`fŽk `lkqfkr^+ i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab nrb W qljb rks^ilo m^oqf`ri^o`r^inrfbo^ bp `bol-
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m^o^ qlal p ob^i- Dpq^crk`fŽk qfbkb abofs^a^ `lkqfkr^ m^o^ qlal s^ilo ab p: i^-`loobpmlkafbkqb crk`fŽk ab abkpfa^a b sfbkb a^a^ mlo i^ cŽojri^
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Cfan_e_eko 536
g^ nrb mrbab dfo^o ^iobabalo abi mrkql ', 0+N( abi bgb t pb i^ fjmrip^ m^o^nrbdfob v pb i^ abg^ m^o^obpmlkqŠkb^jbkqb- Tk obpriq^al abi bumbofjbkql bp bi Šk,dril '( nrb cloj^ i^ ^drg^ `lk bi bgbt9 &' pb jfab ab jlal nrb ,i6S ; '(999::i6S-Q^wlk^kal ab j^kbo^ m^ob`fa^ ^ `ljl pb e^ eb`el bk bi bgbjmil 0 pb abjrbpqo^nrb i^ s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^ W abcfkfa^ mlo V|&'' < '(qfbkbrk^ afpqof_r`fŽk rkfclojbpl_ob bi fkqbos^il Z, i6S+ i6S\+ `lk abkpfa^a bt&p' < -0 pf , i6S ; p ; i6S-Blkpfabobjlp ^elo^ i^ s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^ W abcfkfa^ mlo 6S
W|&'' < q^k '(-
Cbjlpqo^objlp ^elo^ nrb W qfbkb rk^ afpqof_r`fŽk ab B^r`ev Du pf W qfbkbafpqof_r`fŽk rkfclojb pl_ob Z, X16S+X16S\-
Rf ] ; p pb^ ] < ^ob q^k ] v '( < ^ob q^k q- Sbkbjlp bkqlk`bp+
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I 6S
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Dpql klp abjrbpqo^ nrb W qfbkbrk^ afpqof_r`fŽk ab B^r`ev-
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pf N999::p 999::0+
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1- Rb^ b&p'< b Zpbkqf m^o^ {qf ; &hR.1 v b&p'< N m^o^ ilp abjŠp s^ilobp ab p- Cbqbojfk^obi s^ilo ab i^ `lkpq^kqb a ab j^kbo^ nrb b pb^ i^ abkpfa^a ab rk^ crk`fŽk ab afpqof_r,`fŽk `lkqfkr^ E- Cbp`of_fo+ q^j_f‹k+ D v obmobpbkq^oi^-
2- Qbplisbo bi bgbo`f`fl 1 pf b&p'< _&2p+ 0p0' m^o^ /4 p 4 1+ X b&p'< N m^o^ ilp abjŠps^ilobp ab p-
3- Di qfbjml bk jfkrqlp nrb rk^ mboplk^ bpmbo^ rk ^rql_•p bp rk^ s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^ `lk
1/3 A…h_qhk a lnk^]^ehe`]`ao
crk`fŽk ab abkpfa^a Ga^a^ mlo i^p cŽojri^p pfdrfbkqbp9
bS( <-z m^o^ N ; p ; )%bS( < qm^o^ 1 ; p ; 3+ b'p( < N m^o^ ilp abjŠp
s^ilobp ab p-
B^i`ri^o i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab nrb bi qfbjml ab bpmbo^ pb^ ^( j^vlo nrb rk jfkrql:_( j^vlo nrb alp jfkrqlp: b( j^vlo nrb qobp jfkrqlp-
4- Tk^ s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^ W qfbkb rk^ crk`fŽk ab afpqof_r`fŽk `lkqfkr^ D v rk^ abkpfa^aab mol_^_fifa^a h,K^ abkpfa^a qfbkb i^p molmfba^abp pfdrfbkqbp9 /&/' < • pf p ; 0+cj < 0 +bS(bp ifkb^i pffzp y &iN , p' < GS( m^o^ qlal p,^( Qbmobpbkq^oh,_( C^o rk `lkgrkql ab cŽojri^p nrb abqbojfk^k D v obmobpbkq^oi^-b( B^i`ri^o i^p mol_^_fifa^abp9 N&V ; 0(+ N&V ; ( *N&V ; (+ N&V83* h(+ N&y:V ; f(-
5- Tk^ s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^ W qfbkb rk^ afpqof_r`fŽk rkfclojb pl_ob Z,2+2\-
^( B^i`ri^o N&V < 1(+ N&V ; 1(+ N& VG; 1(+ N&GV+ 10; 1(-_( G^ii^o rk s^ilo ab p m^o^ bi nrb N'V= p' <e-
6- K^ Bljm^•Œ^ Kbqeb Rr_t^v qfbkb pb•^i^al rk qobk bk afob``fŽk kloqb `^a^ 2/ jfkrqlpbk `fboq^ bpq^`fŽk- Rb^ W i^ s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^ nrb `rbkq^ bi k•jbol ab jfkrqlp nrb rkelj_ob+ nrb bkqoŽ bk i^ bpq^`fŽk bk rk qfbjml ^ib^qlofl+ ab_b bpmbo^obi moŽufjl qobk-Rrmlkd^jlp nrb W qfbkb rk^ afpqof_r`fŽk rkfclojb bk bi fkqbos^il Z/+2/\- 'Dpqb bp bipbkqfal nrb ab_bjlp ^qof_rfo ^ i^ co^pb+bi pb•lo bkqo^ bk i^ bpq^`fŽk bk rk ~qfbjml^ib^qloflƒ -(^( O^o^ `^a^ g < 4+ 0/- 04+1/+ 14+ 2/+ `^i`ri^o i^ mol_^_fifa^a nrb qfbkb ab bpmbo^omlo il jbklp g jfkrqlp m^o^ bi moŽufjl qobk-_( Tk^ `ljm^•Œ^ `ljmbqfalo^+ i^ Rqvu Rr_t^v+ bpqŠ ^rqlofw^a^ m^o^ ^krk`f^o rk qobk`^a^ 2/ jfkrqlp bk afob``fŽk kloqb+ bk i^ jfpj^ bpq^`fŽk+ mbol i^p iibd^a^p ab alpqobkbp ab afpqfkq^ `ljm^•Œ^ ab_bk afcbofo mlo il jbklp 4 jfkrqlp- Rrmlkd^jlp nrb ilpsf^gbolp bkqo^k bk i^ bpq^`fŽk bk qfbjmlp ^ib^qloflp v pfbjmob qlj^k bi mofjbo qobknrb iibd^- Cbjlpqo^o nrb i^ `ljm^•Œ^ Rqvu mrbab `lj_fk^o pr elo^ofl ab j^kbo^ nrbob`lg^ e^pq^ `fk`l sb`bp bi k•jbol ab sf^gbolp nrb pr `ljmbqfalo^-
7- Rb^ W rk^ s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^ `lk rk^ afpqof_r`fŽk rkfclojb Dt pl_ob bi fkqbos^ilZN+0\- Olkd^jlp W < ]V * ^+ alkab ] = N- Cbqbojfk^o i^ crk`fŽk ab afpqof_r`fŽkD* v af_rg^o pr doŠcf`^-
8- Tk^ oribq^ ob`loob ilp bkqbolp ab • ^ 25+ afpqof_rfalp bk 26 ^o`lp fdr^ibp- Rb mlkb bkj^o`e^ i^ oribq^ v pb i^ abg^ m^o^o if_objbkqb+ v pb ^klq^ bi mrkql ab i^ `fo`rkcbobk`f^grkql ^i `r^i pb m^o^- Blkpfa‹obpb bpqb mrkql ab m^o^a^ `ljl rk^ s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^ W`lk rk^ afpqof_r`fŽk rkfclojb- B^i`ri^o i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab nrb W bpq‹ bk rk ^o`l nrb`lkqbkd^ ^( bi bkqbol N: _( rk bkqbol j bk bi fkqbos^il 00 94+j 94+1/: b( rk bkqbol fjm^o-
0/- Rb af`b nrb rk^ s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^ qfbkb rk^ afpqof_r`fŽk ab B^r`ev `lk m^oŠjbqolp] v ^+pfbkal ] = /+ pf pr crk`fŽk ab abkpfa^a sfbkb a^a^ mlo
0 ]b'p( < ,9::]1 * 'p \ ^(1 -
Bljmol_^o nrb i^ fkqbdo^i ab Gbkqob , // v * // bp 0+ v abqbojfk^o i^ crk`fŽk abafpqof_r`fŽk D,
00- Rb^ cq '0( < 0 m^o^ } ; p ; 0+X c{'q( < N m^o^ ilp abjŠp s^ilobp ab p- Cbcfk^jlp rk^pr`bpfŽk crk`flk^i wfjx jbaf^kqb i^ cŽojri^ ob`roobkqb
Beopne^q_ekjaoatlkjaj_e]hao 1/4
^( Cbjlpqo^o nrb .j*h't( < Qy\h.j'p(`p-_( Dp_lw^o i^p doŠcf`^p ab i+d v c^-
01- Qbpmb`ql ^i bgbo`f`fl 00- Cbjlpqo^o nrb `^a^ crk`fŽk e+bp rk^ abkpfa^a ab mol_^_fifa^a-
),')+ 7R\][RK^LRXWN\NaYXWNWLRJUN\
Rb^ @-rk^ `lkpq^kqb mlpfqfs^- Rb af`b nrb rk^ s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^ rkf,afjbk,pflk^i W qfbkbrk^ crk`fŽk ab afpqof_r`fŽk bumlkbk`f^i E `lk m^oŠjbqol @- pf
'
i , a,(-p
D'p( < Nm^o^ p z.N+
m^o^ p ; l-
K^ crk`fŽk abkpfa^a b `loobpmlkafbkqb sfbkb a^a^ mlo i^p cŽojri^p
'
?a,F
b'p( < Nm^o^ p y N+
m^o^ p ; l-K^p doŠcf`^pab E v b plk m^ob`fa^p^ i^p ab i^ cfdro^ 03-7-
K^p afpqof_r`flkbp bumlkbk`f^ibp qfbkbk rk^ molmfba^a `^o^`qboŒpqf`nrb pr,dfbob pr ^mif`^`fŽk bk `fboqlp mol_ibj^p obi^qfslp ^ abpfkqbdo^`fŽk o^af^`qfs^+^``fabkqbp ab qoŠcf`l+v ^sboŒ^pbk ^m^o^qlp ab bnrfmlp bib`qoŽkf`lp q^ibp `ljlqr_lp ab s^`Œl- Dpq^molmfba^a bp ^kŠild^ ^ i^ nrb `^o^`qbofw i^p afpqof_r`flkbprkfclojbp v mrbab abp`of_fopbabi pfdrfbkqb jlal-
^( Erk`fŽk ab afpqof_r`fŽk D,
b'p(
EHFQ@ 03-7 Beopne^q_e‰j atlkjaj_e]h v bqj_e‰j `a `ajoe`]` _knnaolkj`eajpa-
_( Erk`fŽk ab abkpfa^a b,
54/ A…h_qhk `a lnk^]^ehe`]`ao
Cbpfdkbjlp `lk W bi qfbjml qo^kp`roofal e^pq^ nrb rk^ mfbw^abi bnrfmlc^ii^+v pb^ E i^ crk`fŽk ab afpqof_r`fŽk ab W- Rrmlkd^jlp nrb D&p' < } m^o^p 994 /+ Xmlo bi jljbkql kl fjmlkbjlp lqo^p obpqof``flkbp^ E- Rf p = /+ bkqlk`bpW994p bp bi pr`bpl ~bi c^iil pr`bab bk bi fkqbos^il ZN+p[•- Krbdl W = p bp bipr`bpl `ljmibjbkq^ofl+ ~kfkd•k c^iil l`roob bk bi fkqbos^il ZN+p[ ƒ+
Rrmlkd^jlp nrb kl pb mobpbkqc^iil bk bi fkqbos^il ZN+p[- „BrŠi bp i^ mol_^,_fifa^a ab prmbosfsbk`f^+bp ab`fo ab nrb kl e^v^ c^iil bk bi fkqbos^il Yp+p * o[=Dpq^ bp rk^ `rbpqfŽk ab mol_^_fifa^abp `lkaf`flk^a^p- Prbobjlp abqbojfk^oN&V = p* piW = p'* i^ mol_^_fifa^a `lkaf`flk^a^ ab nrb kl bufpq^c^iil bk bifkqbos^il ZN+p * o[* a^al nrb kl e^v^ bufpqfal bk bi fkqbos^il ZN+o\-
Rbd•k i^ abcfkf`fŽk ab mol_^_fifa^a `lkaf`flk^a^ qbkbjlp
' HV (NY'V = p * p( k 'V = p([ N'V = p * p(
N V= p * p = p <,,,,,,,,,< ,,,,,-N'V=p( N'V=p(
'03-11(
Rrmlkd^jlp ^elo^ nrb E bp rk^ afpqof_r`fŽk bumlkbk`f^i `lk m^oŠjbqol@ = N-Dkqlk`bp D'p( < 0 , a,?p m^o^p = /+ v N'V = p( < 0 , N'V 994 p( < a,?pkKrbdl i^ b`r^`fŽk '03-11( pb qo^kpcloj^ bk
a+',&p)o'
N'V = p * p GV= p( < ,,<:9p < a,?Q < N'V = o(-a
Cf`el ab lqol jlal+ pf bi Žod^kl l mfbw abi bnrfml pl_obsfsb bk bi fkqbos^ilYM+p[+ i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab nrb `lkqfk•b pl_obsfsfbkal bk bi fkqbos^il Yp+p * p\bp fdr^i ^ i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab prmbosfsbk`f^ bk bi fkqbos^il ZN+p\ ab i^ jfpj^ilkdfqra- Dpql bp+i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab prmbosfsbk`f^ abmbkab q^k pŽil ab i^ ^jmif,qra abi fkqbos^il ab qfbjml v kl ab i^ ba^a abi ^m^o^ql-Dumobp^al`lk i^ crk`fŽkab afpqof_r`fŽk E+bpq^molmfba^a bpq^_ib`b nrb
'03-12( 0 , D'p * p( < 0 ] D'o(0 , D'p(
m^o^qlal p = • v qlal p = N-
Di qblobj^ nrb pfdrb abjrbpqo^ nrb i^p afpqof_r`flkbp bumlkbk`f^ibp plk i^p•kf`^p afpqof_r`flkbp ab mol_^_fifa^a `lk bp^ molmfba^a-
SDNQDL@ 03-8- Qe D ao qj] bqj_e‰j `a `eopne^q_e‰j `a lnk^]^ehe`]` mqao]peob]_a h] a_q]_e‰j bqj_ekj]h '03-12(+ oeaj`k D'p( ; 0 l]n] p< /+ ateopa ajpkj_aoqj] _kjop]jpa lkoeper] @= • p]h mqa
D'p( < 0 , a,?p l]n] pk`k p = N-
Beopne^q_ekjao atlkjaj_e]hao 540
Baikopn]_e‰j- Rb^ c&p'; ,ild Yh+D&p'[ m^o^ p<M, Dkqlk`bp /+D&p';a+cah'* ^pŒnrb m^o^ abjlpqo^o bi qblobj^ bp prcf`fbkqb mol_^o nrb c&p' < @q m^o^rk `fboql @ = N-
@elo^ _fbk c bp kl kbd^qfs^ v p^qfpc^`bi^ b`r^`fŽk crk`flk^i ab B^r`ev
c&p * p( < c&p' * c&o'
m^o^ qlal p = N v qlal p = N- Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb+ ^mif`^kal bi qblobj^ 03-7 `lka < 0+abar`fjlp nrb c&p' < pc&/' m^o^ N ; p y 0- Olkd^jlp -[-< d'0(- Dkqlk,`bp @ < , ild Z0 , D&/'[ = N+v mlo q^kql c&p' < ,Z,pm^o^ N ; p y 0-
O^o^ abjlpqo^o nrb c&p' < ,Z,pm^o^ qlal p = N+mlkd^jlp E&p' < c&p'k+ @q-
K^ crk`fŽk F q^j_f‹k p^qfpc^`bi^ b`r^`fŽk crk`flk^i ab B^r`ev- @abjŠp+ F bpmbofŽaf`^ `lk mboŒlal 0 ab_fal ^ nrb Epp * 0( < E&p' * F'0( X F'0( < N-Orbpql nrb F bp fa‹kqf`^jbkqb N bk 'N+ 0\ i^ mboflaf`fa^a abjrbpqo^ nrbE&p' < N+m^o^qlal p = N- Dp ab`fo+c&p' < ,Z,pm^o^qlal p = N+il `r^i `ljmibq^i^ abjlpqo^`fŽk-
DIDLOKN 0- Rb^ W rk^ s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^ nrb jfab bi qfbjml ab sfa^ 'bkelo^p( ab rk `fboql qfml ab qr_l ab s^`Œl- Rrmlkd^jlp nrb W qbkd^ rk^ afpqof_r,`fŽk bumlkbk`f^i `lk m^oŠjbqol -[-< /-//0- Di c^_of`^kqb abpb^ d^o^kqfw^obplp qr,_lp m^o^rk^ aro^`fŽk ab R elo^p- Cbqbojfk^o R ab jlal nrb N&V= R' < /-84-
Qkhq_e‰j- K^ crk`fŽk ab afpqof_r`fŽk sfbkb a^a^ mlo D'p( < 0 , a,?h m^o^p = N+bk alkab @< /+//0- Orbpql nrb N&V = R' < 0 , D&R' < a,?R+ bibdfjlpR m^o^ nrb a,?R;.*73, Krbdl R;+&/kc /-84(.-[-<,0/// ild /+84<40+14*-
DIDLOKN 1- Blkpfabobjlp i^ s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^ abi bgbjmil 0+mbol `lk rks^ilo ab -[-kl bpmb`fcf`^al- Di o^wlk^jfbkql nrb pfdrb prdfbob rk mol`bafjfbkqlo^wlk^_ib m^o^abqbojfk^o -[--Djmbw^jlp `lk rk k•jbol fkf`f^i ab qr_lp ab s^`Œlbk bi qfbjml p < N+X abpfdkbjlp `lk c&p' bi k•jbol ab qr_lp nrb ^•k crk`flk^k^i `^_l ab pelo^p- K^ o^wŽkZd'N( , c&p'[-c&M' bp i^ co^``fŽk abi k•jbol lofdfk^inrb e^ c^ii^al bk bi qfbjml p-Orbpql nrb i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab nrb rk qr_l c^iib bkbi qfbjml p bp 0 , a9!+m^ob`bo^wlk^_ib bpmbo^onrb i^ b`r^`fŽk
'03-13( d'N( ,c'p( < 0 ] a,q
d'N(
pb^ rk^ _rbk^ ^molufj^`fŽk ab i^ ob^ifa^a- Rf prmlkbjlp '03-13( l_qbkbjlp
c&p' < c&M'a+F,
Dp ab`fo+ bk i^p efmŽqbpfp'03-13(+bi k•jbol c&p' l_bab`b ^ rk^ ibv ab abqboflol
10- A…h_qhk a lnk^]^ehe`]`ao
bumlkbk`f^i `lk abqboflol `lkpq^kqb -[- Di abqboflol `lkpq^kqb mrbab `^i`ri^opb bkcrk`fŽk ab i^ sfa^ jbaf^- Rf p+bp i^ sfa^ jbaf^ bkqlk`bp q< c&p/'-c&M' < n?G0 +
^pŒnrb -[ < 'i^d 1(.p+- Olo bgbjmil+ pf pb p^_b nrb i^ sfa^ jbaf^ ab rk^ do^kjrbpqo^ ab qr_lp bp 582 elo^p+ l_qbkbjlp -[ < 'ild 1(.582 < /+//0-
(+&(+ Cfpqof_r`flkbp kloj^ibp
Rb^k i v ] alp k•jbolp ob^ibp cfglp+ pfbkal k = N- Rb af`b nrb rk^ s^of^_ib^ib^qlof^ W qfbkb `eopne^q_e‰jjkni]h ab jbaf^ i v s^of^kw^ '\&1 pf i^ crk`fŽk ababkpfa^a bp
b'p( < 0 a,U,i(.q[1.1
]+d6R
m^o^ qlal p ob^i- K^ crk`fŽk ab afpqof_r`fŽk `loobpmlkafbkqb E bp+ k^qro^ijbkqb+i^ fkqbdo^i
D'p( < 0] HG a,Ywq,i(.q[1.1 `q-]-H16R ,//
EHFTQ@ 03-8 Dqj_e‰j `a `eopne^q_e‰jjkni]h_]j‰je_]9 j < N- &H< 0-
0-&///' < ‹ 1
`os oo
///
EHFTQ@ 03-0/ Dqj_e‰j `ajoe`]` `a qj] `eo,pne^q_e‰jjkni]h `a ia`e] i v r]ne]jv] ]0‹
Dp bsfabkqb nrb bpq^ crk`fŽk E bp jlkŽqlk^ `ob`fbkqb v `lkqfkr^ bk qlal bi bgbob^i+ v nrb qfbkab ^ `bol `r^kal p y , l`- S^j_f‹k pb mrbab abjlpqo^o nrbD&p' z-0 `r^kal p y * ll + 'U‹^pb bgbo`f`fl 6 ab i^ pb``fŽk 03-05-(
Di `^pl m^oqf`ri^o i < N+] < 0 bp i^ afpqof_r`fŽk kloj^i `^kŽkf`^- Dk q^i`^pl i^ crk`fŽk E pb obmobpbkq^loafk^of^jbkqb `lk i^ ibqo^ ;O- @pŒmrbp+
;0='p( < 0 HG a,q1.1 `q --H16R ,//
S@AK@03-0 T]hknao `a h] Yqj_e…j `a `hopne^q_e…jjkni]h _]jkje_a+
Hoh0('p( < z a,q0-1 `q -+I1oo ,//
/+// /+/0 /+/1 /+/2 /+/3 /+/4 /+/5 /+/6 /+/7 /+/8
/+/ /+4/// /+4/3/ /+4/7/ /+401/ /+405/ /+4088 /+4128 /+4168 /+4208 /+-4248
/+0 /+4287 /+4327 /+4367 /+4406 /+4446 /+4485 /+4525 /+4564 /+-4603 /+4642
/+1 /+4682 /+4721 /+4760 /+480/ /+4837 /+4876 /+5/15 /+5/53 /+50/2 /+5030
/+2 /+5068 /+5106 /+5144 /+5182 /+5220 /+5257 /+53/5 /+5332 /+537/ /+5406
/+3 /+5443 /+5480 /+5517 /+5553 /+56// /+5625 /+5661 /+57/7 /+5733 /+5768
/+4 /+5804 /+584/ /+5874 /+6/08 /+6/43 /+6/77 /+6012 /+6046 /+608/ /+6113
/+5 /+6146 /+6180 /+6213 /+6246 /+6278 /+6311 /+6343 /+6375 /+6406 /+6438
/+6 /+647/ /+6500 /+6531 /+6562 /+66/3 /+6623 /+6653 /+6683 /+6712 /+6741/+7 /+6770 /+680/ /+6828 /+6856 /+6884 /+7/12 /+7/40 /+7/67 /+70/5 /+7022
/+8 /+7048 /+7075 /+7101 /+7127 /+7153 /+7178 /+7204 /+723/ /+7254 /+7278
0+/ /+7302 /+7327 /+7350 /+7374 /+74/7 /+7420 /+7443 /+7466 /+7488 /+75100+0 /+7532 /+7554 /+7575 /+76/7 /+7618 /+7638 /+766/ /+768/ /+770/ /+772/0-1 /+7738 /+7758 /+7777 /+78/6 /+7814 /+7833 /+7851 /+787/ /+7886 /+8/04
0+2 /+8/21 /+8/38 /+z55 /+8/71 /+8/88 /+8004 /+8020 /+8036 /-8051 /+8066
0+3 /+8081 /+81/6 /+8111 /+8125 /+8140 /+8154 /+8168 /+8181 /+82/5 /+8208
0+4 /+8221 /-8234 /+8246 /+826/ /+8271 /+8283 /+83/5 /+8307 /+8318 /+8330
0+5 /+8341 /+8352 /+8363 /+8373 /+8384 /+84/4 /+8404 /+8414 /+8424 /+8434
0+6 /+8443 /+8453 /+8462 /+8471 /+8480 /+8488 /+85/7 /+8505 /+8514 /+8522
0+7 /+8530 /+8538 /+8545 /+8553 /+8560 /+8567 /+8575 /+8582 /+8588 /+86/5
0+8 /+8602 /+8608 /+8615 /+8621 /+8627 /+8633 /+864/ /+8645 /+8650 /+8656
1+/ /+8661 /+8667 /+8672 /+8677 /+8682 /+8687 /+87/2 /+87/7 /+8701 /+87061+0 /+8710 /+8715 /+872/ /+8723 /+8727 /+8731 /+8735 /+874/ /+8743 /+8746
1+1 /+8750 /+8753 /+8757 /+8760 /+8764 /+8767 /+8770 /+8773 /+8776 /+878/
1+2 /+8782 /+8785 /+8787 /+88/0 /+88/3 /+88/5 /+88/8 /+8800 /+8802 /+88051+3 /+8807 /+881/ /+8811 /+8814 /+8816 /+8818 /+8820 /+8821 /+8823 /+8825
1+4 /+8827 /+883/ /+8830 /+8832 /+8834 /+8835 /-8837 /+8838 /+8840 /+8841
1+5 /+8842 /-8844 /+8845 /+8846 /+8848 /+885/ /+8850 /+8851 /+8852 /+8853
1+6 /+8854 /+8855 /+8856 /+8857 /+8858 /+886/ /+8860 /+8861 /+8862 /-8863
1+7 /+8863 /+8864 /+8865 /+8866 /+8866 /+8867 /+8868 /+8868 /+887/ /+&0870
1+8 /+8870 /+8871 /+8871 /+8872 /+8873 /+8873 /+8874 /+8874 /+8875 /+8875
2+/ /+8876 /+8876 /+8876 /+8877 /+8877 /+8878 /+8878 /+8878 /+888/ /+888/
2+0 /+888/ /+8880 /+8880 /+8880 /+8881 /+8881 /+8881 /+8881 /+8882 /+8882
2+1 /+8882 /+8882 /+8883 /+8883 /+8883 /+8883 /+8883 /+8884 /+8884 /+8884
2+2 /+8884 /+8884 /+8884 /+8885 /+8885 /+8885 /+8885 /+8885 /+8885 /+8886
2+3 /+8886 /+8886 /+8886 /+8886 /+8886 /+8886 /+8886 /+8886 /+8886 /+8887
2+4 /+8887 /+8887 /+8887 /+8887 /+8887 /+8887 /+8887 /+8887 /+8887 /+88872+5 /+8887 /+8887 /+8888 /+8888 /+8888 /-8888 /+8888 /+8888 /+8888 /+8888
542
543 A…h_qhk `a lnk^]^ehe`]`ao
Di `^pl dbkbo^i mrbab obar`fopb ^i `^kŽkf`l fkqolar`fbkal bi `^j_fl ab s^of^_ibi&< &q + i'- &H bk i^ fkqbdo^i nrb abcfkb E- Dpql klp iibs^ ^ i^ cŽojri^
'p , i(D'p( < ;0= +&H+ ,
K^ q^_i^ 03-0 bp rk^ q^_i^ ab s^ilobp ab ;H= &p' `lk `r^qol `fco^p ab`fj^ibpm^o^ s^ilobp ab p bpm^`f^alp bk fkqbos^ilp ab ^jmifqra /+/0 abpab p < /+// ^p < 2+58- K^ doŠcf`^ ab :G<&p' bpqŠ obmobpbkq^a^ bk i^ cfdro^ 03-8- K^ doŠcf`^ ab i^abkpfa^a b bp i^ c^jlp^ ~`ros^ ab `^jm^k^ƒ+ af_rg^a^ bk i^ cfdro^ 03-0/- K^m^oqb ^iq^ ab i^ `^jm^k^ `loobpmlkab ^ i^ jbaf^ i- O^o^ s^ilobp do^kabp ab 'I& i^`ros^ pb ^`e^q^+ v m^o^ s^ilobp mbnrb•lp ab k i^ `ros^ ab `^jm^k^ pb bpqob`e^ vbk bi jŠufjl qfbkb rk ^pmb`ql jŠp molkrk`f^al+ `ljl bk i^ cfdro^ 03-0/-
K^ afpqof_r`fŽk kloj^i bp rk^ ab i^p jŠp fjmloq^kqbp bkqob i^p afpqof_r`flkbp`lkqfkr^p- Lr`e^p s^of^_ibp ^ib^qlof^p nrb pb mobpbkq^k bk i^ k^qro^ibw^ pb `lj,mloq^k `ljl pf pr afpqof_r`fŽk crbo^ kloj^i l ^molufj^a^jbkqb kloj^i- Bljlbgbjmilp `fq^objlp i^ jbafa^ ab i^ bpq^qro^ ab ilp fkafsfarlp ab rk^ do^k ml_i^,`fŽk+ `fboq^p jbafa^p pl_ob do^kabp ml_i^`flkbp ab lod^kfpjlp sfslp nrb pb mob,pbkq^k bk AflildŒ^+ v ilp boolobp ab l_pbos^`fŽk bk`lkqo^alp ^i e^`bo rk do^k k•,jbol ab jbaf`flkbp- Dk EŒpf`^+i^ ibv ab L^utbii ab i^p sbil`fa^abp fjmif`^ nrbi^ crk`fŽk ab afpqof_r`fŽk ab i^ sbil`fa^a+ bk `r^inrfbo afob``fŽk a^a^+ ab rk^jli‹`ri^ ab j^p^ L bk rk d^p ^ i^ qbjmbo^qro^ ^_plirq^ R bp kloj^i `lk jb,af^ N v s^of^kw^ K-&gR' alkab g bp rk^ `lkpq^kqb '`lkpq^kqb ab Aliqwj^kk(-
K^ afpqof_r`fŽk kloj^i bp q^j_f‹k ab fjmloq^k`f^ qbŽof`^ ab_fal ^ nrb mrb,ab rqfifw^opb m^o^ ^molufj^o i^p afpqof_r`flkbp ab jr`elp cbkŽjbklp ^ib^qloflp-Tk bgbjmil bp i^ afpqof_r`fŽk _fkljf^i `lk m^oŠjbqolp j v l, Rf W bp rk^ s^of^,_ib ^ib^qlof^ `lk afpqof_r`fŽk _fkljf^i ab m^oŠjbqolp j v l* i^ mol_^_fifa^aNa] y W z ^' sfbkb a^a^ mlo i^ prj^
alkab m< 0 , l, O^o^ j do^kab plk kb`bp^oflp `Ši`rilp i^_loflplp m^o^ e^ii^obpq^ prj^- Dk i^ moŠ`qf`^ pb bsfq^k bpqlp `Ši`rilp jbaf^kqb i^ cŽojri^ ^molufj^a^
'03-14(
bk alkab bi pŒj_lil , pfdkfcf`^ nrb ilp alp jfbj_olp ab 03-14 plk ^pfkqŽqf`^,jbkqb fdr^ibp: bpql bp+ nrb i^ o^wŽk abi mofjbo jfbj_ol ^i pbdrkal qfbkab ^ 0`r^kal j y ll + Di iŒjfqb bumobp^al bk '03-14( bp rk^ `^pl m^oqf`ri^o abi ii^j^al
Beopne^q_ekjao jkni]hao 544
5 6 7 8 0/
EHFTQ@ 03-00 Dqj_e‰j `ajoe`]` `a qj] `eopne^q_e‰j jkni]h _kjoe`an]`] _kik ]lnktei]_e‰j`a h] bqj_e‰j `a i]o] `a lnk^]^ehe`]` `a qj] `eopne^q_e‰j ^ejkie]h-
paknai] _ajpn]h `ah h‡iepa abi BŠi`ril ab mol_^_fifa^abp- Dpqbqblobj^ 'afp`rqfal`lk abq^iib bk i^ pb``fŽk 03-2/( bumif`^ i^ fjmloq^k`f^ qbŽof`^ab i^ afpqof_r`fŽkkloj^i-
K^ cfdro^ 03-00 a^ rk^ fab^ ab i^ cŽojri^ ab ^molufj^`fŽk '03-14( v jrbp,qo^ nrb mrbab pbo bu^`q^ m^o^ rk s^ilo obi^qfs^jbkqb mbnrb•l ab j- K^p ob`q^pmrkqb^a^p plk i^p loabk^a^p ab i^ crk`fŽk ab j^p^ ab mol_^_fifa^a l ab rk^afpqof_r`fŽk _fkljf^i ab m^oŠjbqolp j< 0/ v N<h.4& Dp^ploabk^a^p crbolk `^i`r,i^a^p `lk i^ cŽojri^
'0/( 0(0'3(0/,0
l'p( < N&V < p( < p '4 !4 m^o^ p < l+ 0+1+ --- +0/-
K^p loabk^a^p m^o^p < 6+ 7+ 8+X 0/ kl e^k pfal af_rg^a^p mlonrb prp s^ilobpkrj‹of`lp plk jrv moŽufjlp ^ `bol- Olo bgbjmil+ l&/.' < '$(0/ < 1&/.0/&/ << /+//////0/13- K^ `ros^ af_rg^a^ bp i^ doŠcf`^ ab i^ crk`fŽk abkpfa^a b ab rk^afpqof_r`fŽk kloj^i '`lk jbaf^ i < jl < 1 X s^of^kw^ '01 < jlm < 0+5(- O^o^`^i`ri^o i^ mol_^_fifa^a Na] 94 p 94 ^( ^ m^oqfoab i^ crk`fŽk ab j^p^ l prj^jlpilp s^ilobp ab l&p' bk ilp mrkqlp bk nrb bpqŠ`lk`bkqo^a^ i^ j^p^ abi fkqbos^il] 94 p83^, B^a^ s^ilo l&p' mrbab fkqbomobq^opbljl bi Šob^ ab rk ob`qŠkdril ab^iqro^ l&p' `lil`^a^ pl_ob rk fkqbos^il ab ilkdfqra rkfa^a `bkqo^al bk p- 'Bljlbgbjmil+ sbjlp bk i^ cfdro^ 03-00 rk ob`qŠkdril ab ‹plp `bkqo^al bk p < 2-( K^
545 A…h_qhk a lnk^]^ehe`]`ao
cŽojri^ '03-14( bp bi obpriq^al ab prpqfqrfo i^p Šob^p ab bplp ob`qŠkdrilp mlo biŠob^ abi `lkgrkql ab loabk^a^p ab b pl_ob bi fkqbos^il Y] + $+ ^ * $\-
03-04 N_pbos^`flkbp pl_ob afpqof_r`flkbpjŠp dbkbo^ibp
Dk i^p pb``flkbp mob`babkqbpebjlp `ljbkq^al bgbjmilp ab afpqof_r`flkbp afp,`obq^pv `lkqfkr^p- Klp s^ilobp ab rk^ afpqof_r`fŽk afp`obq^ pb `^i`ri^k prj^kalilp s^ilobp ab i^ crk`fŽk ab j^p^ ab mol_^_fifa^a `loobpmlkafbkqb- Klp ab rk^afpqof_r`fŽk `lkqfkr^ pb `^i`ri^k fkqbdo^kal i^ crk`fŽk ab abkpfa^a- Dufpqbk+k^qr,o^ijbkqb+ afpqof_r`flkbp nrb kl plk afp`obq^pkf `lkqfkr^p- Dkqob ‹pq^p bpqŠki^pii^j^a^p ab qfml ~jfuqlƒ bk i^p nrb i^ afpqof_r`fŽk ab j^p^p bp m^o`f^ijbkqb afp,`obq^ v m^o`f^ijbkqb `lkqfkr^- 'Dk i^ cfdro^ 03-2 pb e^ af_rg^al rk bgbjmil-(
Tk^ afpqof_r`fŽk E pb ii^j^ ietp] pf mrbab bumobp^opbljl `lj_fk^`fŽkifkb^i ab i^ cloj^
'03-15(
pfbkal E&iafp`obq^ v E1 `lkqfkr^- K^p `lkpq^kqbp A0 X A1 ab_bk p^qfpc^`boi^p ob,i^`flkbp
/; B0 ; 0+ /; B1 ; 0+ Bi * B1 < 0-
K^p molmfba^abpab i^p afpqof_r`flkbp jfuq^p mrbabk abar`fopb bpqraf^kal i^p nrbplk afp`obq^pl `lkqfkr^p v ob`roofbkal bkqlk`bp ^ i^ ifkb^ifa^a bumobp^a^bk i^fdr^ia^a '03-15(-
Tk qfml ab fkqbdo^i+lkl`fa^ `lk bi klj_ob ab ejpacn]h`a Peai]jj,Qpeahpeao+e^`b mlpf_ib bi j^kbgl pfjriqŠkbl ab ilp `^plp afp`obql+ `lkqfkrl v jfuql-')( Rf_fbk bpq^ fkqbdo^i rkfcf`^ bi bpqrafl qbŽof`l ab i^p crk`flkbp ab afpqof_r`fŽk+bk`r^inrfbo mol_ibj^ bi `Ši`ril ab i^p mol_^_fifa^abp ab_b obar`fopb ^ i^ fkqbdo^`fŽkv ^ i^ prj^ loafk^of^p- Dk bpq^bumlpf`fŽk fkqolar`qlof^ kl mobqbkabjlp abp`of_foi^ fkqbdo^i ab Qfbj^kk,Rqfbiqgbp-Dk `lkpb`rbk`f^+ do^k m^oqbab ilp qbj^p ilpafp`rqfjlp m^o^ibi^jbkqb+^ m^obp+rkl m^o^bi `^pl afp`obql v lqol m^o^bi `lkqf,krl- Rfk bj_^odl+ a^objlp •kf`^jbkqb ilp abq^iibp ab j^kbo^ `ljmibq^ m^o^rklab ilp `^plp+ abg^kal m^o^bi ib`qlo bi qo^_^gl ab `ljmibq^o ilp abjŠp-
@rk i^ jfpj^ fkqbdo^i ab Qfbj^kk,Rqfbiqgbp bp fk^ab`r^a^ m^o^ qo^q^oi^pcrk`flkbp ab afpqof_r`fŽk i…o cajan]hao-Obol rk `lk`bmql jŠp mlqbkqb+i^ fkqbdo^iab Kb_bpdrb,Rqfbiqgbp')(+ klp mbojfqb qo^q^op^qfpc^`qlof^jbkqb qlalp ilp `^plp- Rfkrk `lkl`fjfbkql ab bpqb qfml ab fkqbdo^i kl pb mrbab ob^ifw^obi bpqrafl ab i^qbloŒ ab mol_^_fifa^abp abpab rk mrkql ab sfpq^ prmboflo-
')( Dk bi `^mŒqril 8 ab i^ l_o^ abi ^rqlo ?j…heoeo K]pai…pe_k+ Dafqlof^i Qbsboq‹+ A^o,`bilk^+ 0852+mrbab sbopb rk^ bumlpf`fŽk ^jmif^ ab &i fkqbdo^i ab Qfbj^kk,Rqfbiqgbp-
')( U‹^pb `r^inrfbo if_ol ab qbloŒ ab i^ jbafa^-
Cfan_e_eko 546
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0- Rb^ W rk^ s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^ nrb jfab i^ sfa^ 'bk elo^p( ab rk `fboql qfml ab qr_l abs^`Œl- Rrmlkd^jlp nrb W qfbkb rk^ afpqof_r`fŽk bumlkbk`f^i `lk m^oŠjbqol @ < /-// i-Cbqbojfk^o R ab jlal nrb N&V = S( pb^ ^( /+8/: _( /-88- Orbab bjmib^opb bk bi `Ši`rili^ cŽojri^ ^molufj^a^ ,i^d 'i , t' < t * ty-0,
1- Tk j^qbof^i o^afl^`qfs^ pfdrb rk^ ibv ab abpfkqbdo^`fŽk bumlkbk`f^i `lk sfa^ jbaf^ ab1 ^•lp- Blkpfabobjlp bi qfbjml ab abpfkqbdo^`fŽk W 'bk ^•lp( ab rk Šqljl v prmlkd^,jlp nrb W bp rk^ s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^ `lk rk^ afpqof_r`fŽk bumlkbk`f^i- B^i`ri^o i^ mol,_^_fifa^a ab nrb rk Šqljl pb abpfkqbdob ^( bk bi fkqbos^il 0 pV p1: _( bk bi fkqbos^il1 pW p 2: a' bk bi fkqbos^il 1 pW p 2+ bk bi prmrbpql ab nrb kl pb e^ abpfkqbdo^albk bi fkqbos^il } pW p1: a( bk bi fkqbos^il 1 pW p2+ bk bi prmrbpql ab nrb kl pbe^ abpfkqbdo^al bk bi fkqbos^il 0 pW p1-
2- K^ aro^`fŽk 'bk jfkrqlp( ab i^p ii^j^a^p qbibcŽkf`^p ^ i^od^ afpq^k`f^ a`pab B^iq``e pbsfl nrb bp rk cbkŽjbkl ^ib^qlofl `lk crk`fŽk abkpfa^a ab mol_^_fifa^a
'
aa,/-1
G'p( <N
m^o^ p = N+
m^o^ p y N-
Cbqbojfk^o bi s^ilo ab a v `^i`ri^o i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab nrb rk^ ii^j^a^ ^ i^od^ afpq^k,`f^ arob ^( jbklp ab 2 jfkrqlp: _( jŠp ab 5 jfkrqlp: b( bkqob 2 v 5 jfkrqlp: a( jŠpab 8 jfkrqlp-
3- C^a^p i^p `lkpq^kqbp ob^ibp @= N v b- Rb^
pf p y b+
pf p ; b-
Bljmol_^o nrb Iz`l bS' `p < 0+v abqbojfk^o rk^ crk`fŽk ab afpqof_r`fŽk D nrb qbkd^ b`ljl abkpfa^a- Dpq^ pb ii^j^ afpqof_r`fŽk bumlkbk`f^i `lk alp m^oŠjbqolp+ rk l]n…iapnk`a ]iknpecq]ieajpk @ v rk l]n…iapnk `a lkoe_e‰j b-
4- Dpq^_ib`bo v abjlpqo^o rk^ buqbkpfŽk abi qblobj^ 03-8 m^o^ afpqof_r`flkbp bumlkbk`f^ibp`lk alp m^oŠjbqolp @ v b-
5- Tk^ s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^ W qfbkb rk^ afpqof_r`fŽk bumlkbk`f^i `lk alp m^oŠjbqolp @ v a-Rb^ W < ]V * ^+ pfbkal ] = N- Cbjlpqo^o nrb W qfbkb q^j_f‹k rk^ afpqof_r`fŽk buml,kbk`f^i `lk alp m^oŠjbqolp @&v a&+v abqbojfk^o bplp m^oŠjbqolp bk crk`fŽk ab ]+^* a v @-
6- Dk bi bgbo`f`fl 05 ab i^ pb``fŽk 00-17 pb abjlpqoŽ nrb Qk a,t& `t < ,H6Rf1- Tqfifw^o bpqbobpriq^al m^o^ abjlpqo^o nrb m^o^ q = N qbkbjlp
0 cll w0'q,i(1x., bum , , ,, `q < 0 -]r16R ,// 1 ]
7- Tk^ s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^ W qfbkb rk^ afpqof_r`fŽk kloj^i `^kŽkf`^ ;O- Cbjlpqo^o nrb^( ;0='+t' < 0 , :G<&t'9 ^' N& VG ; g' < 0:/<&g' + 0: _'N& V = g' < 1'0 , :G<&g€,
8- Tk^ s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^ W qfbkb rk^ afpqof_r`fŽk kloj^i `^kŽkf`^ ;O-Tqfifw^o i^ q^_i^ 03-0
547 A…h_qhk a lnk^]^ehe`]`ao
m^o^ `^i`ri^o `^a^ rk^ ab i^p pfdrfbkqbp mol_^_fifa^abp9 ^( N&V = N(: _( ON ; W ; 1(:b( N& W ; 2(: a( N&Vf = 1(-
0/- Tk^ s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^ W qfbkb rk^ afpqof_r`fŽk kloj^i `^kŽkf`^ ;0=- Tqfifw^o i^ q^_i^03-0 m^o^ bk`lkqo^o rk k•jbol a q^i nrb ^( O'HWH= a' < : _( N&GVG= < /+87-
00- Rrmlkd^jlp nrb W qfbkb rk^ crk`fŽk ab afpqof_r`fŽk kloj^i D `lk jbaf^ i v s^of^k,w^ ++1+v abpfdkbjlp `lk ;0&i^ afpqof_r`fŽk kloj^i `^kŽkf`^-^( Ool_^o nrb
'p , i(D'p( < ii= ,], -
_( G^ii^o rk s^ilo ab a q^i nrb N&GV + jf = b( <q-`( G^ii^o rk s^ilo ab b q^i nrb N:GV + ie = b( < /+87-
01- Tk^ s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^ bpqŠ afpqof_rfa^ kloj^ijbkqb `lk jbaf^ i < 0 X s^of^kw^++1< 3- B^i`ri^o `^a^ rk^ ab i^p mol_^_fifa^abp pfdrfbkqbp9 ^( N&,2 94 W 94 2(:_( N&+383V831',
02- Tk ^onrfqb`ql bpqŠ afpb•^kal rk mloq^i ab rk bafcf`fl nrb qfbkbk nrb rqfifw^o mboplk^p`rv^ ^iqro^ bpqŠ afpqof_rfa^ kloj^ijbkqb+ `lk jbaf^ i < 4 mfbp 8 mrid^a^p+ v s^,of^kw^ ++1 pfbkal ++<2 mrid^a^p- „Pr‹ ^iqro^ jŒkfj^ mrbab a^o ^i mloq^i m^o^ nrbkl jŠp abi 0 $ ab i^p mboplk^p `elnrbk `lk pr `^_bw^ bk i^ m^oqbprmboflo abi jfpjl>
03- Rf W qfbkb rk^ afpqof_r`fŽk kloj^i `^kŽkf`^+ abjlpqo^o nrb i^ s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^v < ]V * ^ bp q^j_f‹k kloj^i pf ] :‹ N- Cbqbojfk^o i^ jbaf^ v i^ s^of^kw^ ab X-
04- Rrmlkd^jlp nrb rk^ s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^ W qfbkb rk^ afpqof_r`fŽk kloj^i `^kŽkf`^+ vmlkd^jlp X < V1-
^( Cbjlpqo^o nrb Du'p( < 1 'UHa+S 1.1 `q pf p y N--H16R Il
_( Cbqbojfk^o Du'p( `r^kal p ; N v abp`of_fo i^ crk`fŽk abkpfa^a bu-
),')/ 7R\][RK^LRXWN\MNO^WLRXWN\MN_J[RJKUN\JUNJ]X[RJ\
Rf &wHbp rk^ crk`fŽk ob^i `rvl aljfkfl fk`irvb bi o^kdl ab i^ s^of^_ib ^ib^ql,of^ W+mlabjlp `lkpqorfo rk^ krbs^ s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^ X jbaf^kqb i^ b`r^`fŽk
u< &&H&V'*
il nrb pfdkfcf`^ nrb W&s' < &&HYV&s'[ m^o^`^a^ s abi bpm^`fl jrbpqo^i- Rf `lkl`b,jlp i^ crk`fŽk ab afpqof_r`fŽk Dt ab W+„`Žjl bk`lkqo^jlp i^ afpqof_r`fŽk Duab W>Bljbkw^jlp `lk rk `^pl m^oqf`ri^ofjmloq^kqb- Rrmlkd^jlp nrb om bp `lk,qfkr^ v `ob`fbkqb bk pbkqfal bpqof`qlbk qlal bi bgbob^i- Dk bpqb`^pl ommlpbb rk^crk`fŽk fksbop^ qc: `lkqfkr^ v bpqof`q^jbkqb`ob`fbkqb+v bp9
u < nl&t' pf+v pŽil pf t;% b%&u',
Rbd•k i^ abcfkf`fŽk ab Dn qbkbjlp+
Du&p' < N&Wy p( < NYnl&V' y pH,
Beopne^q_ekjao`a bqj_ekjao `a r]ne]^hao ]ha]pkne]o 548
Orbpql nrb _l bp bpqof`q^jbkqb `ob`fbkqb v `lkqfkr^+ ilp pr`bplp |_l&t' y p€ v|V, ,p k-&p'<< plk fa‹kqf`lp- Olo 0/ q^kql+NY_l&V' ,p p[ < NYV y pl&p'[ < DtY/z% &p'[,Krbdl i^p afpqof_r`flkbp Dn v Eu bpqŠkifd^a^p mlo i^ b`r^`fŽk
'03-16( Du'p( < DtYTH'p([-
Br^kal i^ afpqof_r`fŽk Eu v i^ crk`fŽk UIplk abofs^_ibp mlabjlp abofs^o ^j,_lp jfbj_olp ab '03-16(+ rqfifw^kal bk bi pbdrkal jfbj_ol i^ obdi^ ab i^ `^abk^+m^o^l_qbkbo
Du'p( < Dy,`TH'p([ - TH&'p(-
Dpql klp molmlo`flk^ i^ pfdrfbkqb obi^`fŽk bkqobi^p abkpfa^abp-
bu'p( <btYTH'p([ - TH&'p(-
DIDLOKN 0- X < ]V * ^+] = N- Dk bpqb`^pl qbkbjlp9
_l&t' < ]t * ^+u,^
TH'u( < ,,+]
0TH&'u( < , -
]
X^ nrb _l bp `lkqfkr^ v bpqof`q^jbkqb`ob`fbkqb mlabjlp bp`of_fo9
- 'p , ^(Du'p(9999~Dt ,], v 0 'p , ^(bu'p( < ybt ,], -
DIDLOKN 1- X < V1Œ Dk bpqb`^pl _l&t' < t1 v bi o^wlk^jfbkql ^kqboflo kl
bp afob`q^jbkqb ^mif`^_ib mrbp _l kl bp bpqof`q^jbkqb`ob`fbkqb-Ml l_pq^kqb+mlab,jlp rp^o bi jfpjl j‹qlal m^o^abqbojfk^o Ev v .W- Olo abcfkf`fŽk qbkbjlp9
Du'p( < N'V1 9999::p(-
Rf p ; N bi pr`bpl |V1 ,p p€ bp s^`Œl v mlo q^kql N&V1y p' < N- Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb
Du&p'< N m^o^p ; N- Rf p = N qbkbjlp
N'V19999:: p( < N' +-n pV9999::,Hn'< Dt&,Hn'+ Dt&+,Hn'* N'V y +,Hp',
O^o^ rk^ afpqof_r`fŽk `lkqfkr^ Eu qbkbjlp N&V < , Uq( < N X l_qbkbjlp i^pfdrfbkqb obi^`fŽk bkqobEv v Dt9
pf p ; N+
pf p 9• N-
55/ A…h_qhk a lnk^]^ehe`]`ao
O^o^ qlal p ; N v m^o^ ^nrbiilp s^ilobp ab p = N q^ibpnrb Dt bp abofs^_ibbk USvbk , Uqqbkbjlp i^ pfdrfbkqbobi^`f5k bkqobi^p abkpfa^abp9
pf p ; N+
pf p = l-
Nqolp mol_ibj^p ab bpqbqfml pb afp`rqfoŠk bk i^ pb``fŽk 03-12 `lk i^ ^vra^ab s^of^_ibp ^ib^qlof^p _fafjbkpflk^ibp-
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0- Rrmlkd^jlp nrb W qfbkb rk^ afpqof_r`fŽk rkfclojb bk bi fkqbos^il Z/+0\- Cbqbojfk^oi^ crk`fŽk ab afpqof_r`fŽk Ev v i^ abkpfa^a bu ab i^ s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^ W pf9
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2- Rrmlkd^jlp nrb W qfbkb afpqof_r`fŽk kloj^i `^kŽkf`^- Cbqbojfk^o i^ crk`fŽk ab abk,pfa^a ab i^ s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^ W `r^kal
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Rf W b X plk alp s^of^_ibp ^ib^qlof^p rkfafjbkpflk^ibp abcfkfa^p bk rk bpm^,`fl jrbpqo^i `lj•k R+ &V* X( obmobpbkq^oŠi^ s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^ _fafjbkpflk^i`rvl s^ilo bk rk mrkql dbk‹of`l ol ab R nrba^ abqbojfk^al mlo bi m^oab k•jbolpob^ibp 'W'ol(+ vbol((- K^ klq^`fŽk
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Beopne^q_e‰ja r]ne]^hao ]ha]pkne]o^e`eiajoekj]hao 550
nrb V&s' 889] b X'tI 99: 9 i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab bpqbpr`bpl pb obmobpbkqmlo
N&V y ]+ W y ^',
@kŠild^jbkqb pb abcfkbk i^p klq^`flkbp ] ; W 99: + a ; v 99:`+ X Na] ; W 99: +a ; v99:',
Di `lkgrkql ab mrkqlp &t* u' q^ibpnrb t 889] b u 889 bp bi molar`ql `^oqbpf^kl? W @ ab ilp alp fkqbos^ilp fkcfkfqlp rkfafjbkpflk^ibp ? < wt H t 99:] x v@< wu H u 99:^x- Di `lkgrkql ? u @pb obmobpbkq dblj‹qof`^jbkqb mlo i^ obdfŽkob`q^kdri^o fkcfkfq^ af_rg^a^ bk i^ cfdro^ 03-01- Di k•jbol N&V 889]+ X 99: ' ob,mobpbkq i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab nrb rk mrkql 'W'Ni(+ X'Niƒ bpq‹ pfqr^al bk bp^ obdfŽk-Dpq^pmol_^_fifa^abp pb rqfifw^km^o^abcfkfo i^p afpqof_r`flkbp ab mol_^_fifa^a _f,9ifjbkpflk^ibp-
CDEHMHBHˆM- J] bqj_e‰j `a `eopne^q_e‰ja h] r]ne]^ha ]ha]pkne]^e`eiajoek,j]h 'V+ X( ao h] bqj_e‰j na]h E `abeje`] l]n] pk`k l]n `a jŠianko na]hao] u ^ia`e]jpa h] ecq]h`]`
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O^o^`^i`ri^o i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab nrb &V* X( bpq‹bk rk ob`qŠkdril+ bjmib^jlpbi pfdrfbkqb qblobj^+ dbkbo^ifw^`fŽkabi qblobj^ 03-1 _(+
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'03-17( N'] ; V y ^+a ; u y `( < D'^+`( , D']+`( , D'^+a( * D']+a(-
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Klp `r^qol pr`bplp
!Vy]+Wy_+! !Vy]+_; no |8
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plk afpgrkqlp+v pr obrkfŽk bp |V9:: ^+v9::`€* 'U‹^pb cfdro^ 03-02-( Rrj^kal i^p`loobpmlkafbkqbpmol_^_fifa^abp v bk sfoqra ab i^p alp fdr^ia^abp mob`babkqbpl_qb,kbjlp9
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nrb bnrfs^ib ^ '03-17(-K^ cŽojri^ '03-17( a^ i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab nrb i^ s^of^_ib &V* X( qbkd^ rk
s^ilo fkqboflo^i ob`qŠkdril &]* ^[ W &a*`[, Dufpqbk+ljl bp k^qro^i+i^p `loobp,mlkafbkqbp cŽojri^p m^o^ ilp ob`qŠkdrilp Y]* ^[ W Y_* `[* &]* ^' W &a* `'*Y]* ^' W Y_*`'* bq`-
M^oanr]_e‰j- Di `lk`bmql ab j^p^ ab mol_^_fifa^a q^j_f‹k mrbab buqbkabopb ^i`^pl _fafjbkpflk^i- @nrŒi^ j^p^ qlq^i 0 bpqŠafpqof_rfa^ pl_ob bi mi^kl- K^ mol_^_fif,a^a N&] ; W 9p: ^* a ; W 899' obmobpbkq i^ `^kqfa^a qlq^i ab j^p^ pfqr^a^ bk bi ob`,qŠkdril &]* ^[ W &_,aI- Di k•jbol D&]* ^' obmobpbkq i^ `^kqfa^a bk i^ obdfŽk ob`q^k,dri^o fkcfkfq^ W 9::]+ u899 - Bljl bk bi- `^pl rkfafjbkpflk^i+ ilp alp qfmlp jŠpfjmloq^kqbp ab afpqof_r`flkbp plk i^p `eo_nap]o v i^p _kjpejq]o- Dk bi `^pl afp`obqlqla^ i^ j^p^ bpqŠ `lk`bkqo^a^ bk rk k•jbol cfkfql l bk rk^ fkcfkfa^a krjbo^_ibab mrkqlp- Dk bi `^pl `lkqfkrl i^ j^p^ bpqŠobm^oqfa^pl_ob bi mi^kl `lk rk bpmb,plo rkfclojb l s^of^_ib-
Beopne^q_ekjao`eo_nap]o^e`eiajoekj]hao 552
03-1/ Cfpqof_r`flkbp afp`obq^p_fafjbkpflk^ibp
C^a^ i^ s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^ &V* W' mlabjlp abcfkfo rk^ krbs^ crk`fŽk l* ii^,j^a^ i^ crk`fŽk ab j^p^ ab mol_^_fifa^a ab &V* W'* q^i nrb
l&V*u' < N&V < t+ W< u'
m^o^qlal m^oab k•jbolp ob^ibp &t* u', Rb^ R bi `lkgrkql ab mrkqlp &t* u' m^o^ilp `r^ibp l&t* u' = N- Orbab abjlpqo^opb nrb R bp cfkfql l fkcfkfql krjbo^_ib-Rf i^ prj^ ab i^p mol_^_fifa^abp l&t* u' m^o^qlal &t* v( ab R bp fdr^i ^ 0+bpqlbp+pf
'03-18( l't+ u( < 0+&t,WhaR
i^ s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^ 'V+ W( pb ii^j^ `eo_nap]-Klp mrkqlp 't+ u' ab R plk lqjpko`a i]o] ab 'V+ W(-
Rrmlkd^jlp nrb Vz+ t1+ t]+ ŒŒŒ b Wh+W1+X^+ -’’ plk s^ilobp mlpf_ibpab Wb Wobpmb`qfs^jbkqb+v pb^
Nee< N&V < t-: W< We'%
Rf `^a^ Nezbp mlpfqfs^ v i^ prj^ ab qla^p i^p Nezbp 0+i^ mol_^_fifa^a abi pr`bpl|&V* W' D C€ bp i^ prj^ ab qla^p i^p Nez`lkpfabo^kal qlalp ilp tz b He m^o^ilpnrb 'Ve+ We( D C- Hkaf`^jlp bpql bp`of_fbkal
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Dk m^oqf`ri^o+mrbpql nrb N&V ,p V* W ,p u' < D&t* u'* i^ afpqof_r`fŽk `lkgrkq^ D'nrb q^j_f‹k pb ii^j^ afp`obq^( sfbkb a^a^ mlo i^ al_ib prj^
'03-2/( D&t* u' < Ne %189#18///#//
Klp k•jbolp Nez q^j_f‹k mrbabk rp^opb m^o^ob`lkpqorfo i^p crk`flkbp ab j^p^ab mol_^_fifa^a lt v lu ab i^p s^of^_ibp ^ib^qlof^p rkfafjbkpflk^ibp W b X- Dkbcb`ql+ pf Cez obmobpbkqbi pr`bpl ~W < te+W < uz€* ilp pr`bplp Ced Ce0* C|* ,,,
553 A…h_qhk a lnk^]^ehe`]`ao
plk afpgrkqlp v pr obrkfŽk bp bi pr`bpl |V < t*€* Krbdl+ mlo ^afqfsfa^a krjbo^,_ib+l_qbkbjlp
'03-20(++ ++
N'V < Ve( < &G+N'Ce:( < &H+Ne:&:zi :zi
@kŠild^jbkqb+ l_qbkbjlp
'03-21(++ ++
N'W < u:( < 1 N'C::( < 1 Ne:&f<i e<h
Olo 0/ q^kql+i^p `loobpmlkafbkqbpafpqof_r`flkbp rkfafjbkpflk^ibp Dt v Du mrbabk`^i`ri^opb ^ m^oqfoab i^p cŽojri^p
//
Et&p' < 1 N&V < Ve( < &H+JN::Ve,99:p 8H8eQpf;h
vol
Du&p' < 1 N&W< u:( < 1 1 Ne:& hfQk hfQkpe;/
O^o^ bpm^`flp jrbpqo^ibp cfkfqlp+k^qro^ijbkqb+ i^p pbofbpab_bk obbjmi^w^opbmloprj^p cfkfq^p-
03-10 Cfpqof_r`flkbp `lkqfkr^p _fafjbkpflk^ibp- Erk`flkbp ab abkpfa^a
Bljl mlaŒ prmlkbopb+i^p `eopne^q_ekjao_kjpejq]o plk i^p nrb plk `lkqfkr^pbk qlal bi mi^kl- O^o^ i^ j^vloŒ^ ab i^p afpqof_r`flkbp `lkqfkr^p E nrb pb mobpbk,q^k bk i^ moŠ`qf`^bufpqbrk^ crk`fŽk kl kbd^qfs^ b 'nrb pb ii^j^ `ajoe`]` `a lnk,^]^ehe`]` ab E( q^i nrb i^p mol_^_fifa^abp ab i^ j^vlo m^oqbab ilp pr`bplp nrbklp fkqbobp^kmrbabk `^i`ri^opb mlo al_ib fkqbdo^`fŽk ab i^ abkpfa^a- Dpql bp+i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab rk pr`bpl |&V* X( D P€ bp9
'03-22( NY&V*W' D P\ < I I b•O
Br^kal q^i crk`fŽk b bufpqbpb ii^j^ q^j_f‹k abkpfa^a ab mol_^_fifa^a ab i^ s^of^,_ib ^ib^qlof^ &V* u'* l abkpfa^a `lkgrkq^ ab W b W, Ml fkqbkq^objlp abp`of_fo i^`i^pb ab obdflkbp P m^o^i^p nrb '03-22( bp sŠifa^+ q^k pŽil jbk`flk^objlp nrbbpq^ `i^pb bp il _^pq^kqb^jmif^ m^o^ fk`irfo qla^p i^p obdflkbp nrb pb mobpbkq^kbk i^p ^mif`^`flkbp loafk^of^p ab i^p mol_^_fifa^abp- Olo bgbjmil+ pf bufpqbrk^abkpfa^a `lkgrkq^ qbkbjlp pfbjmob
'03-23( N'] ; V y ^+ b ; W y `( < I I b't+ u( `t `u+P
Beopne^q_ekjao_kjpejq]o ^e`eiajoekj]hao 554
alkab P < Y]* ^[ W Ya*`[, Di fkqbdo^kal Gcob`rbkqbjbkqb bp q^i nrb i^ fkqbdo^ial_ib pb mrbab `^i`ri^o mlo fkqbdo^`fŽk rkfafjbkpflk^i obmbqfa bk `rvl `^pl'03-23( pb qo^kpcloj^ bk
Na] ; V 9999::^+b ; v 9999::`( < Ha ZI9b't+ u( `tH `u < cZcb't+ u( `uH `t-
Dk qlalp ilp bgbjmilp nrb `lkpfabo^objlp+ bpq^cŽojri^ bp q^j_f‹k sŠifa^ bk ilp`^plp iŒjfqbbk ilp nrb ] v a pb prpqfqrvbkmlo , // v ^ v ` mlo * ll + @pŒmrbp+qbkbjlp
'03-24(
m^o^qlal m^o^ v `* X
'03-25( o9ZI99b't+ u( `tH `u < o9ZI99b't+ u( `uH `t < 0-
K^p fdr^ia^abp '03-24( v '03-25( plk i^p `loobpmlkafbkqbp ^ i^p '03-2/( v '03-18(ab ilp `^plp afp`obqlp+obpmb`qfs^jbkqb-
Rf bufpqbrk^ abkpfa^a kl bp •kf`^+ v^ nrb bi fkqbdo^kal bk '03-22( mrbabjlafcf`^opb bk rk k•jbol cfkfql ab mrkqlp pfk ^cb`q^obi s^ilo ab i^ fkqbdo^i-Rfkbj_^odl+ bufpqb^ il jŠp rk^ crk`fŽk ab abkpfa^a `lkqfkr^- Dk bcb`ql+ bk ilpmrkqlp ab `lkqfkrfa^a ab Gqbkbjlp i^p cŽojri^p
b%&€*u( < B0Œ1D't+ u( < B1Œ0D't+ u(+
l_qbkfa^p mlo abofs^`fŽk ab i^p fkqbdo^ibp'03-24(-Bljl bk bi `^pl afp`obql+i^ abkpfa^a `lkgrkq^ Gmrbab rp^opb m^o^ `^i`ri^o
i^p abkpfa^abp rkfafjbkpflk^ibp Yt v Yn, K^p cŽojri^p ^kŠild^p ^ i^p '03-20( v'03-21( plk
b%==
bt't( < ,// b't+ u( `u v N%==
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K^p s^of^_ibp ^ib^qlof^p W b W pb ii^j^k ej`alaj`eajpao pf i^ afpqof_r`fŽk`lkgrkq^ D&t* u' mrbab c^`qlofw^opb ljl pfdrb
D't+u( < Dt't(Du'u(
111 A…h_qhk a lnk^]^ehe`]`ao
m^o^qlal &t* u', Dk i^ moŽufj^ pb``fŽk ab bgbo`f`flp pb afp`rqfoŠk ^idrk^p `lkpb,`rbk`f^p ab i^ fkabmbkabk`f^-
DIDLOKN- Blkpfabobjlp i^ crk`fŽk b nrb qfbkbbi s^ilo `lkpq^kqb 0 pl_ob bi`r^ao^al P < ZN+0\ W ZN+0\+ X bi s^ilo N bk bi obpql abi mi^kl- Tk^ s^of^_ib^ib^qlof^ 'V+ X( nrb qbkd^ bpq^crk`fŽk ab abkpfa^a pb ii^j^ `eopne^qe`] qjebknia,iajpa pl_ob Q- K^ `loobpmlkafbkqb crk`fŽk ab afpqof_r`fŽk Ebp9
tu pf 't+W(CP+
t pf M;t;h v u= 0+
D't+u( ; u pf M;u;h v t= 0+
0 pf tyh v u y 0+
N bk ilp abjŠp mrkqlp-
K^ doŠcf`^ ab E pl_ob P bp rk^ m^oqbab i^ prmbocf`fbv < tu 'pfii^ ab jlkq^o(- Dkilp mrkqlp fkqboflobp ab P bufpqbk i^p abofs^a^p m^o`f^ibp jfuq^p B
0Œ
1D&t* v( v
B1Œ0D&t* u' v plk fdr^ibp ^ b&t* u', Dpq^afpqof_r`fŽk bp bi molar`ql ab alp afpqof,_r`flkbp rkfclojbp rkfafjbkpflk^ibp Dt v D€, Krbdl W b X plk fkabmbkafbkqbp-
03-11 Dgbo`f`flp
0- Rb^k W b X alp s^of^_ibp ^ib^qlof^p rkfafjbkpflk^ibp `lk afpqof_r`flkbp Dt v Du* X pb^D i^ afpqof_r`fŽk `lkgrkq^ ab W b X-^( Cbjlpqo^o nrb W b X plk fkabmbkafbkqbp pf+v p5il pf+qbkbjlp
Na] ; V p ^+ a ; v p `( < Na] ; V y ^(N'_ ; v p `(
`r^ibpnrfbo^ nrb pb^k ]+ ^* a+a+ `lk ] ; ^ v ` ; `,_( Blkpfabobjlp bi `^pl afp`obql- Rrmlkd^jlp nrb Wi+V0* ‹‹‹ b Xi+W0 ‹‹‹ plk ilp mrkqlpab j^p^ ab W b X+ obpmb`qfs^jbkqb- Rb^k ]z < N&V < Ve( X ^* < N&W< uz', RfNez < N'V < Ve+ X < uz'* abjlpqo^o nrb W b X plk fkabmbkafbkqbp pf Nez < ]-^+ m^kqlal m^o e+e+`( Rrmlkd^jlp nrb W b X qfbkbk afpqof_r`flkbp `lkqfkr^p `lk i^p abkpfa^abp Gt v h,v pb^ Gi^ abkpfa^a ab i^ afpqof_r`fŽk `lkgrkq^- @ajfq^jlp i^ `lkqfkrfa^a ab i^p qobpabkpfa^abp- Cbjlpqo^o nrb i^ `lkaf`fŽk ab fkabmbkabk`f^ bp bnrfs^ibkqb ^ i^ ^cfoj^,`fŽk G&t*u' < bt&t' Gu&u'm^o^ qlal &t*u', YGj`e_]_e‰j9 Dumobp^oG `ljl abofs^a^ ab i^afpqof_r`fŽk `lkgrkq^ D,[
1- Dk bi bgbo`f`fl 0 prmlkbo nrb N&V < Wi+ X < XH( < N&V < V1+ v < W1( < l-0 X nrbN&V < Vh+ X < W1( < N&V < V1+ v < XH( < m-0* pfbkal N v m kl kbd^qfs^p ab prj^ 0-^( Cbqbojfk^o i^p mol_^_fifa^abp rkfafjbkpflk^ibp N&V < Ve( X N&W < Wz' m^o^ e < 0+1vg<H+1-_( „O^o^ nr‹ s^ilo 'l s^ilobp( ab m pboŠk fkabmbkafbkqbp W b X>
Cfan_e_eko 112
2- Rf ] ; ^ v a ; `* abcfkfo f abi jlal pfdrfbkqb9
pf 'V+ u' D Y]* ^[ u Ya* [*
bk `r^inrfbo lqol `^pl-
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3- Rf N&W8#^' :5 N+ i^ mol_^_fifa^a `lkaf`flk^a^ ab nrb W 9#]* a^al nrb X 9#^* pb ob,mobpbkq^ `lk bi pŒj_lil N&V 9#] Hv 9#^'* X pb abcfkb jbaf^kqb i^ fdr^ia^a
N&V p] Hu y ^' < N&V y ]* W y ^'N&Wy^' ,
Rf N&W8#^' < N+ abcfkfjlp N&V8# ] Hv 9#^' < N&V8# ]', @kŠild^jbkqb+ pfN&V8# ]' :5 N+abcfkfjlpO'X z ^ HV y ]'; N&V y ]*W p^'-N&V y ]',QeN&V y ]'; M*abcfkfjlp N&W-p ^ 0! W ,p ]' < N&W9# ^', ,^( Ool_^o i^ fkabmbkabk`f^ ab W b X v bumobp^oi^ bk crk`fŽk ab mol_^_fifa^abp `lkaf,
`flk^a^p-_( Blkpfabo^o bi `^pl afp`obql- Rrmlkd^jlp nrb Vh+V1+ŒŒŒb Wh+W1+ŒŒŒplk ilp mrkqlpab j^p^ ab W b X obpmb`qfs^jbkqb- Cbjlpqo^o nrb
//
N&V < t*' < N&u < ue'N&V < t• Hu < ue'e;h
v//
N&W < We' < N&V < Ve'N&W < HeHV < V*'*:,0
4- Tk^ `^p^ ab grbdl lcob`b ^ prp `ifbkqbp bi grbdl pfdrfbkqb9 Rb i^kw^ rk^ jlkba^- Rf biobpriq^al ab i^ mofjbo^ qfo^a^ bp `orw+ bi grd^alo mfboab v bi grbdl srbisb ^ bjmbw^o-Rf bk `^j_fl p^ib `^o^+ srbisb ^ b`e^opb i^ jlkba^- Rf bk i^ pbdrka^ qfo^a^ ^m^ob`b`^o^ bi grd^alo d^k^ 1 aŽi^obp+ mbol pf p^ib `orw d^k^ pŽil 0 aŽi^o- Rb^ W i^ s^of^_ib^ib^qlof^ nrb s^ib 0 Ž N pbd•k nrb bk i^ mofjbo^ qfo^a^ ^m^obw`^ `^o^ l `orw- Rb^ X lqo^s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^ nrb `rbkq^ bi k•jbol ab aŽi^obp d^k^alp mlo bi grd^alo- G^`bo rpl abibgbo`f`fl 3 'l ab ^id•k lqol j‹qlal( m^o^ `^i`ri^o N&W< N(+ N&W< 0(+ v N&W< 1(-
5- G^`fbkal obcbobk`f^ ^i bgbo`f`fl 3+ abar`fo i^ ii^j^a^ cŽojri^ ab A^vbp9
N&V \ Hu + ' \ N&V < Vg'N&W < WeHV < Vg'+ Vg :n* + *
eyh N&V < Ve'N&W< WeHV < Ve'
N&W + HV + ' \ N&u < Wg'N&V < VeHu < Wg'+ Wg + V! +
‹ e8h N&W < We'N&V < t• Hv < We' ,
6- C^a^p alp rok^p ? v @, K^ rok^ ? `lkqfbkb rk _fiibqb ab 4 aŽi^obp v alp ab 0/ aŽ,i^obp- K^ rok^ @ `lkqfbkb qobp _fiibqbp ab 4 aŽi^obp v rkl ab 0/ aŽi^obp+ Rb buqo^b rk
113 A…h_qhk a lnk^]^ehe`]`ao
_fiibqb ab ? v pb fkqolar`b bk @- Rb^ X i^ s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^ nrb `rbkq^ bi s^ilo abi_fiibqb qo^kpcbofal- @ `lkqfkr^`f5k pb buqo^b rk _fiibqb ab i^ rok^ @ v rp^jlp i^ s^of^_ib^ib^qlof^ W m^o^ `lkq^o oq s^ilo- B^i`ri^o i^p mol_^_fifa^abp `lkaf`flk^a^p
N&W;3GV;GM' v N&v < 0/ HV < 0/(-
YGj`e_]_eˆj8 G^`bo rpl ab i^ c5ojri^ ab A^vbp abi bgbo`f`fl 5-\7- C^a^p qobp `^g^p fa‹kqf`^p+ `^a^ rk^ ab i^p `r^ibp qfbkb alp abm^oq^jbkqlp- K^ `^g^ k•,
jbol 0 qfbkb rk^ jlkba^ ab lol bk rk abm^oq^jbkql v rk^ ab mi^q^ bk bi lqol- K^ `^g^1 qfbkb rk^ jlkba^ ab lol bk `^a^ abm^oq^jbkql v i^ `^g^ 2 rk^ jlkba^ ab mi^q^ bk`^a^ abm^oq^jbkql- Rb ^_ob ^i ^w^o rk abm^oq^jbkql v pb bk`rbkqo^ rk^ jlkba^ ablol- B^i`ri^o i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab nrb bi lqol abm^oq^jbkql ab i^ jfpj^ `^g^ `lkqbkd^rk^ jlkba^ ab mi^q^- YGj`e_]_eˆj8 Djmib^o i^ c5ojri^ ab A^vbp-\
8- Rb^ P rk^ obdf5k mi^k^ v ]&O' pr Šob^- Rb af`b nrb rk^ s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^ _fafjbk,pflk^i &V* X( qfbkb `eopne^q_eˆj qjebknia pl_ob P pf pr crk`f5k ab abkpfa^a b sfbkbabcfkfa^ mlo i^p c5ojri^p9
z&t*u' < wy-]&O' pf &V*u'CO*
pf &t*u' c.< P-
^( Rf D bp rk^ pr_obdf5k ab P `lk Šob^ ]&C'* abjlpqo^o drb ]&C'-]&O' bp i^ mol,_^_fifa^a abi pr`bpl &V* X( D D-_( B^bk ^i ^w^o dlq^p ab ^dr^ pl_ob bi `r^ao^al P ab s‹oqf`bp '0+ N(+ '/+0(+ ',0+ N(+'N+,0(- Tk obpriq^al bp bi mrkql &t* v( ab P ^i`^kw^al mlo rk^ abqbojfk^a^ dlq^- Rb^kV&t* v( < t b W&t*v( < v v prmlkd^jlp nrb &V*X( qfbkb afpqof_r`f5k rkfclojb pl_ob P-Cbqbojfk^o i^ crk`f5k ab abkpfa^a `lkgrkq^ b v i^p abkpfa^abp rkfafjbkpflk^ibp btv e- „Rlk fkabmbkafbkqbp i^p s^of^_ibp W b X>
0/- Tk^ s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^ _fafjbkpflk^i &V* X( qfbkb i^ crk`f5k ab afpqof_r`fŽk `lkgrkq^D, Rb^k S < W , ]+T < X , ^* pfbkal ] v ^ `lkpq^kqbp- Rf F obmobpbkq^i^ afpqof_r,`f5k `lkgrkq^ ab &S*T' abjlpqo^o nrb
E&q* r' < D&q * ]* r * ^',
Cbar`fo rk^ obi^`fŽk pbjbg^kqb bkqob i^p crk`flkbp ab abkpfa^a b ab &V* X( v d ab&S*T' `r^kal b bp `lkqfkr^-
),'*+ 7R\][RK^LRXWN\MNO^WLRXWN\MNMX\_J[RJKUN\JUNJ]X[RJ\
Blkpfabobjlp ^elo^ rk mol_ibj^ jŠp dbkbo^i- Rf W b W plk s^of^_ibp ^ib^,qlof^p rkfafjbkpflk^ibp `lk afpqof_r`flkbp `lkl`fa^p+ „`Žjl bk`lkqo^jlp i^ afp,qof_r`fŽk ab krbs^p s^of^_ibp ^ib^qlof^p q^ibp `ljl W * W* VW l W1 * O> Diobpql ab bpq^ pb``fŽk pb abaf`^ ^ bumlkbo rk j‹qlal nrb klp ^vra^ ^ `lkqbpq^omobdrkq^p`ljl ‹pq^- Cbcfkfjlp alp krbs^p s^of^_ibp ^ib^qlof^p S v T `lk b`r^,`flkbp ab i^ cloj^
S; K&V* X(+ r; L&V* u'*
Beopne^q_ekjao `a bqj_ekjao `a `ko r]ne]^hao ]ha]pkne]o 558
alkab K&V* X( l L&V* X( bp i^ `lj_fk^`fŽk m^oqf`ri^o bk i^ nrb bpq^jlp fkqbob,p^alp- @ m^oqfoabi `lkl`fjfbkql ab i^ afpqof_r`fŽk `lkgrkq^ b ab i^ s^of^_ib ^ib^,qlof^ _fafjbkpflk^i &V* X( `^i`ri^jlp i^ afpqof_r`fŽk `lkgrkq^ d ab &S* T', Tk^sbw pb `lkl`b d+ i^p afpqof_r`flkbp ab S v ab T pb bk`rbkqo^k cŠ`fijbkqb-
O^o^ abp`of_fo bi j‹qlal `lk abq^iib+ `lkpfabobjlp rk^ ^mif`^`fŽk rkl ^ rklabi mi^kl tu pl_ob bi mi^kl qr abcfkfa^ mlo bi m^o ab b`r^`flkbp
q < K&t*u'* r < L&t*u',
K^ ^mif`^`fŽk fksbop^ pb^ i^ abcfkfa^ mlo
t < O'q+ r(+ u < P&q*r'*
v prmlkd^jlp nrb P v P qfbkbk abofs^a^p m^o`f^ibp `lkqfkr^p- Rf R bp rk^ obdfŽkbk bi mi^kl tu+ pb^ R&pr fj^dbk bk bi mi^kl ST* `ljl pb sb bk i^ cfdro^ 03-03-Rb^k W b X alp s^of^_ibp ^ib^qlof^p rkfafjbkpflk^ibp `lkqfkr^p nrb qbkd^k rk^afpqof_r`fŽk `lkgrkq^ `lkqfkr^ v pb^ b i^ crk`fŽk ab abkpfa^a ab mol_^_fifa^a ab&V* X(- Cbcfk^jlp i^p krbs^p s^of^_ibp ^ib^qlof^p S v T bp`of_fbkal S;K&V* X(&T < L&V* u', O^o^ abqbojfk^o i^ abkpfa^a d ab i^ s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^ &S* T' mol,
`babjlp `ljl pfdrb9K^p s^of^_ibp ^ib^qlof^p W b X bpqŠk ^pl`f^a^p ^ rk bpm^`fl jrbpqo^i R- O^o^
`^a^ ol ab R qbkbjlp S'nk( < L'W'ol(+ vbol(\+ v T'nk( < L's(+ W's([- Orbpql nrbi^ ^mif`^`fŽk bp rkl ^ rkl+ ilp alp `lkgrkqlp
ws H'S's(+ T's• D R&x v ws H'V's(+ W's• D Sy
plk fdr^ibp- Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb+
'03-26( NY&S*T' D R%[< NY&V*W' D R[,
X^ nrb b bp i^ crk`fŽk ab abkpfa^a &V* X( mlabjlp bp`of_fo
'03-27( NY&V*W' D R[ < GGYp€*u' `t `u,R
Dk sfoqra ab '03-26( v ab i^ cŽojri^ ab qo^kpcloj^`fŽk ab i^p fkqbdo^ibp al_ibp i^
'03-27( pb `lksfboqb bk9
NY&S*W' D R%[< bbbYO'S+ r'* P&q*r'[ H]'O+ P' Hq `r,]&q* r'
R%
12+
u
A…h_qhk a lnk^]^ehe`]`ao
r
q < K&t*u'
r < L&t*u'
q
t < O&q*r'
u < P&q*r'ooo
EHFTQ@ 03-03 ?lhe_]_e5j qjk ] qjk `a qj] nace…jR `ah lh]jk tu ok^na qj] nace5jR&`ah lh]jk qr-
X^ nrb bpql bp sŠifal m^o^qla^ obdfŽk Ry abi mi^kl qr i^ abkpfa^a d ab &S* T'bpqŠabcfkfa^ mlo bi fkqbdo^kal abi pbdrkal jfbj_ol: bpql bp+qbkbjlp9
'03-28( c'q+ r( < bYO'q+ r(+P'q+ r([ Hk'O+ P( .-k&q*r(
K^p abkpfa^abp bq v br mrbabk ^elo^ l_qbkbopb mlo i^p cŽojri^p
bq'q( < J8c'q+ r( `r+ br'r( < J8c'q+ r( `q -
DIDLOKN 0- Qqi] v `ebanaj_e] `a `ko r]ne]^hao]ha]pkne]o-C^a^p alp s^of^,_ibp ^ib^qlof^p rkfafjbkpflk^ibp W b W `lk abkpfa^a `lkgrkq^ e-abqbojfk^o i^pcrk`flkbp ab abkpfa^a m^o^ i^p s^of^_ibp ^ib^qlof^p S < W * u v T < V+W,
Qkhq_e5j- Tqfif`bjlp i^ ^mif`^`f5k a^a^ mlo q < t * v+ r < t,u- Dpq^bp rk^ qo^kpcloj^`fŽk ifkb^i kl pfkdri^o `rv^ fksbop^ sfbkb a^a^ mlo
q*r q,rt <,, <O'q+r(+ u <,, <P'q+r(-Di g^`l_f^kl bp
1 1
kO kO 0 0, ,k'O+ P( kS kr 1 1 0,,,< < 3 %%k'q+ r( kP kP 0 0 1, , , , ,
kq kr 1 1
Beopne^q_ekjao`a bqj_ekjao `a `ko r]ne]^hao ]ha]pkne]o 560
@mif`^kal i^ b`r^`fŽk '03-28( sbjlp nrb rk^ abkpfa^a `lkgrkq^ d ab &T*T' sfbkba^a^ mlo i^ cŽojri^
&S T(<b'y y( GM'€+P(G<- -b'y y(-d + 1& 1 k&q*r( 1 1& 1
O^o^ l_qbkbo rk^ abkpfa^a bq < bt * u fkqbdo^jlp obpmb`ql ^ r v bk`lkqo^jlp
/0// 'S * r S , T(bt*u'q(<, b ,,+,, `r-
1 ,// 1 1
Di `^j_fl ab s^of^_ib t < W0&q* r'* `t < W0`r* qo^kpcloj^ bp^ cŽojri^ bk i^pfdrfbkqb9
bt*u'q( < J9b't+ S + t( `t ,
Cbi jfpjl jlal+ bk`lkqo^jlp
00// 'S * r S , T( '//bt,u'r( < , b ,,+ ,, `q < b't+ t , r( `t-1 ,// 1 1 -,//
Tk `^pl m^oqf`ri^ofjmloq^kqb pb mobpbkq^r^kal W b X plk fkabmbkafbkqbp-Dk bpqb`^pl i^ abkpfa^a ab mol_^_fifa^a `lkgrkq^ pb bp`fkab bk rk molar`ql
b't+u( <bt't(bu'u(+
v i^p fkqbdo^ibpnrb a^k bt*W v Yt :r pb `lksfboqbk bk
bt,u'r( < J9bt't(bu't , r( `t-
DIDLOKN 1- Qqi] `a `ko `eopne^q_ekjaoatlkjaj_e]hao, Rrmlkd^jlp ^elo^nrb `^a^ rk^ ab i^p s^of^_ibp W b X qfbkbrk^ afpqof_r`fŽk bumlkbk`f^i+ mlo bgbj,mil bt&p' < bu&p'< N m^o^ p ; N+v
m^o^p y N-
Cbqbojfk^o i^ abkpfa^a ab W * v `r^kal W b X plk fkabmbkafbkqbp-
Qkhq_eˆj, Rf q ; N i^ fkqbdo^inrb a^ bt)u&q' bp N v^ nrb bi c^`qlo bt&t';M
561 A…h_qhk `a lnk^]^ehe`]`ao
m^o^ t ; N+ v bi c^`qlo fu'q , t( < N m^o^ t y N- Rf q y N i^ fkqbdo^i nrb a^Gt)u&q' pb qo^kpcloj^ bk
O^o^ `^i`ri^o i^ •iqfj^ fkqbdo^i`lkpfabobjlp alp `^plp+ Hh, < @ X Hh,<0< @-Rf Hh, < @ i^ fkqbdo^iqfbkb bi s^ilo q v l_qbkbjlp
bt*u'q( < ?1qa,H-! m^o^ q y N-Rf Hh,<0< @ l_qbkbjlp
a'Gh,H-z!, 0 a,H-! \ a,GhSbt*u'q( <?l-a,Gh!,,,,< ?l-,,,, m^o^ q y N-
l-,? l-,?
DIDLOKN 2- K…teik u i‡jeik `a `ko r]ne]^hao ]ha]pkne]o ej`alaj`eajpao-Rb^k W b W alp s^of^_ibp ^ib^qlof^p rkfafjbkpflk^ibp `lk abkpfa^abp Gt v Yn vcrk`flkbp ab afpqof_r`fŽk `loobpmlkafbkqbpDt v Du- Rb^k S v T i^p s^of^_ibp ^ib^,qlof^p
q < j^u wV* ux* r < jfk wV* Wx,
Dpql bp+m^o^`^a^ 'N bk bi bpm^`fl jrbpqo^i+ S|'M( bp bi jŠufjl v T|'M( bi jŒkfjl abilp alp k•jbolp V&s'* W&s', K^ ^mif`^`fŽk q < j^u wt+ ux+ r < jfk wt+ ux klbp rkl ^ rkl+ ^pŒnrb bi j‹qlal rqfifw^al m^o^abar`fo i^ b`r^`fŽk '03-28( kl bp^mif`^_ib- Rfk bj_^odl+ bk bpqb`^pl mlabjlp l_qbkbo i^p crk`flkbp ab afpqof_r,`fŽk ab S v T afob`q^jbkqb-
N_pbosbjlp mofjbol nrb S ,p p pf+v pŽil pf+W ,p p b v pp-Olo `lkpfdrfbkqbN&S ,p p' < N&V 889p+v p p', Dk sfoqra ab i^ fkabmbkabk`f^ bpql bp fdr^i ^N&V 889p'N&W 889p' < Dt&p'Du&p', @pŒmrbp+qbkbjlp
Dq'p( < Dt'p(Du'p(-
Dk `^a^ mrkql ab `lkqfkrfa^a ab Gt v „n mlabjlp abofs^o bp^ obi^`fŽk l_qbkfbkal
bq'p( <bt'p(Du'p( * Dt'p(bu'p(-
Cbi jfpjl jlal+ qbkbjlp T = p pf v pŽil pf W = pb W= p-Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb
Dr'p( < N'T999::p( < 0 , N'T = p( < 0 , N'V = p+u= p( < 0 , N'V = p(N'W = p(
< 0 , '0 , Dt'p•'h , Du'p• < Dt'p( * Du'p( , Dt'p(Du'p(-
Cfan_e_eko 562
Dk ilp mrkqlp ab `lkqfkrfa^a ab Yt v bu abofs^jlp bp^ obi^`fŽk v l_qbkbjlp
br'p( <bt'p( * bu'p( , bt'p(Du'p( , Dt'p(bu'p(-
),'*, 8SN[LRLRX\
0- Rb^k W b X alp s^of^_ibp ^ib^qlof^p rkfafjbkpflk^ibp fkabmbkafbkqbp+ `lk afpqof_r`fŽkrkfclojb `^a^ rk^ pl_ob bi fkqbos^il Z/+0\- Rb^k T < W * v v T < V,W-^( Cbjlpqo^o nrb T qfbkb rk^ abkpfa^a `lkqfkr^ bq a^a^ mlo
pf N ; q y 0+
pf 0 ; q ; 1+
m^o^ ilp abjŠp s^ilobp ab q
_( Cbp`of_fo+ bk cloj^ ^kŠild^+ rk^ abkpfa^a `lkqfkr^ br m^o^ T,`( Cbqbojfk^o pf S v T plk l kl fkabmbkafbkqbp-
1- Rb^k W b X i^p abi bgbo`f`fl 0+ v T < j^u wV* Wx* T < jfk wV* Wx,^( Cbjlpqo^o nrb T qfbkb rk^ crk`fŽk ab abkpfa^a q^i nrb bq'p( < 1p m^o^ N R p ; 0+v bq'p( < N m^o^ ilp abjŠp s^ilobp ab p-_( Cbp`of_fo rk^ crk`fŽk ab abkpfa^a br m^o^ T,`( Cbqbojfk^o pf T v T plk l kl fkabmbkafbkqbp-
2- Rb^k W b X alp s^of^_ibp ^ib^qlof^p rkfafjbkpflk^ibp fkabmbkafbkqbp+ `^a^ rk^ `lkafpqof_r`fŽk bumlkbk`f^i `lk m^oŠjbqol @ < 0+ X pb^ b&t* v( < bt&t'fu&u'* bi molar`qlab i^p abkpfa^abp ab W b X-^( Rb^ ? bi `lkgrkql ab mrkqlp abi mi^kl tu bk ilp nrb b&t* v( = N- Cf_rg^o ? v prfj^dbk ?& bk i^ ^mif`^`fŽk abcfkfa^ mlo q < t * v+ r < t-&t * v(-_( Rb^k T < W * v v T < V-&V * X( alp krbs^p s^of^_ibp ^ib^qlof^p- B^i`ri^o i^abkpfa^a d ab &T*T',b( B^i`ri^o i^ abkpfa^a bq,a( B^i`ri^o i^ abkpfa^a br,
3- Rb^k W b X alp s^of^_ibp ^ib^qlof^p fkabmbkafbkqbp+ ^j_^p `lk afpqof_r`fŽk kloj^i `^,kŽkf`^ 'jbaf^ < N+s^of^kw^ < 0(- Hkqolarw`^jlp i^p krbs^p s^of^_ibp ^ib^qlof^p T v Tjbaf^kqb i^p b`r^`flkbp T < V-W* T < X- Rb^ d i^ crk`fŽk abkpfa^a ab &T*T',^( Cbjlpqo^o nrb
c'q+ r( < , z a,'h*q&(r&.1
-,#pf r ; N-
_( Dk`lkqo^o rk^ cŽojri^ m^ob`fa^ m^o^ `^i`ri^o c&q* r' `r^kal r y N-b( Cbqbojfk^o i^ crk`fŽk abkpfa^a ab T,
563 A…h_qhk a lnk^]^ehe`]`ao
4- Rrmlkd^jlp nrb W qbkd^ i^ crk`f5k abkpfa^a a^a^ mlo
pf ,0 ; t ; 0+
pf Huiz 0-
Rf rk^ s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^ fkabmbkafbkqb u qfbkb i^ abkpfa^a
pf u y N+
pf u ; N+
bk`lkqo^o i^ abkpfa^a ab Y < VW,
5- C^a^p alp s^of^_ibp ^ib^qlof^p rkfafjbkpflk^ibp fkabmbkafbkqbp W b W `lk abkpfa^abp`lkqfkr^p Gt v Gu- Rb^k S v T alp s^of^_ibp ^ib^qlof^p q^ibp nrb W < S `lp T*u < S pbk T+ pfbkal S= N v ,&eR; T994 &eR-
^( Cbjlpqo^o nrb S qfbkb rk^ crk`f5k ab abkpfa^a q^i nrb bq&q' < N m^o^ q ; N v
bq'q( < q c++'u'TBNR r(bu'qoajr( `r m^o^ q y N-
_( Cbqbojfk^o Yk v i^ `loobpmlkafbkqb afpqof_r`f5k Dq bumiŒ`fq^jbkqb `r^kal `^a^ rk^ab i^p s^of^_ibp W b W qfbkb rk^ afpqof_r`f5k kloj^i `lk jbaf^ i < N X s^of^kw^ '01-
6- ^( Rrmlkfbkal /&0 = N v q61 = N+`ljmol_^o i^ fabkqfa^a ^idb_o^f`^
bk alkab
v
_( C^a^p alp s^of^_ibp ^ib^qlof^p rkfafjbkpflk^ibp fkabmbkafbkqbp W b W-RrmŽkd^pbnrb W qfbkb rk^ afpqof_r`f5k kloj^i `lk jbaf^ ie v s^of^kw^ N&z+X nrb u qfbkb rk^afpqof_r`f5k kloj^i `lk jbaf^ i0 v s^of^kw^ N&z- Cbjlpqo^o nrb W * u qfbkb rk^ afp,qof_r`f5k kloj^i `lk jbaf^ i < ie * i1 X s^of^kw^ /&1 < N&z* N&z-
7- C^a^p alp s^of^_ibp ^ib^qlof^p rkfafjbkpflk^ibp W b W `lk abkpfa^abp Gt v Gr v abk,pfa^a `lkgrkq^ b, O^o^ `^a^ v cfgl+ pb abcfkb
b't+u( -bt't Hu < u( < 'W'u( pfbjmob nrb bu'u( = N-
Dpq^ bp i^ ii^j^a^ abkpfa^a ab mol_^_fifa^a `lkaf`flk^i ab W+ prmrbpql nrb W< v-
Cfan_e_eko 564
@kŠild^jbkqb+ abcfkfjlp i^ abkpfa^a ab mol_^_fifa^a `lkaf`flk^i ab W+bk bi prmrbpqlab nrb W < t+ jbaf^kqb i^ b`r^`fŽk
b &HV < ( < b't+u(u u t bt't( pfbjmob nrb bt't( = l-
^( Rf Hov Gt plk mlpfqfs^p+ abjlpqo^o nrb Ak_:bt't HW< u( `t < Hyk_:nu'uHV < t(`u < 0-
_( Rf Hov Gt plk mlpfqfs^p+ abjlpqo^o nrb
bt't( < -&9k_:'W'W(bt'tHu < u( `u X bu'u( < b9k_:bt't('u'u HV < t( `t-
8- Tk^ s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^ 'V+ W( qfbkb `eopne^q_e‰j jkni]h ^er]ne]`] pf pr abkpfa^a bp
b't+ u' < zz a,OA-!hG(.1+
pfbkal
P pb ii^j^ ~cloj^ `r^aoŠqf`^ƒ- Klp k•jbolp @k+?01+ ?11 plk `lkpq^kqbp v ?00 = N-Di k•jbol C < ?00?11 , ?e1 pb ii^j^ `eo_neiej]jpa ab P v pb prmlkb mlpfqfsl- Klpk•jbolp ul b Xl plk `r^ibpnrfbo^-^( Cbjlpqo^o nrb O&t* v( mrbab obar`fopb ^ i^ prj^ ab `r^ao^alp pfdrfbkqb9
'?01(1 B
O&t*u' <?00 S )Rr )RT1+-00 00
pfbkal q < t , tk+ r < u , Wk&
* VK6
_( Cbcfkfo i^ fkqbdo^i al_ib eilnkle] IH G't+v( `t `u `ljl bi iŒjfqb9,o,`l
* VK6
bbb't+u(`t`u < ifj bbb't+u(`t`u+,l`: p+))k_9P&p'
bk alkab P&p' bp bi `r^ao^al Y+p*p[ W Y+p*pH,Cbjlpqo^o nrb
* VK6
b b b't+u(`t`u < 0-,;iN
YGj`e_]_e‰j9 Tqfifw^o bi ^m^oq^al ^( m^o^ qo^kpcloj^o i^ fkqbdo^i al_ib pl_obP&p' bk lqo^ pl_ob bi mi^kl qr- Dcb`qr^o bkqlk`bp rk^ qo^kpcloj^`fŽk ifkb^i ab s^,of^_ibp m^o^ pfjmifcf`^o i^ fkqbdo^i v+ mlo •iqfjl+ e^`bo qbkabo p ^ * ll-\
121 A…h_qhk `a lnk^]^ehe`]`ao
0/- Rf rk^ s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^ _fafjbkpflk^i &V* u' qfbkb afpqof_r`fŽk kloj^i _fs^ofra^ `ljlpb e^ af`el bk bi bgbo`f`fl 8+ abjlpqo^o nrb W b W plk ^pfjfpjl s^of^_ibp ^ib^qlof^prkfafjbkpflk^ibp kloj^ibp `lk jbaf^p Vk b vl obpmb`qfs^jbkqb+ v `lk s^of^kw^pqy&V' < ?y9`Y(+ qy&W' < ?0H B-
00- Rf &V* X( qfbkb afpqof_r`fŽk kloj^i _fs^of^a^+ abjlpqo^o nrb i^ s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^Y < W * u qfbkb afpqof_r`fŽk kloj^i rkfafjbkpflk^i `lk jbaf^ Vk * vl v s^of^kw^'@00 , 1@01 * ?yy(.B-
),'*- 8\YN[JWcJ b _J[RJWcJ
K^ fkqbomobq^`fŽk `ljl j^p^ ab i^p afpqof_r`flkbp ab mol_^_fifa^a mrbabiibs^opb ^ rk bpq^afl jŠp ^s^kw^al fkqolar`fbkal ilp `lk`bmqlp ab aolan]jv] v abr]ne]jv]- Irbd^k ‹pqlp+ bk BŠi`ril ab mol_^_fifa^abp+ bi jfpjl m^mbi nrb bi ~`bk,qol ab do^sba^aƒ v bi ~jljbkql ab fkbo`f^ƒ bk Lb`Škf`^- Rfk rqfifw^o i^ fkqbdo^iab Rqfbiqgbpe^v nrb a^o pbm^o^a^jbkqb i^p abcfkf`flkbp m^o^ ilp `^plp afp`obql v`lkqfkrl-
CDEHMHBHNMDR CD DRODQ@MY@ X U@QH@MY@-Qa] W qj] r]ne]^ha ]ha]pkne] qje`e,iajoekj]h- J] aolan]jv] `a Wv h] r]ne]jv] `a Wokj jŠianko na]hao mqa oa `aoec,j]j _kj C'V( u U^o'W( naola_per]iajpa+ v oa `abejaj _kik oecqa9
^( N]n] qj] r]ne]^ha ]ha]pkne] _kjpejq] _kj `ajoe`]` Yt*
0*;Wi
C'V( < ,;Wi pbt'p(`p+
I*;Wi
U^o 'V( < ,;Wi Yp, C'V([yt'p( `p-
_( N]n] qj] r]ne]^ha ]ha]pkne] `eo_nap] _kj lqjpko `a i]o] Vh* t1+--- vlnk^]^ehe`]`ao Ng < N'V < t‹+ `abejeiko9
//
C'V( < GVgNg&g<h
`b
U^o'W( < GYtg , C'VUNg&g<h
M^oanr]_e‰j- C'V( v U^o'W( bufpqbk •kf`^jbkqb `r^kal i^ fkqbdo^i l i^ pbofb bk`rbpqfŽk bp ]^okhqp]iajpa `lksbodbkqb- Rb pl_obbkqfbkab nrb i^ pbofb bp rk^ prj^cfkfq^ `r^kal bi bpm^`fl jrbpqo^i bp cfkfql: bk q^i `^pl C&V' v U^o'W( bufpqbk pfbj,mob- S^j_f‹k bufpqbk `r^kal Gt bp N bk bi buqboflo ab ^id•k fkqbos^il cfkfql-
K^ bpmbo^kw^ j^qbjŠqf`^ C&V' bp rk s^ilo `^i`ri^al qbŽof`^jbkqb ^pl`f^al^ i^ s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^ W- Dk `fboq^ cloj^+ i^ afpqof_r`fŽk ^`q•^ `ljl pf qla^ i^j^p^ bpqrsfbo^ `lk`bkqo^a^ bk rk plil mrkql+ C&V', K^ pfdkfcf`^`fŽk mob`fp^ ab i^
Colan]jv] v r]ne]jv] 566
bpmbo^kw j^qbjŠqf`^ bk i^ qbloŒ ab i^p mol_^_fifa^abp pb afp`rqfoŠ bk i^ pb`,`fŽk 03-18 bk `lkbufŽk `lk i^ ii^j^a^ ~ibv ab ilp do^kabp k•jbolpƒ-
Dk Lb`Škf`^+ bi plil `lkl`fjfbkql abi `bkqol ab do^sba^a kl klp fkaf`^ i^cloj^ bk nrb i^ j^p^ bpqŠbuqbkafa^ l afpmbop bk qlokl ^ pr `bkqol- Di ~pbdrkaljljbkqlƒ l ~jljbkql ab fkbo`f^ƒ klp a^ rk^ jbafa^ ab bp^ afpmbopfŽk-Dk mol,_^_fifa^abp+ bpqbpbdrkal jljbkql bp i^ s^of^kw^- Dk i^ pb``fŽk 03-17 sbobjlpnrb rk^ s^of^kw^ mbnrb•^ fkaf`^ nrb plk fjmol_^_ibp i^p abpsf^`flkbp do^kabpobpmb`ql^ ilp s^ilobp bpmbo^alp-
Rf _fbk i^ bpmbo^kw j^qbjŠqf`^ C&V' mrbab pbo mlpfqfs^ N kbd^qfs^+ i^s^of^kw^ U^o'W( pfbjmob bp kl kbd^qfs^- S^j_f‹k pb rqfifw^ bi pŒj_lil 06
1 m^o^obmobpbkq^oi^ s^of^kw^-Rr o^Œwr^ao^a^ mlpfqfs^pbii^j^ i^ `aore]_e‰j p‡le_] v pbobmobpbkqmlo 06- K^ abpsf^`fŽk qŒmf`bp rk moljbafl mlkabo^al: bk ob^ifa^a+06 bp i^ jbaf^ `r^aoŠqf`^ mlkabo^a^ ab i^ afpq^k`f^ ab `^a^ s^ilo ab W ^i s^iloab C&V', Dk Lb`Škf`^+ bi `lk`bmql ^kŠildl bp bi ~o^afl ab dfolƒ-
DIDLOKN 0- Beopne^q_e‰j qjebknia- Rrmlkd^jlp nrb W qbkd^ rk^ afpqof_r,`fŽk rkfclojb pl_ob rk fkqbos^il Y]* ^[, Dkqlk`bp b&p' < hf&^ + ]' pf ] ; p|9 ^*v b&p' < N m^o^ilp abjŠp s^ilobp ab p,Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb+ i^ bpmbo^kwab W bp9
c*NN 0 h^ ^1, ]1 ] * ^
C'V( < pb'p( `p < ,, p `p < < ,, +,// ^ + ] ] 1' ^ + ]' 0
nrb bp bi mrkql jbafl abi fkqbos^il- Rf mlkbjlp i bk ird^o ab &] * ^(f1 v l_pbo,s^jlp nrb i + ] < ^ + i < &^ + ]'f0 bk`lkqo^jlp9
/ h^ 0 h^,i &^ ](1U^o'W( < ,, 'p , i(1`p < ,, qe `q < ,^ , ] ] ^ , ] ],i 01
N_pbosbjlp nrb i^ s^of^kw^ q^k pŽil abmbkab ab i^ hkjcepq` abi fkqbos^il-
DIDLOKN 1- Beopne^q_e‰j ^ejkie]h- Rf W qfbkb afpqof_r`fŽk _fkljf^i `lkm^oŠjbqolp j v l qbkbjlp9
pfbkal m < 0 , l, O^o^ `^i`ri^o bpq^prj^+ pb^
b't+ u( < 't * u(j < 'y(tguj,gSc=
123 A…h_qhk `a lnk^]^ehe`]`ao
v qbkfbkal bk `rbkq^ nrb
y='X(tg,huj,g < kb't+ u( < j't * u(j,h-g<M Mt
Rf jriqfmif`^jlp ^j_lp jfbj_olp ab bpq^•iqfj^ b`r^`f5k mlo t v mlkbjlp t < lb v < m+l_qbkbjlp C&V' < jl*
Lbaf^kqb rk ^odrjbkql pfjfi^o mlabjlp abar`fo i^ cŽojri^
j
U^o 'V( <!&h.g, jl(1 'X( lgmj,g < jlm-
Dk bi bgbo`f`fl 5 ab i^ pb``fŽk 03-16 pb mfab i^ abjlpqo^`fŽk ab bpq^c5ojri^-
DIDLOKN 2- Beopne^q_e‰j jkni]h- K^p m^i^_o^p ~jbaf^ƒ v ~s^of^kw^ƒ v^crbolk fkqolar`fa^p ^i abp`of_fo i^ afpqof_r`fŽk kloj^i bk i^ pb``fŽk 03-03- S^ibpabkljfk^`flkbp pb grpqfcf`^k jbaf^kqb i^p cŽojri^p
0 0*//
1C&V' < ,,< pa,Y'p,i(.]h .1 `p < jI((R,1B '**
v
Dk bi bgbo`f`fl 6 ab i^ pb``fŽk 03-16 pb mfabk i^p abjlpqo^`flkbp ab bp^pcŽojri^p-Klp grd^alobp bjmib^k `lk cob`rbk`f^ bi `lk`bmql ab bpmbo^kwm^o^ab`fafo
pf rk abqbojfk^al grbdl ab ^w^obp c^slo^_ib l abpc^slo^_ib- Bljl bgbjmil s^jlp^ `lkpfabo^o bi grbdl ab ^mlpq^opl_ob bi ~olglƒ l bi ~kbdolƒ bk i^ oribq^-
DIDLOKN 3- Pqhap]- Tk^ oribq^ ob`loob ilp k•jbolp abi N ^i 25- Di N ^m^ob`bpl_ob bi clkal dofp+i^ jfq^a ab ilp 25 k•jbolp obpq^kqbppl_ob clkal olgl v i^lqo^ jfq^a pl_ob clkal kbdol- Klp j‹qlalp `loofbkqbpab ^mrbpq^pplk9
0( @mlpq^o0 # pl_ob rk `lilo 'olgl l kbdol(- F^k^k`f^ mlpf_ib9 1 #-1( @mlpq^o0 # ^ rk plil k•jbol 'bu`irfal bi N(- F^k^k`f^ mlpf_ib9 25 #-2( @mlpq^o0 # ^ rk^ al`bk^ `r^inrfbo^ ab k•jbolp 'N bu`irfal(- F^k^k,
`f^ mlpf_ib9 2 #-Rf p^ib bi N i^ `^p^ d^k^ v qlalp ilp abjŠp grd^alobp mfboabk-
Rb^ W i^ s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^ nrb jfab i^ d^k^k`f^ nrb pb `lkpfdrb ^mlpq^kal`lk bi j‹qlal 0(+Klp mlpf_ibps^ilobp ab W plk Wi < , 0 X t
1< * 0- K^p mol,
Colan]jv] v r]ne]jv] 124
_^_fifa^abp plk N&V < Wi( < 08.26+ N&V < t1( < 07.26- Olo 0/ q^kql+ i^ bpmb,o^kw^bp
C&V' < ',i(G * '*i(G < +h59
bpqbobpriq^al pb fkqbomobq^loofbkqbjbkqb `ljl nrb bi grbdl bp abpc^slo^_ib m^o^qlal bi nrb m^oqf`fm bk ‹i- K^ grpqfcf`^`fŽkj^qbjŠqf`^ ab bpq^fkqbomobq^`fŽkpb`lkpfdrb `lk rk^ ab i^p hauao`a hko cn]j`ao jŠianko+ nrb pb afp`rqbk bk i^ pb`,`fŽk 03-18- Di ib`qlo mrbab `ljmol_^o nrb i^ bpmbo^kw qfbkb bi jfpjl s^ilorp^kal ilp j‹qlalp ab ^mrbpq^1( v 2(-
DIDLOKN 5- Sj fqack `a _]n] u _nqv- Dk rk grbdl ab `^o^ v `orw e^v rk^mol_^_fifa^a l ab nrb p^id^ `^o^ &F' v rk^ mol_^_fifa^a m ab nrb p^id^ `orw &R'*pfbkal /94 N 940 v m < 0 , l, Rb i^kw^ i^ jlkba^ pr`bpfs^jbkqb e^pq^ nrbsrbis^ ^ ^m^ob`bomlo pbdrka^ sbw bi mofjbo obpriq^al nrb pb l_qrsl: bkqlk`bpqbojfk^ bi grbdl- Rf bi mofjbo obpriq^al bp G bi grd^alo d^k^ 0 # mlo `^a^ R nrbp^id^ e^pq^ nrb slis^jlp ^ l_qbkbo G- Olo bgbjmil+ pf FRRRF d^k^ 2 #+bk `^j,_fl+ pf GG d^k^ N #- Rf bi mofjbo obpriq^al bp R pb ^mif`^ i^ jfpj^ obdi^ ab grbdl`^j_f^kal G mlo R, Di mol_ibj^ `lkpfpqb bk abqbojfk^o `rŠkql ab_boŒ m^d^orkgrd^alo m^o^m^oqf`fm^obk bpqbgrbdl- @ q^i cfk `lkpfabo^jlp i^ s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^nrb `rbkq^ bi k•jbol ab aŽi^obp d^k^alp mlo bi grd^alo v `^i`ri^objlp pr bpmb,o^kw^-
Bljl bpm^`fl jrbpqo^i qlj^jlp i^ `lib``fŽk ab qla^p i^p mlpf_ibp m^oqfa^pnrb mrbabk grd^opb-S^i `lkgrkql mrbab bumobp^opbljl i^ obrkfŽk ab alp `lk,grkqlp ? v @*alkab
? < wRR+RFR+ RFFR+ RFFFR+ --- x v @< wFF+FRF+ FRRF+ FRRRF+ --- x-
Klp bibjbkqlp abi `lkgrkql ? 'bk bi loabk `fq^al( ilp abpfdk^jlp mlo ],: ^i+]1+ ŒŒŒ
v ilp abi `lkgrkql @ mlo ^-+ ^-+^1+ ŒŒŒ Rbdrfa^jbkqb ^pfdk^jlp i^p mol_^_fifa^,abp+`ljl pfdrb9
v
'Br^kal l < N+mlkbjlp N&]kH < 0 v N&t' < N m^o^`r^inrfbo lqol V ab ? r @,Br^kal m < N+mlkbjlp N&^k( < 0 XN&t' < N m^o^qlalp ilp abjŠp u-( Dk i^ pb`,`fŽk 02-10 pb abjlpqoŽ nrb bpq^^pfdk^`fŽk ab mol_^_fifa^abp bp ^`bmq^_ib-
K^ s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^ W nrb klp fkqbobp pb abcfkb pl_ob bi bpm^`fl jrbpqo^i? r @`ljl pfdrb9
V&]j( < V&^j( < j m^o^ j < /+ 0+1+----
13+ A…h_qhk `a lnk^]^ehe`]`ao
Di pr`bpl |V < j• `lkpq^ ab i^p alp m^oqfa^p]: v ^-: ^pŒnrb qbkbjlp+
N&V < j' < l!m1 * mjl1+
alkab mN v nN pb `lkpfabo^k 0 `r^kal l < N l m < N- K^ bpmbo^kw ab W sfbkba^a^ mlo i^ prj^
' 03-3/( C'V( < yjN'V < j( < m1yjl! * l1yjm!-j<M //;. j<M
Rf l < N l m < N+l_qbkbjlp C&V' < N- Dk ilp abjŠp `^plp mlabjlp `^i`ri^o i^pprj^p ab i^p pbofbp'03-3/( l_pbos^kal nrb m^o^N ; t ; 0 qbkbjlp+
y! `yj `'h( tJ----jt < t `t K----t < t `t 0 ] t < '0 ] V(1 -Vc= ''`?
@mif`^kal bpqb obpriq^al bk '03-3/( e^`fbkal t < l v t < m l_qbkbjlp+ m^o^/; N ; 0+
1 1
C&V' < m l * l m < l * m < 0-'0 , l'0 '0 ] m'0
Hkqbomobq^jlpbpqbobpriq^al af`fbkal nrb bi grbdl bp abpc^slo^_ib m^o^ ilp nrbm^d^k jŠp ab 0 # m^o^m^oqf`fm^obk ‹i-
Dpqbbgbjmil qfbkbbpmb`f^ifkqbo‹pmlonrb i^ bpmbo^kwC&V' bp fkabmbkafbkqbab l `r^kal N ; N ; 0- Dk lqolp q‹ojfklp+ ~`^od^kalƒ i^ jlkba^ ^ c^slo ab `^o^l ab `orw kl pb ^iqbo^ bi s^ilo bpmbo^al p^isl bk bi `^pl buqobjl bk bi nrb pbe^v^ ~`^od^alƒ i^ jlkba^ ab q^i jlal nrb krk`^ p^id^ `^o^ l nrb krk`^ p^id^`orw- MŽqbpbnrb+ `ljl crk`fŽk ab l* i^ bpmbo^kw C&V' bp afp`lkqfkr^ bk ilpmrkqlp l < N X N < 0- Dk ilp abjŠp qfbkbbi s^ilo `lkpq^kqb 0- Dpqbfkqbobp^kqbbgbjmil crb prdbofal ^i ^rqlo mlo G- R- Yr`hboj^k-
03-15 Dpmbo^kwab rk^ crk`fŽk ab rk^ s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^
Rf pb obi^`flk^ rk^ krbs^ s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^ u ^ i^ W jbaf^kqb rk^ b`r^`fŽkab i^ cloj^ W < _l&V'* pr bpmbo^kw'bk bi `^pl `lkqfkrl( sfbkb a^a^ mlo
'03-30( 0&++
C'W( < ,// pbu'p( `p-
K^ bpmbo^kwC&W' mrbab `^i`ri^opb afob`q^jbkqb bk crk`fŽk ab i^ abkpfa^a Gt pfk
Cfan_e_eko 5JH
qbkbo nrb abqbojfk^o i^ abkpfa^a ab W- Dcb`qfs^jbkqb+ i^ pfdrfbkqb cŽojri^ bpbnrfs^ibkqb ^ '03-30(9
'03-31( C&W' < ocz&l&h'bt&h' G,
K^ abjlpqo^`fŽk ab '03-31( bk bi `^pl jŠp dbkbo^i bp afcŒ`fi v kl i^ fkqbkq^objlp^nrŒ- Ml l_pq^kqb+ i^ abjlpqo^`fŽk m^o^ jr`elp `^plp m^oqf`ri^obp fkqbobp^kqbp bp
pbk`fii^- Dk ‹pqlp+ om bp abofs^_ib v bpqof`q^jbkqb `ob`fbkqb pl_ob qlal bi bgbob^i- O^o^ rk^ s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^ ab afpqof_r`fŽk `lkqfkr^ V `lk abkpfa^a Gt qbkb,jlp i^ cŽojri^ pfdrfbkqb-m^o^ i^ abkpfa^a Yr 'abar`fa^ bk i^ pb``fŽk 03-06(9
bu'p( <buYzl'p([ &zl&'p(+
pfbkal bzi^ fksbop^ ab m-- Rf ^mif`^jlp bpql bk '03-30( v bcb`qr^jlp bi `^j_fl abs^of^_ib q < bz&p' Zab jlal nrb p < nl&q'[* l_qbkbjlp
C'W( < c!N&Ipbu'p( `p < cN&IN&IpbVYhl'G([ - zl&'p( `p < c=+z nz-'q(bt'q( `q +
nrb `lfk`fab `lk '03-31(-
Br^kal i^ fdr^ia^a '03-31( pb ^mif`^ ^ W < &V + i'0* pfbkal i < C&V'*l_qbkbjlp
C&W' < o9'p , ijt&h' `p < U^o &V',
Dpql abjrbpqo^ nrb i^ s^of^kw^ bp ^ pr sbw rk^ bpmbo^kw^- S^j_f‹k bk bi `^plafp`obql bp sŠifa^ rk^ cŽojri^ ^kŠild^ ^ i^ '03-31(+ Blk j^vlo dbkbo^ifa^a+ mrbababjlpqo^opb nrb
CYnl&V* W'[ < c9 cN&IN&Inl't+ u(b't+ u( ` t ` u
pf &V* W' bp rk^ s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^ `lkqfkr^ `lk abkpfa^a `lkgrkq^ b,
M^oanr]_e‰j- O^o^ i^p s^of^_ibp ^ib^qlof^p _fafjbkpflk^ibp+ i^ bpmbo^kw^ v i^s^of^kw^ mrbabk abcfkfopb bk cloj^ ^kŠild^ ^ i^ bjmib^a^ bk bi `^pl rkfafjbkpflk^i+p^isl nrb pb bjmib^k fkqbdo^ibp v prj^p al_ibp-
),'*/ 8SN[LRLRX\
0- Rb i^kw^ rk a^al- Qbmobpbkqbjlp `lk W bi k•jbol ab mrkqlp `lkpbdrfal- B^i`ri^oC&V' v U^o &V',
1- Rrmlkd^jlp nrb W bp rk^ s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^ `lkqfkr^ `lk rk^ `fboq^ crk`fŽk ab a`kpf,
13- A…h_qhk `a lnk^]^ehe`]`ao
a^a- Rb^ X < 'W , ie[•+ alkab i < C&V' v N& < IU^o &V', Cbjlpqo^o nrb C&W' < NX C&u0' < 0-
2- Cbar`fo i^p pfdrfbkqbp molmfba^abp dbkbo^ibp ab i^ bpmbo^kw^ v ab i^ s^of^kw^ m^o^ ilp`^plp q^kql afp`obqlp `ljl `lkqfkrlp-
^( C&_V' < _C&V'* alkab a bp rk^ `lkpq^kqb_( U^o &_V' < `1 U^o &V'* alkab a bp rk^ `lkpq^kqbb( C&V * X( < C&V' * C&W',a( U^o &V' < C&V0' + YC&V'[0,b( U^o &V * X( < U^o &V' * U^o &W' * 0CY&V + C&V€& X , C&W€[,c( CYnlh&V' * nl0&W'[ < CYnlh&V'[ * CYnl0&W'[% ZDi ^m^oq^al b( bp rk `^pl m^oqf`ri^o-\
3- Rf W b X plk s^of^_ibp ^ib^qlof^p fkabmbkafbkqbp+ abjlpqo^o nrb
^( U^o &V * X( < U^o &V' * U^o &W',_( CYnl&V'% l' W'[ < CYnl&V'[ , CYhzH&W'[,
b( Rf Wi+V0* ,,, ,V9 plk s^of^_ibp ^ib^qlof^p fkabmbkafbkqbp `lk C&Vg( < i-+ abjlp,qo^o nrb
4- Rb^k Wi+V0* ,,, *V, j s^of^_ibp ^ib^qlof^p fkabmbkafbkqbp+ `lk bpmbo^kw^p fdr^ibp+C&Vg( < i- v i^ jfpj^ s^of^kw^+ U^o &Vg( < .%0, Rb^ W i^ jbaf^ ^ofqj‹qf`^+ V ;; &h-j' KcziVe, @mif`^o ilp bgbo`f`flp 2 v 3 m^o^ abjlpqo^o nrb C'V( < i vU^o &V' < /&1.j-
5- ^( Rf m < 0 , l* abjlpqo^o i^ cŽojri^+
mol_^kal ^pŒnrb U^o &V' < jlm m^o^ rk^ s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^ W nrb qbkd^ afpqof_r`fŽk_fkljf^i `lk m^oŠjbqolp j v l, YGj`e_]_e‰j9 gy < g'g , 0( * g-[_( Rf W qfbkb afpqof_r`fŽk _fkljf^i `lk m^oŠjbqolp j v l* abjlpqo^o nrb mrbab bumob,p^opb `ljl prj^ ab j s^of^_ibp ^ib^qlof^p fkabmbkafbkqbp Wi+V0* ,,, *V,* qlj^kal `^a^rk^ ilp s^ilobp mlpf_ibp N v 0 `lk mol_^_fifa^abp l v m obpmb`qfs^jbkqb+ v `lk afp,qof_r`fŽk _fkljf^i- Tqfifw^o bpqb obpriq^al v bi bgbo`f`fl 4 m^o^ abjlpqo^o nrb C&V' < jlv U^o &V' < jlm,
6- Cbqbojfk^o i^ bpmbo^kw^ v i^ s^of^kw^ '`r^kal bufpq^k( m^o^ rk^ s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^ Wnrb qbkd^^( afpqof_r`fŽk ab Olfpplk `lk m^oŠjbqol @-_( afpqof_r`fŽk ab B^r`ev-b( afpqof_r`fŽk bumlkbk`f^i `lk m^oŠjbqol @-a( afpqof_r`fŽk kloj^i-
7- Tk^ s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^ W qfbkb rk^ crk`fŽk abkpfa^a a^a^ mlo
A&n'bS( ;s pf Hqi= 0+ bS( < N pf Gphy 0+
Baoecq]h`]` `a Ada^uodar 572
pfbkal o = 0 v A&n' bp fkabmbkafbkqb ab p-^( Dumobp^o B'o( bk crk`fŽk ab o v e^`bo rk afpb•l m^o^ fkaf`^o i^ k^qro^ibw^ ab i^doŠcf`^ ab h-_( Cbqbojfk^o i^ `loobpmlkafbkqb crk`fŽk ab afpqof_r`fŽk Dt b fkaf`^o i^ k^qro^ibw^ab pr doŠcf`^-`( B^i`ri^o N&V ; 4( v N&3 ; W ; 0/( bk crk`fŽk ab o-a( „O^o^ nr‹ s^ilobp ab n qfbkb W rk^ bpmbo^kw^cfkfq^> B^i`ri^o C&V' bk crk`fŽk ab o`r^kal pb^ cfkfq^-b( „O^o^ nr‹ s^ilobp ab n qfbkb W s^of^kw^ cfkfq^> B^i`ri^oi^ bk crk`fŽk ab n `r^kalpb^ cfkfq^-
8- Tk grd^alo ab oribq^ il e^`b ab ^`rboal `lk bi pfdrfbkqb ~pfpqbj^ƒ- Irbd^ bk pbofbpab qobp qfo^a^p- Dk i^ mofjbo^ v pbdrka^ qfo^a^p ^mrbpq^ pfbjmob 0 # bk olgl- O^o^ i^qbo`bo^ qfo^a^ mol`bab ^pŒ9^( Rf d^kŽ bk i^ mofjbo^ v bk i^ pbdrka^+ kl ^mrbpq^-_( Rf d^kŽ bk i^ mofjbo^ l bk i^ pbdrka^ mboafbkal bk i^ lqo^+ ^mrbpq^ 0 # bk `lilolmrbpql ^i nrb e^ p^ifal bk i^ pbdrka^ qfo^a^-b( Rf mboafŽ bk i^p alp mofjbo^p+ ^mrbpq^ 2 # ^i olgl-Rb^k W+ W X Y ilp obpriq^alp 'bk aŽi^obp( ab i^ mofjbo^+ pbdrka^ v qbo`bo^ qfo^a^p obp-mb`qfs^jbkqb- B^i`ri^o C&V'* C&W'* C&X' v C&V * v * X',
/., &Nnk^hai] `a Napano^qnck', Tk grd^alo i^kw^ rk^ jlkba^ v d^k^ 0 # pf ^ i^ mofjbo^qfo^a^ p^ib `^o^- Rf lqo^ sbw p^ib `^o^ d^k^ lqol aŽi^o- Rf srbisb ^ p^iŒo ^o^ bk i^ qbo,`bo^ qfo^a^ d^k^ 1 # 'bk qlq^i e^ d^k^al 3 #(- Rf l_qfbkb rk^ pr`bpfŽk ab j `^o^p `lk-pb`rqfs^p pr d^k^k`f^ ^`rjri^a^ bp ab 1!,0 aŽi^obp- Di grbdl qbojfk^ `r^kal p^ib `orw-Rb^ W bi k•jbol ab aŽi^obp d^k^alp bk rk^ abqbojfk^a^ qfo^a^- B^i`ri^o C&V', Ufpql biobpriq^al+ „`rŠkql e^ ab m^d^o rk grd^alo ^ rk^ `^p^ ab grbdl m^o^ mlabo qlj^o m^oqbbk rk grbdl `lk i^p obdi^p ^kqboflobp>
00- ^( Rrmlkd^jlp nrb W bp rk^ s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^ `lkqfkr^ `lk abkpfa^a Gt- Rb^v << 'W , ip[•+ alkab i << C&V' v q << v U^i&&V', Cbjlpqo^o nrb
_( Rb^ W rk^ s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^ afp`obq^ `lk afpqof_r`fŽk ab Olfpplk ab m^oŠjbqol @-Cbcfkfo X `ljl bk i^ m^oqb ]' v abjlpqo^o nrb
0alkab F'+i-( < 0 * ,,,< ] ah-T9%,H+h-
01- Tk^ s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^ W qfbkb afpqof_r`fŽk kloj^i `^klok`^- B^i`ri^o9 ^( D'gW9(+_( C&aV
'* `( U^oqb!(+ a( C&X W1 * u0', Dk i^ m^oqb a(+ X q^j_f‹k qfbkb afpqof_r`fŽkkloj^i `^kŽkf`^+ mbol bp fkabmbkafbkqb ab W-
),'*0 7N\RP^JUMJMMN6QNKb\QN_
Bljl v^ pb jbk`flkŽ+ rk s^ilo mbnrb•l ab i^ s^of^kw^ pfdkfcf`^ nrb bp ml`lmol_^_ib nrb rk^ s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^ W pb abpsŒbjr`el abi s^ilo bpmbo^al- O^o^
13/ A…h_qhk `a lnk^]^ehe`]`ao
mob`fp^ojŠp bpq^^cfoj^`fŽk fkqolar`fjlp bi s^ilo ^_plirql HW, C&V' nrb jfabi^ afpq^k`f^ bkqobW v C&V', „Pr‹ mol_^_fifa^a e^v ab nrb bp^ afpq^k`f^ prmbob^ rk abqbojfk^al k•jbol> O^o^ `lkqbpq^o bpq^mobdrkq^ qbkbjlp nrb abqbojfk^oi^ mol_^_fifa^a
NYGV+ C&V'G = a[*
alkab a bp rk k•jbol mlpfqfsl a^al- Dk bi `^pl `lkqfkrl qbkbjlp
NYGV , C'V(G = a[ < 0 , NYzV , C'V(G y a[ < 0 , NYC'V( , a y V y C'V( * b\
I*B'( HC'VG*A< bt'p( `p , Œ bt'p( `p
,B'( C&V'+_
'03-32( HC&V'+A b*A'(
< bt'p( `p * bt'p( `p :,B'( , C'V(*_
mlo `lkpfdrfbkqb+ bi `Ši`ril ab bp^ mol_^_fifa^a mrbab iibs^opb ^ bcb`ql q^k molkqlpb `lklw`^ i^ abkpfa^a Yt- M^qro^ijbkqb+ pf Yt bp ej_‰cjep] bpqbj‹qlal kl klp a^fkcloj^`fŽk ^idrk^- Ml l_pq^kqb+pf i^ r]ne]jv] pb `lkl`b+ mlabjlp l_qbkbo rk^`lq^ prmboflobk '03-32(- S^i `lq^ prmbofloklp i^ molmlo`flk^ bi pfdrfbkqb qblobj^ab O- K- Beb_vpebs '0710,0783(+ c^jlpl j^qbjŠqf`l orpl nrb ^mloqŽ klq^_ibp`lkqof_r`flkbp ^i BŠi`ril ab mol_^_fifa^abp v ^ lqo^p o^j^p ab i^ L^qbjŠqf`^+ bkbpmb`f^i^ i^ SbloŒ^ab k•jbolp-
SDNQDL@ 03-00- CDRHFT@KC@C CD BGDAXRGDU- Qe W ao qj] r]ne]^ha ]ha],pkne] qje`eiajoekj]h _kj aolan]jv] bejep] C&V' u _kj r]ne]jv] U^o &V'* ajpkj_ao
l]n] pk`k jŠiank lkoeperk a pajaiko
'03-33( NYzV \ D'W(H= a[ y U^oyV' ,a
Baikopn]_e‰j- Dk bi `^pl `lkqfkrl qbkbjlp9
N%7#$
U^o 'V( < ,B'( Yp , C'V([1bt'p( `p
yC&V'+_ b*A'(z I Yp , C'V([1bt'p( `p * Yp , C'V([1bt'p( `p,B'( C'V(*_
&HC&V'+A b*A'( (ya1 bt'p(`p* bt'p(`p-
,B'( C'V(*_
Dk sfoqra ab '03-32(+ bi `lbcf`fbkqb ab _1 bk bi pbdrkal jfbj_ol bpNYeV+C&V'G<_[, Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb+ afsfafbkal mlo _1 l_qbkbjlp '03-33(- Di `^plafp`obql mrbab qo^q^opbbk cloj^ pbjbg^kqb-
Jauao `a hko cn]j`ao jŠianko 5R4
K^ abpfdr^ia^a ab Beb_vpebs klp af`b nrb `r^kql j^vlo pb^ b q^kql jbklopboŠi^ mol_^_fifa^a ab nrb HW, C&V'G = `- Cf`el ab lqol jlal+ kl bp mol_^_ibnrb WpbabpsŒbjr`el abi s^ilo C&V'9 0/ jfpjl l`roob pf i^ s^of^kw^ U^o'W( bpmbnrb•^-
Rf obbjmi^w^oklp b mlo g]+pf`kalh = N v q obmobpbkqi^ abpsf^`fŽk qŒmf`^Yq < sU^o'W(\+ i^ abpfdr^a^a ab Beb_vpebs pb `lksfboqb bk
NYGV + C&V'G = g][ 9p:: /&Dpql bp+i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab nrb W afcfbo^ ab pr s^ilo bpmbo^al jŠp ab g sb`bp i^abpsf^`fŽk qŒmf`kl bu`bab ab 0.g1
Œ Olo bgbjmil+ `r^kal g < 0/ bp^ abpfdr^ia^aklp af`b nrb i^ mol_^_fifa^a NYGV + C&V'G = hMq[ kl bu`bab ^ /+/0/- Dp ab`fo+i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab nrb rk s^ilo l_pbos^al ab W afcfbo^ abi s^ilo bpmbo^al bk jŠpab 0/ sb`bp i^ abpsf^`fŽk qŒmf`^+kl prmbo^^ /+/0/- @kŠild^jbkqb+ `r^kal g < 2bk`lkqo^jlp nrb i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab nrb rk s^ilo l_pbos^al afcfbo^ab i^ jbaf^ bkjŠp ab qobpsb`bp i^ abpsf^`fŽk qŒmf`^+kl prmbo^^ /+000-
K^ abpfdr^ia^a ab Beb_vpebs bp rk qblobj^ dbkbo^i nrb pb ^mif`^ ^ qla^pi^p afpqof_r`flkbp- Dk jr`e^p ^mif`^`flkbp+`r^kal pb qfbkbjŠp fkcloj^`fŽk ^`bo`^ab i^ afpqof_r`fŽk nrb pb `lkpfabo^+ pb mrbab jbglo^o bp^ abpfdr^ia^a- Olo bgbjmil+pf W qfbkbafpqof_r`fŽk _fkljf^i `lk m^oŠjbqolp j v l pb mrbab abjlpqo^o 'rqfif,w^kal i^ ^molufj^`fŽk kloj^i ab i^ afpqof_r`fŽk _fkljf^i( nrb m^o^s^ilobp do^k,abp ab j i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab nrb rk s^ilo l_pbos^al afcfbo^ ab i^ jbafa^ bk jŠpab qobpabpsf^`flkbp qŒmf`^pbp moŽufj^ ^ /+//2- 'O^o^ bpqbobpriq^al+_^pq^ j y 01-(Dpq^mol_^_fifa^a bp jr`el jŠp mbnrb•^ nrb i^ /+000 `lkpbdrfa^ `lk i^ abpfdr^i,a^a ab Beb_vpebs-
DIDLOKN- Akilnk^]_e‰j `a qj] ikja`]- Cbpb^jlp `ljmol_^o pf rk^ jlkb,a^ bp ~`loob`q^ƒ l kl+ i^kwŠkali^ 0/ /// sb`bp v obdfpqo^kal bi k•jbol ab `^o^p-O^o^rk^ jlkba^ ~`loob`q^ƒ i^ s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^ W nrb `rbkq^ bi k•jbol ab `^o^pqfbkb afpqof_r`fŽk _fkljf^i `lk m^oŠjbqolp j < 0/ /// v l < zz-K^ jbaf^ abW bp jl < 4 /// v i^ abpsf^`fŽk qŒmf`bp q < U jlm < 4/- 'U‹^pb bi bgbjmil 1bk i^ pb``fŽk 03-14(- Bljl ^kqbp pb afgl+ i^ mol_^_fifa^a m^o^ nrb rk^ s^of^_ib^ib^qlof^ `lk afpqof_r`fŽk _fkljf^i afcfbo^abi s^ilo bpmbo^albk jŠp ab 2q bp ^mol,ufj^a^jbkqb /+//2- Olo 0/ q^kql+`lksbkaobjlp bk ab`fo nrb rk^ jlkba^ ~kl bp`loob`q^ƒ pf bi k•jbol ab `^o^p bk 0//// qfo^a^pafcfbobab i^ jbaf^ bk jŠp ab 2q-Orbpql nrb C&V' < 4/// v 1q < 04/+ mlaoŒ^jlp ^cfoj^o nrb i^ jlkba^ ~kl bp`loob`q^ƒ pf bi k•jbol ab `^o^p bk 0/ /// qfo^a^pbp jbklo nrb 3 74/ l j^vlonrb 4 04/-
03-18 Kbvbpab ilp do^kabp k•jbolp
@i e^_i^o ab mol_ibj^p ab jlkba^p+ pb af`b ^ jbkral nrb i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab
131 A…h_qhk a lnk^]^ehe`]`ao
nrb p^id^ `^o^ `lk rk^ jlkba^ mbocb`q^jbkqbbnrfif_o^a^ bp iHw-Dpql kl pfdkfcf`^nrb pf rk^ jlkba^ pb i^k`b alp sb`bp p^id^ kb`bp^of^jbkqb `^o^ rk^ pli^ sbw-Mf nrb bk 0 /// qfo^a^p p^id^k bu^`q^jbkqb 4// `^o^p- Qbmobpbkqbjlp `lk d&j'
bi k•jbol ab `^o^p nrb pb mobpbkq^kbk j qfo^a^p-K^ bumbofbk`f^klp abjrbpqo^nrb fk`irpl m^o^j jrv do^kab+i^ o^wŽkd'j(.j kl bp kb`bp^of^jbkqb iHw-Ml l_p,q^kqb+i^ jfpj^ bumbofbk`f klp af`b nrb bp^ o^wŽkm^ob`b]lnktei]noa ^ iHw r^kalj _na_a+pf _fbk mrbab lp`fi^o `lkpfabo^_ibjbkqb bk qlokl ^ iHwaro^kqb bi mol`bpl-Dpql klp prdfbob i^ mlpf_fifa^a ab abjlpqo^o nrb
'03-34( ifj d&j' < /j+)kk j 1 -
Cbpdo^`f^a^jbkqb+ bpql kl bp mlpf_ib- Tk^ ab i^p afcf`riq^abp bp nrb bi k•jbold&j' abmbkab kl q^k pŽil ab j* pfkl q^j_f‹k ab i^ bgb`r`fŽk abi bumbofjbkql- Mlqbkbjlp jbafl ab `lkl`bo ab ^kqbj^kl `Žjl s^oŒ d&j' ab rk bumbofjbkql ^ lqol-Obol i^ afcf`riq^a ob^i bp nrb ao mlpf_ib '^rknrb kl jrv mol_^_ib( nrb bk ^idrk^abqbojfk^a^ bumbofbk`f^i^ o^wŽkd&j'-j kl qfbka^ ^ iHwbk ^_plirql- Olo bgbjmil+kl e^v o^wŽkm^o^bu`irfo i^ mlpf_fifa^a ab nrb p^id^ `^o^ bk pk`]o i^p qfo^a^pabi^ jlkba^+ bk `rvl `^pl d'j( < j v d'j(.j y 0- Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb+ bk ird^o abfkqbkq^oi^ abjlpqo^`fŽk ab i^ cŽojri^ '03-34(+ bk`lkqo^objlp jŠp o^wlk^_ib 'vjŠp •qfi( ^sbofdr^o i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab nrb d'j(.j afcfbo^ ab iHwbk rk^ `fboq^`^k,qfa^a- Cf`el ab lqol jlal+ a^al rk `fboql k•jbol mlpfqfsl a+abqbojfk^o i^ mol,_^_fifa^a
Hkqolar`fbkal rk^ `lksbkfbkqb s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^ v ^mif`^kal i^ abpfdr^ia^a abBeb_vpebs mlabjlp `lkpbdrfo rk^ _kp] oqlanekn•qfi ab bp^ mol_^_fifa^a+rk^ `lq^nrb kl bufdb rk `lkl`fjfbkql bumiŒ`fqlab dej(+ Dpql klp iibs^ ^ rk krbsl iŒjfqbnrb obbjmi^w^oŠbk cloj^ ^ab`r^a^ ^i '03-34(-
Ml bufdb do^k bpcrbowlqo^q^obi `^pl jŠp dbkbo^i ab rk^ pr`bpfŽk ab morb_^pab Abjlriif+ bk i^ nrb i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab ~‹ufqlƒ l ~pr`bpl c^slo^_ibƒ pb^ l vi^ ab ~c^iilƒ l ~pr`bpl `lkqo^oflƒ pb^ m- 'Dk bi i^kw^jfbkql ab i^ jlkba^+ bi~‹ufqlƒ pboŠmlo bgbjmil ~`^o^ƒ v qlj^jlp l < iHw-(Rb^ W i^ s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^nrb `rbkq^ bi k•jbol ab pr`bplp c^slo^_ibp bk j morb_^p fkabmbkafbkqbp-Dk q^i`^pl W qfbkbafpqof_r`fŽk _fkljf^i `lk bpmbo^kwC&V' < jl v s^of^kw^U^o'W( <; jlm, Krbdl i^ abpfdr^ia^a ab Beb_vpebs bp ^mif`^_ib: bii^ klp af`b nrb
'03-35( N&hV + jlh = a( R jN0
OŒ
a
Orbpql nrb klp fkqbobp i^ o^wŽkV[j+ nrb mlabjlp ii^j^o bna_qaj_‡] nah]per]abi
Jauao `a hko cn]j`ao jŠianko 132
pr`bpl+ afsfafjlp i^ abpfdr^ia^a Hu, jl = a mlo j v slisbjlp ^ bp`of_fo'03-35(^pŒ
'03-36(
X^ nrb bpql bp sŠifal m^o^qlal a = N+mlabjlp e^`bo nrb a abmbka^ ab j v bp,`of_fo a < Dk+ pfbkal D rk k•jbol mlpfqfsl cfgl- Dkqlk`bp '03-36( pb qo^kpcloj^ bk
Di eb`el ab nrb ^m^obw` j bk bi abkljfk^alo abi pbdrkal jfbj_ol prdfbob nrbe^d^jlp qbkabo j ^ ll + Dpql klp `lkar`b ^ i^ cŽojri^
'03-37( m^o^qlal D = N+cfgl+
nrb pb abkljfk^ i^ hau`a hko cn]j`ao jŠianko l]n] h] `eopne^q_e…ja @anjkqhheDii^ klp af`b nrb+ a^al rk D = N 'mlo mbnrb•l nrb pb^(+i^ mol_^_fifa^a ab nrbi^ cob`rbk`f^ obi^qfs^abi pr`bpl afcfbo^ab l bk jŠp ab D bp rk^ crk`fŽk ab j nrbqfbkab ^ N `r^kal j y ll + Dpq^obi^`fŽk klp a^ rk^ grpqfcf`^`fŽkj^qbjŠqf`^ m^o^i^ ^pfdk^`fŽk ab i^ mol_^_fifa^a $ ^i pr`bpl ab `lkpbdrfo `^o^ `lk rk^ jlkba^mbocb`q^jbkqbbnrfif_o^a^-
Di iŒjfqb'03-37( bp rk `^pl m^oqf`ri^oab rk obpriq^al jŠp dbkbo^i bk bi nrbi^ ~cob`rbk`f^ obi^qfs^ƒ V.j bp obbjmi^w^a^ mlo i^ jbaf^ ^ofqj‹qf`^ ab j s^of^,_ibp ^ib^qlof^p fkabmbkafbkqbp lk i^ jfpj^ bpmbo^kw v i^ jfpj^ s^of^kw^- Dpqbqblobj^ jŠp dbkbo^i pb `lkl`b `lk bi klj_ob ab hau `†^eh `a hko cn]j`ao jŠia,nko: mrbab bpq^_ib`bopb pŒ9
SDNQDL@ 03-01- KDX C†AHK CD KNR FQ@MCDR M‰LDQNR- Qa]j Wi= V1+ ŒŒŒ,V9j r]ne]^hao]ha]pkne]oej`alaj`eajpao+ pk`]o _kj h] ieoi] aolan]jv] v h] ieoi] r],ne]jv]+ v oa]j
v U^o &Vg( < ]1 l]n] g < 0+1+ --- +j ,
Babej]iko qj] jqar] r]ne]^ha ]ha]pkne] V 'hh]i]`] ia`e] ]nepi†pe_] `a Wi=V1+ ŒŒŒ + V++(ia`e]jpa h] ecq]h`]`
0 00
t< +•V g%00
gyh
A…h_qhk `a lnk^]^ehe`]`ao
Cjpkj_ao+ l]n] pk`k D = N+ befk+pajaiko
'03-38( 0fj N&HW, GjH= D( < N-0i,//
Sj] lnklkoe_e‰j amqer]hajpa ao
'03-4/( ifj N&GV + jf z D( < 0 -k,b `l
Baikopn]_e‰j- @mif`^jlp i^ abpfdr^ia^a ab Beb_vpebs ^ V, O^o^ biil kb,`bpfq^jlp `lkl`bo i^ bpmbo^kw^v i^ s^of^kw^ ab V, †pq^p plk9
C&V' < i v\ ]0
U^o &V' <,-j
'U‹^pb bi bgbo`f`fl 4 ab i^ pb``fŽk 03-16-( K^ abpfdr^ia^a ab Beb_vpebs pb `lk,sfboqb bk N&GV + jf = _' -p ]1-&j_1
(- G^`fbkal nrb j y // v prpqfqrvbkal amlo D l_qbkbjlp '03-38( v mlo il q^kql '03-4/(-
M^oanr]_e‰j- O^o^ abjlpqo^o nrb bi iŒjfqb '03-37( bp rk `^pl m^oqf`ri^o abi qblob,j^ 03-01+prmlkd^jlp nrb `^a^ Vz qfbkb ilp s^ilobp mlpf_ibp N %p0+`lk mol_^_fifa^,abp N&Vg < 0( < m v N&Vg < N( < 0 , m- Dkqlk`bp V bp i^ cob`rbk`f^ obi^qfs^ ab‹ufql bk j morb_^p fkabmbkafbkqbp+ C&V'; m+v '03-38( pb obar`b ^ '03-37(-
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3- Rb i^kw^ j sb`bp rk^ jlkba^ ~`loob`q^ƒ: bi k•jbol ab `^o^p pb obmobpbkq^mlo W- Dk,`lkqo^o bi jbklo s^ilo ab j m^o^ bi nrb i^ abpfdr^ia^a ab Beb_vpebs fjmifnrb
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GG-+NHGy 00., PHH
Nnk^hai]o bqj`]iajp]hao aj h] ]lnktei]_e‰j lkn lkhejkieko 6/0
m^o^ qlal mlifkljfl P ab R+ab`fjlp nrb N bp bi lkhejkiek `a ]lnktei]_e‰j‰lpei] m^o^p `lk do^al ^pfdk^al- K^ m^i^_o^ ~Žmqfj^ƒ bp obi^qfs^ ^ i^ kloj^a^a^ 'l i^ pbjfkloj^(- Di mlifkljfl ab ^molufj^`fŽk Žmqfj^ m^o^ rk^ `fboq^kloj^ bibdfa^ kl il bp kb`bp^of^jbkqb pf pb bifdb lqo^-
Tk^ sbw bibdfa^p rk^ kloj^ l pbjfkloj^+ pb mobpbkq^kfkjbaf^q^jbkqb qobpmol_ibj^p-
0- Cteopaj_e]- C^a^ b ab B+ „bufpqbbi mlifkljfl ab ^molufj^`fŽk Žmqfj^m^o^b `lk do^al mobcfg^al>
1- Sje_e`]`- Rf bufpqbbpb mlifkljfl+ „bp •kf`l>
2- Akjopnq__e‰j-„BŽjl mrbab abqbojfk^opb+pf bufpqb+bi mlifkljfl ab ^mol,ufj^`fŽk Žmqfj^ m^o^p `lk do^al mobcfg^al>
Dufpqbk+ljl bp k^qro^i+ lqolp jr`elp mol_ibj^p nrb mrbabk `lkpfabo^opb-Olo bgbjmil+ pf bufpqbrk •kf`l mlifkljfl ab ^molufj^`fŽk Žmqfj^ N: ab do^aly j+ mlabjlp abpb^o l_qbkbo `lq^p prmboflobpab ifq , O!HHnrb pb mrba^k rqfifw^om^o^p^qfpc^`bofboq^pkb`bpfa^abp moŠ`qf`^p-N mlabjlp ^sbofdr^o pf ifq, Nj 0 y N`r^kal j y // m^o^rk^ kloj^ a^a^ l m^o^^idrk^ lqo^ kloj^- Rf bp ^pŒ+ab`fjlpnrb ilp mlifkljflp ab ^molufj^`fŽk `lksbodbk e^`f^ pbk bpq^kloj^- Dk q^i `^plbufpqbk^molufj^`flkbp q^k ^grpq^a^p`ljl pb nrfbo^ `lk obi^`fŽk ^ bp^ kloj^ pf jbp prcf`fbkqbjbkqb do^kab- Dpqlp bgbjmilp jrbpqo^k ^idrklp ab ilp mol_ibj^p nrbpb bpqraf^k bk i^ qbloŒ dbkbo^i ab i^ ^molufj^`fŽk `lk mlifkljflp- Dk bpqbbpqr,afl mobifjfk^o abaf`^jlp krbpqo^ ^qbk`fŽk bpmb`f^ijbkqb ^ ilp qobpmol_ibj^p abbufpqbk`f^+rkf`fa^a v `lkpqor``fŽk ^kqbp`fq^alp-
Dplp qobpmol_ibj^p pb mrbabk obplisbo qlq^ijbkqb bk bi `^pl ab i^ ^molufj^,`fŽk jbaf^kqb mlifkljflp ab S^vilo- Rf b mlpbb abofs^a^ ab loabk j bk rk mrkql]+ bp cŠ`fi mol_^o nrb bi mlifkljfl ab ^molufj^`fŽk Žmqfj^ ab do^al z j obi^,qfsl ^ i^ pbjfkloj^ ab S^vilo m^o^bpqbj bp bi mlifkljfl ab S^vilo
'04-2(j .'0/(' (
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Dk bcb`ql+m^o^bpqbmlifkljfl qbkbjlp
!00., OHH< HH.'h('^( , l'0k('](0 < N+Sc=
^pŒnrb i^ abpfdr^ia^a ifq, OH{z H[q, OZZpb p^qfpc^`bm^o^ qlal mlifkljfl P-
Olo il q^kql+N bp bi mlifkljfl ab ^molufj^`fŽk Žmqfj^ obi^qfsl ^ bp^ pbjfkloj^-
2+- Gjpnk`q__e‰j]h ]j…heoeojqi†ne_k
O^o^ bpq^_ib`bo i^ rkf`fa^a+ `lkpfabo^jlp rk mlifkljfl `r^inrfbo^ P ab do^al-p j q^i nrb 000, PHH< N- Dpq^b`r^`fŽk fjmif`^ nrb
O']( < ba](+ O&']( < b&'](+ ---+
Rbd•k bi qblobj^ 6-0 abi slirjbk 0 p^_bjlp nrb bi mlifkljfl ab S^vilo '04-2(bp bi •kf`l mlifkljfl nrb p^qfpc^`b qla^p bp^p `lkaf`flkbp- Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb+P < N, K^ b`r^`fŽk '04-2( obprbisb q^j_f‹k bi mol_ibj^ ab i^ `lkpqor``fŽk-
Klp qobpmol_ibj^p mrbabk q^j_f‹k obplisbopb m^o^ `r^inrfbo kloj^ abar,`fa^ ab rk molar`ql fkqboflo- Dk bpqb`^pl+ bi qblobj^ 0-05 klp af`b nrb bufpqbrk plil mlifkljfl bk R m^o^ bi `r^i i^ kloj^ HHH, OHHbp q^k mbnrb•^ `ljl pbnrfbo^- Dk bcb`ql+ bpqb N bp i^ molvb``fŽk ab Gpl_ob R v sfbkb a^al mlo i^cŽojri^ bumiŒ`fq^+
j
N&t' < &N* ae'az&t'*S4=
bk alkab ak+bi= ŠŠŠ + aj plk crk`flkbp nrb `lkpqfqrvbk rk^ _^pb loqlkloj^i m^o^R-Olo bgbjmil+ pf b bp bi bpm^`fl ab i^p crk`flkbp ob^ibp `lkqfkr^p bk bi fkqbo,
s^il Z, 0+0\ X pf
&b*d( < bH&t'c&t' `t*
ilp mlifkljflp ab Kbdbkaob kloj^ifw^alp plk+ plh0 !! plj cloj^k rk^ _^pb loql,kloj^i m^o^R+v i^ molvb``fŽk Gj ab G pl_ob R sfbkb a^a^ mlo
j
bj&t' < &b* bHHg'bHHg&V'*S4=
alkab &b* bHHg'< bH&p'bHHep' `p,
Qb`loabjlp nrb ilp mlifkljflp ab Kbdbkaob kloj^ifw^alp sfbkbk a^alp mlo
H,1g & 0
bHHg&V'< ,1, Net'*
Klp pbfpmofjbolp plk
bHHˆ&t'< ,iI-ii,'52uŠ , 5.t1 * /3t',
Klp mol_ibj^p `loobpmlkafbkqbp ^ i^ pbjfkloj^ ab fkqbomli^`fŽk pb qo^q^oŠk
Cfan_e_eko 6/2
bk i^ moŽufj^ pb``flk 04-5- Dk pb``flkbp mlpqboflobpbpqraf^objlp i^ ^molufj^,`fŽk mlo mlifkljflp obi^qfs^ ^ i^ kloj^ abi jŠufjl-
)-'- 8SN[LRLRX\
0- Cbjlpqo^o nrb `^a^ rkl ab ilp pfdrfbkqbp `lkgrkqlp ab crk`flkbp bp rk bpm^`fl ifkb^i^( Slalp ilp mlifkljflp-_( Slalp ilp mlifkljflp ab do^al 9R: j-b( Sla^p i^p crk`flkbp `lkqfkr^p `k rk fkqbos^il H,a( Sla^p i^p crk`flkbp abofs^_ibp bk `^a^ mrkql ab h-b( Sla^p i^p crk`flkbp nrb qfbkbk abofs^a^ ab loabk j bk `^a^ mrkql a` h-c( Sla^p i^p crk`flkbp `lk abofs^a^p ab loabk j bk rk mrkql cfgl V&H,
d( Sla^p i^p crk`flkbp abp^oolii^_ibp bk pbofb ab mlqbk`f^p `k rk bkqlokl ab rk mrkqla^al V&',
1- Cbqbojfk^o pf `^a^ rkl ab ilp pfdrfbkqbp `lkgrkqlp ab crk`flkbp bp l kl rk bpm^`fl ifkb^i-^( Slalp ilp mlifkljflp ab do^al j-_( Sla^p i^p crk`flkbp abcfkfa^p v ^`lq^a^p bk rk fkqbos^il Y]* ^H,b( Sla^p i^p crk`flkbp abcfkfa^p bk rk fkqbos^il Y]* ^[,a( Sla^p i^p crk`flkbp jlkŽqlk^p bk rk fkqbos^il Y]* ^[,b( Sla^p i^p crk`flkbp fkqbdo^_ibp bk rk fkqbos^il Y]* ^ I-c( Sla^p i^p crk`flkbp obdri^obp ^ qolwlp jlkŽqlk^p bk rk fkqbos^il Y]* ^ I-d( Sla^p i^p crk`flkbp nrb mrbabk bumobp^opbbk i^ cloj^ b + d+ pfbkal b v d jlkŽ,qlk^p `ob`fbkqbp bk rk fkqbos^il Y]* ^ I-
2- Rb^ b bi bpm^`fl ifkb^i ab i^p crk`flkbp ob^ibp `lkqfkr^p bk rk fkqbos^il Y]* ^[, Lbaf^kqbi^ b`r^`fŽk nrb pb a^+ pb abcfkb bk b rk^ crk`fŽk L, Dk `^a^ `^pl+ abqbojfk^o `rŠibpab i^p `r^qol molmfba^abp ab rk^ kloj^ p^qfpc^`b L* v abqbojfk^o ab bpqb jlal pf L bprk^ kloj^+ rk^ pbjfkloj^+ l kf rk^ `lp^ kf lqo^-
^( L'b( < b'](- b( L'b( < H 9b't( `V.-
c( L'b( < G8Hb't( Y`t -
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b( L'b( < Gb'^( , b'](h-
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3- Rb^ b bi bpm^`fl ifkb^i ab i^p crk`flkbp `lkqfkr^p bk rk fkqbos^il Y]* ^ I- Rf b Db+ ab,cfkfjlp
L'b( < j^u Gb't(h-]#t#^
Cbjlpqo^o nrb L bp rk^ kloj^ m^o^ B-4- Qbmobpbkqbjlp mlo @ bi bpm^`fl ifkb^i ab qla^p i^p crk`flkbp ob^ibp abcfkfa^p v ^`lq^a^p
bk rk fkqbos^il Y]* ^ I- Rf b D @ abcfkfjlp
2+/ Gjpnk`q__e‰j]h ]j…heoeojqi†ne_k
alkab bi pŒj_lil abi pbdrkal jfbj_ol obmobpbkq^bi buqobjl prmboflo abi `lkgrkql abqlalp ilp k•jbolp Gb&t'/ m^o^ t bk Y]* ^ I- Cbjlpqo^o nrb L bp rk^ kloj^ m^o^ @- Dpq^bp i^ jkni] `ah oqlnaik,
5- Qbcfof‹kalpb ^i bgbo`f`fl 2+ abqbojfk^o `rŠibp ab i^p crk`flkbp a^a^p L qfbkbk i^ molmfb,a^a ab nrb L&bc' 8889L&b'L&c' m^o^ qlal m^o ab crk`flkbp b v d ab B-
6- O^o^ rk bkqbol cfgl j y 0+pb^ R bi `lkgrkql ab qla^p i^p crk`flkbp `lk abofs^a^ k,‹pfj^bk rk mrkql Vk, Rf Ya Q+pb^
^( Cbjlpqo^o nrb L bp rk^ pbjfkloj^ bk R-_( Cbjlpqo^o nrb L&bc'8889L&f'L&c' `r^ibpnrfbo^ nrb pb^k b v d ab R- Cbjlpqo^oq^j_f‹k nrb i^ pbjfkloj^ ab S^vilo kl dlw^ ab bp^ molmfba^a-
7- Rb^ b rk^ crk`fŽk ob^i `lkqfkr^ bk bi fkqbos^il Z,0+ 0I-^( Cbjlpqo^o nrb bi mlifkljfl `r^aoŠqf`l ab ^molufj^`fŽk Žmqfj^ obi^qfsl ^ i^ kloj^`r^aoŠqf`^ bk Z, 0- 00 sfbkb a^al mlo
N't( < qpH'p(`p * Huqfpb'p(`p * p'2t1, 0(qf'2p1
, h(b'p(`p-
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8- B^i`ri^o i^p `lkpq^kqbp ]+^* a ab jlal nrb i^ fkqbdo^i I9&iha&!, '] * ^t * _t0'/0 `tiibdrb ^ pbo q^k mbnrb•^ `ljl pb nrfbo^-
0/- Rb^ b&t' < Hui m^o^,0 999:t 88890- Cbqbojfk^o bi mlifkljfl ab do^al bp 3 ab ^molufj^`fŽkŽmqfj^ m^o^ b bk Z, 0+0I obi^qfsl ^ i^ kloj^ `r^aoŠqf`^-
00- Rb^ b bi bpm^`fl ifkb^i ab i^p crk`flkbp ob^ibp `lkqfkr^p bk Y]* ^ I `lk molar`ql fkqboflo&f*d( < Qyb&t'c&t' `t, Rb^ ak* ,‹, * aj rk^ _^pb loqlkloj^i m^o^ bi pr_bpm^`fl R ab ilpmlifkljflp ab do^al 999:j- Rb^ O bi mlifkljfl ab R ab ^molufj^`fŽk Žmqfj^ m^o^ b bk bobi^qfsl ^ i^ kloj^ `r^aoŠqf`^-^( Cbjlpqo^o nrb bi `r^ao^al ab i^ kloj^ abi boolo sfbkb a^al mlo
j
Hic,O0i1 < HHci01, !1 'b+ag(1-S4=
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^( Cbjlpqo^o nrb bi mlifkljfl `lkpq^kqb O ab ^molufj^`fŽk Žmqfj^ m^o^ b bk bi fkqbo,s^il Yh*j[ obi^qfsl ^ i^ kloj^ `r^aoŠqf`^ bp N&t' < &ekcj'-&j + 0(- B^i`ri^o HHO, q 01m^o^ bpqb O-_( G^ii^o bi mlifkljfl ifkb^i O ab ^molufj^`fŽk Žmqfj^ m^o^ b bk bi fkqbos^il Z0+j[obi^qfsl ^ i^ kloj^ `r^aoŠqf`^- B^i`ri^o HHO, ci01 m^o^ bpqb O `r^kal j < 1-
02- Rb^ b&t' < a|,^( Cbjlpqo^o nrb bi mlifkljfl `lkpq^kqb O ab ^molufj^`fŽk Žmqfj^ m^o^ b bk bi fkqbo,s^il ZN+j[ obi^qfsl ^ i^ kloj^ `r^aoŠqf`^ bp N&t' < &aj + M.j- B^i`ri^o HHO, ci01 m^o^bpqb O-
Nkhejkieko `a ejpanlkh]_e‰j 6/4
_( G^ii^o bi mlifkljfl ifkb^i O ab ^molufj^`fŽk Žmqfj^ m^o^ / bk bi fkqbos^il Z/+0\obi^qfsl ^ i^ kloj^ `r^aoŠqf`^- B^i`ri^o HHO, 0001 m^o^ bpqb O-
03- Rb^k Ol+OH+--- +N9 j * 0 mlifkljflp loqlkloj^ibp bk Y]* ^[ obi^qfslp ^i molar`qlfkqboflo abi bgbo`f`fl 00- RrmŽkd^pb q^j_f‹k nrb O- bp ab do^al g,^( Cbjlpqo^o nrb qobp mlifkljflp `lkpb`rqfslp `r^ibpnrfbo^ ab bpb `lkgrkql bpqŠk ifd^,alp mlo rk^ obi^`fŽk ab ob`roobk`f^ ab i^ cloj^
m^o^ 0 z g y j , 0+ pfbkal ]o+^,* a- `lkpq^kqbp-_( Cbqbojfk^o bumiŒ`fq^jbkqb bp^ obi^`fŽk ab ob`roobk`f^ `r^kal ilp mlifkljflp plk ilp
mlifkljflp ab Kbdbkaob loqlkloj^ibp-04- Dk obi^`fŽk `lk bi bgbo`f`fl 03+ X abpfdk^kal mlo m-ilp `lbcf`fbkqbp ab tg bk N,&t',
^( Cbjlpqo^o nrb ]- < Ng*h.N&•_( Tqfifw^o i^ obi^`fŽk ab ob`roobk`f^ abi bgbo`f`fl 03 m^o^ abar`fo i^ cŽojri^
sŠifa^ m^o^ t ,-< v- Cfp`rqfo q^j_f‹k bi `^pl iŒjfqb t < v-
)-'. BXURWXVRX\MNRW]N[YXUJLRmW
Ulisbjlp ^elo^ ^ i^ ^molufj^`fŽk jbaf^kqb mlifkljflp ab fkqbomli^`fŽk-Rb`lkl`bk ilp s^ilobp ab rk^ crk`fŽk b bk j * 0 mrkqlp afpqfkqlpVk+ Vh& ŒŒŒ+ t| v_rp`^jlp rk mlifkljfl N ab do^al z j nrb p^qfpc^d i^p `lkaf`flkbp
'04-3( ---+
Oofjbol abjlpqo^jlp nrb pf bufpqbq^i mlifkljfl+ ‹pqb bp •kf`l- Krbdl mol_^jlppr bufpqbk`f^mlo jbafl ab pr `lkpqor``fŽk bumiŒ`fq^-Dpqbmlifkljfl e^`b jŒkfj^i^ afpq^k`f^ ab b ^ N* jbafa^ `lk i^ pbjfk`oj^ ab fkqbomli^`fŽkm^o^bpb j+
j
HH , OHH<KG &tg( , N&tg(z•S4=
Orbpql nrb i^ afpq^k`f^ bp N pf N p^qfpc^`b'04-3(+ bi mlifkljfl ab fkqbomli^`fŽkNbp bi ab ^molufj^`fŽk Žmqfj^ obi^qfsl ^ ^nrbii^ pbjfkloj^-
SDNQDL@ 04-0- SDNQDL@ CD TMHBHC@C- B]`ko j * 0 lqjpko `eopejpkoVk+
W0I ’’’ + t-! oa]j N v P `ko lkhejkieko `a cn]`k y j p]haomqa
N&Vg( < O&tg(
l]n] _]`] g < N+0+1+ --- +j- Cjpkj_ao N't( < O't( l]n] pk`k t-
2+1 Gjpnk`q__eˆj ]h ]j„heoeo jqi…ne_k
Baikopn]_eˆj, Rb^ P&t' < N&t' + O&t', K^ crk`fŽk P bp rk mlifkljfl abdo^al :p: j nrb qfbkb j * 0 `bolp afpqfkqlpbk ilp mrkqlp V_* Vh%,,, * t,9 Di •kf`lmlifkljfl nrb dlw^ ab bpq^molmfba^abp bi mlifkljfl kril- Olo il q^kql+P&t' < Nm^o^qlal V* irbdl N&t' < O&t' m^o^qlal t,
Di mlifkljfl ab fkqbomli^`fŽkN mrbab `lkpqorfopb ab s^of^p j^kbo^p- Duml,kbjlp mofjbol rk j‹qlal ab K^do^kdb- Rb^ ?&t' bi mlifkljfl a^al mlo i^b`r^`fŽk
'04-4(j
?&t' < &t + tk'&t + Vh'% ,, &V + tj' < SS &V + Ve'%Q4=
Dpqbmlifkljfl qfbkb rk `bol pfjmib bk `^a^ rkl ab ilp mrkqlp Ve%Rb^ ?g&t' bimlifkljfl ab do^al j l_qbkfal abi ?&t' mlo i^ prmobpfŽkabi c^`qlo V + te8Dpql bp+
'04-5(j
?g&t' < SS &t + u-(+Qc=e)g
Di mlifkljfl ?g&V' qfbkb rk `bol pfjmib bk `^a^ mrkql Ve<0< Vg, Dk bi mrkql Vgqbkbjlp
'04-6(j
?g&Vg' < SS &tg + Ve'%Q4=e&e&g
Dpqbmolar`ql kl bp `bol v^ nrb kfkd•k c^`qlo il bp-Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb+ bi mlifkljfl?g&V'- ?g&tŠ qlj^ bi s^ilo 0 `r^kal V < Vg v bi s^ilo N `r^kal V < tz m^o^tz <0< to- Rb^ ^elo^
Br^kal V < Ve*`^a^ q‹ojfkl ab bpq^prj^ pb ^kri^ bu`bmql bi q‹ojfkl ab ird^o p-nrb qlj^ bi s^ilo b&Ve'%Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb+ N&Ve' < b&Ve' m^o^ `^a^ e- Orbpql nrb`^a^ q‹ojfkl ab bpq^prj^ bp rk mlifkljfl ab do^al j+ i^ prj^ bp ^ pr sbw rkmlifkljfl ab do^al ,p j- @pŒmrbp+ebjlp bk`lkqo^al rk mlifkljfl nrb p^qfpc^`bi^p `lkaf`flkbp bufdfa^p- Dpqlp obpriq^alp mlabjlp obprjfoilp bk bi qblobj^ pf,drfbkqb9
SDNQDL@ 04-1- B]`ko j * 0 lqjpko `eopejpko VM+ Vh%,,‹ * t9 v j * 0 j‰+
ianko na]hao b&tk(+ b&th'* ‹,, * b&tj(+ jk ja_ao]ne]iajpa `eopejpko* ateopa qj lkhejk+
Nkhejkieko `a ejpanlkh]_eˆj 2+2
iek O v oˆhk qjk `a cn]`k 94 j p]h mqaN&tz' < b&tz' l]n] _]`] e < N+ 0+1+ --- + j*Copalkhejkiek reaja `]`k lkn h] bˆniqh]
'04-7(
aj `kj`a ?g&V' ao ah lkhejkiek `abeje`k lkn &/3,4',K^ cŽojri^ '04-7( nrb a^ N&t' pb ii^j^ bˆniqh] `a ejpanlkh]_eˆj `a J]cn]jca,
Olabjlp mlkboi^ bk i^ cloj^
j
N't( < b'tg(Jg't(+S4=
alkab Jg&V' bp rk mlifkljfl ab do^al j a^al mlo
'04-8(
Cb bpqb jlal+ m^o^ `^a^ t cfgl+N&t' bp rk^ `lj_fk^`fŽk ifkb^i ab ilp s^ilobp mob,cfg^alp b&tk(+ b&t*'* ,,, * b&tj(- Klp jriqfmif`^alobp Jg&V' abmbkabk q^k pŽil ab ilpmrkqlp to+ t++ --- +t-: v kl ab ilp s^ilobp mobcfg^alp ^kqbp `fq^alp- Rb ii^j^k_kabe_eajpao a ejpanlkh]_eˆj `a J]cn]jca, Rf rqfifw^jlp i^p cŽojri^p '04-5( v'04-6( mlabjlp bp`of_fo i^ b`r^`fŽk '04-8( bk i^ cloj^ -
'04-0/(
Dpq^ cŽojri^ molmlo`flk^ rk j‹qlal bcf`fbkqb m^o^ `^i`ri^o bi k•jbol Jg'V( m^o^
rk V a^al-
M^oanr]_e‰j- Klp `lbcf`fbkqbp ab K^do^kdb Jg&t' pb bumobp^k cob`rbkqbjbkqb bki^ cloj^
alkab ?& bp i^ abofs^a^ abi mlifkljfl '04-4(- O^o^ abjlpqo^o bp^ cŽojri^ _^pq^mol_^o nrb ?%&Vg'< ?g&Vg', Cbofs^kal i^ obi^`fŽk
l_qbkbjlp ?%&t' < &t + V,'?%g&V' * ?,&t', Br^kal t < Wi pb l_qfbkb ?%&V*'< ?g&t*',
2+3 Gjpnk`q__e‰j]h ]j…heoeojqi†ne_k
DIDLOKN- Cbqbojfk^o bi mlifkljfl ab do^al 94 2 nrb qlj^ ilp s^ilobp Xl+X{+ W1+X2 bk ilp mrkqlp ,1+ ,0+ 0+1 obpmb`qfs^jbkqb-
Qkhq_e‰j- Slj^jlp t‚ < ,1+ Wi < ,0+ V1 < 0+V2 < 1- Klp mlifkljflpJg'V( a^alp mlo '04-0/( plk ^elo^
Jk&t' < &t * h'&t + h'&t + 1( < ] 0--&t * h'&t \ h'&t \ 1(+',1 * 0(',1 , 0(',1 , 1( 01
J/&t' < &t * 0'&t + h'&t + 1( < &t * 0'&t \ h'&t \ 1(+
',0 * 1(',0 , 0(',0 , 1( 5
K &t' < &t * 0'&t * h'&t + 1( < ] &t * 0'&t * h'&t \ 1(+1 '0 * 1('0 * 0('0, 1( 5
K &t' < &t * 0'&t * h'&t + 0( < h+&t * 0'&t * h'&t \ 0(-2 '1 * 1('1 * 0('1, 0( 01
Olo il q^kql+bi mlifkljfl nrb pb _rp`^ bp
N&t' < WkJk&t' * WGJh&V'* W0J0&V' * W1J1&V'
< , Xl &t * h'&t + h'&t + 1( * Wh&t * 0'&t + h'&t + 1(01 5
+ W0&t * 0'&t * h'&t + 1( * W1&t * 0'&t * h'&t + 0(-1 ,-
O^o^ `^i`ri^o bi s^ilo ab N&t' m^o^rk V abqbojfk^al bp jbglo abg^o bi mlifkljflbk bpq^cloj^ bk ird^o ab loabk^oil bk mlqbk`f^p `ob`fbkqbpab t- Olo bgbjmil+ pfXl < ,4+XH < 0+X1 < 0+b X2 < 6+bi s^ilo ab N&t' m^o^V < $ sfbkb a^al mlo
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Dk i^ afp`rpfŽk ^kqboflo pb e^ prmrbpql nrb ilp mrkqlp ab fkqbomli^`fŽktk+ u++--- +u+bo^k afpqfkqlp+mbol mlo il abjŠp `r^ibpnrfbo^- Rf ^elo^ prmlkbjlpnrb bpqŠkfdr^ijbkqb pbm^o^alp+s^jlp ^ abjlpqo^o nrb ilp `lbcf`fbkqbp ab K^do^k,db pb pfjmifcf`^k `lkpfabo^_ibjbkqb- Rrmlkd^jlp Vk ; Wi ; V1 ; --- ; t-: v nrb
?j…heoeo ah annkn `a h] ejpanlkh]_e‰jlkn lkhejkieko 6/8
d bp i^ afpq^k`f^ bkqob`^a^ alp mrkqlp `lkpb`rqfslp- Olabjlp bkqlk`bp bp`of_fo
t+< Vk * fd
m^o^f < /+ 0+1+ --- +j, X^ nrb Vg + tz < &g + f'd* i^ b`r^`fŽk '04-0/( pb qo^kp,
cloj^ bk
'04-00(
alkab _ ' EWp;++,
d
Dk bi •iqfjl q‹ojfkl abi pbdrkal jfbj_ol ab '04-00( bi molar`ql ab ilp c^`qlobp
fkabmbkafbkqbpab p bp
'04-01(j 0 'h,i 0 ( 'j 0( 0 j ' ,0(SH,<SH, SH,<,SH,
eykg,f eykg,f eyg*hg,f g e<g*0f,ge&e&g
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pb bp`of_foŠ^elo^
'04-02(
O^o^ `^a^ j cfgl+bi pbdrkal jfbj_ol ab '04-02( bp rk^ crk`fŽk ab g v ab pnrb mrbab q^_ri^opb- Dk bi M^qflk^i Arob^r lc Rq^ka^oap pb mobm^o^olkq^_i^p ab`lbcf`fbkqbpab K^do^kdbm^o^mrkqlp ab fkqbomli^`fŽkfdr^ijbkqb pbm^o^alp-'U‹^pbobcbobk`f^ 02 bk i^ _f_ifldo^cŒ abi cfk^i ab bpqb`^mŒqril-(Rf t v d pb bifdbk abj^kbo^ nrb bi k•jbol p < &t + tk'-d bp q^i nrb m^o^ ‹i e^k pfal q^_ri^alp ilp`lbcf`fbkqbp ab K^do^kdb Jg'Vk * pd'* bi `Ši`ril ab Npt• * pd' pb obar`b ^ rk^jriqfmif`^`fŽk ab 'Vg( mlo bi s^ilo q^_ri^al Jg'Vk * pd'* pbdrfa^ ab ^af`fŽk-
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Rb^ b rk^ crk`fŽk abcfkfa^ bk rk fkqbos^il Y]* ^[ nrb `lkqfbkb ilp j * 0 mrk,qlp Vk+ Wi&’-’ + t-: v pb^ O bi mlifkljfl ab fkqbomli^`fŽkab do^al ,p j nrb `lfk,`fab `lk bk ^nrbiilp mrkqlp- RŒ iqbo^jlp ilp s^ilobp ab bk mrkqlp afpqfkqlpab
60/ Gjpnk`q__e‰j]h ]j…heoeojqi†ne_k
ilp ab fkqbomli^`fŽkkl s^of^oŠ bi mlifkljfl N, Dpql morb_^ nrb i^ crk`fŽk b v bimlifkljfl N mrbabk afcbofo `lkpfabo^_ibjbkqb bk ilp mrkqlp afpqfkqlp ^ ilp abfkqbomli^`fŽk-Rf i^ crk`fŽk a^a^ b qfbkb`fboq^p`r^ifa^abp ab ~obdri^ofa^aƒ bk bifkqbos^il Y]* ^[ mlabjlp bpmbo^onrb bi mlifkljfl ab fkqbomli^`fŽk N pboŠrk^_rbk^ ^molufj^`fŽk ab b bk ilp mrkqlp afpqfkqlp ab ilp Vg, Di qblobj^ nrb pfdrbklp a^ rk^ •qfi bumobpfŽknrb klp mbojfqb bpqraf^o bi boolo bk i^ fkqbomli^`fŽkmlo mlifkljflp `r^kal i^ crk`fŽk a^a^ mlpbb abofs^a^ ab loabk j * 0 bk Y]* ^[,
SDNQDL@ 04-2- Qa]j Vk+ Wi&’’’ + t‚ j * 0 lqjpko `eopejpkoaj ah `kiejek`a qj] bqj_e‰j p,v N ah lkhejkiek `a ejpanlkh]_e‰j`a cn]`k999:j mqa _kej_e`a_kj b aj aoko lqjpko- Chef]iko qj lqjpk V aj ah `kiejek `a b v oa] Y]* b2[ qj ej,panr]hk_ann]`k _q]hmqean]mqa _kjpajc] hkolqjpko Vk+ W0I ’’’ + Vj+ v t- Qeb lkoaa`aner]`] `a kn`aj j * 0 aj ah ejpanr]hk Y]**6[ ateopalkn hk iajko qj lqjpk aaj ah ejpanr]hk ]^eanpk &]**6' p]h mqa
'04-03( z't( , N't( < ?'t( z;j*h('_(+'j * 0(
`kj`a
?'t( < 't , tk('t , Wi(&! 't , tj(-
M^oanr]_e‰j- Di mrkql a abmbkab ^ i^ sbw ab t v ab j-
Baikopn]_e‰j- Rf t bp rkl ab ilp mrkqlp ab fkqbomli^`fŽk te+ bkqlk`bp?&Vg' < N X i^ b`r^`fŽk '04-03( pb p^qfpc^`bm^o^ `r^inrfbo a bk &]* +7(-Rrmlk,d^jlp+ mrbp+nrb t kl bp kfkdrkl ab ilp mrkqlp ab fkqbomli^`fŽk-L^kqbkd^jlpcfgl t v abcfk^jlp rk^ krbs^ crk`fŽk D bk Y]**6[ jbaf^kqb i^ b`r^`fŽk
'04-04( D'p( < ?'t(Yb'p( , N'p([ , ?'p(Yb't( , N't([-
Di pbdrkal jfbj_ol ab i^ b`r^`fŽk+ `ljl crk`fŽk ab p+mlpbb abofs^a^ ab loabkj * 0: irbdl il jfpjl ib l`roob ^i mofjbo jfbj_ol- Orbpql nrb N&p' bp rk mlif,kljfl bk p ab do^al 999:j* pr abofs^a^ &j * 0(,‹pfj^ bp fa‹kqf`^jbkqb kri^- Dimlifkljfl ?&p' bp ab do^al j * ($ pfbkal bi q‹ojfkl ab j^vlo do^al n€,v qb-kbj^p ?:!)/'&p' < &j * 0(0- Olo il q^kql+pf abofs^jlp i^ b`r^`fŽk '04-04( j * 0sb`bp obpmb`ql^ p l_qbkbjlp i^ cŽojri^
'04-05( D'jF('p( < ?'t(b'jF('p( , &j * 0( Yb't( , N't([-
Cb i^ abcfkf`fŽk nrb pb a^ bk i^ b`r^`fŽk '04-04( sbjlp nrb D qfbkbbi s^ilo `bolbk ilp j * 0 mrkqlp ab fkqbomli^`fŽk Vk+ W0I ’’’ + t• v p]i^e†j bk bi mrkql t-Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb+ D&p'< N bk j * 1 mrkqlp afpqfkqlp abi fkqbos^il Y]**6[, Dplp
?j…heoeo `ah annkn `a h] ejpanlkh]_e‰j lkn lkhejkieko 5//
mrkqlp abqbojfk^k j * 0 pr_fkqbos^ilp `lkpb`rqfslp ab Y]**6[ v i^ crk`fŽk D pb^kri^ bk ilp alp buqobjlp ab bplp pr_fkqbos^ilp- Rbd•k bi qblobj^ ab Qliib+ i^abofs^a^ D%&p'ab_b ^kri^opb mlo 0/ jbklp bk rk mrkql p fkqboflo^ `^a^ pr_fkqbo,s^il- Rf bibdfjlp bu^`q^jbkqb rkl ab q^ibpmrkqlp p bk `^a^ pr_ fkqbos^il l_qbkb,jlp j * 0 mrkqlp afpqfkqlp bk bi fkqbos^il ^_fboql &]* +7( bk ilp nrb D%&p'< l-Dplp mrkqlp+ ^ pr sbw+abqbojfk^k j pr_fkqbos^ilp bk `rvlp buqobjlp qbkbjlpD%&p'< N- @mif`^kal bi qblobj^ ab Qliib ^ D%bk`lkqo^jlp nrb i^ abofs^a^ pb,drka^ D!&p' bp `bol mlo 0/ jbklp bk j mrkqlp afpqfkqlpab &]* +7(- @mif`^kal obfqb,o^a^jbkqb bi qblobj^ ab Qliib j * 0 sb`bp ab bpb jlal bk`lkqo^jlp cfk^ijbkqbnrb bufpqbmlo 0/ jbklp rk mrkql a bk &]**6' bk bi nrb D&j)G'&_' < N- Rrpqfqr,vbkal bpqbs^ilo ab a bk i^ b`r^`fŽk '04-05( l_qbkbjlp
&j * 0( Yb't( , N't([ < ? 't(b'j*hh&_'*
nrb `lfk`fab `lk '04-03(- Blk 0/ nrb nrba^ abjlpqo^al bi qblobj^-
Cb_b l_pbos^opb nrb+ ^i fdr^i nrb bk i^ ^molufj^`fŽk `lk mlifkljflp ab S^v,0/o+bi q‹ojfkl nrb a^ bi boolo `lkqfbkb i^ abofs^a^ &j * 0(,‹pfj^ b&j)H'&_' `^i`r,i^a^ bk rk mrkql abp`lkl`fal _- Rf pb `lkl`bk ilp s^ilobp buqobjlp ab b'j*h( bkZHW++7I+pb mrbabk l_qbkbo `lq^p prmboflo b fkcboflo abi boolo-
Rrmlkd^jlp ^elo^ nrb ilp mrkqlp ab fkqbomli^`fŽk bpqŠkfdr^ijbkqb pbm^o^,alp v nrb Vk ; Vh ; V1 ; --- ; t-: Rf d obmobpbkqi^ afpq^k`f^ bkqob`^a^ alp`lkpb`rqfslp mlabjlp bp`of_fo
tz < Vk * fd v V < Vk * pd +
alkab p < &t + tk'-d, X^ nrb V , tz < &p+ f'd* bi mlifkljfl ?&t' mrbab bp`of,_fopb bk i^ cloj^ pfdrfbkqb
V V
?&t' < SH&t + t9' < dj*0 SH'p , f',
68+ 68+
K^ cŽojri^ '04-03( pb qo^kpcloj^ ^elo^ bkb'j*h(' ( j
'04-06( b't( , N't( < b+dj)/ RR 'p , g(+
'j * 0(- +zN
`lk p < &t + tk'-d,
DIDLOKN- Ch annkn aj h] ejpanlkh]_e‰j heja]h- Rrmlkd^jlp nrb rk^ crk,`fŽk b `lk abofs^a^ pbdrka^ bpqŠq^_ri^a^ v nrb abpb^jlp bpqfj^o pr s^ilo bk rkmrkql t fkqbojbafl bkqobilp alp `lkpb`rqfslp u+v Vk * d- Rf e^`bjlp rpl ab i^fkqbomli^`fŽkifkb^i ^molufj^jlp i^ doŠcf`^ ab b bk bi fkqbos^il Ytk+ u+ * d[ mlo
601 Gjpnk`q__e‰j]h ]j…heoeojqi†ne_k
rk^ ob`q^+ ljl jrbpqo^ i^ cfdro^ 04-0- Rf N bp bi mlifkljfl ab fkqbomli^`fŽk abmofjbo do^al+ bi boolo bpqfj^al bk '04-06( bp ^elo^
'04-07( b't( , N't( < b!'_( d0p'p , 0(+-
alkab p < 't , tk(.d- Br^kal t bpqŠpfqr^al bkqobWl v Wl * d qbkbjlp M;p; 0X bi s^ilo jŠufjl ab Yp&p+ 0(Zbk bpqbfkqbos^il bp 63- Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb '04-07(klp a^ i^ bpqfj^`fŽk
Gb't( \ N't(0 y Hc!'`(0 d1
7
u+* d
EHFTQ@ 04-0 Gjpanlkh]_e‰jheja]h-
Di mrkql a bp rk mrkql abp`lkl`fal bk bi fkqbos^il &tk+ Wl * d', Rf i^ abofs^a^pbdrka^ b! bpqŠ^`lq^a^ bk bpb fkqbos^il+ Gb!&t'- 99p:L+ i^ bpqfj^`fŽk abi boolo bp
Kd1
Gb't( , N't( Hz 7 -
Dk m^oqf`ri^o+pf b bp rk pbkl l rk `lpbkl: bkqlk`bp Yb!&t'Y 99p:0 m^o^qlal tv qbkbjlp Yb&t'+N&t' 9pd0-6, Blk rk^ q^_i^ ab pbklp l `lpbklp `lk fkqbos^ilpab do^al bk do^al 'rk do^al<6S.07/ o^af^kbp( qbkbjlp d<6R.07/+ ^pŒnrb
d10R1 0/ 0, < ,, ; ,, ; ,, < /-////3-
7 7'07/(1 148+1// 14+///
Cfan_e_eko 602
X^ nrb bpqb boolo kl bu`bab ^ ie bk i^ `r^oq^ `fco^ ab`fj^i+ i^ fkqbomli^`fŽkifkb^i bk rk^ q^_i^ ab `r^qol `fco^p ab`fj^ibp pboŒ p^qfpc^`qlof^-Di boolo bpqf,j^al mrbab jbglo^opb bk i^p m^oqbpab i^ q^_i^ bk alkab H /!&a'/ pb^ jbklo nrb 0-
)-'1 8SN[LRLRX\
0- Dk `^a^ `^pl bk`lkqo^o bi mlifkljfl N ab jbklo do^al nrb p^qfpc^d^ i^p `lkaf`flkbpa^a^p-
^( N&+h' </+ N&M' <1+ N&0' <6-_( N&M < 0+ N&0' </+ N&1' </+ N&2' < 0-b( N&h' < 0+ N&0' < 1+ N&1' < 2+ N&M' < 0 -a( N&M' < ,1+ N&h' < N+ N&,0( < ,1+ N&0' < 05-b( N&+0' < 00+ la,k < ,00+ N&M' < ,4+ N&h' < ,0-
1- Rb^ b&t' < `lp &st-2', G^ii^o bi mlifkljfl ab jbklo do^al nrb qlj^ ilp jfpjlp s^ilobpnrb b bk ilp mrkqlp ,1+ ,q+N+q,+1-
2- Rb^k N rk mlifkljfl ab do^al yj v ?&t' < &t + tk' &t + Wi( ’’’ &t + V,'* pfbkalVk* Wi+’’- ,t• j * 0 mrkqlp afpqfkqlp-^( Cbjlpqo^o nrb `r^inrfbo^ nrb pb^ bi mlifkljfl @ bi mlifkljfl P a^al mloO&t' < N&t' * ?&t'@&t' `lfk`fab `lk N bk ilp mrkqlp Vk* Wi+’’- +V‹,_( Ool_^o q^j_f‹k bi ob`Œmol`l- Dpql bp+ pf P bp rk mlifkljfl `r^inrfbo^ nrb `lfk,`fab `lk N bk ilp mrkqlp Vk* Wi+-’’ t,* O&t';N&t')?&t'@&t' m^o^ rk `fboql mlifkljfl @,3- ^( G^ii^o bi mlifkljfl P ab jbklo do^al nrb p^qfpc^d^ i^p `lkaf`flkbp
O' ,1( < ,4+ O',h( < ,0+ O'h( < 0+ O&'M( < ,0-
YGj`e_]_e‰j9 G^ii^o mofjbol bi mlifkljfl N nrb qljb ilp s^ilobp mobp`ofqlpbk,1+ ,0+ 0+X rqfifw^o irbdl bi bgbo`f`fl 2 m^o^ abqbojfk^o O,[
_( G^ii^o bi mlifkljfl P ab jbklo do^al nrb p^qfpc^d^i^p `lkaf`flkbp ab i^ m^oqb^(`lk P&'N(< ,2 bk ird^o ab P&'N(< ,0-
4- Rb^ b&t' < 0/d+ V m^o^ t = N- B^i`ri^o N&10'* pfbkal N bi mlifkljfl ab jbklo do^alnrb `lfk`fab `lk b bk ilp mrkqlp9
^( t < 0+53-_( t < 0+05+145-
b( t < 3+ 05+53-a( t < 0+3+05+53+145-
B^i`ri^o bk `^a^ `^pl i^ afcbobk`f^ b&10' + N&10', Dpqlp bgbjmilp morb_^k nrb i^ mob`f,pfŽk bk i^ fkqbomli^`fŽk mlo mlifkljflp kl pb jbglo^ kb`bp^of^jbkqb ^rjbkq^kal bik•jbol ab mrkqlp ab fkqbomli^`fŽk-
5- Klp `lbcf`fbkqbp ab fkqbomli^`fŽk ab K^do^kdb J,&t' a^alp mlo i^ b`r^`fŽk '04-0/( abmbk,abk kl pli^jbkqb ab t+ pfkl q^j_f‹k ab ilp mrkqlp ab fkqbomli^`fŽk tk+Vh+ ŒŒŒ+V!- Dpq^abmbkabk`f^ mlabjlp fkaf`^oi^ bp`of_fbkal J-'t( < J-'t:V(+ alkab W obmobpbkq bi sb`qloabi bpm^`fl D!*i a^al mlo V < &tk* Wi+’’’ *V*,', O^o^ rk k•jbol ob^i a^al ^* obmobpbkqb,jlp `lk d bi sb`qlo ab D++*i `rvlp `ljmlkbkqbp plk qlalp fdr^ibp ^ ^+Rf ]9… N+ab,jlpqo^o nrb
†pq^ bp i^ ii^j^a^ lnklea`]`& `a ejr]ne]j_e] ab ilp `lbcf`fbkqbp ab fkqbomli^`fŽk ab K^,
603 Gjpnk`q__e‰j]h ]j…heoeojqi†ne_k
do^kdb- Di bgbo`f`fl pfdrfbkqb klp e^`b sbo i^ rqfifa^a ab bpq^ molmfba^a m^o^ pfjmifcf`^oilp `Ši`rilp-
6- Rb^ N bi mlifkljfl ab do^al 99:3nrb qlj^ ilp s^ilobp
N&0,2' < 61+ N&0,3' < 2/+ N&0,5' < 07+ N&0,6' < 13+ N&1,.' < 07/-
^( Hkqolar`fo krbslp mrkqlp ab fkqbomli^`fŽk qz ifd^alp ^ ilp a^alp tz mlo i^ b`r^`fŽkqz < hMtz + 13- Klp qz plk bkqbolp- O^o^ `^a^ g < N+0+1+2+3+abqbojfk^o ilp `lbcf`fbkqbpab fkqbomli^`fŽk ab K^do^kdb J,&t' bk crk`fŽk ab q* pfbkal q < /.t + 13-_( Tqfifw^oi^ molmfba^a ab fks^of^k`f^ abi bgbo`f`fl 5 m^o^ `^i`ri^o N&0*4',
7- Tk^ q^_i^ ab i^ crk`fŽk b&t' < ild V `lkqfbkb bkqo^a^p abpab t < 0 e^pq^ t < 0/ ^ fkqbo,s^ilp ab /+//0- Klp s^ilobp fkqbojbaflp ^ `^a^ m^o ab bkqo^a^p `lkpb`rqfs^p pb e^k `^i`r,i^al jbaf^kqb fkqbomli^`fŽk ifkb^i- Rrmlkd^jlp nrb i^p bkqo^a^p bk i^ q^_i^ plk bu^`q^p-^( Cbjlpqo^o nrb bi boolo bk i^ fkqbomli^`fŽk ifkb^i kl bu`baboŠ ^ i bk i^ pbuq^ `fco^ab`fj^i-_( „O^o^ nr‹ s^ilobp ab t pboŠ p^qfpc^`qlof^ i^ fkqbomli^`fŽk ifkb^i m^o^ rk^ q^_i^ abpfbqb `fco^p>b( „BrŠi ab_boŒ^pbo i^ pbm^o^`fŽk ab i^p bkqo^a^p bk bi fkqbos^il 0 99:t 99:1 ab jlalnrb i^ fkqbomli^`fŽk ifkb^i pb^ p^qfpc^`qlof^bk rk^ q^_i^ ab pfbqb`fco^p>Dk ilp bgbo`f`flp abi 8 ^i 04+tk+Vh* ‹‹‹ -t: plk mrkqlp afpqfkqlp v
j
?&t' < SH&t + Vf(+R4=
j
?g&t' < SH&t + Vf'*
R4=fyg
8- Cbar`fo i^ cŽojri^ ?%&t' < Kz<l ?g&t' jbaf^kqb bi rpl+ ^( ab i^ abofs^`fŽk ild^oŒq,
jf`^+ _( ab i^ cŽojri^ ab fkqbomli^`fŽk ab K^do^kdb-
0/- Cbjlpqo^o `^a^ rk^ ab i^p cŽojri^p pfdrfbkqbp9
y y ?y&t'^( K---Jg&t' < 0 X K---?&'Vg( < N m^o^ qlal t,
R8? R8?
j H_( „?&'Vg( < N- YGj`e_]_e‰j9Tqfifw^oi^ m^oqb ( `lk s^ilobp ab t `lksbkfbkqbp-\
Sc=
00- Rb^ O rk mlifkljfl `r^inrfbo^ ab do^al z j- Cbjlpqo^o nrb bi `lbcf`fbkqb ab t&bp fdr^i ^
01- ^( Cbqbojfk^o ] v ^ ab jlal nrb bi mlifkljfl
qbkd^ i^p pfdrfbkqbp molmfba^abp9
v
Cfan_e_eko 604
_( Cbqbojfk^o B v ` ab jlal nrb bi mlifkljfl
qbkd^ i^p pfdrfbkqbp molmfba^abp9&
v Oy'Ve( < N m^o^ qlal f-
b( Rb^ F&t' < K9zl 'Vg(Og'V( * K9zl &'Vg(Ng'V( alkab b bp rk^ crk`fŽk a^a^abofs^_ib bk ul+ Vh* ‹‹‹ *V ‹, Cbjlpqo^o nrb
v F&'Ve( <b%'Ve( m^o^ qlal e,
Cbjlpqo^o q^j_f‹k nrb bufpqb ^ 0/ jŠp rk mlifkljfl F&t' ab do^al y0j * 0 `lk bp^molmfba^a-
02- C^alp j * 0 mrkqlp afpqfkqlp tk+ Vh* ‹‹, t-+pb^k N v P alp mlifkljflp ab do^al z jnrb p^qfpc^d^k i^p j * 0 `lkaf`flkbp
l& 'Vh( < O&'Vh( +
Cbjlpqo^o nrb N&t' < O&t' m^o^ qlal t,_( Rb^ @k&t' < 0+ X m^o^ j 88880 abcfkfjlp
t&t + j'j+h@j&t' < +
V(
Cbjlpqo^o nrb @y&t' < @,\h&V + 0( m^o^ j 88880 v abar`fo nrb
@j&M' < Az'i( < @y&0' < --- < @yj+h'&j + 0( < N v
b( Cbjlpqo^o nrb bi •kf`l mlifkljfl ab do^al yj nrb p^qfpc^`b i^p `lkaf`flkbp
N&M' < `l-
sfbkb a^al mlo
l&ah( < Bi’ ---+ l&jh&j' < Aj
j
N'V( < KAg@g'V(+S4=
a( Rf Vy < Vk * gd m^o^ g < /+0+1+ --- ,j* alkab d = N+dbkbo^ifw^o ilp obpriq^alp ab_( v b(-
03- Rrmlkfbkal nrb Vk, Vh* ‹‹‹‹ V, plk bkqbolp nrb p^qfpc^`bk Vk ; Vh ; ---; V‹,^( Cbjlpqo^o nrb G?%&Vg'/8888g &j + g' X abar`fo nrb
605 0jpnk`q__e5j ]h ]j…heoeojqi†ne_k
_( Rb^ N rk mlifkljfl `r^inrfbo^ ab do^al j+ `rvl q‹ojfkl ab j^vlo do^al bp fdr^i^ V+, Rb^ L bi j^vlo ab ilp k•jbolp HO'ul(g+HO'Wi(i+--- + GN&t\'i• Cbjlpqo^o nrbL =, j .1,- YGj`e_]_e‰j9 Tqfifw^oi^ m^oqb ( abi bgbo`f`fl 00-\
04- Cbjlpqo^o i^p pfdrfbkqbpcŽojri^p- Dk i^p m^oqbp ( v _(+ t bp rk mrkql `r^inrfbo^ afp,qfkql ab ul+ Wi+ ’’’ + V\-
?%&t' j 0
^( ?&t' < >t + te ,.8+
_( ?F&t' < ?g&t' y ]0] * z ]0 ]] ?&t' y 0?%&t' ?%&t' K--- t + te K---t + te ?%&t' K--- &t + Ve(1&
2z/ 2</ 2</e:Dg e:Dg e:Dg
? ! 'Vg( ‚j 0b( ,+, <1 ,,,l
? 'Vg( - Vg , te2z/Lg
05- Rb^ N,&t' bi mlifkljfl ab do^al 8#j nrb `lfk`fa^ `lk i^ crk`fŽk b&t' < a]! bk ilp j * 0bkqbolp V < N+0+--- +j- Orbpql nrb bpb mlifkljfl abmbkab ab ] il abpfdk^objlp mloN\&t9 ]', Cbjlpqo^o nrb bi iŒjfqb
, Nj&t9 ]' + 0ej,,,,,
]
bufpqbv bp rk mlifkljfl bk t- Cbqbojfk^o bumiŒ`fq^jbkqbaf`el mlifkljfl-
)-')( 9m[V^UJMNRW]N[YXUJLRmWMN@N`]XW
Qbmobpbkqbjlp `lk O! bi mlifkljfl ab fkqbomli^`fŽk ab do^al 9# j nrb `lfk,`fab `lk rk^ crk`fŽk a^a^ b bk j * 0 mrkqlp afpqfkqlpVM* Wi&’’’ +V!- K^ cŽojri^ab fkqbomli^`fŽkab K^do^kdbklp af`b nrb
!Nj't( < !1Jg'V( 'Vg(+R`?
alkab Jg'V( bp rk mlifkljfl ab do^al j 'bi `lbcf`fbkqb ab fkqbomli^`fŽk ab K^,do^kdb( a^al mlo bi molar`ql
'04-08( k!t,t•Jg't( < 2+ m^o^ g < N+0+1+--- +j-
9:y Vg , tz
Rrmlkd^jlp nrb ^•^afjlp rk krbsl mrkql ab fkqbomli^`fŽk Vj*h ^ ilp a^alpWl+ VGG ŒŒŒ + t,9 O^o^ abqbojfk^o bi mlifkljfl `loobpmlkafbkqb N!)h `lk i^ cŽojri^ab K^do^kdb bp kb`bp^ofl `^i`ri^o rk krbsl `lbcf`fbkqb ab fkqbomli^`fŽk Jj*h v
Dˆniqh] `a ejpanlkh]_eˆj `a Laspkj 606
ob`^i`ri^o qlalp ilp `lbcf`fbkqbp ^kqboflobpJk+ Kq+--- +K! `^a^ rkl ab ilp `r^ibpbp ^elo^ rk mlifkljfl ab do^al j * 0- Dk i^ moŠ`qf`^bpql prmlkb rk qo^_^gl`lkpfabo^_ib- Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb+ bp `lksbkfbkqb afpmlkbo ab lqo^ cŽojri^ m^o^ ab,qbojfk^o N| nrb mbojfq^ rk^ jŠp cŠ`fi qo^kpf`fŽk ab N9 ^ N‹‹)/‹ S^i cŽojri^i^ abp`r_ofŽ Mbtqlk: i^ abar`fobjlp ^ m^oqfoabi qblobj^ pfdrfbkqb-
SDNQDL@ 04-3- B]`ko j * 1 lqjpko `eopejpkotk* Wi= ’’’ + V‹‹* Vj)h, Qa] N9ah lkhejkiek `a cn]`k 8889j mqa _kej_e`a _kj qj] bqj_eˆj `]`] b aj tk* ‹,‹ * Vj*v oa] Nj)/ ah lkhejkiek `a cn]`k eoj * 0 mqa _kej_e`a _kj b aj tk* t,* ‹‹, *V‹‹* Vj)h% Cteopa ajpkj_ao qj] _kjop]jpa Aj)h* `apaniej]`] _kj qje_e`]` lkn b vlkn hko lqjpko `a ejpanlkh]_eˆj tk* ‹‹‹ * Vj)h p]h mqa
'04-1/(
Baikopn]_eˆj, Olkd^jlp O&t' < Nj&t' * _&t + tk' ,,, &t + tj'* alkab abp rk^ `lkpq^kqb kl abqbojfk^a^- Dkqlk`bp P bp rk mlifkljfl ab do^al 999:j * 0nrb `lfk`fab `lk N9v mlo q^kql `lk b bk `^a^ rkl ab ilp j * 0 mrkqlp t-+--- +t ŒŒ-Difg^jlp irbdl a ab jlal nrb P `lfk`fa^ q^j_f‹k `lk Gbk tj)0Œ Dpql bufdb
Orbpql nrb bi `lbcf`fbkqb a kl bp kril+ bpq^b`r^`fŽk qfbkbrk^ pli^ plir`fŽk nrbii^j^jlp Aj)0& Slj^kal a < Aj)h sbjlp nrb P < N‹‹)0Œ
Di qblobj^ nrb pfdrb bumobp Nj&t' bk crk`fŽk ab ilp k•jbolp `i+ ŠŠŠ+ _j‹
SDNQDL@ 04-4- EˆQLTK@ CD HMSDQONK@BHˆMCD MDVSNM- Qe VM* ‹‹‹ * t:okj `eopejpko*pajaiko
'04-10(j
N,,&t' < b&tk' * _g&t + tk' ,,, &t + Vg,h',h<i
Baikopn]_eˆj, Cbcfk^jlp Nk&t' < b&tk' v qljbjlp j < N bk '04-1/( l_,qbkfbkal
G^d^jlp ^elo^ j < 0 bk '04-1/(+ `lk il nrb `lkpbdrfjlp
Nv&t' < NG&t' * _v&t + tk'&t + Wi( < b&tk' * _G&t+ tk' * _v&t + tk'&t + Vh'%
Olo fkar``fŽk+ l_qbkbjlp '04-10(-
K^ molmfba^a ab i^ cŽojri^ ab Mbtqlk bumobp^a^bk i^ b`r^`fŽk '04-1/(
607 Gjpnk`q__e‰j ]h ]j…heoeojqi†ne_k
klp mbojfqb `^i`ri^o Nj)/ `lk pŽil prj^o rk krbsl q‹ojfkl ^ N|9 Dpq^molmfba^akl i^ mlpbb i^ cŽojri^ ab K^do^kdb-
K^ rqfifa^a ab i^ cŽojri^ ab Mbtqlk abmbkab+k^qro^ijbkqb+ ab i^ c^`fif,a^a `lk i^ nrb mrba^k `^i`ri^opb ilp `lbcf`fbkqbp Bi+ A1+ ŒŒŒ+ _-: Di qblobj^ nrbpfdrb abjrbpqo^ nrb Aj bp rk^ `lj_fk^`fŽk ifkb^i ab ilp s^ilobp b't++(+--- +b't ŒŒ(-
SDNQDL@ 04-5- Jko _kabe_eajpao `a h] b‰niqh] `a ejpanlkh]_e‰j `a Laspkjreajaj `]`ko lkn
'04-11(& V
`kj`a +--Ktg( < SH'tg , tf',
gzN
f)g
Baikopn]_e‰j- Rbd•k i^ cŽojri^ ab K^do^kdb qbkbjlp
j
Nj't( < 1+Jet(b'tg(+
R`?
bk alkab Jg'V( bp bi mlifkljfl ab do^al j a^al mlo '04-08(- Orbpql nrb bi `lb,cf`fbkqbab u! bk Jg'V( bp 0. ?g't`+ bi `lbcf`fbkqb ab u! bk NŒŒ't( bp i^ prj^ nrb^m^ob`bbk '04-11(- Olo lqo^ m^oqb+i^ cŽojri^ ab Mbtqlk abjrbpqo^ nrb bi `lbcf,`fbkqb ab u! bk Nj&t' bp fdr^i ^ _-: Dpql `ljmibq^ i^ abjlpqo^`fŽk-
K^ b`r^`fŽk '04-11( klp molmlo`flk^ rk j‹qlal afob`ql m^o^ `^i`ri^o ilp`lbcf`fbkqbp ab i^ cŽojri^ ab Mbtqlk- Klp k•jbolp ?g't` ^m^ob`bk q^j_f‹k`ljl c^`qlobp bk bi abkljfk^alo abi `lbcf`fbkqb ab fkqbomli^`fŽk ab K^do^kdbJg'V(- K^ pb``fŽk nrb pfdrb abp`of_b lqol j‹qlal m^o^ `^i`ri^o ilp `lbcf`fbkqbp`r^kal ilp mrkqlp ab fkqbomli^`fŽk bpqŠkfdr^ijbkqb pbm^o^alp-
04-00 Orkqlp ab fkqbomli^`fŽkfdr^ijbkqb pbm^o^alp-Di lmbo^alo ab i^p afŒbobk,`f^p pr`bpfs^p
Dk bi `^pl ab mrkqlp ab fkqbomli^`fŽk fdr^ijbkqb pbm^o^alp Vg < Vk * gdm^o^ g < N+0+ --- + j mlabjlp rqfifw^oi^ b`r^`fŽk '04-01( l_qbkfbkal
Dk bpqb`^pl i^ cŽojri^ nrb a^ a: abi qblobj^ 04-5 pb qo^kpcloj^ bk
'04-12(
Nqjpko `a ejpanlkh]_e‰j ecq]hiajpa oal]n]`ko 608
K^ prj^ abi pbdrkal jfbj_ol mrbab `^i`ri^opb ab lqo^ j^kbo^ bk crk`fŽk abrk lmbo^alo ifkb^i … ii^j^al klan]`kn `a h]o `ebanaj_e]o oq_aoer]o-
CDEHMHBHˆM- Qa]j d qj jŠiank na]h befk u b qj] bqj_e‰j `]`]- J] bqj_e‰j@c `abeje`] lkn h] a_q]_e‰j
99-z't(< z't * d( , z't(
oa hh]i] h] `ebanaj_e] lneian] `a b- Cop…`abeje`] l]n] ]mqahhko lqjpko t l]n] hkomqa p]jpk t _kik t * d aop…j aj ah `kiejek `a b- J]o `ebanaj_e]o `a ‰n`ajaooqlaneknao @1c+@2c+--- oa `abejaj lkn ej`q__e‰j _kik oecqaj9
@h*i+< @'@!&c&( g 0 1 2qf H qf qf l]n] <!+ ----
M^oanr]_e‰j- S^j_f‹k pb bjmib^k i^p klq^`flkbp Ge**b&t'v heb&t9d( `r^kal pbnrfbob fkaf`^o i^ abmbkabk`f^ ab d, Dp `lksbkfbkqb abcfkfo hekb< b,
K^ k,‹pfj^ afcbobk`f^ ?jb't( bp rk^ `lj_fk^`fŽk ifkb^i ab ilp s^ilobp b't(+b't * d(+ --- +b't * jd(- Olo bgbjmil+ qbkbjlp
01f't( < wz't * 1d( , z't * d(x , wz't * d( , z't(x
<z't * 1d( , 1z't * d( * z't(-
Dk dbkbo^i+qbkbjlp
'04-13( 88,!f&t'< &\h'j+g&y'b&V * gd',R8?
Dpql pb abjrbpqo^ cŠ`fijbkqb mlo fkar``fŽk obpmb`ql ^ j+ rqfifw^kal i^ ibv abiqofŠkdril ab O^p`^i m^o^ ilp `lbcf`fbkqbp _fkljf^ibp9
Rrmlkd^jlp ^elo^ nrb b bpq‹ abcfkfa^ bk j * 0 mrkqlp fdr^ijbkqb pbm^o^,alp Vg < Wl * gd m^o^ g < N+ 0+ --- + j- Dkqlk`bp ab '04-12( v '04-13( l_qb,kbjlp i^ cŽojri^
Dpql molmlo`flk^ rk j‹qlal oŠmfal m^o^ `^i`ri^o ilp `lbcf`fbkqbp ab i^ cŽojri^ab fkqbomli^`fŽk ab Mbtqlk- Di af^do^j^ ab i^ q^_i^ 04-0+ii^j^al p]^h] `a `e,banaj_e]o+ e^`b sbo `Žjl i^p afcbobk`f^p pr`bpfs^p mrbabk `^i`ri^opb pfpqbjŠqf,
2-+ Gjpnk`q__e‰j]h ]j…heoeojqi†ne_k
`^jbkqb ^ m^oqfoab rk^ q^_ri^`fŽk ab ilp s^ilobp ab b bk ilp mrkqlp fdr^ijbkqbpbm^o^alp-Dk i^ q^_i^ pb e^ bp`ofql c; bk ird^o ab &Vg',
K^ cŽojri^ ab fkqbomli^`fŽk ab Mbtqlk '04-10( qlj^ ^elo^ i^ cloj^
'04-14(
S@AK@ 04-0
t b't( G0b't( 001H't( 002f!'t(
Wl cl!!
G*+G|< G0b'tk(.& !!
Vh bh G0b't0( , G0b'tk( < 001H'tk(!! • !!d +bh < G0b't0( 001H't0( , 001H'tk( < 002f!'tk(
.& !! .&
V1 d G0b't1( , G0b'Vh( < 001H't0(!! .&
b 2 , b1 < G0b'V1(•
W^ b]
Rf bp`of_fjlp
z z `$% z([ 't , t:( < Ho't , Wl , fd' < dh:Hot y Wl , f < d
/_'[ 'p , f'*
bk alkab p < &t + tk'-d* i^ b`r^`fŽk '04-14( pb `lksfboqb bk
'04-15(j e!b' ( /_+h
Nj't( <b'tk( * J y SH'p , f',/_;/ g 9;.
)-')* BXURWXVRX\OJL]X[RJUN\
Rf g bp rk k•jbol k^qro^i+bi molar`ql p&p+ 0( --- &p+ g * 0( bp rk mlif,
Cfan_e_eko 610
kljfl bk p ab do^al g ii^j^al lkhejkiek b]_pkne]hh,‹pfjl- Rb obmobpbkq^lk bipŒj_lil pwg', @pŒmrbp+pbd•k i^ abcfkf`fŽk+
R(S
p'gh< SH'p , g( -6`?
Cbcfkfjlp q^j_f‹k p&M' < 0- Rf `lkpfabo^jlp bi lmbo^alo ^ ab i^p afcbobk`f^p pr,`bpfs^p `lk d < 0+bp ab`fo+ ]b&t' < b&t * 0( , b&t'* bk`lkqo^jlp nrb
zhp'j( < jp'j,h( m^o^ j y 0-
Dp rk^ cŽojri^ abi jfpjl qfml nrb i^ ab i^ abofs^`fŽk loafk^of^ ab mlqbk`f^pBp! < jn9&-Blk 0/ `r^i sbjlp nrb bi mlifkljfl c^`qlof^i p&!' bpqŠobi^`flk^al`lk i^p afcbobk`f^p abi jfpjl jlal nrb i^p mlqbk`f^p loafk^of^p p! 0/ bpqŠk`lki^p abofs^a^p-
Blk bi rpl ab ilp mlifkljflp c^`qlof^ibp+i^ cŽojri^ ab fkqbomli^`fŽk abMbtqlk '7-54( pb `lksfboqb bk
j zhgN 't * pd( < &! & 'tk(p'g(-
j l K g&S4= d
Orbpq^ bk bpq^ cloj^+ i^ cŽojri^ ab Mbtqlk pb m^ob`b ^ i^ ab S^vilo m^o^ bimlifkljfl ab do^al -9p:j nrb `lfk`fab `lk b v prp j mofjbo^p abofs^a^p bk t-: Rfbp`of_fjlp
'p( < p'g( < p'p , 0( --- 'p , g * 0(
g g g %
i^ cŽojri^ ab Mbtqlk qlj^ i^ cloj^
Nj'VM * pd( < 'z(zhgb'tk(&S4=
Dk ilp bgbo`f`flp nrb pfdrbk pb bumlkbk lqo^p molmfba^abpab ilp mlifkljflp c^`,qlof^ibp-
)-')+ 8SN[LRLRX\
0- Rb^ p/b&t'< b&t* d' + b&t', Rf b bp rk mlifkljfl ab do^al j*
j
b't( < J ]-t!X8?
2-- Gjpnk`q__e‰j]h ]j…heoeojqi†ne_k
`lk ], &:‹N+abjlpqo^o nrb ]' e89,gz&t'bp rk mlifkljfl ab do^al j+g pf g:888%j9_( ee,!z&t';< j d%],9 b( ee,gz&t'< N m^o^ g = j*1- Rb^ ee,b&t'< b&t * d' + z&t', Rf z&t' < pbk &]t * ^'* abjlpqo^o nrb
' ]d(j ' j]d * j0R(b8 jz&t' < 1pbk!1 pbk ]t * ^ * 1 -
2- Rb^ ee,b&t'< b&t * d' + b&t',^( Rf z&t' < ]%*pfbkal ] = N+abjlpqo^o nrb b8 %%b&t'< &]d + H(!^!-_( Rf c't( < 'i *](!.&+ pfbkal ]= N abjlpqo^o nrb b8 !c&t'< ]!c&t',`( Cbjlpqo^o nrb bi mlifkljfl N, ab do^al j nrb qlj^ ilp s^ilobp N,&g'< '0 * ]'!m^o^ g < /+0+1+ --- +j sfbkb a^al mlo
3- Rb^ t&%' bi k,`pjfl mlifkljfl c^`qlof^i bk t, Orbpql nrb tA!' bp rk mlifkljfl bk t abdo^al j `lk bi s^ilo N `r^kal t < N+mlabjlp bp`of_fo
j
t'j( < Qg-jtgŒ
R8S
Klp k•jbolp Qo: pb i0^j^k jŠianko `a Qpenhejca lneian] aola_ea-Cb i^ abcfkf`fŽk abtA!' obpriq^ bsfabkqb nrb Q,*, < 0 m^o^ j y N-^ Cbjlpqo^o nrb Q-,h--< +j&j + 0(.1 X nrb Ri+-< ',0(!,i'k , 0( m^o^ j y 0-_( Cbjlpqo^o nrb Qg*,)h < Qg+h*, + jQg* ‹, Bljmol_^o bpq^ obi^`fŽk bk i^ q^_i^ 04+1+abk•jbolp ab Rqfoifkd ab mofjbo^ bpmb`fb+v `lkpqorfo i^p qobp cfi^p pfdrfbkqbp ab i^ q^_i^-
S@AK@ 04-1
j Qz+j Q1+j Q2-j Q3-j Qo+j Q5+j Q6-j
0 01 ,0 02 1 ,2 03 ,5 00 ,5 04 13 ,4/ 24 ,0/ 05 ,01/ 163 ,114 74 ,04 06 61/ ,0653 0513 ,624 064 ,10
b( Dumobp^obi mlifkljfl V&2' * 1t&1' * 0V&h' * 0 `ljl `lj_fk^`fŽk ifkb^i ab mlqbk`f^pab t-
4- ^( Cbjlpqo^o nrb
t < u'i(+ t1 < u'H( * 1V&0' * V&1' *
Cfan_e_eko 612
v nrb+ bk dbkbo^i+
alkab b&t' < t! v bh-&t' < b&t * 0( , b&t', Klp k•jbolp R* ‹‹< ,8h-%-&M'-g pb ii^j^k j‰+
ianko `a Qpenhejc`a oacqj`] aola_ea+_( Cbjlpqo^o nrb
v blk biil abar`fo nrb R&K i < R+,K- * gR Œ-Œ+b( Bljmol_^o i^ q^_i^ 04-2 ab k•jbolp ab Rqfoifkd ab pbdrka^ bpmb`fb+`lk i^ cŽojri^ab obbroobk`f^ ab i^ m^oqb _(+ v `lkpqorfo i^p qobp cfi^p pfdrfbkqbp ab i^ q^_i^-
S@HiK@ 04-2
j R0Œj R0‹j R2Œj R3Œj R!-j R4‹j R6Œj
, ,- , ,. , . ,/ , 6 1 ,0 , ,0 -0 0/ ,1 , ., 4+ 10 ,0 ,6 , 1. .+, .0+ ,/+ -,
a( Dumobp^o bi mlifkljfl t3 * 1t] * 0t + 0 `ljl rk^ `lj_fk^`fŽk ifkb^i ab mlifkl,jflp c^`qlof^ibp-
5- ^( Rf l bp rk k•jbol k^qro^i v ] v ^ plk bkqbolp q^ibp nrb ] ; ^+ abjlpqo^o nrb
l * 0
Dpq^ cŽojri^ bp ^kŠild^ ^ i^ ab i^ fkqbdo^`fŽkgg&t! `t- Cb_b l_pbos^opb+ pfk bj_^odl+ nrbbi iŒjfqb prmboflo ab i^ prj^ bp ^ , 0+ X kl ^-_( Bljmol_^o nrb g&g * 2( < 2g&/' * g&0', Tp^o bkqlk`bp i^ m^oqb^( m^o^ abjlpqo^o nrb
y &j * 0('1( &j * 0('2(Kg'g * 2( < 3 1 * 2g<h
j&j * /'&j * 4(
2
2-/ Gjpnk`q__e‰j]h ]j…heoeojqi†ne_k
b( Rf b&g' bp rk mlifkljfl bk g ab do^al o+ abjlpqo^o nrb
j
b'g(R8S
bp rk mlifkljfl bk j ab do^al o * 0-6- Blk bi j‹qlal prdbofal bk bi bgbo`f`fl 5 bumobp^o `^a^ rk^ ab i^p prj^p pfdrfbkqbp
`ljl rk mlifkljfl bk j-
j
^( '3g1 * 6g * 5(-R8S
j
b( g&g * h'&g * 1(-R8S
j
_( g1'g * 0(-R`S
7- Cbpfdkbjlp `lk ? bi lmbo^alo ifkb^i abcfkfal mlo i^ b`r^`fŽk
?'b( < ]k B-jz * ^i B-j,u * --- * ]j,hB-b * ]jb+
pfbkal ]k+^i+--- +]: `lkpq^kqbp- Dpqb bp bi ii^j^al klan]`kn `ebanaj_e] `a _kabe_eajpao_kjop]jpao- Dp ^kŠildl ^i lmbo^alo abofs^a^ ab `lbcf`fbkqbp `lkpq^kqbp abp`ofql bk i^ pb`,`fŽk 5-6- @ `^a^ rkl ab q^ibp ? mlabjlp ^pl`f^o bi mlifkljfl `^o^`qbofpqf`l N? abcfkf,al mlo
Qb`Œmol`^jbkqb+ ^ qlal mlifkljfl l mlabjlp ^pl`f^o rk lmbo^alo ? abi `r^i bp mlifkl,jfl `^o^`qboŒpqf`l- Rf ? X @ plk alp lmbo^alobp afcbobk`f^ ab `lbcf`fbkqbp `lkpq^kqbp v@ bp rk k•jbol ob^i cfgl+ abcfkfjlp ?* @+?@+X @@ jbaf^kqb i^p jfpj^p cŽojri^pbjmib^a^p bk i^ pb``fŽk&5-6 m^o^ ilp lmbo^alobp abofs^a^- Cbjlpqo^o bkqlk`bp nrb biqblobj^ 5-5 bp sŠifal m^o^ lmbo^alobp afcbobk`f^ ab `lbcf`fbkqbp `lkpq^kqbp-
)-'), B[XKUNVJMNVlWRVX[NUJ]R_XJ UJWX[VJMNUVjaRVX
Blkpfabobjlp rk mol_ibj^ nrb pb mobpbkq bpmlkqŠkb^jbkqb bk i^ qbloŒ abi^ ^molufj^`fŽk mlo mlifkljflp- Dk bi qblobj^ 04-2 pb abargl i^ cŽojri^ abiboolo
'04-16( b't( , N't( < ?'t( z:j)/h&_'&j * 0( &
bk alkab
?&t' < &t + tk'&t + Vh(&! 'V , tj(-
@nrŒN bp bi •kf`l mlifkljfl ab do^al 994j nrb `lfk`fab `lk b bk j * 0 mrkqlp
Nkhejkieko `a Ada^uodar 2-0
afpqfkqlpt‰+ Vh* ‹‹‹ * t: bk Y]+ [, K^ crk`fŽk b pb prmlkb `lk abofs^a^ ab loabkj * 0 bk Y]* ^[* v a bp rk mrkql abp`lkl`fal pfqr^al bk Y]* ^[, O^o^ bpqfj^obi boolo bk '04-16( plk kb`bp^of^p`lq^p m^o^i^ abofs^a^ b;j*0( v m^o^bi molar`ql?&t', Bljl ? bp rk mlifkljfl+ pr s^ilo ^_plirql mlpbb rk jŠufjl bk ^id•kmrkql abi fkqbos^il Y]* ^[, DpqbjŠufjl abmbkaboŠ ab i^ bib``fŽk ab ilp mrkqlptk+ Vh* ‹‹‹ * Vj+ v bp k^qro^i mol`ro^o bibdfo bplp mrkqlp ab j^kbo^ nrb i^ klo,j^ ? pb^ i^ jbklo mlpf_ib-
Olabjlp abpfdk^o bpb jŠufjl mlo HH@HH+alkab HH@HHbp i^ kloj^ abi jŠuf,jl+ a^a^ mlo
HH@HH< j^u G?&t'h,I2223!&2223J
Di mol_ibj^ `lkpfpqb bk bk`lkqo^o rk mlifkljfl ab do^al ^pfdk^al nrb e^d^jŒkfjl HH@HH-Di mofjbol bk obplisbo bpqbmol_ibj^ crb Beb_vpebs: pr plir`fŽk`lkar`b ^ rk^ `i^pb fkqbobp^kqbab mlifkljflp nrb q^j_f‹k pb mobpbkq^kbk lqo^p`rbpqflkbp- Oofjbol a^objlp rk^ _obsb klqf`f^ pl_ob bplp mlifkljflp v irbdlslisbobjlp ^i mol_ibj^ ab jŒkfjl fkaf`^al-
)-')- BXURWXVRX\MN6QNKb\QN_
Rb^ V * eu rk k•jbol `ljmibgl ab s^ilo ^_plirql 0- Dk sfoqra abi abp^ool,iil ab Mbtqlk qbkbjlp
m^o^qlal bkqbol j :999N- G^d^jlp bk bpq^ cŽojri^ V < `lp M* X < pbk M* X `lk,pfabobjlp i^ m^oqbob^i ab `^a^ jfbj_ol- Orbpql nrb
't * eu(j < '`lp '( * fpbk k(j < aej8 < `lp j&' * epbk jph *
fabkqfcf`^kal bp^p alp m^oqbpqbkbjlp
'04-17(
X^ nrb v1 < pbk! M < 0 , `lp! M < 0 , t1+ bi pbdrkal jfbj_ol ab '04-17( bp
rk mlifkljfl bk t ab do^al j+ Dpb mlifkljfl bp bi mlifkljfl ab Beb_vpebs abmofjbo^ bpmb`fbv pb abpfdk^ `lk Rj&t',
2-1 Gjpnk`q__e‰j]h ]j…heoeojqi†ne_k
CDEHMHBHˆM- Ch lkhejkiek `a Ada^uodar Rj&t' oa `abeja l]n] pk`k t na]hlkn ia`ek `a h] a_q]_e‰j
Cb i^ fdr^ia^a '04-17( l_qbkbjlp bi qblobj^ pfdrfbkqb-
SDNQDL@ 04-6- Rf , 0 ,p t y 0 ajpkj_ao pajaiko
R‹‹&t'; `lp &j ^ob `lp t' ,
Baikopn]_e‰j- Rf '( < ^o` `lp t bkqlk`bp t < `lp '( v Rj&t' < `lp j'(-
Klp mlifkljflp ab Beb_vpebs mrbabk `^i`ri^opb oŠmfa^jbkqb qlj^kal i^m^oqbob^i ab 't * eu(j mlkfbkal u1 < 0 , t&+l rqfifw^kal i^ pfdrfbkqb cŽojri^ab ob`roobk`f^-
SDNQDL@ 04-7- Jko lkhejkieko `a Ada^uodar o]peob]_ajh] oecqeajpab‰niqh]`a na_qnnaj_e]
oeaj`k Rk&t' < 0 X R/&t' < V,
Baikopn]_e‰j- Rrmlkd^jlp mofjbol nrb ,0 z t y 0 Xmlkd^jlp t < `lp '(bk i^ fabkqfa^a qofdlklj‹qof`^
`lp &j * 0(/ * `lp &j + /'. < 1 `lp M `lp je'*
Dpql abjrbpqo^ nrb Rep)/&V' * Rj+h&V' < 0tRj&t' m^o^ t bk bi fkqbos^il ,0 zy t y 0- Obol v^ nrb ^j_lp jfbj_olp plk mlifkljflp+ bpq^ obi^`fŽk ab_b pbosŠifa^ m^o^qlal t-
Klp `fk`l mlifkljflp pfdrfbkqbpplk
R1&t' < 0t1, 0+ R2&t' < 2t2
, 1t* R3&t' < 6t3 , 6t1 * 0+
Ro&t' < 05up , 0.t1 * 3t* R4&t' < 10t4+ 26t2 * /6t0 + 0-
K^ cŽojri^ ab ob`roobk`f^ abjrbpqo^ nrb qlalp ilp `lbcf`fbkqbp ab Rj&t'plk bkqbolp: ^abjŠp+ bi `lbcf`fbkqb ab tj bp 1!,0-
Nkhejkieko `a Ada^uodar 2-2
Di qblobj^ nrb pfdrb abjrbpqo^ nrb Rj&t' qfbkb bu^`q^jbkqb j `bolp ab mof,jbo loabk pfqr^alp qlalp bk bi fkqbos^il Z, 0+ 0\-
SDNQDL@ 04-8- Rf j y 0 ahlkhejkiek Rj&t' peaja _ankoaj hkoj lqjpko
&0g * 0(6SVg < `lp +
,V
Jqack Rj&t' ]`iepa h] b]_pknev]_e‰j
g < N+0+1+--- +j , 0-
Baikopn]_e‰j- Tp^jlp i^ cŽojri^ S j'V( < `lp jˆ - Orbpql nrb `lp jM < NpŽil pf jM bp rk j•iqfmil fjm^o ab 6o.1+ qbkbjlp Rj&t' < N m^o^ t bk Z,0+0\•kf`^jbkqb pf j ^ob `lp t < &0g * i(6o.1 m^o^ rk `fboql bkqbol g, Olo q^kql+ ilp`bolp ab Rj bk bi fkqbos^il Z, 0+0\ pb bk`rbkqo^k bkqob ilp k•jbolp
'04-18(0g * 06S
V < `lp,,,,g j 1 &
g < N+€0+ €1+ ----
Klp s^ilobp g < N+ ($ 1+ --- + j , 0 a^k j `bolp afpqfkqlp t-+ VG< ‹‹‹ * Vj+h* pf,qr^alp qlalp bk bi fkqbos^il ^_fboql ',0+ 0(-Orbpql nrb rk mliŒk jf^ ab do^,al j kl mrbab qbkbo jŠp ab j `bolp+ ‹plp ab_bk pbo pk`ko ilp `bolp ab Re: Klpobpq^kqbp Vg ab '04-18( plk obmbqf`flkbp ab bplp j-
SDNQDL@ 04-0/- Cj ah ejpanr]hk Y, 0+0\ hko r]hknao atpnaiko `a Rj'V( okj* 0 u , 0+]h_]jv]`ko ]hpanj]per]iajpa aj hko j * 0 lqjpko
R2Cpg < BNR ,+
jl]n] g 8 N+0+1+ --- +j-'04-2/(
Baikopn]_e‰j- Rbd•k bi qblobj^ ab Qliib+ bi jŠufjl v bi jŒkfjl obi^qf,slp ab R: ab_bk mobpbkq^opbbkqob alp `bolp `lkpb`rqfslp: bufpqbk j , 0 mrkqlp
R! &t' R,&t' R! &t'
t
EHFTQ@ 04-1 En…be_]o`a lkhejkieko `a Ada^uodar aj ah ejpanr]hk Z,0+0\-
2-3 Gjpnk`q__e‰j]h ]j…heoeojqi†ne_k
ab q^i k^qro^ibw^bk bi fkqbos^il ^_fboql ',0+ 0(- Dk i^ cŽojri^ abi `lpbkl m^o^R• sbjlp nrb ilp s^ilobp buqobjlp+ ,*, 0+ plk ^i`^kw^alp bk ilp j , 0 mrkqlpfkqboflobp`lp '^n.j(+ g < 0+1+ --- + j , 0+X q^j_f‹k bk ilp buqobjlp t < 0X t < ,0- Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb+ bk bi fkqbos^il `boo^al Z,0+0\ ilp s^ilobp buqob,jlp * 0 v , 0 plk ^i`^kw^alp ]hpanj]per]iajpa bk ilp j * 0 mrkqlp pk+p----- +pj
a^alp mlo pg < `lp &g5n-j' m^o^g < N+0+1+ --- + j,
K^ cfdro^ 04-1 obmobpbkqi^p doŠcf`^pab R1+ ŒŒŒ+ R| bk bi fkqbos^il Z,0+ 0\-
04-05 Oolmfba^a ab jŒkfjl ab ilp mlifkljflp ab Beb_vpebs
Ulis^jlp ^elo^ ^i mol_ibj^ ab bk`lkqo^o rk mlifkljfl ab do^al mobcfg^alm^o^ bi nrb i^ kloj^ abi jŠufjl pb^ 0/ jŠp mbnrb•^ mlpf_ib- Di mol_ibj^ pbobprbisb `lk bi pfdrfbkqb qblobj^-
SDNQDL@ 04-00- Qa] lj'V( < u! * --- qj lkhejkiek _q]hmqean]`a cn]`kj y 0 _kj lneian _kabe_eajpaecq]h ]h+ X lkjc]iko
HHOki0< j^u GNj&t'z*,099:!+99:0
Rajaiko ajpkj_ao h] `aoecq]h`]`
'04-20( GyNjhhy HHSkii+
aj `kj`a Rj't( < R++'t(.1!,0+ ?`ai…o+ h] ecq]h`]` aj '04-20( ao r…he`] oe
l! < Rj‹
Baikopn]_e‰j- Dk bi fkqbos^il Z,0+0\ bi mlifkljfl n*qlj^ prp s^ilobpbuqobjlp+ 0.1!,0 v ,0.1!,[ ^iqbok^qfs^jbkqb bk ilp j * 0 mrkqlp afpqfkqlp pg
ab i^ b`r^`fŽk '04-2/(- Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb+ 0H Rj 00 < 0.1!,0+Cbjlpqobjlp ^ `lkqfkr^`fŽk nrb i^ abpfdr^ia^a
'04-21( 0GGNjh/ ; 1j+0
klp iibs^ ^ rk^ `lkqo^af``fŽk- Rrmlkd^jlp nrb lj p^qfpc^d '04-21( v `lkpfabob,jlp i^ afcbobk`f^
Dk ilp mrkqlp pg a^alp mlo '04-2/( qbkbjlp
Nnklea`]` `a i‡jeik `a hko lkhejkieko `a Ada^uodar 618
Cb_fal ^ '04-21( bi c^`qlo bkqob`lo`ebqbp bp mlpfqfsl- Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb+ n&pg' qfbkbpfdklp ^iqbok^alp bk ilp j * 0 mrkqlp pk+ p,- --- +pjŒ Orbpql nrb n bp `lkqfkr^ab_b ^kri^opb mlo 0/ jbklp rk^ sbw bkqob alp `^j_flp ab pfdkl `lkpb`rqfslp-Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb+ n qfbkb mlo 0/ jbklp j `bolp afpqfkqlp-Obol `ljl n bp rk ml,ifkljfl ab do^al 9# j + 0+bpql pfdkfcf`^nrb n bp fa‹kqf`^jbkqb kri^- Olo 0/ q^k,ql+ N: < n--^pŒnrb HHO!HH< G-R!GG< 0.160
,[ bk `lkqo^af``fŽk `lk '04-21(- Dpqlabjrbpqo^ nrb ab_b pbo HHm+kiiz 0.1!,0 < 00Rjhh-
@rknrb bi qblobj^ 04-00 e^`b obcbobk`f^^i fkqbos^il Z,0+0\ X ^ rk mlif,kljfl `lk mofjbo `lbcf`fbkqb 0+mrbab q^j_f‹k rqfifw^opbm^o^ abar`fo rk obpri,q^al ^kŠildl m^o^rk fkqbos^il `r^inrfbo^ Y]* ^[ v rk mlifkljfl `r^inrfbo^-
SDNQDL@ 04-01- Qa] mŒŒ&t' < _,*tj * --- qj lkhejkiek `a cn]`k j y 0+X lkjc]iko
Hin++00< j^u Gmj't(h-];t;^
Rajaiko ajpkj_ao h] `aoecq]h`]`
&^ + ](j'04-22( Hinkii z H`ki 105/+0
?`ai…o+ h] ecq]h`]` aj '04-22( ao r…he`]oe
'^ , ](j '1V , ] , ^(mj't( < _-: 1 0 Rj ,,,,, -
160, ^,]
Baikopn]_e‰j- Blkpfabobjlp i^ qo^kpcloj^`fŽk
1t,],^p;++++,
J'I
Dpq^ ^mif`^ bi fkqbos^il ]9# t 9# ^ bk cloj^ rkl ^ rkl pl_ob bi fkqbos^il,0 9# p 9# 0-Orbpql nrb
qbkbjlp
&^ + ](j 60 +- a al f c -,1, p * q‹ojfklp b do^ l jbklo
irbdl
'^ , ](j
mj't( < _-: ,1, Nj'p(+
62/ Gjpnk`q__e‰j]h ]j…heoeojqi†ne_k
bk alkab l***&p' bp rk mlifkljfl bk p ab do^al j `lk mofjbo `lbcf`fbkqb 0- @mif,`^kal bi qblobj^ 04-00 ^ N| l_qbkbjlp bi qblobj^ 04-01-
)-')/ 4YURLJLRmWJ UJOm[V^UJMNUN[[X[ NWUJRW]N[YXUJLRmW
Ulis^jlp ^elo^ ^ i^ cŽojri^ '04-16( abi boolo bk i^ fkqbomli^`fŽk mlo ml,ifkljflp- Rf bibdfjlp ilp mrkqlp ab fkqbomli^`fŽk t*** Vz* ‹‹‹ * t| ab jlal nrb`lfk`fa^k `lk ilp j * 0 `bolp abi mlifkljfl ab Beb_vpebs R!)h mlabjlp bp`of,_fo '04-16( bk i^ cloj^
b&t' + N&t' < Rj)h&t' z:j)h'&_',1j&j * 0(
Klp mrkqlp tk+ Vz* ‹‹‹ * t| bpqŠk qlalp bk bi fkqbos^il ^_fboql ',0+ 0( X sfbkbka^alp mlo
tg < `lp '1g * 0 & --( m^o^ g < N+0+1+--- +j-j * 0 1
Rf t bpqŠbk bi fkqbos^il Z,0+0\ qbkbjlp HR!)h&t' Y888890 X bi boolo sfbkb bpqfj^almlo i^ abpfdr^ia^a
Gb&t' + N&t'/ ; 0 GbAj)/'&_' ,, 1j&j * 0(
Rf i^ fkqbomli^`fŽk pb bcb`q•^ bk bi fkqbos^il Y]* ^[ `lk ilp mrkqlp
^,] *^*]Wg < ,1, tg ,1,
`ljl mrkqlp ab fkqbomli^`fŽk+bi molar`ql
?&t' < &t + Wk'&t + Wh' ,,, &t + Wj'
p^qfpc^`bi^ abpfdr^ia^a ?&t'/ ,p &^ + ]'j)/ .11!*0 m^o^ qlal t bk Y]* ^[, K^ bpqf,
j^`fŽk `loobpmlkafbkqb m^o^b&t' + N&t' bp
Gb&t' + N&t'z ; &^ + ]'j)h GbAj)hh&_'h,, 10j)h&j * 0(
)-')0 8SN[LRLRX\
Dk bpqb `lkgrkql ab bgbo`f`flp Sr obmobpbkq^bi mlifkljfl ab Beb_vpebs ab do^al 00-
0- Cbjlpqo^o nrb R!&+t' < &+h'!R!&t', Dpql abjrbpqo^ nrb R| bp crk`fŽk m^o pf j,ao m^ov crk`fŽk fjm^o pf j bp fjm^o-
Cfan_e_eko 620
1- ^( Cbjlpqo^o nrb bk bi fkqbos^il ^_fboql ',q+0( i^ abofs^a^ R&:sfbkb a^a^ mlo i^cŽojri^
j pbk jMR%&t'+++
k,pbk M % alkab M < ^ob blp t -
_( B^i`ri^o R8&p' v S+&',i(-
e&! HwRj)h&V' + Rj)h&M' Rj\/&t' + Rj\/&.'x2- Cbjlpqo^o nrb Rj'q( `q < 19 j * ; % j \ ; pf j y 1-
l
3- ^( Cbjlpqo^o nrb 0Ri&t'Rj&t' < Ri)j&t' * Ri\j&t',_( Cbjlpqo^o nrb Rij&t' < RiYRj&t'[ < RjYRi&t'[,
4- Rf t < `lp 5+ abjlpqo^o nrb pbk 5 pbk jo bp rk mlifkljol bk t+ v abqbojfk^o pr do^al-5- Di mlifkljfl ab Beb_vpebs R: p^qfpc^`b i^ b`r^`fŽk afcbobk`f^i
bk qlal bi bgb ob^i- Cbjlpqo^oil `lk `^a^ rkl ab ilp j‹qlalp pfdrfbkqbp9^( Cbofs^kal i^ obi^`fŽk R8&t' pbk 5 < j pbk ja l_qbkfa^ bk bi bgbo`f`fl 1 ^(-_( Hkqolar`fo bi `^j_fl ab s^of^_ib t < `lp 5 bk i^ b`r^`fŽk afcbobk`f^i
`1 'blp jM(
`/1
6- Cbqbojfk^o+ bk crk`fŽk ab mlifkljflp ab Beb_vpebs+ rk mlifkljfl O&t' ab do^al yjab ^molufj^`fŽk Žmqfj^ m^o^ V!h bk bi fkqbos^il Z, i + 0\ obi^qfsl ^ i^ kloj^ abijŠufjl-
7- G^ii^o rk mlifkljfl ab do^al z3 ab ^molufj^`fŽk Žmqfj^ m^o^ i^ crk`fŽk z&t' < t4 bkbi fkqbos^il ZN+i \+ obi^qfsl ^ i^ kloj^ abi jŠufjl-
8- Tk mlifkljfl N pb ii^j^ lnei]nek l ikj]nek pf bi `lbcf`fbkqb abi q‹ojfkl ab j^vlodo^al bp 0- O^o^ rk fkqbos^il a^al Y]* ^[ abpfdkbjlp `lk HHOHHbi jŠufjl ab OH bkY]* ^[, Cbjlpqo^o `^a^ rk^ ab i^p pfdrfbkqbp ^cfoj^`flkbp9^( Rf ^ + ] ; 3+ m^o^ qlal D= N bufpqb rk mlifkljfl jlk^ofl N q^i nrb HHOfi; D-
_( Rf m^o^ qlal D = N bufpqb rk mlifkljfl jlk^ofl N q^i nrb HHOH ; D+ bkqlk`bp^ , ] ; 3- Cf`el ab lqol jlal+ ilp mlifkljflp jlk^oflp `lk kloj^ ^o_fqo^of^jbkqbmbnrb•^ bufpqbk pf+v pŽil pf+ bi fkqbos^il Y]* ^[ qfbkb ilkdfqra jbklo nrb 3-
qN- Klp mlifkljflp ab Beb_vpebs p^qfpc^`bk i^p pfdrfbkqbp obi^`flkbp ab loqldlk^ifa^a9
cR,&t'R i&t' c pf j :z5i+
pf j < i < N+`t <
,0 -IH, t1 0R
1pf j < i= N-
Cbjlpqo^oi^p mlo `^a^ rkl ab ilp pfdrfbkqbp j‹qlalp9
621 Gjpnk`q_ae…j]h ]j…heoeojqi†ne_k
^( @ m^oqfoab i^ b`r^`fŽk afcbobk`f^i abi bgbo`f`fl 5 abar`fo nrb
Dp`of_fo i^ cŽojri^ `loobpmlkafbkqb fkqbo`^j_f^kal j v j+ obpq^oi^p alp b`r^`flkbp+b fkqbdo^o bkqob , 0 X 0-_( Tqfifw^o i^p obi^`flkbp ab loqldlk^ifa^a
c//&iM //!- `- y o pf j ,{5 i+ j = N+ i =/+
pf j < i < N+
l z
1pf j < i= M+
b fkqolar`fo bi `^j_fl ab s^of^_ib t < `lp 8-
00- Cbjlpqo^o nrb m^o^ , 0 ; t ; 0 qbkbjlp
01- Rb^k Xi+W1+-ŒŒ+Wj j k•jbolp ob^ibp+v
&0g + i(zVg < BNR 0j m^o^ g;G*0* ,,, +j-
Rb^ O bi mlifkljfl ab do^al 9cj , 0 nrb qlj^ bi s^ilo u- bk t- m^o^ 0 9cg ,p j- Rf tkl bp rkl ab bplp t+ abjlpqo^o nrb
02- Rb^ O rk mlifkljfl ab do^al 9cj , 0 q^i nrb
-IH , t1GN&t'/ y 0
m^o^ +/8b t 9c0- Cbjlpqo^o nrb IfOi0 9cj+ pfbkal H{OHHbi jŠufjl ab HOHbk bi fkqbos^ilZ,0+0I- YGj`e_]_e‰j9Tqfifw^o bi bgbo`f`fl 01- Blkpfabo^o qobp `^plp9 Vh8b t8b 0:,0 9ct 9cVj9 tj8b t 9cWi: bk ilp alp mofjbolp e^`bo rpl abi bgbo`f`fl 04 ^( ab i^ pb`,`fŽk 04-8- Dk bi qbo`bo `^pl l_pbos^o nrb -IH , t1 y pbk &y-0j' = h-j,[
Dk ilp bgbo`f`flp abi 03 ^i 07+ Sj&t' < Ry)h &t'-&j * 0( m^o^ j < /+ 0+1+---
03- ^( Cbjlpqo^o nrb Sj&t' < 0VSj\h&V' + Sj+0&V' m^o^ j y 1-
Gjpacn]_e…j]lnktei]`]- Pach] `a hko pn]la_eko 622
_( Cbqbojfk^o i^ cloj^ bumiŒ`fqab ilp mlifkljflp Sk* So*,‹‹ *S‰&
`( Cbjlpqo^o nrb GSj&t'/ 94j * 0 pf,i94 t 940-04- Cbjlpqo^o nrb Sj p^qfpc^`bi^ b`r^`fŽk afcbobk`f^i
'0 , t1'u! + 2tu& * j'j * 0'u < N-
05- Cbar`fo i^p obi^`flkbp ab loqldlk^ifa^a
qHG + t&Si&txS,&t' `t y wy
pf i y j +
pf i < j -
06- Ool_^onrb
07- Rb^k Wh+W1+--- +Wj j k•jbolp ob^ibpv
g,!tg<_koj*
0m^o^ g<G+1+ --- +j-
Rb^ O bi mlifkljfl ab do^al 94 j , 0 nrb qlj^ bi s^ilo Wg bk t+ m^o^0 94 g 94 j- Rf tkl bp rkl ab ilp Vg abjlpqo^o nrb
0 •! Shh&t'N&t' < ,, ',H(h,0'i , V0'Wg ++ ,
j * 0 g V + Vgg<h
)-')1 <W]NP[JLRmWJY[XaRVJMJ'CNPUJMNUX\][JYNLRX\
Lr`elp mol_ibj^p q^kql ab L^qbjŠqf`^ mro^ `ljl ^mif`^a^ klp `lkar`bk ^krbs^p crk`flkbp `rv^p molmfba^abpkl e^k pfal bpqraf^a^p l `rvlp s^ilobp kle^k pfal q^_ri^alp- Blk cob`rbk`f^ bp kb`bp^ofl l_qbkbo fkcloj^`fŽk `r^kqfq^qfs^pl_ob q^ibpcrk`flkbp+ _fbk bk cloj^ doŠcf`^+_fbk bk cloj^ krj‹of`^- Lr`e^p abbp^p crk`flkbp pb mobpbkq^k ljl fkqbdo^ibpabi qfml
D't( < H8b'p( `p+
bk i^p nrb bi fkqbdo^kal b sfbkb a^al mlo rk^ cŽojri^ ^k^iŒqf` bumiŒ`fql bp `l,kl`fa^ bk m^oqbmlo a^qlp q^_ri^alp- Di obpql abi mobpbkqb^mŒqrilpb abaf`^ ^^idrklp ab ilp jŠp bibjbkq^ibp j‹qlalp m^o^bk`lkqo^o ^molufj^`flkbp krj‹of`^pab q^ibpfkqbdo^ibp-K^ fab^ _Špf`^ bp jrv pbk`fii^- @molufj^jlp bi fkqbdo^kal b
623 Gjpnk`q__e5j ]h ]j…heoeojqi†ne_k
pe pe *00 // * 0// // * jd 8 ^
EHFTQ@ 04-2 Pach] `a hko pn]la_eko k^paje`] ia`e]jpa ejpanlkh]_e‰jheja]h
jbaf^kqb lqo^ crk`fŽk N `rv^ fkqbdo^ibp ab cŠ`fi `Ši`ril+ v qlj^jlp bkqlk`bp i^fkqbdo^iab N `ljl ^molufj^`fŽk ab i^ fkqbdo^iab b,
Rf b bp kl kbd^qfs^ i^ fkqbdo^iQyb&t'`t obmobpbkq bi Šob^ abi `lkgrkql abloabk^a^p ab b pl_ob Y]* ^[, Dpq^fkqbomobq^`fŽkdblj‹qof`^ ab i^ fkqbdo^iprdfbobfkjbaf^q^jbkqb `fboqlp mol`bafjfbkqlp ab fkqbdo^`fŽk^molufj^a^- K^ cfdro^ 04-2jrbpqo^ rk bgbjmil ab rk^ crk`fŽk b `lk s^ilobp `lkl`falp bk j * 0 mrkqlp fdr^i,jbkqb pbm^o^alp]+] * d+] * 1d+ +] * jd < ^+alkab d < '^ , ](.j- Rb^te < ] * gd+ O^o^ `^a^ g < N+($ 1+ + j , 0 i^ doŠcf`^ ab b `loobpmlkafbkqb^i fkqbos^il YVg+ Vg*h[ e^ pfal ^molufj^a^ jbaf^kqb rk^ crk`fŽk ifkb^i nrb `lfk,`fa^ `lk b bk ilp buqobjlp Vg v Vg*h& Blk N abpfdkbjlp i^ `loobpmlkafbkqb crk`fŽkmlifdlk^i ab fkqbomli^`fŽk abcfkfa^ pl_ob qlal bi fkqbos^il Y]* ^[, Sbkbjlp bk,qlk`bp
Hkqbdo^kal bk bi fkqbos^il YVg+ Vg*h[ bk`lkqo^jlp nrb
Br^kal b bp mlpfqfs^ ‹pq^ bp bi Šob^ ab rk qo^mb`fl abqbojfk^al mlo i^ doŠcf`^abN pl_ob YVg+ Vg*h[- K^ cŽojri^ bp sŠifa^+ k^qro^ijbkqb+ fk`irpl pf b kl bp pfbj,
Gjpacn]_e‰j]lnktei]`]- Pach] `a hko pn]la_eko 624
mobmlpfqfs^- Rrj^kal i^p fkqbdo^ibp`loobpmlkafbkqbp ^ qlalp ilp pr_fkqbos^ilpYVg+ Vg*h[ l_qbkbjlp
'04-24(
O^o^ rqfifw^obpq^ prj^ `ljl rk^ ^molufj^`fŽk ab i^ fkqbdo^iQyG't(`t kb`bpfq^,jlp rk^ bpqfj^`fŽk abi boolo QyG't(`t , QyN't(`t- Rf Gmlpbb abofs^a^ pbdrka^`lkqfkr^ bk Y]* ^[ bpqbboolo sfbkb a^al mlo bi pfdrfbkqb qblobj^-
SDNQDL@ 04-02- QDFK@ CD KNR SQ@ODBHNR- Qe oqlkjaiko mqa b peaja `a,ner]`] oacqj`] q! _kjpejq] aj Y]+ [ X oe j ao qj jŠiank j]pqn]h+lkjc]ikod<'^,](fj+ ajpkj_ao pajaiko
&/3,14' n^
b't( `t < ^ , ] 'b']( * 1z ba] * gd' * b'^•( \ '^ , ](2 b!'_(H] ,V c +,V0
R8S
l]n] qj _eanpka aj Y]+ [-
M^oanr]_e‰j- K^ cŽojri^ '04-25( bp i^ nach] `a hko pn]la_eko- Di q‹ojfkl+ b!&_'&^ + ]'1-/0j1 obmobpbkq^bi boolo ^i ^molufj^o Qy b&t' `t mlo i^ Qy N&t' `t*Dk `r^kql pb `lkl`b bi s^ilo jŠufjl ab c! bk Y]* ^[ mlabjlp ^molufj^o i^ fkqbdo^iab b `lk bi do^al ab mob`fpfŽk nrb pb abpbb pfk jŠp nrb qlj^o j prcf`fbkqbjbkqbdo^kab- N_pbosbjlp nrb kl pb obnrfbob bi `lkl`fjfbkql ab i^ crk`fŽk N m^o^ rp^o bp^cŽojri^- S^k pŽil kb`bpfq^jlp `lkl`bo ilp s^ilobp ab b bk ilp mrkqlp ]+] * d* ,,, *] * jd+ v qbkbo rk^ bpqfj^`fŽk ab /b!&_'h•
Baikopn]_e‰j- Rb^ N i^ crk`fŽk ab fkqbomli^`fŽk a^a^ mlo '04-23(+ alkabVg < ] * gd, Dk `^a^ pr_ fkqbos^il YVg+ Vg*h[ ^mif`^jlp i^ bpqfj^ abi boolo m^o^i^ fkqbomli^`fŽk ifkb^i a^a^ mlo bi qblobj^ 04-2 v bk`lkqo^jlp
'04-26( b't( , N't( < 't , tg('t , Vg*0(b!'Ag(-
m^o^rk `fboql Ag bk 'Vg+ Vg*h(- Rb^k L1 v i‚ bi jŠufjl v bi jŒkfjl+ obpmb`qfs^,jbkqb+ ab /! bk Y]* ^[* v pb^
@'t( < 't , Vg('Vg*h , t(w1-
Dkqlk`bp @&t' 19 N bk bi fkqbos^il YVg+ Vg*h[+ v ab '04-26( l_qbkbjlp i^p abpfdr^i,a^abp
2.1 0jpnk`q__ekj ]h ]j…heoeojqi†ne_k
bk bpqbfkqbos^il- Hkqbdo^kal+qbkbjlp
'04-27(
K^ fkqbdo^iab @ sfbkb a^a^ mlo
b-Vg*d 0 b-!&g*d 0H d2@'t( `t < , 't , Vg('Vg*h , t( `t < , p'd , p( `p < , -
!&g 1 !&g 1 l 01
Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb+ i^p abpfdr^ia^abp '04-27( klp a^k
01 b-!&g*di1 y 2 YN't( , b't([ `t pK1Œ
d !&gRrj^kal bp^p abpfdr^ia^abp m^o^ g < N+ 0+ 1+ --- + j , 0 X afsfafbkal mlo j+l_qbkbjlp
i1 y 012
'^ YN't( , b't([ `t y L 1&
jd H]Orbpql nrb i^ crk`fŽk c! bp `lkqfkr^ bk Y]* ^[* ^i`^kw^ `r^inrfbo s^ilo `ljmobk,afal bkqobpr jŒkfjl ie v pr jŠufjl L1 bk ^id•k mrkql ab Y]+^[, Dk m^oqf`r,i^o+ qbkbjlp
b!'_( < 012c!YN't( , b't([ `t
jd I+m^o^ ^id•k a bk Y]* ^[, Cf`el ab lqol jlal+
h^ h^ jyb't( `t < N't( `t , ,b!'_(-
] ] 01
Blk '04-24( X i^ obi^`fŽk d < &^ + ]'-j l_qbkbjlp '04-25(-
O^o^ abar`fo i^ obdi^ ab ilp qo^mb`flprqfifw^jlp rk mlifkljfl ifkb^i m^o^fkqbomli^obkqob`^a^ m^oab s^ilobp `lkpb`rqfslp ab Z-Rb mrbabk l_qbkbo cŽojr,i^p jŠp mob`fp^pfkqbomli^kal `lk mlifkljflp ab do^al prmboflo- Dk i^ moŽufj^pb``fŽk `lkpfabo^jlp rk `^pl m^oqf`ri^o fjmloq^kqb klq^_ib mlo pr pfjmif`fa^av mob`fpfŽk-
04-1/ Qbdi^ ab Rfjmplk
K^ `ros^ ab qo^wl`lkqfkrl ab i^ cfdro^ 04-3 bp i^ doŠcf`^ ab rk^ crk`fŽk p`loobpmlkafbkqb ^i fkqbos^il Y]* ^[, Di mrkql jbafl abi fkqbos^il+ &] * ^'-0* pb
Pach] `a Qeilokj 626
obmobpbkq^9`lk i- K^ `ros^ ab mrkqlp bp i^ doŠcf`^ab rk mlifkljfl `r^aoŠqf`l Nnrb `lfk`fab `lk b bk ilp qobpmrkqlp ]* i v ^, Rf rqfifw^jlp i^ fkqbdo^ibyN&t'`t`ljl rk^ ^molufj^`fŽk ab byb&t'`t s^jlp ^ m^o^o^ rk^ cŽojri^ ab fkqbdo^`fŽk^molufj^a^ `lkl`fa^ `lk bi klj_ob ab nach] `a Qeilokj,
Dk ird^o ab abqbojfk^o N bumiŒ`fq^jbkqb+fkqolar`fjlp rk^ qo^kpcloj^`fŽkifkb^i nrb iibs^ bi fkqbos^il Y]* ^[ pl_ob bi fkqbos^il ZN+1\- Rf bp`of_fjlp
_'Ip;++*
i , ]l t < ] * &i + ]'p*
sbjlp nrb p qlj^ ilp s^ilobp N+($ 1 `r^kal t qlj^ ilp ]+i+ ^, Rb^ ^elo^
mH&p'< NY] * &i + ]'p[,
Dkqlk`bp nl'p( bp rk mlifkljfl `r^aoŠqf`l bk p nrb qlj^ ilp s^ilobp Na]'* N&i'*N&^' bk ilp mrkqlp p < N+($ 1+ obpmb`qfs^jbkqb-S^j_f‹k+ qbkbjlp
/1 o 0 h^mH&p'`p < NY] * &i + ]'p[ `p < ,, N&t' `t 9l l i,] ]
] i ^
EHFTQ@ 04-3 Gjpanlkh]_e5j ia`e]jpa qj lkhejkiek _q]`n…pe_kO-
irbdl
'04-28( h^ b1 ^ ] b1N&t' `t < &i + ]' mH&p'`p < ,,<, mH&p'`p,
] N 1 N
627 Gjpnk`q__e‰j]h ]j…heoeojqi†ne_k
Tqfif`bjlp ^elo^ i^ cŽojri^ ab fkqbomli^`fŽk ab Mbtqlk m^o^ `lkpqorfo zl,Sbkbjlp
{i1 'N(om' ( < m&'M(* 0Kiom'N(* 0'0 , 0( ,om , +
-
alkab -9ii!'q( < %N&p* 0( , G!&p', Hkqbdo^kal bkqob N v 1 l_qbkbjlp
J1 nl'p( `p < 1om'/( * 1 Kiom'N(* yKi1om'N(-
Orbpql nrb -9i0!'/( < 0!'0( , &N'M( v -9i10!'/( < 0!'1( , 1&N'0( * 0!'/(+ i^ fkqbdo^i bpfdr^i ^
.&1nl'p( `p < yZom'N(* 3om'0( * om'1(\ < eYN']( * 3N'i( * N'^([-+ l
Sbkfbkal bk `rbkq^ '04-28( v nrb N `lfk`fab `lk b bk ]+i+ ^* l_qbkbjlp
'04-3/( b^ ^ , ]N't( `t < ,, Yba]( * 3b'i( * b'^([-
] 5
Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb+ mlabjlp bp`of_fo
'^ b't( `t < ^ , ] Yba]( * 3b'i( * b'^([ * P+H] 0
pfbkal P < byb't( `t , by N't( `t-Rf b bp mlifkljfl `r^aoŠqf`l+ N bp fa‹kqf`l ^ b v bi boolo P bp `bol- S^j_f‹k
pb l_pbos^ nrb P < N `r^kal b bp rk mlifkljfl _Š^e_k- O^o^ abjlpqo^oil rqfifw^,jlp i^ bpqfj^`fŽk ab boolo m^o^ i^ fkqbomli^`fŽk ab K^do^kdb a^a^ mlo bi qblobj^04-2+ v bp`of_fjlp
b!&'_('04-30( b't( , N't( < 'u , ]('t , i('t , ^( ,+
2
alkab a D &]* ^', Br^kal b bp rk mlifkljfl `•_f`l i^ abofs^a^ qbo`bo^ bp `lkp,q^kqb+b!%&t' < b+ v i^ cŽojri^ ^kqboflo pb qo^kpcloj^ bk
b't( , N't( < c-'u , ]('t , i('t , ^( < b-'p * d(p'p , d(+5 5
alkab p < t + i v d < &^ + ]'-0, Olo q^kql
b^ b bdP < Yb't( , N't([ `t < , 'p2 , d1p( `p < N+
] 1 `
Pach] `a Qeilokj 628
v^ nrb i^ •iqfj^ fkqbdo^ibp rk^ crk`fŽk fjm^o- Dpq^molmfba^a nrba^ fkqbomobq^a^bk i^ cfdro^ 04-4- K^ `ros^ mrkqb^a^ bp i^ doŠcf`^ ab rk mlifkljfl `•_f`l Gnrb`lfk`fab bk O bk ]* i* ^- Dk bpqb`^pl P < byYz&t' + N&t'[`t < ?h , ?1+ alk,ab ?h v @1 plk i^p Šob^pab i^p alp obdflkbp plj_ob^a^p- Bljl nrb P < N i^p alp
obdflkbp qfbkbk Šob^pfdr^ibp-@`^_^jlp ab sbo nrb i^ b`r^`fŽk '04-3/( bp sŠifa^ pf O bp rk mlifkljfl ab
do^al 99:2 nrb `lfk`fab `lk Gbk ]+ i v ^- Difdfbkal `rfa^alp^jbkqb bpqbmlif,kljfl mlabjlp jbglo^o `lkpfabo^_ibjbkqb i^ bpqfj^`fŽk abi boolo '04-30(- X^ eb,jlp fjmrbpql qobp lkaf`flkbp ^ O+ p^_bo+Na]' < G&]'*N&i' < G&i'* N&^' < G&^',Hjmlkbjlp ^elo^ rk^ `r^oq^ `lkaf`fŽk+ N%&i' < b%&i', Dpql e^`b nrb O v / qbk,d^k i^ jfpj^ mbkafbkqbbk &i* G&i''* v mlabjlp bpmbo^onrb bpql jbglo^oŠ i^^molufj^`fŽk ab / mlo O bk bi fkqbos^il Y]* ^[,
EHFTQ@ 04-4 J]o `ko nacekjao oki^na]`]o peajaj h] ieoi] …na]l]n] _q]hmqeanlkhejkiek_Š^e_k `a ejpanlkh]_e‰j-
O^o^ abjlpqo^o nrb rk q^i O mrbab bibdfopbpfbjmob+pb^ P bi mlifkljfl `r^,aoŠqf`l nrb `lfk`fab `lk / bk ]+i+ ^+v pb^
N&t' < O&t' * ?&t + ]'&t + i'&t + ^'*
alkab ? bp rk^ `lkpq^kqb nrb e^v nrb abqbojfk^o- Br^inrfbo^ nrb pb^ ?* bpqbml,ifkljfl `•_f`l N `lfk`fab `lk P v mlo q^kql `lk b bk ]+i+ ^- Difg^jlp ^elo^ ?
2/+ Gjpnk`q__eˆj ]h ]j„heoeo jqi…ne_k
ab jlal nrb N%&i' < b&i', Cbofs^kal i^ cŽojri^ ^kqboflo v mlkfbkal t < il_qbkbjlp
N%&i' < O%&i' * ?&i + ]'&i + ^',
Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb+ pf qlj^jlp ? < Yb%&i'+ M%&i'[-Y&i + ]'&i + ^'[ pb p^qfp,c^`b q^j_f‹k i^ `lkaf`fŽk N%&i' < b%&i',
@ `lkqfkr^`fŽk abjlpqo^jlp nrb m^o^ bpqb N bibdfal qbkbjlp
'04-31(bh3h'v(
b't( , N't( < 't , ]('t , i(1't , ^'++/
m^o^ ^id•k w bk &]* ^'* `lk q^i ab nrb bufpq^ i^ `r^oq^ abofs^a^ 0'3( bk Y]* ^[, O^o^abjlpqo^o '04-31( o^wlk^jlp `ljl bk i^ abjlpqo^`fŽk abi qblobj^ 04-2- N_pbo,s^jlp mofjbol nrb '04-31( pb p^qfpc^`b m^o^ `r^inrfbo w pf t < ]+i l ^, Olo `lk,pfdrfbkqb+ prmrbpql nrb t <0< ]+ t <0< i+ t <0< ^+ j^kqbkd^jlp t cfgl+b fkqolar`fjlprk^ krbs^ crk`fŽk E abcfkfa^ bk Y]* ^[ mlo i^ b`r^`fŽk
alkabD'p( < ?'t(Yb'p( , N'p([ , ?'p(Yb't( , N't([+
?'p( < 'p , ]('p , i(1'p , ^',
N_pbosbjlp nrb D&p' < N m^o^ p < ]+i+ ^* v t- Rbd•k bi qblobj^ ab Qliib+ D-&p'
pb ^kri^ bk `^a^ rkl ab ilp qobp fkqbos^ilp ^_fboqlp abqbojfk^alp mlo bplp `r^qolmrkqlp- @abjŠp+ N&i' < N ab_fal ^ nrb ?%&i' < N X b%&i' < N%&i', Olo `lkpf,drfbkqb D%&p'; N mlo il jbklp bk `r^qol mrkqlp afpqfkqlp ab &]*^', Olo bi qblobj^ab Qliib D!&p' < N mlo il jbklp bk qobp mrkqlp+ D!%&p' < N mlo il jbklp bk alpmrkqlp+ v D&2'&p' < N mlo il jbklp bk rk mrkql+ pb^ ‹pqb p < w- Cb i^ abcfkf`fŽkab E obpriq^
D'3('p( < ?'t(YbU'p( , N'3h'p([ , ?'3('p(Yb't( , N't([
; ?'V(z;3h'p( , 3 Yb't( , N't([-
Br^kal prpqfqrfjlp p < w bk bpq^ b`r^`fŽk l_qbkbjlp '04-31(-
Dp `lp^ pbk`fii^ ^elo^ abjlpqo^o i^ obdi^ ab Rfjmplk bk i^ cloj^ pfdrfbkqb-
SDNQDL@ 04-03- QDFK@ CD RHLORNM- Qe / peaja `aner]`] _q]np] _kjpejq]aj Y]*^[ u oe i;&] * ^'-0* ajpkj_ao
'04-32 ( Y^ b't( `t < ^ , ] Yba]( * 3b'i( * b'^([ \ '^ , ](4 bh3h'_(H] 5 177/
l]n] qj _eanpka `a Y]* ^H,
Pach] `a Qpilokj 630
Baikopn]_eˆj, Qbmobpbkqbjlp `lk L3 v i-+ obpmb`qfs^jbkqb+ilp s^ilobp ok‹,ufjl v jŒkfjl ab b'3( bk Y]* ^[* v pb^ @&t' < +&t + ]' &t + i'0&t + ^'-2 ,X^ nrb @&t' y N m^o^ `^a^ t bk Y]* ^[* i^ b`r^`fŽk '04-31( klp iibs^ ^ i^p abp,fdr^ia^abp
i+ @&t' 88989N&t' + z&t' 88989K3 @&t',
Hkqbdo^kal+bk`lkqo^jlp
'04-33( j3 H8@&t' `t 88989H8YN&t' + z&t'[ `t 88989L3 H8@&t' `t,
O^o^`^i`ri^o i^ fkqbdo^iby@&t'`t qlj^jlp d < &^ + ]'-0 v qbkbjlp
h^ 0 h^ 0 c!@&t' `t < , , &t + ]'&t + i'0&t + ^' `t < , , &p* d'p0&p+ d' `p] 3 ] 3 ,00
< ] z 'hhp0&p0\ d0' `p < - , 2d4 < &^ + ](43 Il 3 04 177/
Olo q^kql+i^p abpfdr^ia^abp ab '04-33( klp a^k
177/ h^j3 99:9: 4 YN&V'+ z&t'[ `t 88989K3Œ
&^ + ]' ]
Obol v^ nrb .'3( bp `lkqfkr^ bk Y]* ^[* ^i`^kw^ rk s^ilo `r^inrfbo^ `ljmobkafalbkqobpr jŒkfjl i+ X pr jŠufjl L3 bk ^id•k mrkql ab Y]* ^[, Krbdl
z&2'&_'< 177/ 4 h^YN&t' + z&t'[ `t&^ + ]' ]
m^o^^id•k a bk Y]* ^[, Orbpql nrb byN&t'`t < $&^ + ]'Y-&]' * 2b&i' * b&^'[*bpq^b`r^`fŽk klp a^ '04-32(-
K^ obdi^ ab Rfjmplk bp ab bpmb`f^ifkqbo‹pmlonrb pr mob`fpfŽkbp j^vlo abil nrb mlaoŒ bpmbo^opb m^oqfoabi `lkl`fjfbkql ab i^ crk`fŽk b q^k pŽil bk qobpmrkqlp- Rf ilp s^ilobp ab b pb `lkl`bk bk rk k•jbol fjm^o ab mrkqlp fdr^ijbkqbpbm^o^alp+]* ] * d* ,,, * ] * 0jd* loafk^of^jbkqb bp jŠp pbk`fiil ^mif`^oi^ obdi^ab Rfjmplk pr`bpfs^jbkqb ^ `^a^ rkl ab ilp fkqbos^ilp Y]* ] * 0d[* Y] * 0d*] * 2d[* ,,, * nrb ^`qr^o `lk rk mlifkljfl ab do^al z 1j pl_ob bi fkqbos^il`ljmibql Yk* ] * 0jd[, @mif`^kal i^ obdi^ ab Rfjmplk ab bpq^cloj^+ l_qbkbjlpi^ pfdrfbkqb buqbkpfŽkabi qblobj^ 04-03-
SDNQDL@ 04-04- QDFK@ CD RHLORNM FDMDQ@KHY@C@-Qqlkjc]iko mqa b
2/- Gjpnk`q__e‰j]h ]j…heoeojqi†ne_k
pajc] `aner]`] _q]np] _kjpejq] aj Y]+ [- Qa]j d < '^,](.'1j( v -g < b']*gd(l]n] g < 0+1+--- +1j , 0-Rajaiko ajpkj_ao
h^ ^ , ] & j k,i ( 4] b't( `t < ,{:::, ba]( * 31=1h,0 * 1-1=1g * b'd( \ 'd , ]y bU'_(
h<i h<i 177/j
l]n] qj _eanpka aj Y]+ [-
Dk bi bgbo`f`fl 8 ab i^ moŽufj^ pb``fŽk pb molmlkb i^ abjlpqo^`fŽk ab bpqbqblobj^-
04-10 Dgbo`f`flp
0- ^( @mif`^o i^ obdi^ ab ilp qo^mb`flp `lk j < 0/ m^o^ `^i`ri^o rk s^ilo ^molufj^al abi^ fkqbdo^i
b1`Vild1 < ,-
0 E
N_qbkbo `lq^p prmboflo b fkcboflo abi boolo- ZU‹^pb bgbo`f`fl 0/ _( m^o^ `ljm^o^o i^mob`fpfŽk `lk i^ nrb pb l_qfbkb `lk i^ obdi^ ab Rfjmplk-\_( „BrŠi bp bi jbklo s^ilo ab j nrb mrbab d^o^kqfw^o pbfp `fco^p bu^`q^p bk bi `Ši`rilab ild 1 mlo bpqb j‹qlal>
1- ^( Cbjlpqo^o nrb bufpqb rk k•jbol mlpfqfsl` bk bi fkqbos^il Z/+0\ q^i nrb i^ cŽojri^
bH't( `t <b'_( * Z' ,_(
bp bu^`q^ m^o^ qlalp ilp mlifkljflp ab do^al 9942-_( Fbkbo^ifw^o bi obpriq^al ab i^ m^oqb ^( m^o^ rk fkqbos^il `r^inrfbo^- Dpql bp+abjlp,qo^o nrb bufpqbk alp `lkpq^kqbp bi v A1 bk Y]* ^[ q^i nrb i^ cŽojri^
h^ ^ , ]] Y't( `t < ,1, ZZ'Bi( * Y'_1([
bp bu^`q^ m^o^ qlalp ilp mlifkljflp ab do^al 9942-Dumobp^o`f v A1 bk crk`fŽk ab ] v ^-2- ^( Cbjlpqo^o nrb bufpqb rk^ `lkpq^kqb mlpfqfs^ a q^i nrb i^ cŽojri^
bh.1
\h.H't( `t < GZ',_( * Z'N( * Y'_([
bp bu^`q^ m^o^ qlalp ilp mlifkljflp ab do^al 9942-_( Fbkbo^ifw^o bi obpriq^al ab i^ m^oqb ^( ^ rk fkqbos^il `r^inrfbo^- Dpql bp+abjlpqo^onrb bufpqbk alp `lkpq^kqbp `f X A1 bk Y]* ^[ q^ibp nrb i^ cŽojri^
h^ ^ , ] Y '] * ^( [] Y't( `t < ,2, {'BH( * Z,1, * Y'_0'
Cfan_e_eko 632
bp bu^`q^ m^o^ qlalp ilp mlifkljflp ab do^al 99942-Dumobp^oBi X B9 bk crk`fŽk ab ] v ^93- Cbjlpqo^o nrb bufpqbk alp `lkpq^kqbp mlpfqfs^p ] v ^ q^ibp nrb i^ cŽojri^
bW( a,Vb't( `t < F]b'^( * ^b']([)+
bp bu^`q^ m^o^ qlalp ilp mlifkljflp ab do^al 99942-4- Cbjlpqo^o nrb bufpqb rk^ `lkpq^kqb mlpfqfs^ B q^i nrb i^ cŽojri^
H // a,tf't( `t < H,,: Yba+_' * 3b'/( * b'_([]// 5
bp bu^`q^ m^o^ qlalp ilp mlifkljflp ab do^al 99944-5- Rb^ N, bi mlifkljfl ab fkqbomli^`fŽk ab do^al 8883jnrb `lfk`fab `lk Gbk j * 0 mrkqlp
afpqfkqlp tk+Vh* ‹‹‹ * V‹‹
^( Cbjlpqo^o nrb bufpqbk i^p `lkpq^kqbp ?k&j'* ?p&j'* ,,, *?,&j'* nrb abmbkabk q^kpŽil ab ilp k•jbolp ul+ Wi-’’’ +t-+]+v ^+ X kl ab 0+q^ibp nrb
Klp k•jbolp ?*&j' pb ii^j^k laoko, '@idrk^p sb`bp k•jbolp ab Beofpqlccbi-(_( O^o^ rk `lkgrkql a^al ab mrkqlp ab fkqbomli^`fŽk afpqfkqlp v rk fkqbos^il a^alY]* ^[* pb^k Uk&j'* Uh&j' ‹,,, *U,&j'* j * 0 `lkpq^kqbp q^ibp nrb i^ cŽojri^
bp bu^`q^ m^o^ qlalp ilp mlifkljflp ab do^al 9994j- Cbjlpqo^o nrb
m^o^ n < N+ 0+ --- +j -
Dpqb bp rk pfpqbj^ ab j * 0 b`r^`flkbp ifkb^ibp nrb mrbab rp^opb m^o^ abqbojfk^o ilpmbplp- Orbab abjlpqo^opb nrb bpqb pfpqbj^ qfbkb pfbjmob plir`fŽk •kf`^- S^j_f‹k mrbababjlpqo^opb nrb m^o^ rk^ bib``fŽk ^ab`r^a^ ab mrkqlp ab fkqbomli^`fŽk bp mlpf_ib e^`boqlalp ilp mbplp fdr^ibp- Br^kal ilp mbplp plk qlalp fdr^ibp i^ cŽojri^ ab fkqbdo^`fŽkpb ii^j^ cŽojri^ ab fkqbdo^`fŽk ab Beb_vpebs- Klp bgbo`f`flp 1 v 2 plk bgbjmilp ab bp^cŽojri^- Di bgbo`f`fl pfdrfbkqb abjrbpqo^ nrb m^o^ rk^ bib``fŽk ^ab`r^a^ ab mrkqlp abfkqbomli^`fŽk i^ cŽojri^ ab fkqbdo^`fŽk nrb obpriq^ bp bu^`q^ m^o^ qlalp ilp mlifkljflpab do^al 99940j * 0-
6- Dk bpqb bgbo`f`fl pb mrbabk rp^o i^p molmfba^abp ab ilp mlifkljflp ab Kbdbkaob bpq^,_ib`fa^p bk i^p pb``flkbp 5-08 v 5-1/- Rb^k VO*Vh* ‹‹‹ * t- ilp `bolp abi mlifkljfl ab Kb,dbkaob Nj)h&V', Dplp `bolp plk afpqfkqlp v bpqŠk bk bi fkqbos^il Z,0+0\-Rb^ G&t' rk mlifkl,jfl bk V `r^inrfbo^ ab do^al 88830j * 0- Cfsfa^jlp G&t' mlo N,ph&V' v bp`of_^jlp
b't( < Nj*h't(O't( * P't( +
pfbkal ilp mlifkljflp P v P ab do^al 9994j-
2// Gjpnk`q__e‰j]h ]j…heoeojqi†ne_k
^( Cbjlpqo^o nrb bi mlifkljfl P `lfk`fab `lk b bk ilp `bolp ab Ok*i v nrb
qib't( `t < qiP't( `t +
_( Cbjlpqo^o nrb bufpqbk j * 0 mbplp Uk&j'* ,,‹ * U,&j' 'fkabmbkafbkqbp ab b( q^ibp nrb
Dpql a^ rk^ cŽojri^ ab fkqbdo^`fŽk `lk j * 0 mrkqlp ab fkqbomli^`fŽk nrb bp bu^`q^ m^o^qlalp ilp mlifkljflp ab do^al y1j * 0-`( G^`bo j < 1 X abjlpqo^o nrb i^ cŽojri^ ab i^ m^oqb_( pb `lksfboqb bk
Dpq^cŽojri^ bp bu^`q^ m^o^ qlalp ilp mlifkljflp ab do^al z4-a( Hkqolar`fo rk^ qo^kpcloj^`fŽk ifkb^i `lksbkfbkqb v bp`of_fo krbs^jbkqb i^ cŽojri^ab i^ m^oqbb( m^o^ rk fkqbos^il `r^inrfbo^ Y]* ^[,
7- Dk bpqb bgbo`f`fl pb bumlkb rk j‹qlal ab_fal ^ Ob^kl m^o^ abar`fo i^ cŽojri^ nrb a^bi boolo bk i^ obdi^ ab Rfjmplk-^( Blk i^ fkqbdo^`fŽk mlo m^oqbpobfqbo^a^ abar`fo i^ obi^`fŽk
I q'p(r!&'p( `p < q'p(r! 'p( , q&'p(r&'p( * q!'p(r'p( , I c'p( `p+
alkab c&p' < q!%&p'r&p',_( Rrmlkbo nrb mz mlpbb abofs^a^ `r^oq^ `lkqfkr^ bk bi fkqbos^il Z,0+0\- Slj^o
r'p( < p'h , p(1H5+ q'p( < pl'p( * pl' ,p(+
v rp^kal i^ m^oqb^( abjlpqo^o nrb
qipl'p( `p < Gqm',0( * 3pl'M( * qm'i(\ , G8c'p( `p-
Cbjlpqo^o irbdl nrb c@ c&p' `p < mz&2'&_'-7. m^o^ rk `fboql A bk Z,0+ 0\-b( Blk rk^ qo^kpcloj^`fŽk ifkb^i `lksbkfbkqb abar`fo bi qblobj^ 04-03 ^ m^oqfoabiobpriq^al ab i^ m^oqb_(-
8- ^( Rb^k ]h+]1+---Œ ]j j k•jbolp kl kbd^qfslp `rv^ prj^ bp 0- Rrmlkd^jlp nrb mz
bp `lkqfkr^ bk rk fkqbos^il Y]* ^ I- Rf Bi+A1+-ŒŒ,_9 plk j mrkqlp `r^ibpnrfbo^ bk Y]* ^ I'kl kb`bp^of^jbkqb afpqfkqlp(+abjlpqo^o nrb bufpqb mlo il jbklp rk mrkql A bk Y]* _Iq^i nrb
j
Ogpl'Ag( < pl'_(-R8S
YGj`e_]_e‰j9 Cbpfdk^o `lk L v i bi jŠufjl v bi jŒkfjl obpmb`qfs^jbkqb ab mzbk Y]* ^ I v bjmib^o i^ abpfdr^ia^a i ,p mz'Ag( ,p L-i
Dˆniqh] `a oqi]_eˆj `a Cqhan 634
_( Tp^o i^ m^oqb ^( v bi qblobj^ 04-03 m^o^ abar`fo i^ obdi^ ab Rfjmplk dbkbo^ifw^a^nrb pb afl bk bi qblobj^ 04-04-
0/- B^i`ri^o ild 1 ^ m^oqfo ab i^ cŽojri^ ild 1 ;by u,0 `t rqfifw^kal i^ obdi^ ab Rfjmplkdbkbo^ifw^a^ `lk ^( j < 1: _( j < 4- C^o bk `^a^ `^pl `lq^p prmboflo b fkcboflo abi boolo-
00- ^( Rb^ :l&p' rk mlifkljfl bk p ab do^al 9942- Dumobp^o :l&p' jbaf^kqb i^ cŽojri^ abfkqbomli^`fŽk ab Mbtqlk b fkqbdo^o m^o^ abar`fo i^ cŽojri^
G8nl'p(`p < eYnl'M( * 2om'i( * 2nl'1( * nl'2([-
e( Rb^ N bi mlifkljfl ab fkqbomli^`fŽk ab do^al 9942nrb `lfk`fab `lk pbk ilp mrkqlp]+] * d+] * 1d+] * 2d+pfbkal d 9• N+Blk i^ m^oqb ^( abjlpqo^o nrb
p%8! 2dH] N't( `t < 7! Yb']( * 2b'] * d( * 2b'] * 1d( * b'] * 2d([-
b( Rrmlkbo nrb p mlpbb abofs^a^ `lkqfkr^ bk Y]* ^[* v pb^ d < &^ + ]'-1, Cbjlpqo^onrb
'^ ^,] '^,](4H] b't( `t < ,7, Yb']( * 2b'] * d( * 2b'] * 1d( * b'^([ , 537/ b'3h'_(
m^o^ ^id•k a ab Y]*^[, Dpq^ cŽojri^ ab fkqbdo^`fŽk ^molufj^a^ pb ii^j^ nach] `a Akpao,a( Blk i^ obdi^ ab Blqbp `^i`ri^o 0/d 1 < k u,0 `t v a^o `lq^p prmboflo b fkcbofloabi boolo-
01- ^( Tqfifw^o i^ b`r^`fŽk sb`qlof^i o 'q( < ] pbk pe* ^ `lp pgpfbkal N ; ^ ; ]+ v abjlp,qo^o nrb i^ ilkdfqra J ab rk^ bifmpb sfbkb a^a^ mlo i^ fkqbdo^i
en-.1 .J < 3] v 0 , g1 pbk1 p `p+
l
alkab g < -H]1 , ^1.]-_( Ool_^o nrb i^ obdi^ ab Rfjmplk a^ i^ cŽojri^
m^o^ rk `fboql a bk ZN+&00!.1I+ pfbkal p&p'< ,HG+ h1pbk1 p-
)-'** 9m[V^UJMN\^VJLRmWMN8^UN[
Rb^ j rk bkqbol mlpfqfsl- Br^kal i^ cŽojri^ ab ilp qo^mb`flp'qblobj^ 04-02(pb ^mif`^ ^i fkqbos^il ZN+j[ qlj^ i^ cloj^
'j f't( `t <<Hf'g( * Ff'j( , f'M• \ b!'_(jIl g<M 01
635 Gjpnk`q__e‰j]h ]j…heoeojqi†ne_k
m^o^rk `fboql a bk ZN+j[, Rf b bp rk mlifkljfl `r^aoŠqf`l bkqlk`bp /! bp `lkp,q^kqbv mlo q^kql p!&_' < /!&.', Dk bpqb`^pl i^ cŽojri^ mrbab slisbopb ^ bp`of_fobk i^ cloj^
'04-34( b'g( < 'jb't( `t *b'M( * b'j( * b!'M(j -
gyM Il 1 01
Dpq^cŽojri^ bp bu^`q^ `r^kal b bp rk mlifkljfl `r^inrfbo^ ab do^al <9: 1-Dribo abp`r_ofŽ rk^ klq^_ib dbkbo^ifw^`fŽk ab bp^ cŽojri^ nrb bp sŠifa^
m^o^`r^inrfbo crk`fŽk `lk abofs^a^ mofjbo^ `lkqfkr^- Orbab rqfifw^opbm^o^^mol,ufj^o fkqbdo^ibpjbaf^kqb prj^p l+ il nrb bp jŠp cob`rbkqb+m^o^`^i`ri^o l ^mol,ufj^o prj^p mlo jbafl ab fkqbdo^ibp-Olo bpqbjlqfsl `loofbkqbjbkqb pb i^ ii^j^cŽojri^ ab ~prj^`fŽkƒ v kl ab fkqbdo^`fŽk- Orbab bpq^_ib`bopbabi pfdrfbkqbjlal-
SDNQDL@ 04-05- EˆQLTK@ CD RTL@BHˆM CD DTKDQ- Qe b peaja `aner]`]_kjpejq] aj ZN+j[+ ajpkj_ao
'04-35( b'g( < 'j b't( `t * baM( * b'j( * c! 't , Yt[ , e(b&'t( `t+>V 1-0/
G_yM
aj `kj`a Yt[ ao ah i]ukn ajpank 99p: t,
Baikopn]_e‰j- K^ fkqbdo^`fŽkmlo m^oqbpklp a^
'04-36( o't , p(b&'t( `t < 'k , e(b'j( * G'N( , Hkjb't( `t-
Blkpfabobjlp ^elo^ i^ fkqbdo^ibyYt[p%&t'`t v i^ bp`of_fjlp `ljl rk^ prj^ abfkqbdo^ibpbk `^a^ rk^ ab i^p `r^ibp Yt[ qfbkbrk s^ilo cfgl-@pŒmrbp+qbkbjlp
oYt[b&'t( `t <00q*0Yt[b&'t( `t <0[Jn*hb&'t( `t
Y4= Y4=
j,h j,h j,h< Hn'b'n * 0( , b'n• < Hnb'n * 0( , Hnb'n(
Yc= Y4= Yc=
j,h j,h j,h< , Gb'n * 0( * G'n * h(b'n * 0( ,!1- nb'n(
Yc= Yc= Yc=
j j
< , !1-b'g( * jb'j( < , !1-b'g( * baM( * jb'j(-h<i g<M
D‰niqh]`a oqi]_e…j `a Cqhan 636
Qbpq^kal ‹pq^ ab i^ b`r^`fŽk '04-36( l_qbkbjlp
Y! 't \ Yt[ \ h(b&'t( `t < b'g( \baM( * b'j( \ 'jb't( `t+Il g<M 1 Il
nrb bp bnrfs^ibkqb ^ '04-35(-
K^ •iqfj^ fkqbdo^iabi pbdrkal jfbj_ol ab '04-35( mrbab mlkbopbbk i^ cloj^
o't , Yt[ , h(b&'t( `t < omHzwt(b&'t( `t+
bk alkab mHhbp i^ crk`fŽk abcfkfa^ mlo
w
V + Yt[ + imHh'V( <
N
pf t kl bp bkqbol
pf t bp bkqbol
K^ doŠcf`^ ab bmi bp i^ ab i^ cfdro^ 04-5 ^(- N_pbosbjlp nrb &Yz&t* 0( < mHh'V(+il`r^i pfdkfcf`^nrb mHhbp mbofŽaf`^`lk mboŒlal0- @pfjfpjl+ pf N ; t ; 0 qbkbjlpmHh'V(< t , 6x{+ ^pŒnrb G alh'p(`p < l-
K^ cfdro^ 04-5 _( bp i^ doŠcf`^ ab al1+ fkqbdo^ifkabcfkfa^ ab 'Oi= a^a^ mlo
Dp cŠ`fi `ljmol_^o nrb mH1q^j_f‹k bp mbofŽaf`^`lk mboŒlal0- @abjŠp+ qbkbjlp
&'t&t + 0(
mH1V <1
pf N z t y 0-
t ,,,,<,,c::::99<<99999999z::::999<999:99::z<<999999::::999:N9,tN 1,,, 2
,[ ,[
^( )J%
EHFTQ@ 04-5 En…be_]o`a h]o bqj_ekjao lane‰`e_]o &0&0v &0&1-
2/3 Gjpnk`q__eˆj ]h ]j„heoeo jqi…ne_k
Dpql morb_^ nrb , X i z nl0&V'y Nm^o^qlal t, K^p abpfdr^ia^abp , X i ; nl0&V'; Nplk sŠifa^p p^isl `r^kal t bp rk bkqbol l i^ jfq^a ab rk bkqbol-
Di qblobj^ pfdrfbkqb a^ lqo^ sbopfŽk ab i^ cŽojri^ ab prj^`fŽk ab Dr0bo bkcrk`fŽk ab m:1&
SDNQDL@ 04-06- Qeb! ao _kjpejq] aj I@$j[ pajaiko
'04-37( b&g' < aj b&t' `t * b&M' * b&j' \ aj m90&V'b!&V'`t,Il 1 Il
Sc=
Baikopn]_eˆj, Orbpql nrb O9%0&V'< nlh&V'bk ilp mrkqlp ab `lkqfkrfa^a abP:i+ qbkbjlp onlh&V'f%&V'`t < only&t'b%&t'`t,
K^ fkqbdo^`fŽkmlo m^oqbpklp a^
onl9&t'b%&t'`t < nl0&V'b%&V'09, oO90&V'f!&V't < , oO90&V'f!&V't*
mrbpql nrb O90&j'< om1'/( < N- @mif`^kal bpq^ cŽojri^ bk '04-35( l_qbkbjlp'04-37(-
M^oanr]_e‰j- Rf _fbk ilp qblobj^p 04-05 v 04-06 pb obcfbobk^i fkqbos^il ZN+j[+^j_^p cŽojri^p plk sŠifa^p `r^kal N pb prpqfqrvb mlo 0 l mlo `r^inrfbo bkqbol ml,pfqfsl ;jk
Bljl bgbjmil ab ^mif`^`fŽk ab i^ cŽojri^ ab prj^`fŽk ab Dr0bo abar`fob,jlp i^ pfdrfbkqb cŽojri^ m^o^i^d j -
SDNQDL@ 04-07- N]n] _q]hmqeanajpank lkoeperk j pajaiko
'04-38( i^d j < &j * q(ild j+j * b * C&j'*
`kj`a N ; C&j' ; /-&6j' v b < 0 * Q%8%p+1pl0&p'`p,
Baikopn]_eˆj, Olkd^jlp b&t' < ild t v ^mifnrbjlp bi qblobj^ 04-06 ^ifkqbos^il Z0+j[, Diil klp a^
D4niqh] `a oqi]_e4j `a Cqhan 2/4
Tqfifw^kal i^ obi^`fŽk b ild p `p < p ild p+ p mlabjlp mlkbo bp^ b`r^`fŽk bki^ cloj^
04-4/ ild j < 'j * ( ild j,j * 0 * a 7=0yp' p,Š0 p
Orbpql nrb G&Kp'/ 8889X i i^ fkqbdo^i fjmolmf^ Q:t&p+17=0&p'`p`lksbodb ^_plirq^jbkqbv mlabjlp bp`of_fo
Olo `lkpfdrfbkqb+ i^ b`r^`fŽk '04-4/( pb qo^kpcloj^ bk
ild j < 'j * q(ild j,j * b , cbl 7=0&p'p*j p0
alkab b < 0 * Qh%!n0bN0&p'`p,Orbpql nrb , X i ; 7=0&p'; N p^isl pf p bp rk bkqboll i^ jfq^a ab rk bkqbol+l_qbkbjlp
N ; ,bak 7=0&p'p ; 0--+j p1 6j
Dpql abjrbpqo^ '04-38(+ mlkfbkal C&j' < , Q9p+17=0&p'`p,
Cbi qblobj^ 04-07 mlabjlp abar`fo i^ cŽojri^ ab Rqfoifkdnrb mbojfqb rk^bpqfj^`fŽk ab jG,
SDNQDL@ 04-08- EˆQLTK@ CD RSHQKHMF- Qe j ao qj ajpank lkoeperk pajaiko
-H16R jj*h.1a,j ; j ; -H16R j j*h.1a,j '0 * 30j( -
Baikopn]_e4j, Tqfifw^kal i^ b`r^`fŽk '04-38( v i^p abpfdr^ia^abp m^o^C&j'l_qbkbjlp
bum~k * q(ildk , j * B( ; j ; bum 'j * q( ild j , j * b * J(+bk alkab bum 'q( < a&+Sbkfbkal bk `rbkq^ nrb a! ; 0 * 0t* `lk t < /-&6j'* ml,abjlp mlkbo bp^pabpfdr^ia^abp bk i^ cloj^
'04-40(
64/ Gjpnk`q__e‰j]h ]j…heoeojqi†ne_k
alkab ? < a!- O^o^ qbojfk^o i^ abjlpqo^`fŽk bp mob`fpl mol_^o nrb ? < +.16R-Cbar`fobjlp bpql ^ m^oqfoab i^ abpfdr^ia^a
'i4-41( 6Rj ; '10j
'j (1(1 99496R'1j * 0(+ &0j' 1&
abp`r_fboq^ mlo Zlek V^iifp /505,06/2(- Oofjbol abjlpqo^objlp nrb i^ abpfdr^i,a^a ab V^iifp fjmif`^ ? < --- 16R+irbdl bumlkbjlp i^ abjlpqo^`fŽk ab '04-41(-
Rf mlkbjlp
i^ abpfdr^ia^a '04-40( fjmif`^
? ; ?j ; ? &0* 3z(-Dpql morb_^ nrb ?j y ? `r^kal j y bb + Dk '04-41( bp`of_fjlp j < j!)%da+j ?h m^o^`lkpbdrfo
nrb bnrfs^ib ^
G^`fbkal nrb j y // bk bpq^•iqfj^ abpfdr^ia^a l_qbkbjlp
5.
6R9949,1;6R•1? ,
Kl nrb abjrbpqo^ nrb ?1 < 16S-Orbpql nrb ? = N qbkbjlp ? < -He,,,,:+`ljl pb^cfojŽ-
Prba^ mlo abjlpqo^o i^ abpfdr^ia^a ab V^iifp '04-41(- @ q^i cfk fkqolar`f,jlp ilp k•jbolp
e!.10j < l pbk! p`p +
pfbkal j rk bkqbol kl kbd^qfsl `r^inrfbo^- N_pbosbjlp nrb il < 6S.1 b 00< 0-O^o^ /94 p 946S.1 qbkbjlp /94 pbk p94 0: irbdl /94 pbk! ! p94 pbk! p- Dpql ab,jrbpqo^ nrb i^ pr`bpfŽk wGjx bp jlkŽqlk^ ab`ob`fbkqb- Olo q^kql mlabjlp bp`of_fo
'04-42(
D‰niqh]`a oqi]_e‰j `a Cqhan 640
B^i`ri^objlp ^elo^ `^a^ rkl ab ilp jfbj_olp ab bpq^abpfdr^ia^a: bpql klp `lk,ar`foŠ fkjbaf^q^jbkqb ^ i^ abpfdr^ia^a ab V^iifp+
K^ fkqbdo^`fŽkab i^ fabkqfa^a
`, '`lp p pbk!!! p' < ej * 0( pbk! p , &j * 1( pbk!*1 p`p
bk bi fkqbos^il Z/+60!.1\ klp a^
/< &j * 0(.j , &j * 1(.j*1&
l
'04-43(j * 0
.j*1 < ,,Gj&j*1
Tqfifw^kal bpq^cŽojri^ ob`roobkqbobbjmi^w^kal j mlo 1g , 1 bk`lkqo^jlp
.1g 1g , 0 1g'1g , 0(,,<,,<01g,1 1g '1g(1
Lriqfmif`^kal bp^p b`r^`flkbp m^o^g < 0+1+--- +j pb e^ii^
SH 01g < SH1g'1g , 0( < '1j( hizi .1g,1 hzi '1g(1 110h'j (1 ’
Rfjmifcf`^al bi molar`ql abi mofjbo jfbj_ol obpriq^ .1j.hk- Orbpql nrb ./ < 60!.1l_qbkbjlp
'04-44(h \ &0j' , y
1k , 10j'j h 1&
@kŠild^jbkqb ^mif`^jlp i^ cŽojri^ ab ob`roobk`f^ '04-43( obbjmi^w^kal j mlo1g , 0 X jriqfmif`^kal i^p b`r^`flkbp nrb obpriq^k m^o^g < 0+1+ --- +j `lk ilnrb pb l_qfbkb
110h'j (1 0 5R 0<,,&,&,
&0j * 0( 0j * 0 1 e-:
Di molar`ql abi mofjbo jfbj_ol rk^ sbw pfjmifcf`^al pb obar`b ^ .1j*h.00 ;< 0&O0*0& lk 0/ nrb iibd^jlp ^
'04-45(GG \ 5R
1j 1j*0 , 0&0j * 0(
20- Gjpnk`q__e‰j]h ]j…heoeojqi†ne_k
Orbpql nrb G1j*h < 1j G1j,0.'1j * 0(+i^ b`r^`fŽk '04-45( fjmif`^
Tqfifw^jlp bpqbobpriq^al bk '04-42(+ ^pŒljl i^p obi^`flkbp '04-44( v '04-45(-Lriqfmif`^kal irbdl mlo 6o
1.3 l_qbkbjlp i^ abpfdr^ia^a ab V^iifp '04-41(-
04-12 Dgbo`f`flp
0- Rf b bp rk mlifkljfl ab do^al z 1+ abjlpqo^o nrb i^ cŽojri^ ab prj^`fŽk ab Dribo'04-37( pb obar`b ^ i^ cŽojri^ ab ilp qo^mb`flp+bumobp^a^ bk i^ b`r^`fŽk '04-34(-
1- K^ `lkpq^kqb ab Dribo pb abcfkb jbaf^kqb i^ cŽojri^
B < ifj ' fz,ild j( -60,* // g<h
'U‹^pb i^ pb``fŽk 0/-06 abi slirjbk i-( Cbjlpqo^o `lk i^ cŽojri^ ab prj^`fŽk ab Dribonrb
Hki i C&j'
, < ild j * B * , , ,g 1j j1&
g<h
alkab N z C&j' y h- @pfjfpjl+ abjlpqo^o nrb
e// G , Y0[B < i , ,,1,`h-
0 G
2( ^( Rf o • N+o :‹ 0+ abjlpqo^o `lk i^ cŽojri^ ab prj^`fŽk ab Dribo nrb
z 0 j0+@ ill G , Y0[z O < 0 ] p * B'p( * o ,,,{p*i `p +g<0 V
pfbkal0 '//0,Y0[
A'o( < 0 * p ] 0 , RIH ,,,ze*h`h-
_( Rf o • 0+ abjlpqo^o nrb A&o' < Gp(+ pfbkal o i^ crk`fŽk wbq^ab Qfbj^kk abcfkfa^m^o^ o = 0 jbaf^kqb i^ pbofb
Cfan_e_eko 642
Dpq^ pbofb afsbodb m^o^ p z 0- Ml l_pq^kqb+ mrbpql nrb i^ cŽojri^ nrb a^ A&o' bk i^m^oqb^( qfbkb pbkqfal m^o^ N ; p ; 0+mrbab rqfifw^opb m^o^ buqbkabo i^ abcfkf`fŽk ab y&o'^i fkqbos^il ^_fboql N ; p ; 0- @pŒmrbp+ m^o^ o = N v o 6! 0 qbkbjlp i^ cŽojri^
0 oll p + Yp[y'o( < 0 * o \ 0 , Q IH ,,,,z:*e`p-
Dpql bp rk paknai] pf o = 0+ X rk^ `abeje_e‰j pf N ; o ; 0-
Dk ilp bgbo`f`flp abi 3 ^i 5+ &0&1bp i^ crk`fŽk fkqolar`fa^ bk 04-11-
3- ^( Djmib^o i^ cŽojri^ ab prj^`fŽk ab Dribo m^o^ abjlpqo^o nrb
y Gj ildu , 05 ild1 g < 'j * q(ild1 j , 1j ild j * 1j , 1 * 1 0 .N1'V( t1 `t-
_( Tqfifw^o i^ m^oqb ^( m^o^ abar`fo nrb m^o^ j = a qbkbjlp
jJ ild1 g < 'j * q(ild1 j , 1j ild j * 1j * ? , C'j(+S4+
ildkpfbkal ? rk^ `lkpq^kqb v N ; C&j' ; C&j' ; ,,,{:, -
4- ^( Blk i^ cloj^ ab prj^`fŽk ab Dribo abjlpqo^o nrb
z ild g 0 0 ild j bj 1 ild t , 2y ,g, 2 )(MK) B # )0 ,j, , ,,u,^,, >(4+"8# <E'S4+ 0
_( Tqfifw^o i^ m^oqb^( m^o^ abar`fo nrb m^o^ nrb j = a$ qbkbjlp
‚j ildh 0 iildk,, < ,ild1 j * , ,, * ? , C&j'
g 1 1 j &S4+
ild jpfbkal ? rk^ `lkpq^kqb v N ; C&j' ; 6j0 ‹
5- ^( Rf j = 1 rqfifw^o i^ cŽojri^ ab prj^`fŽk ab Dribo m^o^ abjlpqo^o nrb
V 0
„hildhg<1
0 0 ej 1 * 2 ild t * 1 ild1 t< ild 'ild j( * ,1,0, * 3,0 1 , ild 'Hld 1( , .N1'V( 'i(^ `t-
j ld j ld 1 V ld V
643 Gjpnk`q__e‰j]h ]j…heoeojqi†ne_k
_( Tqfifw^oi^ m^oqb^( m^o^ abar`fo nrb m^o^ j = 1 qbkbjlp
j 0 0Hg ild g < ild 'ild j( * ? * 1j ild j , C'j(+g<1
)pfbkal ? rk^ `lkpq^kqb v N ; C&j' ; 3 10 ’
j kcj6- ^( Rf ]= N v l < N+abjlpqo^o `lk i^ c5ojri^ ab prj^`f5k ab Dribo nrb
pfbkal oi^ crk`f5k d^jj^-_( Lbaf^kqb i^ m^oqb^( abjlpqo^o nrb
*/+ alkab N ; '( ; 0 -
7- Cbar`fo ilp iŒjfqbppfdrfbkqbp `lk i^ ^vra^ a&bi^ c5ojri^ ab Rqfoifkdl ab i^ ab V^iifpl ab ^j_^p-
j^( ifj ' &(0Gj <a-
W&$XXB'
- 'j (111j \_( 00j '1 (&’’' < H0R-
='%>> B' j
',q( 0b( Hfj ' \/'j j j < n%='2- b .D
8- Rb^ GL < J!.1 oajLp `p+pfbkal j rk bkqbol kl kbd^qfsl- Dk i^ pb``f5k 04-11 pb abjlpqo5
nrb i^ pr`bpf5k xHMyp^qfpc^`bi^ c5ojri^ ab ob`roobk`f^
j * 0Gj*1 < j * 1 Gj Œ
Nkjc]ikob'j( <qI:o'k z 0(.o'f * 0(+pfbkal o i^ crk`f5k d^jj^-
^( Tqfifw^o i^ b`r^`f5k crk`flk^i H&'p* 0( < pc&'p(m^o^ abjlpqo^o nrb
j * 0b'j * 1( < ,, b'j(-
j*1
Pabanaj_e]o_ep]`]o 200
_( Blk i^ m^oqb ^( abar`fo nrb
C898C8@6<4D 6<E474D
Dpq^ mbnrb•^ ifpq^ `lkqfbkb q^k pŽil rklp ml`lp if_olp m^o^ bpqraf^o jŠp ^jmif^jbkqbilp mofk`fmflp dbkbo^ibp abi ^kŠifpfp krj‹of`l- Slalp biilp `lkqfbkbk ^ pr sbw lqo^p obcbobk,`f^p v `fq^p ab qo^_^glp jŠp bpmb`f^ifw^alp- Qb`ljbka^jlp bpmb`f^ijbkqb i^ ifpq^ ab q^_i^pa^a^ bk bi if_ol nrb pb fkaf`^ bk i^ obcbobk`f^ 8-
Je^nko0- @- C- Allqe+ Lqiane_]h Kapdk`o+ @`^abjf` Oobpp+Mrbs^ Xloh+ 0847: 2-00 ba-+ Oibkrj
Oobpp+Mrbs^ Xloh+ 0855-1- O- I- C^sfp+ Gjpanlkh]pekj ]j` ?llnktei]pekj+ Ai^fpabii+ V^iqe^j+ L^pp-+ 0852-2- C- Q- G^oqobb+Lqiane_]h ?j]huoeo+ Nucloa Tkfs- Oobpp 'Bi^obkalk(+ Klkaobp v Mrbs^
Xloh+ 0847- -3- E- A- Gfiab_o^ka+ Gjpnk`q_pekj il Lqiane_]h ?j]huoeo+ L`Fo^t,Gfii+ Mrbs^ Xloh+ 0845-4- @- R- Glrpbeliabo+ Nnej_elGao /0 Lqiane_]h ?j]huoeo+ L`Fo^t,Gfii+ Mrbs^ Xloh+ 0842-5- V- D- Lfikb+ Lqiane_]h A]h_qhqo+Oofk`bqlk Tkfs- Oobpp+Oofk`bqlk+ M-I-+ 084/-6- I- A- R`^o_lolrde+ Lqiane_]h K]pdai]pe_]h ?j]huoeo+ Zlekp Glmhfkp Oobpp+A^iqfjlob+
La-+ 0847+ 5-! ba-+ 0855-7- I- Slaa+ Gjpnk`q_pekj pk pda Akjopnq_pera Rdaknu /0 Nqj_pekjo+ @`^abjf` Oobpp+Mrbs^
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R]^h]o0/- K- I- Bljofb 'ba-(+ Ad]i^ano& Qet, Yecqna K]pdai]pe_]h R]^hao+ V- % Q- Be^j_bop+
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i]j]_ m^o^ 0826+ G- L- Rq^qflkbov Nccf`b+ Klkaobp+ 0837-01- @- I- Eibq`ebo+ I- B- O- Lfiibo+ v K- Qlpbkeb^a+ Gj`at /0 K]pdai]pe_]h R]^hao+ L`Fo^t,
Gf[i+ Mrbs^ Xloh+ 0835-/1, R]^hao /0 J]cn]jce]j Gjpanlkh]pekj Akaeee_ean‹o+M^qi- Rq^ka^oap Blirj_f^ Oobpp Rbofbp+
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DA>F6<A@8D 4 >AD 8=8C6<6<AD
A]l‡pqhk 0
0-4 Dgbo`f`flp 'mŠd- 7(
0- Rf 7- Rf 04- Rf 11- Rf
1- Rf 8- Rf 05- Rf 12- Ml
2- Rf 0/- Rf 06- Rf 13- Rf
3- Rf 00- Ml 07- Rf 14- Ml
4- Ml 01- Rf 08- Rf 15- Rf
5- Rf 02- Rf 1/- Rf 16- Rf
6- Rf 03- Ml 10- Rf 17- Rf
20- ^( Ml _( Ml b( Ml a( Ml
0-0/ Dgbo`f`flp 'mŠd- 05(
0- Rf 1 4- Rf : 8- Rf
1- Rf 1 5- Ml 0/- Rf2- Rf 1 6- Ml 00- Rf j
3- Rf 1 7- Ml 01- Rf j
06- Rf afj < H * {joe j bp m^o+ Kj * 0( pf j bp fjm^o07- Rf afj < Hk pf j bp m^o+ Fj * 0( pf j bp fjm^o
08- Rf g * H1/- Ml10- ^( afj < 2 _( afj < 2 b( afj < 1 a( afj < 1
’ 12- ^( pf ] +„N X ^+‚ N+bi `lkgrkql bp fkabmbkafbkqb+ afj < 2: pf ] Ž ^ bp `bol+ bi `lk,
grkql bp abmbkafbkqb: afj < 1 '_( fkabmbkafbkqb+ afj < 1 b( pf ] +„N+ fkabmbk,afbkqb+ afj < 2: pf ] < N+abmbkafbkqb+ afj < 1 a( fkabmbkafbkqb: afj < 2
b( abmbkafbkqb: afj < 1 c( fkabmbkafbkqbafj < 1 d( fkabmbkafbkqb afj < 1e( abmbkafbkqb: afj < 1 f( fkabmbkafbkqb: afj < 1 g( fkabmbkafbkqb: afj < 1
02-03-04-05-
po9 jRfRf
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j
jj
0-02 Dgbo`f`flp 'mŠd-13(
0- ^( Ml _( Ml b( Ml a( Ml b( Rf !
7- ^( ra1 * H _( c&t' < ^' t \ a1
9 0(+ ^ ^o_fqo^ofl
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5j K 2j
00- b( 32 a( c&-' < ]&h + $/'* ] ^o_fqo^ofl01- ^( Ml _( Ml b( Ml a( Ml02- b( 0 a( † , H03- b( j .1.*G
0-06 Dgbo`f`flp 'mŠd- 25(
0- ^( v _( U2 '0+[+0(+ zU5 '0+ ,1+0(
202
1-
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647
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0- Kfkb^i: afjbkpfŽk abi k•`ibl /+ o^kdl 11- Kfkb^i: afjbkpfŽk abi k•`ibl /+ o^kdl 12- Kfkb^i: afjbkpfŽk abi k•`ibl 0+ o^kdl H3- Kfkb^i&: afjbkpfŽk abi k•`ibl 0+ o^kdl H4- Ml ifkb^i5- Ml ifkb^i6- Ml ifkb^i7- Ml ifkb^i8- Kfkb^i&: afjbkpfŽk abi k•`ibl /+ o^kdl 1
0/- Kfkb^i: afjbkpfŽk abi k•`ibl /+ o^kdl 100- Kfkb^i: afjbkpfŽk abi k•`ibl N+ o^kdl 101- Kfkb^i: afjbkpfŽk abi k•`ibl N+ o^kdl 1
02- Ml ifkb^i
03- Kfkb^i: afjbkpfŽk abi k•`ibl /+ o^kdl 104- Ml ifkb^i
05- Kfkb^i: afjbkpfŽk abi k•`ibl /+ o^kdl 2
06- Kfkb^i: afjbkpfŽk abi k•`ibl 0+ o^kdl 107- Kfkb^i: afjbkpfŽk abi k•`ibl /+ o^kdl 208- Ml ifkb^i1/- Ml ifkb^i1 I- Ml ifkb^i
11- M l ifkb^i
12- Kfkb^i: afjbkpfŽk abi k•`ibl 0+ o^kdl 113- Kfkb^i: afjbkpfŽk abi k•`ibl N+ o^kdl j * H
14- Kfkb^i: afjbkpfŽk abi k•`ibl 0+ o^kdl fkcfkfql
15- Kfkb^i: afjbkpfŽk abi k•`ibl fkcfkfq^+ o^kdl 116- Kfkb^i: afjbkpfŽk abi k•`ibl 1+ o^kdl fkcfkfql
06, L&R' bp bi `lkgrkql ab i^p pr`bpflkbp `lkpq^kqbp: R&T' bp bi `lkgrkql ab i^p pr`bpfl,kbp `lk iŒjfqb }
18- a( x0+`lp t* pbk tx bp rk^ _^pb m^o^ R&T'9 afj R&T' < 2 b( L&R' < R c( RfR&b';_z pfbkal _!:M* bkqlk`bp _CR&T' `lk il nrb qbkbjlp z&t';_h)_
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plk ^o_fqo^of^p vkl pfjriqŠkb^jbkqb kri^p: pf `0 +-; /+ bkqlk`bp A < 16S X z&t' < BH&alkab BHkl bp kri^mbol ^o_fqo^of^-
Qkhq_ekjao] hko afan_e_eko 648
*'0 8SN[LRLRX\"YjP' -=#
2- Rf : t < r+ u < q3- Rf : t < q+ u < ,r4- Ml5- Ml6- Ml7- Rf : t:< ild q+ u < ild r
8- Ml0/- Rf00- Rf01- Rf02- Rf
03- Ml04- Rf t < q+ u < yr+ v < 9Z,s05- Rf t < q+ u < r+ v < s , q , r
06- Rf t < q , 0+ W < r , 0+ v < s * 007- Rf t < q , 0+ W < r , 1+ v < s , 208- Rf t < q+ u < r , q+ v < s , r
1/- Rf : t < y&q + r * s'* u < Fr + s * q'9 v < Fs + pe* r'03, &Q * S(1 < Q0 * QR * RQ * R09
&Q * S(2 < Q1 * RQ0 * QRQ * Q0R * QR0 * RQR * R0Q * R1^( &QR'&t*u* v' < &t * u * v* t * u* t'9 &RQ'&t*u* v' < 'w+v * u* v * u * t'9
&QR+ RQ'&t*u* v' < &t * u* t + v* +u + v'9 Q0&V*u*v' < &t*u* v'9R0&V*u*v' < &t* 0t * u* 1t * 0u * v'9&QR'0&V*u*w( < &1t * 0u * v* 0t * 0u * v* t * u * v'9&RQ'0&V*u*v' < &t * u * v* t * 0u * 0v* t * 0u * 1v'9&QR + RQ'0 < &0t * u + v* t * 0u * v* +t * u * 0v'9_( Q+H&q*r* s' < &s* r* q'9 R+H&q*r* s' < &q*r + q* s + r'9
&QR'+H&q*r* s' < &s* r + s* q + r'9 &RQ'+G&S*r* s' < &s + r* r + q* q'b( &R +h'&t*u* w( < 'N+ t* t * u'9 &R \h'0&V*u* v' < 'N+ N+t'9
&R \h'j&t*u* v' < 'N+ N+N( pf j „ 2 ’
^( Bl&t' < 2 , 0t * /0t09 Rl&t' < 1t + 0t0 * /0t19&BR'l&t'< 1+2t * 14t09&RB'l&t' < +0t * 02t09 &BR + RB'l&t' < 2 , 0t * /0t09&R0B0 + B0R0'l&t' < 7 , /70t _( l&t' < ]t* ] rk bp`^i^o `r^inrfbo^
b( l&t' < ]t0 * ^* ] v ^ bp`^i^obp `r^ibpnrfbo^ a(Slal l ab T^( Pl&t' < 1: Ql&t' < 2 , t * t09 Rl&t' < 0t * 1t0 + t1 * t3
:
&QR'l&t' < 1 * 1t + t0 * t19 &RQ'l&t' < 1t + t0 * t19 &RQ'0l&V' < 1t + t0 * t19&R0Q0'l&V' < +t0 * t19 &Q0R0'l&V' < 1 * 1t + t0 * t19 &RPQ'l&t' < 1t9&PQR'l&t' < 1_( L&P' < wl Hl&M' < Ny: P&T' < wl Hl bp `lkpq^kqby: L&Q' < wl Hl bp `lkpq^kqby:
Q&T' < T9 L&R' < wMx: R&T' < wl Gl&M' < Ny b( n,o < Qa( &Ro'j < / + P9• ojRj < /
21- R kl bp rkl ^ rkl bk T mlonrb ^mif`^ qla^ pr`bpfŽk `lkpq^kqb bk i^ jfpj^ pr`bpfŽk-
t;q+G* u;r+Gt ;y&r * q'* u ;Fr + q't ;Fr * q'* u < F0r + q't < s+ u < r+ v < q
15-
17-
20-
21+ Qkhq_ekjao] hko afan_e_eko
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0- ^( K^ j^qofw fabkqfa^a / < &Gheg'*pfbkal Gheg< 0 pf e < g* X Gheg< N pf e:† g_( K^ j^qofw `bol N < &]eg'* bk i^ nrb `^a^ bibjbkql ]bg < N-
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F` 0 ,z\ Vi < '0+ 0(+ U1 < '0+ ,0(b( a( bi :e, a1 < g+ a1 < e*N
7- ^( '4+ N+ ,0(: afjbkpfŽk abi k•`ibl N+o^kdl 1 _( F` ,z\b( bi < e* a1 < e * f+ ti < '0+ /+0(+ s1 < 'N+N+1(+ s1 < 'N+ 0+N(
8- ^( ',0+ ,2+ ,0(: afjbkpfŽk abi k•`ibl N+o^kdl 1 _( F`5Gb( ah<e+ a1<f,e+ ti<'0+N+i(+ s1<'/+0+/(+ s1<'/+/+0(
0/- ^( bi , a1: afjbkpfŽk abi k•`ibl N+o^kdl 1 _( Z0 1\ b( ] < 4+ ^ < 34 3
00- ZN ,0\+ Z,0 N\0 N /,0
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F`0 k Zz] `G01- ] ]] ]
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,:\02- ] ]] ]
03- ZzzI Zzz\04- Y] ,HI Z,0 ][
0 ] ],h
Zc,0 0
\, Z,z] ] ,z\] ] ,0 105-
] ] ,0 ] ] ,0
] 0 ] ] ] ] ,0
06- Zz,zI Zz,z\F ,zI Z,4 ,01I07-
01 ,4
Zz] ]
z\ Zz0 ]
z\ Zz] ]
z\0 ] ] 3 ] 108- ^( _( b(
] 1 ] ] ] ]] ] ] ] ] ]
Z,0 ]
,zg Zz] ]
zg Zz] ,7
]3zg] ,1 H] ] ]a( b( c(] ] ] 3 ] ]] ] ] ] ] ]
1/- DiŒg^pb'u!+ ('1+ V+ 0( `ljl _^pb m^o^ T* v &t1+ t' `ljl _^pb m^o^ U, Dkqlk`bp i^ j^qofwab RB bp
Y5 ] ] ][] 1 ] ]
651 Qkhq_ekjao] hko afan_e_eko
*'). 8SN[LRLRX\"YjP' /(#
0- @*A<Yy 9[+ ?@<Y\9y5 ,4
?A < Zz zy A? < Zz ,z3 ,05
,99x @? < Z<360
09,17
y[* ?&0@ \ 1A' < Z 2/,2/
7
,19,7 +
03
,17\-3
F`yx ]Y ,1]
][1- ^( v ^ ^o_fqo^oflp _( ^ +] v ^ ^o_fqo^oflp,1^
.) ^( ] < 8+ ^ < 5+ a < 0+ `<4 _( ] < 0+ ^ < 5+ a < N+ ` < ,1
3- ^( Z,9 zz ,HzI,6 4 ,4
5- ?j < Zz z\
_( Z,z 9 z9\
01 ,16 }
Y
0 j •9 0([
} 0 j
? }Z,HNzzIY
]a ^[+ pfbkal ^ v a ^o_fqo^oflp v ] bp rk^ plir`fŽk,] `r^inrfbo^ ab i^ b`r^`fŽk ]0 < ,^a
_( Zz z \ +pfbkal ] ^o_fqo^ofl
Z0 /\+ Z,0 /\+ X Y]• 0 N ,0 a
oblp jM
6- ?j ;oajjM
,oajjk[-
blp jM
8-
0/-
00-
^[+ pfbkal'I
`r^inrfbo^ ab i^ b`r^`fŽk ]1 < 0 , ^a
08\z9z
01- ^ X a ^o_fqo^oflp v ] bp rk^ plir`fŽk
Qkhq_ekjao] hko afan_e_eko 652
03- _( &? * @'0 < ?0 * ?@ * @? * @09 &? * @'&? + @' < ?0 * @? + ?@ \ @0 ,
b( O^o^ ^nrbiilp nrb `lkjrq^k
*'*( Dgbo`f`flp 'mŠd- 72(
0- &t*u*,88' < 'z++H! y'1- Mfkdrk^ plir`fŽk
2- &t*u*,88' < '0+ ,0+/( * 0',2+3+0(3- 'u+v+-99(<'H+,0+/(*0',2+3+0(4- &t*u*,88*GG' <'0+0+/+/( *0'0+03+4+/(5- &t*u*,88*00( < '0+7+ N+ ,3( * 0'1+ 6+ 2+N(
6-- &V*u*%88*GG*n'<00',0+0+/+/+/( *he,G+/+2+ ,2+0(7- &t*u*,88*00( < '0+0+0+ ,0( * 00' ,0+2+6+ N( * he2*8+N+6(8- &t*u*,88' < &e*y*N( * 0'4+0+ ,2(
0/- ^i &t*u*,88*00( < '0+ 5+2+N( * 00'3+00+6+ N( * 01'/+ N+/+0(
_( &t* u+v 900( < '0!0& 3+ zf+N( * 0'3+ ,00+6+11(
01- Z,z ,9 ,z\
,2 4 3
02- Z<9 N 90,z ,zIN N ,0 N 0
0 N N N N N
N N N 0 N ,005-
,2 N 0 N N N
N N N N N H1
8 N ,2 N 0 N
1-10 Dgbo`f`flp s^oflp pl_ob j^qof`bp 'mŠd- 73(
3 ZN /I Z0 /I X i,] ^ I+ alkab ^ v a plk ^o_fqo^oflp v ] bp rk^ plir`fŽk- N N & ]N Ki & a , ]
`r^inrfbo^ ab i^ b`r^`fŽk `r^aoŠqf`^ ]1 , ] * ^a < P-
653 Qkhq_ekjao ] hko afan_e_eko
0/- ^( Z00\- Z0 0\- Z,0 0\- Z0 ,0\- Z,0 ,0\- Z,0 ,0\-,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 0 0 0 ,0 ,0 0
Z0 ,0\ Z,0 0\
,0 ,0& ,0 ,0 -
A]l‡pqhk 2
2-5 Dgbo`f`flp 'mŠd- 86(
0- ^( 5 _( 65 b( ]1 + 3]1- ^( 0 _( 0 b( 02- _( &^ + ]'&a + ]'&a + ^'&] * ^ * a' v &^ + ]'&a + ]'&a + ^'&]^ * ]a * ^a'3- ^( 7 '_( &^ + ]'&a + ]'&` + ]'&a + ^'&` + ^'&` + a'
b( &^ + ]'&a + ]'&` + ]'&_ + ^'&` + ^'&` + _'&] * ^ * b * `'a( ]&]1 , 2'&]1 , 05( b( ,05/
*^ .: .z .0 .1 *. .0 .1 *.
6- D&< O+ O, O- * Ob Oc Oc * O+ O, O-
P+ P, P- P+ P, P- P" P" d&0 1 .
.0 .1 *. .0 d *.
7- _( QeD< *^ .: *` bkqlk`bpD&< *^ *`*`
.: Q1Q1 n9p9by%
?,& y Yy
. f z\(/
0-0 21 (/
0/ abq5 < 05- abq#5'+$ <,05’ N -0
1 (/
N N q.),, Dgbo`f`flp 'mŠd- 0/3(
5- abq5 < 'abqA('abqB'6- ^( Hkabmbkafbkqbp_( Hkabmbkafbkqbpb( Cbmbkafbkqbp
2-06 Dgbo`f`flp 'mŠd- 005(
0- ^( Z 3 ,2\(- ,
_( Z,z ,z 9I,3 ,1 1 Z
0/8
,3/b(
,30
,QM
002 ,30 ,02\
<99 6z 99
27 05 1/
Qkhq_ekjao ] hko afan_e_eko 654
Z 0//,3/ ,30 ,z\',: ,5
,3I,68 27
] zZ 3 ,z\ 0 002 ,811- ^( _( 2 ,1
b( 2/5 ,301 ,2 63 6 054 1 ,02 05 36 1/
2- ^( ? < 1+ ? < ,2 _( ? < N+ @< €2 b( @< 2+ @< €f4- ^( t < N+ W < 0+ v<1 _( t<h+ u<h+ v < ,0
YV Wv
fI
YV , t+ u , u+ Y , Y&I5- _( abq V1 , Vh X1 , XH X1 , Xh
Vh X0 Xh</: abq </
V1 W1 X1V2 , Vh W2 , XH X2 , Xh
V2 W2 X2
Y 't , tH&* 'v , u+(& 'V , Vh('v , X&(I
b( abq 'V1 , VG(1 * 'W1 , Wh(1 'V1 , Vh( 'W1 , XH( </:
'V2 , VG(1 * 'W2 , XH(1 'V2 , Vh( 'W2 , XH(
Zz* u&V W ylt1 * h Vh XHabq i i
t9*u9 V1 X1
t9*u9 V2 W2
A]l‡pqhk 3
,', Dgbo`f`flp 'mŠd- 014(
4- @rqlcrk`flkbp9 b'p( < N(! alkab B z N
5- Di mlifkljfl `lkpq^kqb kl `bol6- @rqlcrk`flkbp f9b'p( < _a€* alkab B z N7- @rqlcrk`flkbp9 b'p( < A†yp1.(! alkab B z NN- Klp ^rqlsb`qlobp mboqbkb`fbkqbp z < N plk qlalp pr`bpflkbp `lkpq^kqbp `lk iŒjfqb
]9… N-
Klp ^rqlsb`qlobp mboqbkb`fbkqbp z < ,0 plk qlalp pr`bpflkbp kl `lkpq^kqbp `lk
iŒjfqb ] < N
655 Qkhq_ekjao] hkoafan_e_eko
,'0 Dgbo`f`flp 'mŠd- 021(
?qpkr]hkn ?qpkraapknao afj C&h'
0- '^( 0+ 0 &]*^' 9D'N+N( 1'_( 0+ 0 p'h+N(+p 9DN 0'`( 0+ 0 p'M+0(+ p 9DN 0'a( 1 p'h+ 0( p 9DN 0
N p'h+ ,0(+p9DM 0
1- 0 * --z::^ p'H:& H^(+ p 9DN 00 , --z::^ p'.::& ,H^(+ p 9DN 0
2- Rf bi `^jml ab bp`^i^obp bp bi `lkgrkql ab ilp k•jbolp ob^ibp B$ bkqlk`bp pli^jbkqbbufpqbk ^rqlsb`qlobp ob^ibp `r^kal pbkN < N+bk bpqb `^pl e^_oŠ alp ^rqlsb`qlobp fdr^ibp+@i < ,/,0 < `lpN+ alkab `lpN < 0 l ,0Dk bpqb `^pl qlal sb`qlo kl `bol bp rk ^rqlsb`qlo afj C&hh' < afj C&?0' < 1-Rf bi `^jml ab bp`^i^obp bp bi `lkgrkql ab ilp k•jbolp `ljmibglp b+bkqlk`bp ilp ^rql,sb`qlobp plk @i < `lpN * {pbkN+@1 < `lpN,f pbkN- Rf pbkN < N+plk ob^ibp b fdr^ibp- RfpbkN:&!&N plk `ljmibglp `lkgrd^alp afpqfkqlp: ilp ^rqlsb`qlobp mboqbkb`fbkqbp ^ @i plkp'e+0(+ p :&!&N: ilp mboqbkb`fbkqbp^ ,/,0 plk p'0+{(+p :&!&N: afj D'@i(< afj C&/0' < 0-
3- Z9 ]9 I &alkab ^ v b plk ^o_fqo^oflp v ] bp rk^ ab i^p plir`flkbp ab i^ b`r^`fŽk
]1 < 0 , ^a-
4- Rb^ ? < Z9 9\+ v pb^ z < &] + `(1 * 3^a- Klp ^rqlsb`qlobp plk ob^ibp v afpqfkqlp
pf z = N+ob^ibp b Hdr^ibp pf z < N+`ljmibglp `lkgrd^alp pf z ; l-4, ] < ^ < b < ` < a < b < 0-
?qpkr]hknao ?qpkraapknao afj C&?'
6- '^( 0+ 0+ 0'_( 0
110
'b( 0-'-
p'M+N+0(+ p 9DNp'h+ ,0+ N(+p 9DNp'2+ 2+,0(+ p 9DNp'h+ 0+ 5(+-p9DNp'2+ ,0+2(+ p 9DNp'1+1+ ,0(+ p 9DN
7- 0+ 0+ ,0+ ,0 obpmb`qfs^jbkqb m^o^ `^a^ j^qofw
Qkhq_ekjao ] hko afan_e_eko 212
3-0/ Dgbo`f`flp 'mŠd- 028(
^( @rqls^ilobp 0+ 2: B < Y,_1A
9[+ alkab _`:z5 N
'_( @rqls^ilobp 5+ ,0: B < Y1] ^[+ alkab ]^ :{5 N4] ,^
b( @rqls^ilobp 2+2: pf bufpqb bi kl pfkdri^o B+bkqlk`bp A,0?A < 2.+ pfbkal?A < 2A+ ? < 2.
a( @rqls^ilobp 0+0: pf bufpqb bi kl pfkdri^o B+bkqlk`bp B,i ? B < J* pfbkal ? B < B+? <.
2- B < ?+h@,3- ^( @rqls^ilobp 0+0+,0: ^rqlsb`qlobp 'i+ N+0(+ 'N+ 0+N(+ '0+N+ ,0(:
A<Yy N z\
0 /,0_( @rqls^ilobp 1+1+0:^rqlsb`qlobp '0+ N+ ,0(+ 'N+ 0+,0(+ '0+ ,0+0(:
B < ZN N ]9\,0 ,0 0
1-
4- ^( @rqls^ilobp 1+ 1: ^rqlsb`qlobp p&/*M'* p :{5/- Rf B < Z ] _I ^ N+ :{5+
,^ ?
bkqlk`bp A,0?A < Zz 9\
_( @rqls^ilobp 2+ 2: ^rqlsb`qlobp p'h+h(+ p :{5 N- Rf B , Yk 9 ^ 9[+ ^:z5 M+
bkqlk`bp A,0?A < F 9\5- @rqls^ilobp 0+0+0: ^rqlsb`qlobp p'h+ ,0+ ,0(+ p :{5 N
A]l‡pqhk 4
4-4 Dgbo`f`flp 'mŠd- 035(
2- _( R! bp ebojfqf^k^ pf j bp m^o+pf j bp fjm^o bp ^kqf,ebojfqf^k^6- ^( Rfj‹qof`^ _( Mf il rkl kf il lqol b( Rfj‹qof`^ a( Rfj‹qof`^
8- a( O&t * pu' < O&t' * phO&u'* e&R&t'*u' * p&R&u'*t'
4-00 Dgbo`f`flp 'mŠd- 043(
0- ^( Rfj‹qof`^ ebojfqf^k^
213 Qkhq_ekjao ] hko afan_e_eko
_( Mfkdrkl ab ilp `r^qol qfmlpb( @kqf,pfj‹qof`^a( @kqf,pfj‹qof`^ v ^kqf,ebojfqf^k^
3- _( oblp '( pbk '(Ipbk '( ,blp '(
4- @rqls^ilobp ?h < N+ +01 < 14: ^rqlsb`qlobp loqlkloj^ibp !0 < e&2*,2(+ !1 < e&1*2',
0Z 3 2Ib <94 ,2 3
5- @rqls^ilobp ?h < 1f++01 < ,1f: ^rqlsb`qlobp loql kloj^ibp
0 0!0 < H1 '0+ ,f(+ !1 < H1 '0+ f(-
6- @rqls^ilobp ?h < 0 + +01 < 2+ +02 < ,3: ^rqlsb`qlobp loqlkloj^ibp
0 0 0!0 < H+'0+N+2(+ !1 < H+'2+1+ ,0(+ !2 < H+'2+ ,4+ ,0(-
0/ 03 24, 0
>P?
2
;+*
2 2
If3 ;-/1 (0
;+. ;-/,0 ,0
If3 ;-/
b < N
7- @rqls^ilobp ?h < 0+ +01 < 5+ @^ < ,3: ^rqlsb`qlobp loqlkloj^ibp
0 0!0 < i'/+3+ ,2(+ !1 < H+'4+2+3(+ !2 < H+'4+ ,2+ ,3(-
4/ 4/
9 ,9I3 ,3
8-00-
^(+ _(+ b( plk rkfq^oflp _(+ b( plk loqldlk^ibp^( @rqls^ilobp ?h < e]++01 < ,e]: ^rqlsb`qlobp loqlkloj^ibp
0 0!0 < H1 '0+f(+ !1 < Hv '0+ ,f(- 0 Z0_( b <,]
H1 f
Qkhq_ekjao ] hko afan_e_eko 658
-')- Dgbo`f`flp 'mŠd- 055(
0- ^( ? < F z\ _( ?h < N+ ?0 < 4
a( b < HoY\9 y[
0 0b( !0 < ,.4 '0+ ,1(+ !1 < ,.4 '1+ 0(
1- ^( ? < F z\0 0
b( !0 < -H!1 '0+0(+ !1 < ,.!1 '0+,0(
b( !0 < p'0 * ,.e+0(+ !1 < p' ,0+0 * ,.e(+ alkab p < 0.-03 * 1,.1
a( b < pY0 * ,.e ,0 n99-[& alkab p < 0.-03 * 1,.!10 0 * v1
? < Z 23 ,01\3- ^(_( ?h < 4/+ ?1 < 14,01 30
0 0 0Z 2 3\b( !0 < !4 '2+,3(+ !1 < !4 '3+2( a( b < ,
0 (/ .
5- ^(
? y Y9 9 c\ _(&+z N+ z z q
0 0b( !0 < ,.2 '0+,0+ ,0(+ !1 < ,.5 '1+0+0(+
b( b < I5Z,z z ,HyH,,.!1 ,-H2
?<Yy N z\
1 /,0
4- ^(
0!2 < ,.1 'N+ 0+ , 0(
22+ Qkhq_ekjao ] hko afan_e_eko0 0b( !0 < 'N+0+N(+ !1 < --f4 '1+/+0(+ !2 < --f4 '0+N+,1(
b z Ixzz 1
,9Ia( l
? y Y9
1
9I2) ^( N _( /,0;/,1;+/* /,2 < 7
1
0 0 0`( !0 < --fe '0+N+,0(+ !1 < --f, ',0+3+ ,0(+ !2 < 2 '1+0+1(2 1
2 ,0 1z1Ia(
b z 2yeYl 3 --fe
,2 ,0 1--fe
7- Difmpb:- `bkqol bk 'N+N(
8- Gfm‹o_li^: `bkqol bk ',i+ ,i(0/- O^oŠ_li^: s‹oqf`b bk' 5& ,G(00- Difmpb: `bkqol bk 'N+N(01- Difmpb: `bkqol bk '5+ ,3(
02- O^oŠ_li^: s‹oqf`b bk &-n9*qf(
4-1/ Dgbo`f`flp 'mŠd- 063(
6, ] < €0--g2
5-2 Dgbo`f`flp 'mŠd- 067(
0- u<a2!&,a1&!
0, u < et0 * ht3
2- u < 3 `lp t , 1 `lp, V
3- Br^qol sb`bp i^ `^kqfa^a fkf`f^i4- b't( < Bu!: lo b't( < _a €
03- Difmpb: `bkqol bk 'N+ N(
04- O^oŠ_li^: s‹oqf`b bk'{+ e<05- Difmpb: `bkqol bk' ,0+ z(06- Gfm‹o_li^: `bkqol bk 'N+N(07- Gfm‹o_li^: `bkqol bk ',0+ 1(08- ,03
02- '^(+ '_(+ v 'b(
A]l‡pqhk 5
5- _( W < a3&! , a,!+2.2
6- u < Aha0%!* _0a+0!*
7- u < B0 `lp 1t * `1pbk 1t8- u < a!&'_0 lp 1t * `1 pbk1t(
/., u < a,!&'_z * A1V(
00- g < j1nn1: bg'V( < Aoajjnnt 'j < 0+1+2+--- (02- ^( v! , u < N
_( u! , 3u&* 3u < Nb( u! * u&* 0u < Na( u! * 3u < Nb( v! , u < N
Qkhq_ekjao ] hko afan_e_eko 660
03- W < z-H5+ u! < ,01u < ,3-H5
5-8 Dgbo`f`flp 'mŠd- 08/(
0- W < B0 * A1a,! * `^b2!
1- u < B0 * _1a! * _]a,!4- u < '`0 * A1V * _]t1 * _3t](a,!5- u < _ha1! * A1a,1! * Ayblp 1t * _3pbk 1t
6- u < a r&1! 'Bi blp -HXt * A1pbk -HXt( * a,T1!'_] ako-HXt * A3pbk -H1t(
7- u < _ha! * a,++.1'A1blp q-I2u * `^ pbk p-H2t(8- u < a,!Y'_/ * _1t( blp t * '`^ * _3t( pbk t[
0/- u < 'Bi * _1t( blp t * '`^ * _3t( pbk t
00- u < B0 * A1t * '`^ * A3V(blp -H1t * '`p * _5t( pbk -H1t01- u < `0 * A1V * '`^ * A3V(blp 1t * '`p * _5t( pbk 1t
2- W < Bi * 'A1 * _]t(a,1!
3- u < '`0 * A1V * _]t1(a!
0/1, z&t' < %0,i0 &ai! , `lp it ,pbk it'
04- ^( u;3( , 4u! * 3u < N_( uhhh* 5u! * 01u&* 7u < Nb( o&!, 1uhhh* u! < Na( u;3( , 1v0ii * u! < N
b( u'h• , 1u;3( * u&&&< Nc( u;3( * 7u&!* 22u! * 57u& * 41u < Nd( u;3( \ 1u! * u < N
e( v;5i * 3u! < N
5-04 Dgbo`f`flp 'mŠd- 1/3(
0- Xi < ,1t , t1 , qu^ 4- Xi < et1a&!* a1!1- Xi < eta1! 5- Xi < eta!2- Xi < 't , q(b! 6- W/ < t blpe t3- Xi < qpbk t 7- Xi < 1Zt3a,!8- 4/uz < '00 , 4t(a! pbk 1t * z1 , hMt(a! blp 1t
0/- W/ < ,'pt * yV1 * bhbt](a,!
_UM!!/0, W0 < lyi'&GV'
04- _( 1B b( 2B1 a( j Bj+h
05- W < ?a!&* @a9! * za! Ga,! `t , y a,! Gyt1 t 1 t
06- W < '? * pt( pbk 1t * '@ * qild iblp 1uf(blp 1t07- u < ?a!&* @a,! * kbb t
08- u < '? * @t(a!&* a•! , ta! I a•! `t * a! I ta!! `t
661 Qkhq_ekjao ] hko aean_e_eko
0 0 Ha+V 0 Ha+0t1/- u < , ,7 ild Hui* , aV + `t + + a0t + `t
2 t 3 t
0 H a,2t
* , …t + `t * ?at * @a0t * A…t13 t
5-05 Lfp`biŠkb^ ab bgbo`f`flp pl_ob b`r^`flkbp afcbobk`f^ibp ifkb^ibp 'mŠd- 1/5(
0- q&t' < 4&…V + a+V'-39 r&t' < a! \ a+3t
0, q&t' < pa0V+hRpbk 3t9 r&t' < ya+0V+hRoaj 1t
1, q&t' < a+t%9 O&t' < 2t0 * 13, W < &? * @t1'aV * &t0 + 0t * 0'a0V
4, u < ?…t Q a+2t+t1-1 `t * @…t
6- u < ?ty * @t+F
7- u < ?at * @toa9! , t7, u < ?&t0
+ 1( * @[t
/., u < t+0Y? * @&t + 0(2 * (t1 * et0 + et * q, &t + 0(20ld Gt + 00\00- ] < 0+ ,0: W < Y?ac&t' * @a+c&V'[-t
5-10 Dgbo`f`flp 'mŠd- 107(
1- Y't( < Sh'V( 'bu < 0(
2- ^( ? < &] + ^(.1+ @ < &] * ^(.1
_( z YS1, 0( zI , bu'bu * /'u < N+ alkab bu < 0 l ,1+ v t < S * 0(.1
•ll bu'bu ] 1( --- 'bu , 1i * 1(3- r0&t' < 0 * ' +/'i0i ++++++++++ t0i m^o^ qlal t9
&0i' j<i
z 'bu , 0('bu , 2( --- 'bu , 1i * 0(S0&V' < t * K--, &+/'
i0i
&0i * 0( V0i)/ m^o^ qlal tj<i
y &\/'i3, q/&t' < 0 * K--, &1i * 0'&1i \ 0( --- 7 - 4 t1i m^o^qlal t9
j<i
] 1'z z 'bu , 1('bu , 2( --- 'bu , j , 0( j(4, u ,t 5 * K--, j 'j *2( t
k<i
00- _( Y&t' < eNk&t' * pN0&t' * 9hn:N2&V'
1j04- _( ,1,
3j , 0
m^o^ qlal t
Qkhq_ekjao ] hko afan_e_eko 662
5-13 Dgbo`f`flp 'mŠd- 120(
4- H\y&t' < +&8tbAM9V )oajt'
8- ^( u < VyyYAGH/y&ety!%'* _y\G8†&ety'[_( u < VyYAGHye&et0'* _y\y9&eV0'[b( u < WzŒZBHIz'1HWWGj.1(* Bz,^'1HWWGj.1(\+ alkab HW< hf&i * 1(+ `lk q^i nrb
i.'j * 1( kl pb^ bkqbol: pf kl+ prpqfqrfo i^ H `loobpmlkafbkqb mlo I
a( W < VFYAGHy&et0'* _y\eet0'[* alkab HW < -H1.70/- W < cy p^qfpc^`bt0u! * 'i , 0_'tu% * &]0^0t0^ * _0 + GV0^0'u < N
^( u < V+$YAGH3&0ty' * _0I3&0ty'[_( u < t+$n_zH$&t' * _y\$&t'[b( u < W,&•KBHI0'zW$( * _0Ih&yV3?'[a( u < tY_GHk&0ty' * _0Ik&0ty'[
00- /<1+ _<k
z ',0(!/0, W < K &j (1 t!9 u < Hk&0tF' pf t = N
!8+
02- ^ < &Nk+ ]k'-]k* a < mkf]k/2, u < t0-,1
Kll j
/3, p < 09 u < ',H(k,i]'1u(!&0j'
!8,
p <z9 u <tF H'zz(!Fo<tFa,v.1
!8+
/4, qk&t' < `lp t9 Sh&V' < f, f, `lp t ,0 `lp 0t
A]l‡pqhk 6
6-3 Dgbo`f`flp 'mŠd- 130(
R(S2- _( 'Ng(&< lil&lg,h,i
j<N
6-01 Dgbo`f`flp 'mŠd- 140(
0- ^( @,i < 1h , ?+ ?! < j? , 'j , 0(0
_( †? < ae'h , p(G* pa&?< ahE y[
663 Qkhq_ekjao ] hko afan_e_eko
1- ^( @,i < z0 --+--h?+ ?j < '1j , h(? , '1j , 1(0
_( ap? < '1ap , a1p(0 * 'a1p , ap(? < Zbi N\a1p \ ap a1p
0 * ' ]i(k 0 , ' ]i(k^( @,i < ?+ ?j < - 0 * ?
1 1
ZBNRep pbke p[
_( ap? < '`lpe p(0 * 'pbke p(? ;
pbke p `lpe p
^( @,0 < ? ?j < 0 * ']i(k 0 * 0 , ' ]i(k ?' - -
_( ap? < '`lpe p(0 * 'pbke p(? < Yayp 9p[
Z`lp ^p pbk ^pH
_( ap? , a]p
,oaj^p `lp ^p
6- a?'ph < 0 * 'a , h(?'p(: 'a?'p(& < 'a , h(?&'p( < Z9
a?'ph?&'p( < Z9 zI: ?&'p(a?'ph < Z9 z\
^( ?j < M pf j y 2
_( ap? < 0 * p? * z p1?1 < Zz 9 p *.p
1
[
N N 08- -^( ?j < ? pf j y 0
Y
/ a&, 0
_( ap? < 0 * 'ap , i(@ < l z
2-
3-
4-
7-
0/- ^( ?2 < 3?1 , 4? * 10 :
Qkhq_ekjao ] hko afan_e_eko 220
6-04 Dgbo`f`flp 'mŠd- 15/(
0- a.? < e'2ap , †p(0 * F†p , ap(?
, 0 ,1- ap? < '`lpe --(4 p(0 * --(4 'pbke--(4 p(?
2- ap? < yapw'p1 , 1p * 1(0 * ',1p1 * 1p(? * p1?1x3- ap? < '2a,p , 2a,1p * a,2p(0 * ',y,a,p , 3a,1p *ya,2p(? * 'wa,p , a,1p * ya,2p(?1
4- ap? < '3a , 2a1p * 1pa1p(0* '3†p , 2pa1p , 3a (? * 'a , a1p * p†p(?15- ap? < '3ap , 5a1p * 3a2p , †p(0 * &+,/hap* Zb a1p , 6a2p *T†p(?
* 'ya , 3a1p * e†p, †p(?1 * ',0ap * ya1p \y†p *ya3p(?26- _( ap? < ,ya?pw'5 , 5H-p* 2H-1p1, H-2p2(0* '5p , 5K1 * 2H-1p2(?* '2p1 , 2K2(?1
* p2?2xn B0 * 1_0 n , n 1BH , B1 ,
7- XH < BH lpe U 4 p * --(, pbke U 4 p+ X1 < `1 `lpe U 4 p * ,, pbke --(4 p4 --(48- IH< b '`lp 2p , pbk 2p(+ W1 < ap'_ko 2p , 2 pbk 2p(
0/- IH< a1p * 3pa1p+ W1 < , 1ap * a1p * 3pa1p+ W2 < , 1ap * 3a1p
00- XH < _0†p+ X1 < _1a + W2 < 'A1p * _2(ap
01- IH < 2a,p , 2a,1p * a,2p+ X1 < ,2a,p * 5a,1p , 2a,2p+ W2 < 2a,p , 01a,1p * ca,2p
02- XH< a4p * 6a,2p+ W1 < 1a4p , 1a,2p+ W2 < ,aQp * a,2p
03- XH< ,hap * a1p * ha2p+ W1 < a1p * a2p+ W2 < †p+ u,z < a3p
04- XH< 1†p , 0+ W1 < 1a1p , p , 1+ W2 < 1a1p+ W3 < a1p
6-06 Dgbo`f`flp 'mŠd- 153(
1- b( XH< '^ , 0(a&!* 1'_ * 0 , ^(ta&! * 0+ X1 < _a! * 1'_ * 0 , ^nta!3- IH< ,pap , e†p * ha1p+ X1 < 0,ap , ,.p‹q * ha1p
4- ^( @• < @* A0 < ?@*
_( @ < ,i &?+G'i)/_
5- 2Z0\]alkab @ << ,5?,,3A < ,,017 0 -
Dpql klp a^ i^ plir`fŽk m^oqf`ri^o XH< W1 < ,0 e , ,.-::p , 025p1, hp2
_( XH < X1 < ,Hz7 , .!1p , hZp1 ,iq2 * qfq‹q
^(
05, C < @* D < , &?@* B(
N'
7- ^( XH< ,`lp 1p , i pbk1q+ W1 << ,i oaj1p
665 Qkhq_ekjao ] hko afan_e_eko
_( IH < 1 `lpe 1p * pbke 1p , `lp 1p , pbk 1p+W1<_kod 1p * fpbke 1p, pbk 1p7, uz't( < a1t * a2t , aV+ W1't( < ,1a1t , a2t * 2at
/., Wh'V( < h&oa&!, 2y5a1V* '`i , Fya,3t * 'G , `i
, _1(ta,3V+
W1'V( < hoat * h,5a1V* '_1 , pF(a,3V * '`i * A1 , F(ta,3V
00- HG't( < a,3V'1 `lp t * oajt( * Fat , k+ W1'V( < a,3V'oajt * 2 `lp t(,hy2at*hy601- Wh'V( < a,V't1 * 1t * 2( * t1 , 2t * 2+ W1't( < a,V' ,1t , 1( * t+
W]'t( < 1a,t * t , 0
6-1/ Dgbo`f`flp 'mŠd- 161(
3- b( W't( < ata&?t&-?@
NB NB
4- Rf ?'t( < Htg?g= bkqlk`bp W't( < @ * tA * Htg@g=gy `-
g
alkab &g * 1('g * 0(@g_1 < H?n@gyn m^o^ g „ N-Yc=
6-13 Dgbo`f`flp 'mŠd- 172(
0- ^( W&t' < a!60 I+:
Wj&t' < 0a%!+ „: pf j bp fjm^o:Sc=
60 t&9Wj&t' < „g pf j bp m^o
Sc=
_(
1u2 t3 1t4 t&4- ^( W0&t' < 0 * t * t0 * 2 * 5 * 04* 52
_( K < 1: A < q
b(3u2 6t3 5to
W't( < 0 * t * t1 * , * , * , * ---2 5 4
t2 1to 06t6 51t7 5R
a( W&t' < qd t < t * !2 * 04 * 204 * 1724 * --- m^o^ Gth ;!1
Qkhq_ekjao ] hko afan_e_eko 222
8-t2 V
4 0t5 V7
W]&V' < 4 * t * , * , * , * , -01 5 52 61 &
u^ 0t5 t7 00t8 6thh
X]&t' < 0 *!2 * t4 * 8 *!7 * 213 * 153
0/- a( Wj&t' < N: Hfj Wj&t' < N
w t1 pf t y N
w t1 pf t y N
b( Wj&t' < Hfj Wj&t' <+t1 pf t zN W&&XX 'F+ pf t zN
0tjc( u- &t' < ,& ifj Wj&t' < Nj 1j % k,-ll
w t1 pf t80%8M
w t1 pf t80%8M
d( Wj&t' <pf
ifj Wj&t' <+t1 V zN =''7# 'F) pf t zN
A]l‡pqhk 7
7-2 Dgbo`f`flp 'mŠd- 2//(
1- Slalp ^_fboqlp bu`bmql a(+ b(+ e(+ v g(2- Slalp ^_fboqlp bu`bmql a(4- b( Tk bgbjmil bp i^ `lib``fŽk ab qla^p i^p 1•bpcbo^p @&M9h-g'* alkab g; 0+1+2+---5- ^( @_fboql v `boo^al _( @_fboql v `boo^al b( Bboo^al a( @_fboql b( Bboo^al
c( Mf ^_fboql kf `boo^al d( Bboo^al e( Mf ^_fboql kf `boo^al f( `boo^alg( `boo^al h( kf ^_fboql kf `boo^al 0( Bboo^al
7- b( Tk bgbjmil bp i^ obrkfŽk ab qlalp ilp `lkgrkqlp ab i^ cloj^ Qg;wthhhthhyh+h-gxm^o^ g; 0+1+2+--- Rr obrkfŽk bp i^ bpcbo^ ^_fboq^ @&k90(
0/- Ml
7-4 Dgbo`f`flp 'mŠd- 2/5(
^( Slal &t*u'
_( Slal &t*u' %!'N+N(b( Rk`k&t*u' `lk u %!Na( Slal &t*u' `lk u %!Nb( Rk`k&t*u' `lk t%! N
c( Rk`k&t*u' %! 'N+ N(d( Rk`k&t*u' `lk tu %! 0e( Slal &t*u' %!'N+ N(f( Slal'u+v( &! 'N+ N(
g( Slal &t* u' `lk u %!N X N z t y u l u y t y N4- ifj Y't+ u' kl bufpqb pf t &!N
,,()+
5- '0 , i1(.'0 * i1(: Ml6- u < et1
: Zkl bp `lkqfkr^ bk 'N+N(
0-
t1 0R
X W %!1! * g6n 'g < N+0+ 1+ ’-- (
2236, bak+N( < 0
7-8 Dgbo`f`flp 'mŠd- 201(
Qkhq_ekjao ] hko aean_e_eko
0- b&'t:u( <]•u1- ^( w&'t:u' < 3 HHui01t• W
_( -Slalp ilp mrkqlp ab i^ ob`q^ 1t * 2u < ,pa:
b( Slalp ilp mrkqlp abi mi^kl t * 0u * 2v < N2- b&'t: u( < t ŒR'u( * u- R't(
]b ]b3- ]t < 1t * u2 `lp 'tu(: ]u < 1u oaj'tu( * tu1 `lp 'tu(
]b HK ]b GJ4- , < t.'t1 * u1(M&+:, < u.'t1 * u1(!
]t ]u
Mb 2J Mb 2J
4, ]t < u1.'V1 * u1(++: ]u < ,tu.'t1 * u1(!
Mb Mb6- ]t < ,1u.'t , u(1: ]u < 1t.'t , u(1
7- Bgb't( < ]g+ alkab ] < ']h&! - +]j(
j
7, Bgb't( < 1 K ]gfVff;h
]b ]b0/- , < 3t2 , 7tu1: , < 3u2 , 7t1u
]t ]u
]b 1t ]b 1u00- ]t < t1 * u1: ]u < t1 * u1
]b 1t ]b 001- , < , , pbk&t1(: , < , , `lp &t1(
]t W ]u u1
kb 1t t1 Mb t1 t102- , < ,pb`1
,: , < , ,pb`1,]t u u ]u u1 u
]b u ]b 003- ]t < , t1 * u1: ]u < t1 * u1
Mb 0 * u1 ]b 0 * t1
04- ]t < 0 * t1 * u1 * V1u1: ]u < 0 * t1 * u1 * V1u1
]b K ]b 105- , < u1VW 0: , < 1utW hkct
]t ]u
Mb 0 ]b -H,::06- ]t < , 1-Ht'u , t(: ]u < 1u-Hu , t
/6, j < ,f
Qkhq_ekjao ] hko afan_e_eko 224
08- ] < ^ < 011- _( Tk bgbjmil bp b't( < t Œu+ alkab v bp rk sb`qlo a^al kl kril
7-03 Dgbo`f`flp 'mŠd- 21/(
0- ^( '1t * u2 `lp tu(: * '1u oajtu * tu1 `lp tu(f_( ah! `lp ue , ah! pbk ufb( 1tu2v3e * 2t1u1v3f * 3t1u2X2g
a( 1te , 1uf * 3vg
,_ c N[b( ••e*,,• -,-,,f ++++++g
t1 * 1u1 , 2v1 t1 * 1u1 , 2v1 t1 * 1u1 , 2v1
c( u&tuX,/9 * wv!,iuvwild tf * u!tuvhkc t hkcug
1- ^( ,1.--.5_( 0.--.5
2- '0+ N(+bk i^ afob``fŽk ab e9 ',0+ N(+ bk i^ afob``fŽk ab ,:3- 1: * 1g: 0-Zgz
4- &]*^+b( < '5+13+,7( l ',5+ ,13+7(5- Di `lkgrkql ab mrkqlp 't+v( ab i^ ob`q^ 4t , 2u < 5: Z b']( < 4: , 2g7- b( RŒ
a( b't+ u+ v( < qxu1* u1 * X1(00- _( fjmif`^ ^( v b(: a( fjmif`^ ^(+ _(+ v b(: c( fjmif`^ ^(
7-06 Dgbo`f`flp 'mŠd- 216(
0-.1/% MS .1/% ./% ./%
_( D!'p( < \H YV&'p([1 * 1 \H\ V&'p( u&'p( * , ---- Yu&'p([1 * --1-- V!'p( * -- ---- W!'p(kt1 kt ku ku1 kt ku
^( D&'p( < 3p2 * 1p: D!'p( < 01p1 * 1_( D&'p( < '1 _ko1p , i(bB•pqpfikqlp'`lp poaj1p( * '2oaj2p , 1 oajp(aAMQ qpbkqpbk'`lp poaj1p( :
D!'p( < '4 `lp! p , 2 `lp p , 3 `lp! p , `lp1 p , 3 `lp p(a_kop-oeiplp '`lp poaj1 0(
* '03oaj2p ,01oaj4p ,3oajp *6_kop ,8`lp2q(bBlpqpbkqpbk'`lpqpbk1q(
+ 1a1pbum 'a1p( 1a,1p bum 'a,1p(b( D 'p( < ,,,, * ,,,,, alkab bum 'q( < a! :
0 * bum 'a1p( 0 * bum 'a,1p( +
D! p \ 3'0 * a1p * bum 'a1p([a1pbum 'a1p( \ 3'0 * a,1p * bum 'a,1p([a,1p bum 'a,1p(
' ( , Z0* bum 'a1p([1 '0 * bum'a,1p([1
1-
2- ^( ,f_( t1 \ u1
b( N3- ^( '0 * 2t1 * 2u1('V: * uf( , 't1 * u1(&heg+l `r^inrfbo molar`ql ab ‹pqb mlo rk bp`^i^o
_( `lp '( < , Z0 * '0 * 2't1 * v1ƒ1gi,1: `lp '( ,* ,q.1 `r^kal 't+ u+ v( ,* 'N+N+N(
67/ Qkhq_ekjao ] hko afan_e_eko
4- S't+ u( < z ild 't1 * v1( : T't+ u( < ^obq^k 'u.t(5- _( Ml
7- tht‚ * W.Wk * vhv‚ < 2
8- t * W * 1v < 3+ t , W , v < ,00/- b < €.2
7-11 Dgbo`f`flp 'mŠd- 225(
0- _( k- < ,1upbk &t0 * v1( blp cblp&t0 * u0'[a!%! Zb/7 't& * u%'[W_
z ifg ifg z 0z ifg1- kt < 19 kq * 19 kr: ]u < , 19 kq * 19 kr
kN efkt k.]W MN efkV k.]W^( ko < kt ko * ]uko: ]h < kt ]9 * ]u ]h!
/1l /&0ot kV /&0 'MV k u kV k W( /&0/ u k u fg/1V k. /1 ub( ko kp < kt1 ko ]9 * @t ]uko ]9 * ]9 ko * ku1 ko ]h! * MVko kp * ]uko k.
kD k. fg kN k. fg /1l /&0 /&0 /&0^( ko < MV* p]u: &fz< kt * o ]u: MQ1< kt1 * 1pkt ]u * p1ku1 :
/1l /&0 /&0 /&0 /1l /&0 /&0 /&0 k.kp1 < kt1 * 1o kt ]u * Q1ku1: ko kp < kt1 * 'o * p( kt ]u * opku1 * ]u
kN fg 0fg kN fg o k. /1l k&e /&0 0 /&0_( , < p, * , ]- , < o , , , \- , < p0 + * 1 ]] * ]] -
ko MV p ]u& kp kt p1]u& MQ1 kt1 kt ]u p1/u1&
/1l /&0 Q1 /&0 Q1/&0 1o kb /1l /&0 o /&0 k. 0 k., < Q1 , , 1 , ,, * , , * , ----9------,, , op * ]/'1 kt1 p1kt ]u '3/u1 p2 ]u& ko kp , kt1 p2/u1 kt p1]u
kN 0 k. 0 k. kN 0 Mb 0 k. /1l 0 /&0 0 /&0b( , < , , * , ]- , < , , ] * ]] - * ]] -ko 1 MV 1 ]u& kp 1 kt 1 ku& ko kp , 3 kt1 3 ku1 &
/1l 0 /&0 0 /&0 0 /&0 /1l 0 /&0 0 /&0 0 /&0,<,, *,,, *,]- , <,,,,,, *,,MQ1 3 kt1 1 kt ]u 3 ku1& kp1 3 kt1 1 kt ]u 3 ku1
2-
3-
/1zl /&0 ' /&0 /&0 ( /&04- Mn1< `lp&&k kt1 * blp k pbkM kt ]u * ]u kt *pbk1 M ku1 :
/1zl /&0 /&0 /&0 /&0kn // < ,n blp NpbkM kt1 * n `lp, M kt ]u , opbk1 M ]u kt * nako M pbkM ku1
fg =N,pbk M kt * BNR M ]u 9
Qkhq_ekjao ] hko afan_e_eko 670
kD /hkt /0 ]u ]h kX kD ]h ]t ]h ] u ]h ]v5- ]n < ]t ]n * ]u kn * ]v ]n : ]o < ]t ]o * ku ]o * ]v ]o :
]D ]h at ]h ] u ]hkv]h < ]t ]h * ]u ]h * ]v ]h
^( ]D \ ]h * ]h * 1 ]h- ]D \ ]h \ 1 ]h * ]h- ]D < /0 * 2 ]h \ ]h]n , ]t ku ]v& ]o , ]t ]u ]v& ]p ]t ]u ]v
_( ]D< 1n']h * ]h * ]h(: ]D < 1o']h \ ]h \ ]h(: ]D < 1p']h \ ]h * ]h(]n ]t ]u ]v ko ]t ]u ]v -/0 ]t ]u ]v
]D ]h]t ]h]u khkv kD ]hkt /hkW ]h]v7- ]o < ]t ]o * ]u]o * ]v ]o: ]p < ]t ]h * ]u ]z * ]v ]h
kD /0 /0 ]h ]D ]h ]h /0^( ko < 1oMV* 1o]u * 10 ]v: /0 < 1p]t , 10 ku * 1oMX
kD /0 ]h /0 ]D /0 ]h yb_( ,<,*,*0,& ,<,,,*o,]o kt ]u kv& ]p ‡t ]u ]v
]D /hkV /0 ]u kD /hkt /0 ]u kD khkt /hkW/., kn < MV]98 * ku ^+-: ]o < ]t ]o * ]u]9:: ]p < ]t ]h * ku &bb
kD /0 ]D ]h kD yb^( ]n < ]t: ]o < ]t: /0 < ku
kD /0 /0 kD ]h ]h kD /0 ]h_( kn < ]t * 1n]u: ]o < ]t * 1o]u: ]h < ]t * 1p]u
b( kD 0 /0 kD ,n ]h 0 /0 kD ,o ]hkn < : ]t: ko < z kt * p]u: /0 < '!1 ku
6-
8-
00-
02- ^( b't+ u+w( < te * ue * vg+jŠp rk sb`qlo `lkpq^kqb `r^inrfbo^_( b't+ u+w( < N't(e * O&u'f * P'v(g+ alkab N+O* P plk qobpcrk`flkbp `r^ibpnrfbo^
nrb p^qfpc^`bk l% < l* O&< m*P&< n
03- ^( Bb't+u( < Ya!&*100 1a!&*100[: Bc'q+ r+s( < Z 01 `lp 'u * 1t( `lp 'v * 1t( ,1q
_( d'q+r+s( < aS*1r1*2s1b,3r,1q1e* pbk '1r , q1 * 1q * 3r1 * 5s2'f
3r 8U1
[
- ?
Z,2 N
079lp 8\b( Bd'h+ ,0+0( < N
,5 `lp 8
YyU+1qrs1 y&U[Y1V 0
zwi0R- ^( Bb't+ u+w(< 1 Bc'q+ r+s( < N s1 `lp r 1s yajr0
Xqa! q1ar
671 Qkhq_ekjao ] hko afan_e_eko
b( Bd'q+ N+s' < Z1q s1
* q1
M[3q2 s1 * 1q3 N
7-13 Dgbo`f`flp s^oflp 'mŠd- 231(
0- Tk bgbjmil9 bp€*u( < 2t `r^kal t < u +z't+ u( < N m^o^ ilp abjŠp s^ilobp ab t b u
1- Bzb'M+ N( < N: B`'M+ N( < ,0: B1-zb'/+ N( < N: Bh-`'M+ N( kl bufpqb2- ^( Rf ] < '^i&]0'* bkqlk`bp z&'M:]( < ]y.]e pf ^i :5 N+ Xz&aM:]( < N pf ^i < N
_( K^ crk`fŽk b kl bp `lkqfkr^ bk bi lofdbk
3- ]]hb< z a,!&Wt,H+1uH+1:]]hb
< z a,!&WtW1W,H+1t 1 u 1
]u ]u ]u3, D!%&p'< , YV%&p'[1* 2 ,, YV%&p'f0W-&p'* 2 ,, V%&p'YW%&p'[0
]t2 ]t1 ]u ]t ]u1
]2D ]1D ]1D* ,9 --- YW%&p'[1* 2 \H V%&p'V!&p' * 2 \H\ YV!&p' W%&p'* V-&p' u!&p'[
]u2 ]t1 ]t ]u
]1D ]D ]D)1\H W%&p'W!&p')yV!%&p')y W!%&p'*
]u1 ]t ]u
prmlkfbkal nrb i^p abofs^a^p m^o`f^ibp jfuq^p kl abmbkabk abi loabk ab abofs^`fŽk5- 7
0/-
]c ]z ]z ]c ]z ]z^( ]q < ]t r * ]u q: ]r < ]t q , ]u r :
]1f& ]z,qr, *,]u1 ]t
^( nl%&p'< ?%&p'Hb'p( bR?&p'*u[ `u * @%&p'H: 'p( zYt+@&p'[`t
_( om&'p( < 1pap!'1ap1, a] , ‡(
02- Tk^ bpcbo^ `lk `bkqol bk bi lofdbk v o^afl --(1/2, z't( < t1
'_( ] < q+ < ,q
6-
A]l‡pqhk 8
8-2 Dgbo`f`flp 'mŠd- 238(
0- bp€*u' < pbk &t + u'1- Yp€*u' < a!+*4u.1 , 0
2- ^( q't+ u( < t1u1a!&W
_( r&t* u' < 1 * ild [z H
Qkhq_ekjao ] hko afan_e_eko 672
3, ? < @ < b < 0+ B < ,2: z&t*u' < 8&0'2u* u' * mH0&V+ u'4, E&t*u';t+u
8-7 Dgbo`f`flp 'mŠd- 257(
/, ]V-]r < N *- tq'-&t + u' 9] u-]q < N , ur'-&t + u' 9]u-]r < N * uq'-&u + t'0, ]t-]u < , '0 * tq'-M * q' 9] r-]q < N , ur'-M * uq' 9] r-]u < '0 , t'-M * q'
]t < ]&D* E'f]&D* E', ] u < ]&D* E'f]&D* F(- ] u < ]&D* E'f]&D* F(1, ]r ]&u* r' ]&t* u' * ]q ]&q* t' ]&t* u'% ]r ]&r* t' ˆp•+u'
0 ]]2, R < ~ --y640 &02e+ 3--y6g* 2--y6g'
3, 0e * g* --y2g* l `r^inrfbo molar`ql kl kril ab ‹pqb mlo rk bp`^i^o
4, ]t-]q < N+ ]t-]r < /R-/06, j < 17, ]z-]t < +/-&0u * 0v * 0(: ]bh]u < +0&u * v'-&0u * 0v * 0( :
]0Y-&]t ]u' < 0-&0u * 0v * 0(2
/., ]0vf&]t ]u' < Yoaj&t * u' `lp1 &u * v' * pbk &u * v' `lp! &t * v(\.`lp2 &u * v'
]z B/D * 0tB0D ]z B/D * 0uB0D**' ]t < , B/D * 0vB0D9 ]u < , B/D * 0vB0D
/0, B/D < %Yt * c&u'[9 B0D <z%Yt * c&u'[c%&u'9 B/‹/D < b!Yt * c&u'[9B/,0D <b!Yt * c&u'[c%&u'9 B0*0D <b!Yt * c&u'[Yc%&u'[0* %Yt * c&u'[c!&u'
8-02 Dgbo`f`flp 'mŠd- 270(
0- LŒkfjl ^_plirql bk 'N+ 0(1- Orkql ab bkpfii^aro^ bk 'N+ 0(2- Orkq^ ab bkpfii^aro^ bk 'N+ N(3- LŒkfjl ^_plirql bk `^a^ mrkql ab i^ ob`q^ u < t * 04- Orkql ab bkpfii^aro^ bk N+0(5- LŒkfjl ^_plirql bk N+N(6- Orkql ab bkpfii^aro^ bk 'N+ N(
7- Orkql ab bkpfii^aro^ bk '/+5( v bk &t* N(+ m^o^ qlal t9 jŒkfjl obi^qfsl bk 'N+u'*N ; u ; 5: jŠufjl obi^qfsl bk '1+ 2( X bk 'N+u' m^o^ u ; N b u = 5
8- Orkql ab bkpfii^aro^ bk 'N+ N(: jŒkfjl obi^qfsl bk N+0(0/- Orkqlp ab bkpfii^aro^ bk &j/R * /R-0*N(+ pfbkal j rk bkqbol00- LŒkfjl ^_plirql bk 'N+ N(: Orkql ab bkpfii^aro^ bk ',0+ , (01- LŒkfjl ^_plirql bk ',,hk+ ,ib(: jŠufjl ^_plirql bk /+2(02- LŠufjl ^_plirql bk &/R-1*/R-1'9jŒkfjl ^_plirql bk &0/R-1*0/R-1'9 jŠufjl obi^qfsl bk
&/R*/R'9 jŒkfjl obi^qfsl bk 'N+N(: mrkql ab bkpfii^aro^ bk 'N+ /R' X &/R*M(03- Orkqlp ab bkpfii^aro^ bk N+0(
04- LŠufjl ^_plirql bk `^a^ mrkql ab i^ `fo`rkcbobk`f^ t1 * u1 < 0: jŒkfjl ^_plirqlbk 'N+ N(
673 Qkhq_ekjao ] hko afan_e_eko
06- b( LŠufjl obi^qfsl bk '1+1(: kl bufpqbk jŒkfjlp obi^qfslp: mrkqlp ab bkpfii^aro^ bk"(%+#%"+%A#%H "+%+# I
07- LŠufjl obi^qfsl 0bk 'i+q(v ',i+ ,i(: jŒkfjl obi^qfsl ,0 bk 'i+-9--- (v ',q+i(:mrkqlp ab bkpfii^aro^ bk 'N+N(+'~ 0+N(+ X 'N+ ~0(: jŠufjl ^_plirql 0 bk '0+ ,0( v',0+0(: jŒkfjl ^_plirql ,0 bk '0+ 0( X ',0+ ,0(
08- ^( ] < 0+ ^ < ,e_( ] < 50ld1 , 2pn.1+ ^ < pp , 2ild1
v ^ < u) , ]t)
0 j 0 j 0 j
11- Rb^ t) < z „Ve&u)<y ‚We v)< y „Xe&Se<Ve,V)+ Te< We, u)+u mlkd^jlpQc+ Qc+ 34+
+`lkpfaboŠkalpb i^p prj^p m^o^ e< 0+1+ --- + j- Dkqlk`bp
0 v, w, 0 1 TeX: 1 SeTea < v) , ]t) , ^u)]<, ^<, +_-
1T:v: 1ry_-
1 q:v: 1qy
14- @rqls^ilobp 3+ 05+05: jŒkfjl obi^qfsl bk '0+0+0(
8-04 Dgbo`f`flp 'mŠd- 276(
0- Di s^ilo jŠufjl bp 0.3: kl qfbkb jŒkfjl
1- Di jŠufjl bp 1: bi jŒkfjl bp 0
2-
3- Di jŠufjl bp 0* +H1.1 bk ilp mrkqlp 'jpn * pn.7+j| , pn.7(+pfbkal j rk bkqbol `r^i-
nrfbo^: bi jŒkfjl bp 0 , +H1.1 bk 'jpn * 4pn.7+j j * 2pn.7(+ pfbkal j `r^inrfbo bkqbol4- Di jŠufjl bp 2 bk 'q+,g+f(: bi jŒkfjl bp ,2 bk ',0+g+,g(5- 'N+/+0( X 'N+N+,0(6- 0
Qkhq_ekjao ] hko afan_e_eko
7- '0+ N+N(+ 'N+ 0+N(+ ',0+ N+N(+ 'N+ ,0+ N(
]]^^a_ '] ^a(7, '] * ^ * a(]*^*_ ^q ] * ^ * b &] * ^ * b &] * ^ * b
0/- ]^a -y2.100- 4 ild n * 2 ild -y2
i1 < ? * B , -x_-? , A(1 * 3@101- ]
1'?A , @0'
02- '3 ~ -y4(.-y1
03- Di Škdril bp &6R.2: ^k`ero^ abi clkal a.2- bi Šob^ jŠufj^ bp a1.'3-( 1'
A]l‡pqhk 0/
0/-4 Dgbo`f`flp 'mŠd- 288(
i- ,001- ,106]1
2- 0d3- q4- N5- 3/6- z{
7- z8- ,9-Iil&q
0/- ,10600- N
01- '^('_(
,1-x106
0/-8 Dgbo`f`flp 'mŠd- 3/2(
0- df, 7- 145]2.04
1- 1]2 8- 1061]2'h * 1061(
2- ] < '2a.1(G?- 0/- Z'1 * py($ , 1-y1\.2
3- N 01- jljbkql ab fkbo`f^~ 3]3
4- 706'oajM , `lp M( 02- 106.2
5- 06]2.3 03-5// , 25-y1 , 38 ild '8 , 3-y1(
53Z5-y1 * ild '2 * 1-y1(\
,-y15]^1 506]^1
6- 04- t< - gf< ,2]1 * 3061^1 & 2]1 * 3061^1
05- Gt < ']1 * ^1(G?-Y06]3 * '3062 , 06.1(]1^1 * 21064^3.4[Gu< ']1 * ^1(G?-Y06]2 * '3061 * 06.1(]1^1 * 21063^2.4[
675 Qkhq_ekjao ] hko afan_e_eko
0/-02 Dgbo`f`flp 'mŠd- 3/8(
0- Slalp bu`bmql 'b( plk `lkbulp5- ^( Ml `lkpbos^qfsl
_( &0a0! + 3a! + 3/R + 2(.0/6- _( 2
7- f/., 2^0 + 6/R^ * 3 : pb mobpbkq bi jŒkfjl `r^kal ^ < /R
0/-07 Dgbo`f`flp 'mŠd- 31/(
0- m8<&t*u' < Ft0 * u0' * B
0, m8<&t*u' < t1u * B
2- m8<&t*u'< t0aW * tu + u0 * B3- m8<&t*u' < t pbku * u `lp t * &t0 * u0'-0 * B3, m8<&t*u' ;toaj&tu' * B4, m8<&t*u*v' < &t0 * u0 * v0'H0 * B6- m8<&t*u* v' < t0-0 + u0-0 * tv + uv * B6, b kl bp rk do^afbkqb7, b kl bp rk do^afbkqb
/., b -kl bp rk do^afbkqb//, m8<&t*u*v' < u0 pbku * tv1 + 2u * 0v * B/0, m8<&t*u*v' < t * 0t0u + t1v0 * 0u + X1 * B
]nj)/02- _( m8<&t*u' <,,0 * Bpfk z ,0: m8<&t*u' <^ildo * Bpfk <,0
j*
n>%,
/3, m8<&t'< ,,1 * B pfN y ,1: m8<&t'< ild n * B pfN < ,1l*
/4, m8<&t'< c&n' * B
0/-1/ Dgbo`f`flp 'mŠd- 314(
/, t0-0 * 0tu * u0-0 < B1- t1u < B
2- u2.2 , tu + u-0 * &oaj0u'-2 < B3- `lp 1t pbk2v < B3, t1u * 2t0u0 + /0aW * /0uaW < B5- I O&t'abN&8v8'`X `t %+uabN&8v8h]8v8< B7- ^( t * u < Bv1
_( g .u2 , 2 ild Zu\ < B
8- -^( 4&tu'y† + &uHt'$ < B: &t3u'+y bp rk c^`qlo fkqbdo^kqb_( t * a,9h9pbku < B: a,9X9`lp u bp rk c^`qlo fkqbdo^kqb
/., t1u% * t2u3 < B+ 0/u2v& * t3u% < B+ obpmb`qfs^jbkqb: t0f bp rk c^`qlo fkqbdo^kqb`lj•k
Qkhq_ekjao ] hko afan_e_eko
A]l‡pqhk 00
232
00-8 Dgbo`f`flp 'mŠd- 331(
0- 1- 0
2- 1H2 , yh3- z.34- 15- 16S
6- 56, n2'aph
+ ap' * n1 \ o00/- f00- f'0•p-i , H1(01- 6S.102- 'ild 1(.5
00-04 Dgbo`f`flp 'mŠd- 342(
0- ,26S.1
1- f * `lp 0 * pbk 0 , `lp 1 , 1 pbk 12- a , a,0
3- cild1
4- 6S1 , -f8,‚,
5- 56- p2
/
7- ^( _( 1 -`( 21/6S
7, H9 YH9b't+u(`uH `t
/., H9YJy9b't+ u( `u[ `t
00- cYH:!b'V+W(`t[ `u
/0, H9YH109!r&0,!hb'V+u(`t[ `u
Hk YHr&300*3 \ fRYH1,! - I/1, -.,b't+u(`t `u * -.,b't+u(`t `u,0 ,s 3++*3 N ,s 300*3
/2, H9YH9H't+u( `t[ `u
Hk YHr&0,++! \ 00Y,Hr&0,! I04- ,0 \r&h\!- 't+u(`t `u * N \r&G\H't+u(`t `u
05- H9YH9-y9b'V+u(`t[ `u
/5, HyHp1]n_oajhhb't+u(`tH `u * H/0YH:yo9_9ajhhb't+u( `t[ `u
/6, bHH999b't+ u( `uH `t
/7, b9ZI9,!'t1 * u1(`u[ `t < q
1/- u<M+ u<tpc b+ t1*u1<]1+ V1*u1<^1
10- ^( b8Yb9h.- 'V+u( `tH `u _( 3a7 * 1a.2
677 Qkhq_ekjao ] hko afan_e_eko
11- i < 1: j < 0
HT7 Dgbo`f`flp 'mŠd- 350(
0- t < ,q+gf< 1- t < 0+ gf< N2- t <G+ gf< T3- t < 6R.1+ gf< 6R.7
, '6S--y1 ( 6S 6S--y1 n \ ,,xe* 04- t < '--y1 * 0( ,3, ,0 <91* 3 , 0 , z1+ W < ,3,
\ 1]1 ild ] , ]1 * 0 ]'hkc ](14, t < ,,,,,,, gf< ,,,,,, , 0
3'] ild ] , ] * 0( + 1'] ild ] , ] * 0(
6- -b < gf< 0:7- t < gf< 145.'2046R(7, ch , 0--iild 2
,,,*, ,,,*,/., t < fHH@AHH+gf< fHH@Cif:prmlkfbkal nrb ilp bgbp t b v `lfk`fa^k `lk ilp i^alp ?@ v Š
obpmb`qfs^jbkqb
46S 16S2
00- Gv< 01& /// < 2 , 6S
01- Gv < 00--1^2'] , a(+ ///
< h1^']2 , a2(
02- Gv < /00 < '0 , 46R.05(n3
03- Gv < /// < )04- Gv < 5
03 Y'3] , h(a2]
+ 0\+ 0// < e1Y']1 + 2]1 * 5] , 5(a1] * 5\05- Gv < 0
6/14+ 0
//< 0--h&h
/7, hdY--x1* ild 'i * --y1(\1/- d0 * qo1
10- ^( '0--h+h(
_( 'q+q(b( '0--h+0--h(
a( &T+*/,,/'00, d < 1--y212- d = n--x1
00-11 Dgbo`f`flp 'mŠd- 360(
0- ^( ,3_( 3b( 3a( 36S
b( 26R.1
Qkhq_ekjao ] hko afan_e_eko-) ?2- j < 23- ,oo
7, c&t*u' < ~YN0&V*u' * O0&V*u'[y
) 00-14 Dgbo`f`flp 'mŠd- 367(
0- _( N
1- N+ 1oo+ ,1oo2- @ 0/ prjl qobp3- @ 0/ prjl pfbqb4- ^( ,25- 1oo
234
00-17 Dgbo`f`flp 'mŠd- 377(
0- oYbk].'n `lp M+n pbk M(n`n[ `M
1- b!.1 o'1 `l^ 7.'n `lp M+o pbk M(n`nH `M, Œ-.1 Tl
2- b/1
! Zq.'n `lp M+n pbk M(n`n[ `M
2, bM!.1
S9'7( .'n `lp M+n pbk M(n`nH `M+ alkab c'M( < 0.'`lp M * pbk M(
4- J!-3 Zclq^k
&Hpbl &H.'n `lp M+o pbk M(n`nH `M * Jy9.3 ZclBRB7.'n `lp M+n pbk M(n`nH `M
* '! Z-'q^k 7 pb` 7.'n `lp M+n pbk M(n`nH `MH2Œ-.3 Hk
4, nn]2
6- 0/2Zs&1* Hld '0 * s&1(\7- s&1, 07, nn]3.7
/., b9&3Tl%bB 7.'n `lp M+n pbk M(n`nH `M * H9y1 ZKBRB7.'n `lp M+n pbk M(n`nH `M
00- b9y2 Yb/1oa_7.'n(n`n[ `M
/0, &‹,.1 ZIH .'n `lp 7+n pbk M(n`nH ]a+ alkab c'M( < 0.'`lp M * pbk M(Hk **&6'
02- bk!.3
Yb99 pb` 7.'n `lp M+n pbk M(n`nH `M
03- oo3.204- ^( q < 6t , u+ r < ,Qt * u
_( 5/
24+ Qkhq_ekjao ] hko afan_e_eko
06- ^( 0 * 1qb( -G-
2
1' 0 4(a( 1 * -y2 ^o`q^k -y2 , ^o`q^k -y2
07- ^( 2&q1 * r1(
b( N
6S
08- ,, Y'N1 * o1(0,U , l1'0,T([ pf l ,{5 0: 6S i^d 'i * n1( pf l < 0-/ +l
h&l*o( qfbkab ^ rk iŒjfqb cfkfql `r^kal l = 0
00-23 Dgbo`f`flp 'mŠd- 4/3(
0- 2e1- 0^d(1 , ,b]2- ,h@2, y6R]^_4- 6R.5
5- INiS8ZI9,u b't+ u+v( `uH `v * I9Zqz9b't+ u+v( `uH `v( `t
6- Ili 'qwYH9:9y99H't+u+ v( `uH `t( `v
7- I9 S8%ZINib't+ u+v( `uH `v * H9-*t&Izv,t& Yb't+ u+v( `uH `v( `t
0/-00-
01-02-03-04-
07-08-1/-11-
12-
056R.20&5!
,,hk6R]1d'2]1 * 1d1(
26R]2y6R'^2 , ]2(y6RP2']1 * ^1 * `1(,I-,1
06R'4(4 , 3(.-,2,
w6R'^4 , ]4(
Dk bi bgb- ^ rk^ afpq^k`f^ $ d ab i^ _^pbDk bi bgb+ ^ rk^ afpq^k`f^ 0(-: d ab i^ _^pb
1 ^. ' ].13- Dk bi bgb ab pfjbqoŒ^^ rk^ afpq^k`f^ 7 -^1 \ ]1 abi mi^kl pb`^kqb ab ilp ebjfpcboflp
14- -[&< W < w < R61d 'prmlkfbkal bi s‹oqf`b `fq^al bk bi lofdbk(15- ,lkK']0 * 3d0'
16-yKP1
17- yK]1
18- 1z&
Qkhq_ekjao ] hko afan_e_ekoA]l†pqhk /0
680
01-3 Dgbo`f`flp 'mŠd- 406(
0- ']0^1 + ]1^1('t , VM' * ']1^z , ]z^1('u , Wk( * ']z^1 , ]1^z('v , vk( < N :
kn kn, u :,, < ']1^1 + ]1^-(e * ']1^z , ]z^1(f * ']z^1 , ]1^z(g=: qr ,
kn kn1- t1.]1 * u1.^1 < v: u , < ,1^q1 `lp re , 1]q1 pbk rf * ]^qg
MS kr
t1 u1 X1 kn kn 'pbk q `lp r pbk q pbk r `lp q (2- 1 * ^0 * 1 < 0: , u , < ]^a pbk q e * g* ,, g
] b MS MT ] ^ b
M+ k+3- X < Y'-Ht1 * u1(: ,&t, < ,qY&'q( `lp re , qY&'q( pbk rf * qg
MS MT
u1 X1 k+ k+4- ::1 * yy< 0: z u ]r < ^ pbk rf * ] `lp rg
5- '-HV1*u1\](1*v1<^1:
k+ k+, u , < ^'] * ^ `lp q('_ko q pbk re * `lp q `lp rf * pbk qg(MS MT
Z 'pbk1 q `lp! S( pbke&&sI z
6- h]^ah `lpe T S * x:1 `lpe! T * z
7- -H017r1 *\3 \
8- .q , re -H25q1T1 * 8'q * T(1 * 30/- -Hq3 * q1
01-5 Dgbo`f`flp 'mŠd- 413(
1- 6R]1-H2
2- '166 , 2']1
/) /4- ^( Tk m^o^_lilfab ab obslir`fŽk
_( ,1q1 `lp re , 1q1 pbk rf * qg
b( j < 55- -H1 6R]1.3
6- 16R-H5
6, 16R]1'2-H2 , 0(.2
8- 36R1]^
00- ^( Tk `Œo`ril rkfq^ofl bk bi mi^kl tu: rk pbjf`Œo`ril rkfq^ofl bk bi mi^kl tv+ `lkw z N: rk pbjf`Œo`ril rkfq^ofl bk bi mi^kl t < v `lk wz N
_( K^ pbjfbpcbo^ t1 * u1 * X1 < 0+ X :R: N
681 Qkhq_ekjao ] hko aean_e_eko
b( K^ bpcbo^ t0 * u0 * X0 < 0 bu`bmql bi Olil Mloqb: i^ iŒkb^nrb rkb bi Olil
Mloqb v &t* u+v' fkqbo`bmq^^i mi^kl tu bk &q*B* M(
01-0/ Dgbo`f`flp 'mŠd- 421(
0- 30R.22- t < gf< e< ].13- 6- N
6, 0R-H4-8- Dk bi bgb abi `lkl+
bpcbo^
/., 0R]1d * p0R]d1
00- 20R]2d * e0R]d2
^ rk^ afpq^k`f^ h]'h , `lp 0W(.Z0 , `lp '0W.1(\ abi `bkqol ab i^
01- 10R.202- ,0R.2
01-02 Dgbo`f`flp 'mŠd- 428(
0- N
1- +/R
2- ,33- g
01-04 Dgbo`f`flp 'mŠd- 434(
0- ^( afs D&t*u* v' < 0t * 0u * 0v9 olq D&t*u* v' < N_( afs D&t*u* v' < N: olq D&t*u* v' < 1: * 3g* 4gb( `erD&t*u*v' < ,upbkv: olq D&t*u*v' <: *ga( afs D&t* u* v' < ub V0G, t pbk&tu' + 0tv pbk&tv0' 9
olq D&z_*u* v' < X0pbk&tv0'f + Ytb V0G* u pbk &tu'[gb( afs D&t* u* v' < 0t pbku * 0u pbk &tv' + tu pbkv `lp '`lp v' 9
olq D&t* u* v' < Yt pbk '`lp v' + tu0 `lp &tv'[9 + u pbk '`lp v'f * Yu0vlp &tv'+
t1 `lp u[g1- N2, j < ,24- Ml e^v q^i `^jml sb`qlof^i
0/- Tk q^i `^jml bp bh&V*u* v' < &tWX'+000- afs'U u o( </: olq &T u o( < 'b * i(U
02- 05'] * ^'
) 01-06 Dgbo`f`flp 'mŠd- 440(
0- &1t + 0v'f + tg bp rk q^i `^jml0, &t0H0+ tu + uv * v0-0'f * &t0-0 + tv'g bp rk q^i `^jml1, &t0u-0 * v0-0'f * Zhb&t*u' m^o^ `r^inrfbo b fkabmbkafbkqb ab w
3, E&t*u* v( < .v 1: , pX1 gp^qfpc^`b olq E < n,2n m^o^ qlalp ilp mrkqlp
n&t * u ( n&t * u (nrb kl bpq‹k bk bi bgb v
Qkhq_ekjao ] hko afan_e_eko 682
5- p&n'< An+2
7, D&t*u* v' < ]i'w2: * u2g * u1g'* E&t* u* v' < 0T%&t1u* u1v * X1V'0/- b( 26S.1
01-10 Dgbo`f`flp 'mŠd- 452(
0- 2 2- ^( 2 GTG1- ^( 0336S _( 8.The
_( ,056S b( GT-tb( 0176S a( 3.-
04- 76S
A]l‡pqhk 02
02-3 Dgbo`f`flp 'mŠd- 464(= W&U j
1- @i U ?1 U ?1 < '@i j ?y j ?y' U &?1 j ?y' U ?1 9 T ?g < T &?g j k ?9' U ?jh<i h<i e<g*h
2- 'f( 'ff( 'fff( 'fs( 's(
'^( ?%j @% ? j @% ? sA &? j @%'U &?%n, @' ?%r@%
'_( 0++ -++ 0++ .++ 3++
4, b h0< x/ +@i&?0 %@i U ?0* ?y * ?y* ?y j ?y* Ry6- X"2 ;w.*?h%?0*?1*?h T?0*?0 U@2+@i U@2+@i U@1 T?1*?y*?y*?9*?y j?9*
?y j ?y *?y j ?9* ?y j ?9 j ?9 *Ry 'pf j = 2(
02-6 Dgbo`f`flp 'mŠd- 470(
/, ? R @%1- t D ?& j @&j A&2- t D ? j @&j A&2, tC? UA U B4- t D &? j @%j A-' U &?%j @j A-' U &?%j @%j B(4, t D &?%j @-' U &@%j A-' U &?%j A-'5, t D &? j @' U &? nr B( U &@j B(7 t D &? j @j A%'U &? j @%j B( U &?%j @j B(7, t D &? j @ j A'%
0/- t D ? j B j @&//, tC?j@jA/0, tC? U @U B04- ^( 0 , ]
_( 0 , ^
b( ] * ^ , b
a( 0 , b
b( 0 , ] * bc( I'M
683 Qkhq_ekjao ] hko afan_e_eko
02-8 Dgbo`f`flp 'mŠd- 473(
1- ^( .3_( 9zb( GL%OZ
2- ^( T_(hb( f,a( 9cbb( Gc( "
/) 0/- Ol < 0 , la?' + N&@' * la? k @'*01- ^( 4 ^ 8
_( 34 ^ 35b( 0/ ^ 70a( 25 ^ 44
02-00 Dgbo`f`flp 'mŠd- 480(
4- 38
6
4, ,he6- ,c>7- ^( ?-&? * @'
_( @-&? * @'b( 'B * h'-&A * B * 0(
a( Ab&A * B * 0(8- ^( q
_( qb( za( z
OH< la?' * N&@' + 0N&? k @'* N1 < la? k
0- x'i+ 1(+ '0+ 2(+ '1+ 0(+ '1+ 2(+ '2+ 0(+ '2+ 1(y
1- 02152- 433- wF+Rx u wF+Rx u x0+1+ 2+3+4+ 5y: 13 obpriq^alp
4- 41 .'02 (3
5- 25^( 07_( 01b( 13
6- ^( 02 - 01 - 00 - 61 < 012441 'kl fk`irvbkal qoŒlpl `rŠaormibp(
_( 4037b( 25 'kl fk`irvbkal hMHOI?(
a( 3
7- ^( 2A8' - A41
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(
1• 87 87 8- ^(
'38 (1_(
37 & 4/
0/- &88'- Ayy'00- 05
01- jg
Qkhq_ekjao ] hko afan_e_eko 684
02-03 Dgbo`f`flp 'mŠd- 486(
1- ^( N&?' < cl: N&@H?' < e: N&? c!&H@' < .fo
$55%2, A4y( , Fz(4- qo
5-15 - 23 a8' b9(
^( 0 , 10 - 28 < 0 , a8' < 0 , a9'
8- i04- ^( N&?' < N&@' < N&A' < i: N&? c!&H@' < N&? c!&HB( < N&@nr B( < :
N&? c!&H@ c!&HB( < N
02-07 Dgbo`f`flp 'mŠd- 5/7(
0- ^( N&F* F' < NGN09 N&F* R' < m{'0 , N0'9 N&R*F' < '0 , Nh'N]9N&R*R' < '0 , Nh'&/ + l.•_( Rf
b( Mla( F/ uF0* F/u R0*F] v RG%RG X R0
1- ^( iG_( oieb( 5
BN( 46 28/514 'j( sg^j,g
2-2 50/ < 1408313 7-
g 's * ^(j
3- ^( z'7(060 8827888,1
_( i 8-2 077 < 0266384/61
b( ,},,,1
4- ^( '4 (1x0/ < oq&1 0/- )S)SS1,-
_( i 00- 0 , '0801/(0/ < /+3/025- ^( 25l0/
, 7/l8 * 34l7
01- )S)SS_( ,-9K 1,-
,-303- 48 9p:j 9p:546- Dp sbkq^glpl ^mlpq^o`^kqfa^abp fdr^ibp ab afkbol
685 Qkhq_ekjao ] hko afan_e_eko
04- ^( b'l( < 'i , l(1 * l2
_( &H1G+ 3(.2
02-1/ Dgbo`f`flp 'mŠd- 503(
0- ^( b'g( < 1g
_( b'g( < 2g
b( b'g( < bg+ alkab N| bp bi h,‹pfjl mofjl :99991a( rk^ q^i crk`fŽk bp b'g( < 'c'g(+ d'g•+ alkab
i1'g( * 2i'g( i1'g( * i'g(c'g( < 1 , g * 1+ d'g( < g , 1 &
v
ZIz,HIi&g' < 1
alkab Yt[ obmobpbkq^bi j^vlo bkqbol 8899tb( b'g( < 07&g'1
d&g'* alkab c&g' v d&g' plk i^p abcfkfa^p bk 'a(
02-11 Dgbo`f`flp 'mŠd- 506(
0- j </9j < 09j < 19j < 29
jŠu < 0+jŠu < i+jŠu < q-
+ 0j^u < SH+
jŒk < qjŒl < NjŒk </jŒl < N
2- ^( 0 ] ml2 \ lm2
_( qb( z
3- ^( 2lm.'lm * 1(_( fb( 10/d 1 , 0
02-12 Dgbo`f`flp s^of^alp pl_ob mol_^_fifa^abp 'mŠd- 507(
0- -0,7- ^(
-P-,- 4
1- ^(-
_( ^,4 4_(
-0b(
- ,+4
2- ^( a( Ml_( 8G
,- b ,ln3- ^( -G8- l2 *5l ,1,23
_()S(a)0,
jl'h , l(j,h * jlj,0'h \ l(b( S)(a) 0/-,10
4- Gj ' j o,,00- , 0,,6- /-54 1j,0 1k,0
A]l‡pqhk (+
03-3 Dgbo`f`flp 'mŠd- 514(
0- _( V8899
Qkhq_ekjao ] hko afan_e_eko 686
1- ^( ws HV&s' D &]* ^[* W&s' D 'a+ `['b( V8Q99]* W8o99`a( Na] ; V p^* b ; W8Q99`' < N&V 9p:: ^* W8Q99`' + N&V 9p:: ]* W 9p:: `' + N&V8Q99^* W 9p:: b(
) N&V 9p:: ]+ W 9p:: b(2- ^( x'0+5(+'1+4(+'2+3(+'3+2(+'4+1(+'5+ 0(y+ x'4+5(+'5+4(y+ x'0+5(+'1+4(+'2+3(+ '3+ 2(+
4+1(+'5+ 0(+'4+5(+'5+4(y_( N&V < 6( < ,f: N&V < 00( < 007: N&V < 6 l V < 00( < f
2, W < Vh * V0 * V2 * V3: N&W < N( < .5: N&W < 0y <-{: N&W8Q990( < 045
3, W < 5V pfN 9p:: V 9p:: 0//: W < iNW, 2// pf V< /..5- ^( X < u + 0
_( S < W0 * W1 , 0
03-7 Dgbo`f`flp'mŠd- 526(
1- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0/ 00 01
4-
Nt'p( 205 .7 .1 ,y_( l& ,1( < K l&M' < l&0' < qb( N+ -0+ +0+N+i+f^( b < f,_( qi-qzb( D&p' < Nm^o^o; N+ D&p' < qm^o^N9R::p ; 0+ D&p' <ym^o^0 9p:: p ; 1+ D&p' < 0m^o^
p „ 1a( Ml e^v q^ipb( p < 1
^( g
425
05!
425
0!8
0SH
007
025
.)
5- N 1 2 3
X#S$ -ii3,
-i3, l'p( < N m^o^ p y N+0+1+2+3
_( D&p' < Nm^o^o; N+ D&p' < G bk ZN+0(+ D&p' < G bj Z0+1(+ D&p' < z bkŒZ1+2(+D&p' < zz bk Z2+3(+ D&p' < 0m^o^q„ 3
b( h6+G6- _( N&V < N( < '0 , l'09 N&V < 0( < 0l&/ + l'
1g Yp[&Yp[* 0(6, Nt&g' < j&j * 0(: Dt&p' < j&j * 0( m^o^N9R::p 9p:: j* alkab Yp[ bpbi j^vlo bkqbol
8Q99p9Dt&p' < Nm^o^q; N: Dt&p' < 0m^o^q= j
ag
7, l&g' < a,a g 9 g < /+0+1+2+--- : b „ N
l&p' < Nm^o^oz /+0+1+2+---0/- ^( Nt&p' < qbk p < ,0 v p < *0: Nt&p' < Nm^o ilp abjŠp s^ilobp
Dt&p' < Nm^o^o; ,0: Dt&p' < m^o^,0 9p:: p ; 0: DV&p' < im^o^o„ 0
243 Qkhq_ekjao ] hko afan_e_eko
r+ N&?' < {: N&@'< {: N&? &!'@' < 0: N&@H?' < i: N&? r @' < 0
03-01 Dgbo`f`flp 'mŠd- 536(
0- ^( a < 0: -&/' < 0 pf N 9R9G9R90: -&/' < N m^o^ilp abjŠp s^ilobp ab p-_( /+0+0
0, _; 9 D&G';Moep: +!*,b09 D&G'; _MQG oe+!*,-08Q8/:.9D&G';/+ _koGpf N 9R9G; !+-.1: D&G'< 0 pf Gy !+-.1
1, a < f: -D&G'< N pf G; N: D&G'< &1/1 , '2( pfN 9R9/ 9R91: D&G'<< 0 pf / <03- ^(
_( b(
4- ^( .'H(<Npfi; : -&G';6/+/oe 8Q8G:h9 -&G';5+6Goe 8Q8G: 9-&/' < N pf / y
_( D&G'< Npfp ; : D&p' < 2p1 , ppf 9p9p ; f9 D&p' < +2p1 * 5p + 1 pf 9R90 ; 0: D'G( < 0 pf 0 y 0
b( 0+0+ +/+ il5- ^( l+f+{+
_( / < 0
6- ^( g 4 0/ 04 1/ 1Q 2/
N&V y g' { N
_( B^a^ qobkQput iibd^ 4 jfkrqlp ^kqbpnrb rk qobk Kbqeb6, Du&p' < N pf / ; ^9 Du&p' < &/ + ^'-] pf^ 9R9/ 9R9 * ]9 Du&p' < 0 pf p = ^ * ]8- ^( 06
_( fib( G
0 0 G+^/., D&G'< , * , ^o`q^k ,,
0!*, ]
03-05 Dgbo`f`flp 'mŠd- 546(
0- ^( 0/4_( 0/-/4
1- ^( FHX , 0(
_( ;1 , HX(b( G1 , HX(a( 0,3'3 , ,,fe'
2- ^( 0 , a,0_( M'1
b( &a + /'-a1
a( M'2
2, D&p'< N pf / ; a9 D&G'< 0 , a,U+_( pf p y a
Qkhq_ekjao ] hko afan_e_eko 688
5- (-&< ',G]* b&< ^ * ]a8- ^( /+4///
_( /+0248b( /+8863a( /+/345
0/- ^( /+564_( /+/14
00- ^( /+56400_( /+/1400
01- ^( /-7074_( /-73//
02- 64+87mrid^a^p03- jbaf^ bb Ž + s^of^kw^ b b!
04- Du'p( < N pf p ; N: bu'p( < N pf p y N: bu'p( < a,p.1.-f1&!p pf p = N
03-07 Dgbo`f`flp 'mŠd- 55/(
0- ^( Du'p(<Moep;h: Du'p(<'p,h(.2oe0ypy3: Du'p(<hoep=3:
Yu'p( < 0pf 0 z p y 3: bu'p( < N m^o^ ilp abjŠp s^ilobp ab p_( Du'p( < N pf p ; ,1: Du'p( < 'p * 1(.2 pf ,1 z p y 0: Du'p( < 0 pf p = 0 :
Yu'p( < i pf ,1 z p y 0: bu'p( < N m^o^ ilp abjŠp s^ilobp ab p
b( Du'p( < N pf p ; N: Du'p( < phepf N z p y 0: Du'p( < 0 pf p = 0 :Yu'p( < '1p(,yy pf N z p y 0: bu'p( < N m^o^ ilp abjŠp s^ilobp ab p
a( Du'p( < ap pf p y N: Du'p( < 0 pf p = N :bu'p(<ap&oep y N: bu'p( < N pf p = N
b( Du'p( < ap.1 pf z N :Du'p(< 0 pf p = N :bu'p( < eap.1 pf p y N :bu'p( < N pf p = N
c( Du'p( < N pf p ; 0 :Du'p(<hkcp pf 0 z p y a:Du'p(<0 pf p = a:Yu'p( < hGppf
0 z p y a: bu'p( < N m^o^ ilp abjŠp s^ilobp ab p1- Rb^!+ i^ crk`fŽk fksbop^ ab omabcfkfa^ bk fkqbos^il ^_fboql &k,^'
Dkqlk`bp Du'p( < N pf p y ]: Du'p( < DtY&N'p([ oe] ; p ; ^: Du'p( < 0 pf p „ ^:YW'p(< YtY&N'p([nl&'p(oe] ; p ; ^: -bu'p( < N m^o^ ilp abjŠp s^ilobp ab p
2- ^( bu'p( < N pf p y N: bu'p( < '1&!p(,h0a,pG1 pfp (- N_( bu'p( < N pf p ; N: bu'p( < 3p'1+!(,yya,p&.1 pf p „ Nb( Yu'p( < N pf p y N: Yu'p( < '1&!p1(,ya,'0/cp(1.1 pfo = N
`(bu'p( < '1+!(,zpb`1qb,'q^k1q(.1 pfiqi ; &!.1: Yu'p( < N pŒio\ „ &!.1
03-11 Dgbo`f`flp 'mŠd- 555(
1- ^( N&V < Vh( < N&V < V1( < N&u < v{( < N&u < 01( < Gm * m'
_( N < m <
2- ^( D'V+u(<'9<9('y<9(oe]yVy^ X ayuy`+
_'I `'MD't+u( < ,^,, oe] y t y _b u = `+ D't+u( < ,`, oet = ^ v a yu y ` +
'I (M
3++ Qkhq_ekjao ] hko afan_e_eko
D't+u( < 0 pf t= ^ b u= `+ D't+u( < N m^o^ ilp abjŠp s^ilobp ab t b v
_( Dt't( < 't , ](.'^ , ]( pf ] y t y ^: Dt't(<M pf t; ] :Dt't(<0 pf t;^:
Du'u( < 'v , _(.'` , a( pf a y u y `: Du'u( < N pf u ; a: Du'u( <0 pf u ; `b( W b X plk fkabmbkafbkqbp
3, N&W < N( < q: N&u < 0( < N&u < 1( < q6- y+x7- q8- •_( b't+ u( < qpf 't+ u( D O9 bp€*u( < N pf 't+ u( nb< O 9
bt't( < 0 , Zu\ pf Huiz 0: bt't( < N pf Hui= 0 :bu'u( < 0 , Hvipf Hviz 0: bu'u( < N pf Hvi= 0-
l W b X kl plk fkabmbkafbkqbp/., c&q* r' <Ypq* ]* r * ^'
03-13 Dgbo`f`flp 'mŠd- 562(
0- _( br'r(<0 *spf,H zs;N:cs's(<H,spfNzszi:cs's(<Npfisi =0b( S v T kl plk fkabmbkafbkqbp
1- _( br'p( < 1 , 1p pf N z p y 0: br'p( < N m^o^ ilp abjŠp s^ilobp ab p
b( S v T plk fkabmbkafbkqbp2- _( c'q+r( < qa,Spfr =N+N;s;i: c'q+r( < N m^o^ ilp abjŠp s^ilobp ab q v r
b( bq'q( < qan• pf q = N: bq'q( < N pf q y Na( br'r( < 0 pf N ; r ; 0: br'r( < N -m^o^ ilp abjŠp s^ilobp ab r
3- _( c'q+ r( < 's.10o(b,'i*Tq(s
q.1 pf r y N
b( bq'q( < Y0n'0 * T1(gi4- bv'p( < 0o,I,,0b,qq
5- _( bq'q( < Npf q ; N: bq'q( < 'r.^1(bum ', :91( pfr = N: Dq'p( < N pfq ; N:
Er'q(<i,bum' ,:91(Rfqz/
03-16 Dgbo`f`flp 'mŠd- 570(
0- C&V' < f+U^o &V' < zz6- ^( C&V' < U^o &V' < h
_( Mlb( C&V' < h.h+ U^o &V' < 0.h0
a( C&V' < i+ U^o &V' < ]0
7- ^( no( < 'o , 0(.1
_( Dt'p(<eU,noep; ,h:Dt'p(<eoe ,0 ypyh:Dt'p(<h,U,noep=hb( N&V ; 4( < 0 , 4o,0.1: N&3 ; V ; 0/( < '40,o , iPi,o(.1
a( W qfbkb bpmbo^kw^cfkfq^ `r^kal o = 1: C&V' < Nb( U^of^kw^ cfkfq^ m^o^ o = 2: U^o &V' < 'o , /'-&n + 2(
7, C&V' < C&W'< ,2[: C&X' < ,0656.4/542: C&V * u * X' < ,34/4.4/542iN- C&V' ,=, `l `r^kal j ,=, _a01- ^( '1.6S(I,,0
_( bI,,0
Qkhq_ekjao ] hko afan_e_eko 7/0
b( a1 , aa( '6S.1(q@
03-20 Dgbo`f`flp 'mŠd- 580(
3- 1404- N
5- K^ abpfdr^ia^a ab Beb_vpebs a^ $: i^p q^_i^p a^k /+//167- _( /+5715
8- _( /+/6850/- ^( /+//8/
_( /+/068
A]l‡pqhk 0404-4 Dgbo`f`flp 'mŠd- 6/2(
1- ^( Ml_( RŒb( RŒa( Ml
b( RŒc( Mld( RŒ
2- ^( Mf il rkl kf il lqol
_( Rbjfkloj^
b( Rbjfkloj^a( Mf il rkl kf il lqolb( Rbjfkloj^c( Mloj^
d( Mf il rkl kf il lqole( Mf il rkl kf il lqol
5- ^(+ _(+ b(7- _( Di mlifkljfl ab ^( jŠp p'4t2 , 2t( D]0 '4p2 , 2p(.'p( `p * 09p'24:/ , 2/t1 * 2
u D]0 '24p3, 2/p1 * 2(.'p( `p
7, ] < ,2a.3 * 22.'3a(+ ^ < 2Ha+ a < h-z&'a, 6.a(0/- ci,p'i * /2t1 , 6:/(
00- _( 00. , OHH1< 05j , 0 ild1 j
01- ^( HHO, .001 < ,j, , j \ 0
'01 5'j * 0( ( 3'j2 , 0( ild j 5'j * 0(
_( N't( < 'j \ 0(1 , 'j \ 0(2 ild j t * 'j \ 0(3 , 'j \ 0(1 :
HHO, .001 < 250/d 1 , 17 ild1 1 , ,1-f,< /+///6 `r^kal j < 1
002 ^( HHO, 0001 < 0j Y&j + 0'a0j * 2aj + j + 1\
_( N't( < '07 , 5a(t * 3a , 0/: HHO, .001 < 1/a , ba1 , ]4+.] < /+//27
-H'1g * 0('1g * 2( g H1g * 203-_( &Ng*h'V( < g * 0 V&Ng'V( , g * 0 1g \ 0 &Ng,h'V(+ alkab &Ng;
Ng-GGNghh
7/1 Qkhq_ekjao ] hko afan_e_ekoi
04- _( 19Ny&t' < li YNi&t'N9!)h&t' + Ni)h&t'N9!&t'[gyM li)h
04-8 Dgbo`f`flp 'mŠd- 602(
0- ^( N&t' < x&t0 * /1t * 01(_( N&t' < Ft0 + 3t * 5(b( N&t' < \x&t2 , 4t1 * 3t + 5(
a( N&t' < /t2 * t0 + t + 1b( N&t' < +3t1 + t0 * iNu , 4
0, N&t' < 49.&7t3 , /74t1 * 53/(3- ^( O&t' < 1o * 1t0 + t + 2
_( O&t' < 2t2 * 5t1 , 1t + 6
4- ^( N&10' < zz: /&10' + N&10' < ee_( N&10' < 999: /&10' +N&10' < ,zzz
b( N&10' < z9: /&10' + N&10' < ,Ga( N&10' < ,034•22/: /&10' + N&10' < 9.5[3
6- ^( Jk&t' < .1'S , /'&q + 1'&q + 2'&q + 5(: Jz&t' < +1yS&S + 1'&q + 2'&q + 5(:J1&t' < -4S&S + h'&q + 2'&q + 5(: J2&t' < , 0ZS&S+ /'&q + 1'&q + 5( :
J3&t' < 0z kS&q + /'&q + 1'&q + 3(_( N&0,4' < 1/
7- _( t y 0+470b( d88899.*...4
01- ^( ] < N+ ^ < 0_( a < 0+ ` < ,1Jy'Vg(
02- a( Qa]j@k&t' < 0 X @‹‹&t' < &t + tk'&t + Vk + jd'j+hfj m^o^ j y 0 :zi •kf`l mlif,
kljfl O ab do^al 999:j nrb p^qfpc^`b i^p `lkaf`flkbp N&tk' < Bl’ l%&th' < Bi-
N!&V0' < A0,! ,‹ l&j'&tj' < Aj sfbkb a^al mlo N&t' < _k@k&t' * --- * _j6j&t'/4, t
04-02 Dgbo`f`flp 'mŠd- 610(
3- _( 7 ,4/3/ 02/57 ,02021 5658 ,085/
3/21/ ,0/8473 007013 ,56173 11338
,25177// 0/15465 ,00616// 61257/ ,158214
211 ,17
0,,,,,,,
8 ,3425 435 ,25
0,,,,,,,
0/ 52162 ,834/ 76/ ,34 0
b( 0* 0t * 0t1 , 2o * t3
4- b( 7 016 855 06/0 0/4/ 155 17
144 2/14 666/ 5840 1535 351
400 822/ 230/4 31414 11716 477/
0
8 25
0/ 64/ 34
Qkhq_ekjao ] hko afan_e_ekoa( ,0 * 5u'i( * /4t&0' * 7V&1'* V&2'
6- ^( yj2 * ,Tj1 * , e,j_( ej3 * ej2 * j1 * ejb( ej3 * xk2 * ,p-z,j1 * wja( ,y!p * ‡j3 * pj2 , 20/j
7/2
04-07 Dgbo`f`flp 'mŠd- 62/(
1- _( Rj&h' < j0* Ry&,0( < ' ]i(k,0k1
0 , t1
4- pbk Mpbk jM < ,, Ry&t' 9 do^al < j * 0j
5, O&t' < tj)h + 0+jRj\q&t'
6, O&t' < +yt2 * Go, +Ft0 * 11544V + pe03- _( Sk&t' < 0+ S/&t' < 0t* S0&t' < 2t0 + 0+ S1&t' < 7o , 2t*
S2&t' < /4t2 + /0t0 * 0+ S5&t' < 10t5 , 10t1 * 4t
04-10 Dgbo`f`flp 'mŠd- 631(
0- ^( /+582662, b + alkab /+///1/7 99::z 99::/+//0556- Cb bpql obpriq^k i^pabpfdr^ia^abp /+5810 ; ild 1 ; /+5825
_( j < 4671- ^( B < -H2.2
_(] * ^ ^ , ]-H2 ]*^ ^,]H2
BH <,1, * ,1,2& B1 <,1, ,,1,2
2- ^( B < -H1.1
_(]*^ ^,]-H1 ]*^ ^,]He
BH < ,1, * ,1, S&1 < ,1, , ,1,1
3- ] < 1 * -H1+^ < 1 , -H14- B < -HG
6- a( e^.'V(`V < ^ 0z] Z4.b: ] , ^: ]Hj * d.b: ](
* 4.b : ] * ^ : ]HjH0/- ^( ild 1 < /+582143 , z+ alkab /+‘‘NN0599::z 99::/+///410: bpql klp a^ i^p
abpfdr^ia^abp /+58162 ; ild 1 ; /+58213_( ild 1 < /+58204/12 , b + alkab /+//////30 99::z 99::/+////0223: bpql klp
`lkar`b ^ i^p abpfdr^ia^abp /+582025 ; ild 1 ; /+58203800- a( ild 1 < /+58264/ , b + alkab /+///004 99::z 99::/+//26/3: bpql klp `lkar`b ^ i^p
abpfdr^ia^abp /+58//3 ; ild 1 ; /+58253
l@7<68 4>945fE<6A
@
@ADK+ MHDKR GDMQHJ+ 088^`lq^`fŽk ab crk`flkbp `lkqfkr^p+ 278@C@LR+ INGM BNTBG+ 584^afqfsfa^a cfkfq^+461Šidb_o^ _llib^k^ ab `lkgrkqlp+ 462^i ^w^o+472^kŠifpfp `lj_fk^qlofl+ 475Škdril pŽifal+ 454 'Dg- 02(Škdrilp bk rk bpm^`fl ob^i br`iŒabl+ 10^kri^alobp+ 075
j‹qlal ab ilp+ 1/0q^_i^ ab+ 1/3
^mif`^`fŽk+ 28+ 37/^molufj^`fŽk kloj^i ab i^ afpqof_r`fŽk _f,
kljf^i+ 544mlo jŒkfjlp `r^ao^alp+ 587
^molufj^`flkbp9mlo mlifkljflp ab fkqbomli^`fŽk+ 6/4mlo mlifkljflp ab Kbdbkaob+ 24mlo mlifkljflp ab S^vilo+ 6/0mlo mlifkljflp qofdlklj‹qof`lp+ 24bk rk bpm^`fl br`iŒabl+ 23pr`bpfs^p+ 162
^o^``fŽk+ do^sba^a+ 3/7Šob^9
ab rk^ obdfŽk mi^k^+ 34/ab rk^ prmbocf`fb+407bumobp^a^ `ljl fkqbdo^i ab iŒkb^+356
@QPT‡LDCDR+ 585^rqlbpm^`fl+ 010
^rqlcrk`fŽk+ 011^rqls^ilo+ 01/^rqlsb`qlo+ 01/^uflj^p ab `i^rpro^+ 2^uflj^p m^o^9
i^ mol_^_fifa^a+ 466+ 505+ 510rk bpm^`fl ifkb^i+ 2rk molar`ql fkqboflo+ 06rk^ crk`fŽk abqbojfk^kqb+ 78
A
_^ka^ ab LŽ_frp+ 443_^pb+ 03
loabk^a^+ 05loqldlk^i+ 12
ADQMNTKKH+C@MHDK+113ADQMNTKKH+ I@JNA+ 460+ 5/2ADRRDK+ EQHDCQHBG VHKGDKL+ 113_li^ ^_fboq^+187
bk bi k,bpm^`fl+ 187ANQDK+ DLHKD+ 511
b
`^j_fl ab s^of^_ib bk rk^ fkqbdo^i9ab iŒkb^+287ab prmbocf`fb+416al_ib+ 368k,j•iqfmib+ 386
7/4
7/5 hj`e_a ]hb]^†pe_k
`^jfkl bk rk k,bpm^`fl+ 283obdri^o+ 283
^ qolwlp+283`^jml `lkpbos^qfsl+ 3//
bp`^i^o+ 186afcbobk`f^_ib+ 204
`lk `lkqfkrfa^a+ 208sb`qlof^i+ 186
afcbobk`f^_ib+ 218foolq^`flk^i+ 431plibklfa^i+ 438
B@PT†+ I!+ 162B@TBGX+ @TFTRSHM,Klrop+ 08+ 064+ 124+ 535B@XKDX+ @QSGTQ+ 138`bkqol ab do^sba^a+ 345+ 346+ 414`bkqolfab+ 346`bolp9
ab i^p crk`flkbp ab Abppbi+121 'Dg- 2(ab ilp mlifkljflp ab Beb_vpebs+ 616ab ilp mlifkljflp ab Kbdbkaob+ 107
`fo`ri^`fŽk+ 3/1+ 452`lbcf`fbkqbp ab Elrofbo+ 24`lloabk^a^p9
`fiŒkaof`^p+4//bpc‹of`^p+246+ 4//+ 4/4mli^obp+ 223+ 373
`lc^`qlo+ 0/4`lj_fk^`fŽk `lksbu^+ 350
ifkb^i+ 0/`ljmibjbkql ab rk `lkgrkql+ 2/0
loqldlk^i+ 21`ljmlkbkqbp+ 04`ljmlpf`fŽk ab qo^kpcloj^`flkbp+ 36`lkaf`fŽk ab Kfkab_bod+ 58/
Kfmp`efqw+170`lkaf`flkbp fkf`f^ibp+ 065+ 070`lkgrkql ^_fboql+ 187
`boo^al+ 2/0`lkbul+ 3/4`lksbul+ 308ab Alobi+ 511
loabk^a^p+ 33/+ 34/rk plil bibjbkql+ 468
cfkfql+ 500fkcfkfql+500
krjbo^_ib+ 500kl `lkbul+ -3/4
krjbo^_ib+ 500krjbo^_ib+ 50/loqlkloj^i+ 10pfjmibjbkqb `lkbul+ 358
`lkgrkqlp abmbkafbkqbp+00
`lkgrkqlp ab kfsbi '`ros^p+ prmbocf`fbp(+213jbaf_ibp+ 510
`lkpq^kqb ab `lkqo^``fŽk+ 177ab Dribo+ 641 'Dg- 1(
`lkqbkfal kril+ 334+ 384`lkqfkrfa^a, ab `^jmlp bp`^i^obp v sb`ql,
of^ibp+2/1rkfclojb+ 280
`loobpmlkabk`f^ rkl ^ rkl+ 50/BNSDR+ QNFDQ+ 634 'Dg- 00(BQ@LDQ+ F@AQHDK+ 004BQ@L†Q+ G@Q@KC+ 522`ofqbofl ab i^ abofs^a^ pbdrka^ m^o^ ilp
buqobjlp+ 27/+ 270`ros^9
`boo^a^+ 3/5+ 353pfjmib+ 352
ab Iloa^k+ 353bk rk k,bpm^`fl+ 282obdri^o ^ qolwlp+283
be
BGDAXRGDU+ O@EMTSH KHVNVHBG+ 573+ 614+2/.
C
C&@KDLADQS+ ID@M+ 241CD LNHUQD+ @AQ@G@L+ 460abkpfa^a `lkgrkq^ ab mol_^_fifa^a+ 553
ab cirgl+ 416+ 451jbaf^+ 346
abofs^`fŽk fjmiŒ`fq^+248abofs^a^9
ab rk `^jml bp`^i^o obpmb`ql ^ rk sb`,qlo+ 2/7
ab rk `^jml sb`qlof^i obpmb`ql ^ rk sb`,qlo+ 218
ab rk^ crk`fŽk j^qof`f^i+ 127afob``flk^i+ 20/kloj^i+ 360m^o`f^i+20/v `lkqfkrfa^a+ 206
abpfdr^ia^a ab B^r`ev,R`et^ow+ 08ab Beb_vpebs+ 572ab V^Hifp+64/qof^kdri^o+10
abpsf^`fŽk qŒmf`^+566
hj`e_a ]hb]^†pe_k 3+2
abqbojfk^kqb ab Volkphf+ 088g^`l_f^kl+ 252+ 370+ 387+ 402
abqbojfk^kqbp+ 76abcfkf`fŽk ^ufljŠqf`^+ 77abofs^`fŽk ab 88 'Dg- 5(cŽojri^p ab abp^ooliil m^o^+0/4
afcbobk`f^ ab alp `lkgrkqlp+ 2/0pfj‹qof`^+ 465 'Dg- 0/(
afcbobk`f^i+ 204+ 218afjbkpfŽk ab rk bpm^`fl ifkb^i+ 03
abi k•`ibl+ 31CHQ@B+ O@TK @- L-+ 022 'Dg- 7(afp`l+ 187afp`lkqfkrfa^a+ 337+ 52/
ab p^iql+ 52/afp`ofjfk^kqb ab rk^ cloj^ `r^aoŠqf`^+ 054afpq^k`f^ bk rk bpm^`fl br`iŒabl+ 21afpqof_r`fŽk _fkljf^i+ 524
^molufj^`fŽk mlo i^ kloj^i+ 544`lkgrkq^ ab mol_^_fifa^a+ 550`lkqfkr^+ 528ab B^r`ev+ 535ab mol_^_fifa^a+ 515+ 55/afp`obq^+523kloj^i `^kŽkf`^+ 541q^_i^ ab s^ilobp ab i^+ 542rkfclojb9
bk rk `r^ao^al+ 555bk rk fkqbos^il+ 530bk rk^ obdfŽk mi^k^+ 557 'Dg- 8(
afsbodbk`f^ ab rk `^jml sb`qlof^i+ 426+ 450
D
b`r^`flk `^o^`qboŒpqf`^+073ab Œkaf`bp+114ab K^mi^`b+ 234+ 245ab lka^p+ 244abi `^ilo+ 245 'Dg- 0(afcbobk`f^i ab Abppbi+113
ab Gbojfqb+ 108 'Dg- 3(ab Kbdbkaob+ 100•ab Qf`^qqf+064bk abofs^a^p m^o`f^ibp+234bu^`q^+ 311kl ifkb^i+ 168
crk`flk^i ab B^r`ev+ 531m^o^ i^ crk`fŽk d^jj^+ 116ab B^r`ev+ 531
fkqbdo^i+182sb`qlof^i ab rk^ prmbocf`fb+40/
b`r^`flkbp afcbobk`f^ibp+ 064
b`r^`flkbp bk abofs^a^p m^o`f^ibp+234eljld‹kb^p+ 07/ifkb^ibp ab loabk j+ 068ifkb^ibp ab mofjbo loabk+ 065
bibjbkql ab rk bpm^`fl ifkb^i+ 2bibjbkqlp ab rk^ j^qofw+ 46+ 52
loqldlk^ibp+ 10bkbodŒ^ fk‹qf`^+ 3//
mlqbk`f^i+ 3/8bkqlokl+ 187bnrfs^ibk`f^ ab `lkgrkqlp+ 50/boolo bk9
i^ ^molufj^`fŽk `lk mlifkljflp ab S^v,0/0&+586
i^ cŽojri^ ab fkqbomli^`fŽk ab K^do^k,db+ 60/
i^ cŽojri^ ab S^vilo+ 204+ 218i^ fkqbomli^`fŽk ifkb^i+ 600
bp`^i^o+ 4bpcbo^9
Šob^ ab i^+ 410slirjbk ab i^+ 4/1slirjbk ab i^ 'bk bi k,bpm^`fl(+ 4/1rkfa^a bk bi k,bpm^`fl+ 056
bpm^`fl ab mol_^_fifa^a+ 466br`iŒabl+ 06
`ljmibgl+ 07crk`flk^i+ 4ifkb^i `ljmibgl+ 4
'bpm^`fl sb`qlof^i(+ 2kloj^al+ 175+ 6//
-jrbpqo^i+ 466cfkfql+ 466
rkfq^ofl+ 07sb`qlof^i+ 3
bpmbo^kw^9ab rk^ crk`fŽk ab rk^ s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^+
57/ab rk^ s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^+ 565
DTKDQ+ KDNM@QC+064+113+ 634buqboflo9
ab rk `lkgrkql+ 2//ab rk^ `ros^ ab Zloa^k+ 353
buqobjlp+ 26/`lkaf`flk^alp+ 272`ofqbofl ab i^ abofs^a^ pbdrka^+ 27/
E
c^`qlo fkqbdo^kqb+314EDKKDQ+ VHKKH@L+ 58/EDQL@S+ OHDQQD CD+ 460
3+3 Gj`e_a ]hb]^†pe_k
cloj^ `r^aoŠqf`^+ 046+ 267abcfkfa^ kbd^qfs^+ 267
mlpfqfs^+ 267af^dlk^i+ 046obar``fŽk ^ cloj^ af^dlk^i+ 048s^ilobp buqobjlp ab rk^+ 058
cŽojri^ ab @_bi m^o^ abqbojfk^kqbp tolkp,hf^klp+ 088ab Fobbk+ 361 'Dg- 7(ab O^opbs^i+ 13ab Qlaofdrbp+ 106ab Rqfoifkd m^o^ j c^`qlof^i+ 638ab prj^`fŽk ab Dribo+ 634ab S^vilo9
m^o^ `^jmlp bp`^i^obp+ 204+ 264m^o^ `^jmlp sb`qlof^ibp+ 218
cŽojri^p ab A^vbp+556 'Dg- 5(ab fkqbdo^`fŽk ab Beb_vpebs+ 632
ENTQHDQ+INRDOG+24EQ†BGDS+QDM†L@TQHBD+204EQNADMHTR+FDNQF+112colkqbo^ ab rk `lkgrkql+ 2//crk`fŽk ^`lq^a^+ 325
^ojŽkf`^+ 431ab `lkgrkql+ 461
`lk ^afqfsfa^a cfkfq^+461ab ^afqfsfa^a krjbo^_ib+ 505
ab afpqof_r`fŽk9_fkljf^i+ 524`lkgrkq^+ 550`lkqfkr^- 528ab B^r`ev+ 535ab Olfpplk+ 525ab rk^ crk`fŽk s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^+ 547+
557ab rk^ s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^ _fafjbkpflk^i+
55/ab rk^ s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^ rkfafjbkpfl,
k^i+ 516afp`obq^+ 523bumlkbk`f^i+ 538jfuq^+ 545kloj^i+ 541kloj^i _fs^of^a^+ 564 'Dg- 8(kloj^i `^kŽkf`^+ 541rkfclojb+ 530
ab j^p^ ab mol_^_fifa^a+ 523+ 552abkpfa^a+ 528
ab mol_^_fifa^a+ 528+ 535m^o^ afpqof_r`flkbp ab B^r`ev+ 535m^o^ afpqof_r`flkbp bumlkbk`f^ibp+ 538m^o^ afpqof_r`flkbp kloj^ibp+ 541m^o^ afpqof_r`flkbp rkfclojbp+ 530
abkpfa^a bp`^ilk^a^+ 322+ 384fkqbdo^i ab rk^+ 322+ 384
d^jj^ ab Dribo+ 116+ 4/2+ 643 'Dgp- 6 v 8(eljld‹kb^+ 24/fksbop^+ 37fksboqf_ib+ 38mlqbk`f^i+ 3/7
`lkqo^``fŽk ab i^+ 303+ 306bk `lkgrkqlp `lksbulp+ 308bufpqbk`f^ ab i^+ 304
rkl ^ rkl+ 4/wbq^ ab Qfbj^kk+ 641 'Dg- 2(
crk`flkbp `ljmrbpq^p+ 36+ 127+ 2/4`lkqfkrfa^a ab+ 2/4+ 211+ 220abofs^`fŽk ab+ 127ab Abppbi9
ab mofjbo^ bpmb`fb+117ab pbdrka^ bpmb`fb+ 120doŠcf`^p ab i^p+ 118
ab s^of^_ibp ^ib^qlof^p+ 547+ 557loqldlk^ibp+ 10
ETBGR+ K@Y@QTR+162
F
do^afbkqb+ 205F@KKD+ING@MM+584F@TRR+J@QK EQHDCQHBG+64+ 85+ 446FNLA@TC+@MSNHMD'B^_^iibol ab L‹o‹(+ 460FQ@L+ I/&QFDMODCDQRDM+15FQDDM+FDNQFD+352
G
G@C@L@QC+I@BPTDR+75G@LHKSNM+VHKKH@LQNV@M+138GDQLHSD+BG@QKDR+07+ 030+ 04/+108GDQRBGDK+VHKKH@L+584GDRRD+KTCVHF NSSN+264GTXFDMR+BGQHRSH@M+460
0
fkabmbkabk`f^9ab ^rqlsb`qlobp+ 012ab bibjbkqlp loqldlk^ibp kl krilp+ 11ab m^o^jbqofw^`fŽk+ 287ab pr`bplp+ 484ab s^of^_ibp ^ib^qlof^p+ 554ab `^jfkl+ 3/4
hj`e_a ]hb]^†pe_k 3+4
fkabmbkabk`f^ bk rk bpm^`fl ifkb^i+ 00bpql`Špqf`^+484
fkqbdo^`fŽk ^molufj^a^ jbaf^kqb9i^ cŽojri^ ab prj^`fŽk ab Dribo+ 634i^ obdi^ ab Blqbp+ 634 'Dg- 00(i^ obdi^ ab ilp qo^mb`flp+622i^ obdi^ ab Rfjmplk+ 625krj‹of`^9`lk i^ cŽojri^ ab prj^`fŽk ab Dribo+ 634+
635`lk i^ obdi^ ab Blqbp+ 634 'Dg- ((!`lk i^ obdi^ ab Rfjmplk+ 63/+ 630`lk i^ obdi^ ab ilp qo^mb`flp+624`lk i^p cŽojri^p ab Beb_vpebs+ 632
fkqbdo^i9ab cirgl+ 3/1ab iŒkb^+282ab prmbocf`fb+414ab rk^ crk`fŽk j^qof`f^i+ 128al_ib+ 322fkcboflo+ 326k,j•iqfmib+ 384prmboflo+326qofmib+384
fkqbdo^ibpab iŒkb^9^mif`^`flkbp ab i^p+ 3/1fkabmbkabk`f^ abi `^jfkl+ 3/4fkabmbkabk`f^ abi m^oŠjbqol+ 287klq^`flkbp m^o^ i^p+283mofjbo qblobj^ crka^jbkq^i m^o^ i^p+ 300pbdrkal qblobj^ crka^jbkq^i m^o^i^p+3/5al_ibp9
^mif`^`flkbp ab i^p+ 344`Ši`ril mlo fkqbdo^`fŽk obfqbo^a^+327+
337ab crk`flkbp ^`lq^a^p+ 325ab crk`flkbp bp`^ilk^a^p+ 322bk `lloabk^a^p mli^obp+373bufpqbk`f^ ab i^p+ 327+ 333cŽojri^p ab qo^kpcloj^`fŽk m^o^i^p+368
fqbo^a^p+327+ 338+ 385j•iqfmibp9
^mif`^`flkbp ab i^p+345+ 4/4+ 415`Ši`ril ab+ 327+ 384abcfkf`fŽk+ 325+ 384bufpqbk`f^ ab+ 332cŽojri^p ab qo^kpcloj^`fŽk m^o^+370+
387qofmibp9
^mif`^`flkbp ab+ 4/4bk `lloabk^a^p `fiŒkaof`^p+4//bk `lloabk^a^p bpc‹of`^p+4//
fkqboflo ab rk^ `ros^ ab Hloa^k+ 353
fkqboflo ab rk `lkgrkql+ 187fkqbomli^`fŽk jbaf^kqb i^ cŽojri^ ab Mbt,
qlk+ 605ab i^ j^p^ ab mol_^_fifa^a+ 512+ 551ifkb^i+ 600
^ qolwlp+623jbaf^kqb i^ cŽojri^ ab K^do^kdb+6/6
fpljbqoŒ^+048fpljlocfpjl+ 54fplqboj^p+ 214
I@BNAi+ B@QK FTRS@U I@BNA+22/INQC@M+ B@LHKKD+ 64+ 85+ 353
J
JNKLNFNQNU+ @MCQDH MHJNK@DUHBG+ 461
K
K@FQ@MFD+INRDOG KNTiR+ 064+273+ 6/6K@OK@BD+OHDQQD RHLNM+ 064i^mi^`f^k^+ 246+ 431KDFDMCQD+ @CQHDM L@QHD+ 2/+ 100KDHAMHY+FNSSEQHDC VHKGDKL+ 064KDUDQQHDQ+ID@M INRDOG+ 584ibv a‹_fi ab ilp do^kabp k•jbolp+ 576
ab ilp do^kabp k•jbolp+ 576crboqb ab ilp do^kabp k•jbolp+ 577
KHMCDADQF+I@QD V-+ 58/iŒkb^pv prmbocf`fbpbnrfmlqbk`f^ibp+ 3/7iŒjfqbp fqbo^alp+ 2/6 'Dg- 1(KHNTUHKKD+INRDOG+ 065+124+ 162KHORBGHSY+ QTCNKE+ 170KX@OTMNU+@KDWR@MCQLHJG@HKNUHBG+ 58/
L
L@QJls+ @MCQDH @MCQDDUHBG+ 461j^p^+ 3/1+ 345+ 4/4j^qofw af^dlk^i bk _ilnrbp+ 0/1
^agrkq^ ab rk^ j^qofw+ 040^rql,^agrkq^+ 040`lc^`qlo+ 002`lirjk^+ 53
70/ hj`e_a ]hb]^†pe_k
j^qofw `lkgrd^a^+ 040abcfkf`fŽk ab+ 45ab ilp `lbcf`fbkqbp+61af^dlk^i+ 5/+ 008af^dlk^ifw^kqb+ 027cfi^+ 53ebojfqf^k^+ 04/ebjf,ebojfqf^k^+ 040ebjf,pfj‹qof`^+ 042ebppf^k^+ 264fabkqfa^a+ 55fksbop^+70g^`l_f^k^+ 22/jbklo ab rk^+ 0/5kl pfkdri^o+ 7/loqldlk^i+ 041pbofbp ab+ 128pfj‹qof`^+ 042pfkdri^o+ 71qo^kpmrbpq ab rk^+ 001qo^w^ab rk^+ 020rkfq^of^+ 041tolkphf^k^+ 006 'Dg- 7(+ 085
j^qof`bp ab G^a^j^oa+ 75 'Dg- 0/(pbjbg^kqbp+ 026pmfk ab O^rif+ 022 'Dg- 3(
jŠufjl ab rk^ crk`fŽk9^_plirql+ 26/bufpqbk`f^ ab+ 277`ofqboflp m^o^+267+ 268obi^qfsl+ 26/
jbafa^ ab ^afqfsfa^a cfkfq^+463ab i^ mol_^_fifa^a+ 466+ 505
j‹qlal ab Eol_bkfrp+ 111ab F^rpp, Sloa^k m^o^ `^i`ri^o abqbojfk^k,
qbp+85obplisbo b`r^`flkbp ifkb^ibp+64
ab Fo^j,R`ejfaq+ 15ab Of`^oa+ 162ab Orqwbo+142
jŒkfjl ab rk^ crk`fŽk9^_plirql+ 26/`ofqboflp m^o^+267+ 268bufpqbk`f^ ab+ 277obi^qfsl+ 26/
LHRDR+ QHBG@QC UNM+461LNAHTR+ @TFTRSTR EDQCiM@MC+ 443jljbkql ab fkbo`f^+3/2+ 345+4/4+ 414
mli^o ab fkbo`f^+ 347jrbpqo^+ 468jrbpqobl+ 478jriqfmif`^alobp ab K^do^kdb+273
M
MDODQ+ SNGM+ 585Mbmqrkl+ 584MDVSNM+ HR@@B+064+3/7+ 584+ 605kloj^ bk rk bpm^`fl br`iŒabl+ 1/
`r^aoŠqf`^+ 6//abi jŠufjl+ 6//ab rk^ j^qofw+ 13/bk rk bpm^`fl ifkb^i+ 175
k•`ibl+ 30ab rk^ qo^kpcloj^`fŽk ifkb^i+ 30ab rk^ b`r^`fŽk fkqbdo^i+182
k•jbol ab dfolp+364k•jbolp ab Rqfoifkdab mofjbo^ bpmb`fb+611
'Dg- 3(ab pbdrka^ bpmb`fb+612 'Dg- 4(ab Beofpqlccbi+632
l
lmbo^alo+ abofs^`fŽk+ 31ab `lkqo^``fŽk+ 176ab i^p afcbobk`f^p pr`bpfs^p -9i-+608ab Rqroj,Kflrsfiib+ 033afcbobk`f^ ab `lbcf`fbkqbp `lkpq^kqbp+ 613
'Dg-7(afcbobk`f^i ifkb^i+ 07/ebjf,ebojfqf^kl+ 032ebjf,pfj‹qof`l+ 032ebojfqf^kl+ 032fabkqfa^a+ 31fkqbdo^`fŽk+31ifkb^i 'qo^kpcloj^`fŽk(+ 28~k^_i^ƒ [0+206-loqldlk^i+ 060pfj‹qof`l+ 031rkfq^ofl+ 06/
lmbo^alobp+ abofs^a^ ab `lbcf`fbkqbp `lkpq^k,qbp+071
lofbkq^`fŽk ab rk^ `ros^ ab Zloa^k+ 364
m
O@OOTR CD @KDI@MCQ‡@+348O@QRDU@K+L@QJ,@MSNiMD+ 13m^oqf`fŽkab rk ob`qŠkdril+ 321O@RB@K+AK@HRD+460O@TKH+VNKEF@MF+ 022 'Dg- 3(OD@MN+FHTRDOOD+ 162+ 633OHB@QC+BG@QKDR \:LHKD+ 162
hj`e_a ]hb]^†pe_k 700
mi^kl q^kdbkqb ^ rk^ prmbocf`fb+213: 406ONHRRNM+RHLDNM CDMHR+ 525mlifkljfl `^o^`qboŒpqf`l+016+ 072
qofdlklj‹qof`l+ 24mlifkljflp9
`bolp ab ilp+ 111 'Dg- 03(ab Beb_vpebs+ 614,ab Kbdbkaob+2/+ 24+ 104+ 106+ 6/1ab S^vilo+ 6/0c^`qlof^ibp+ 61/cŽojri^ ab Qlaofdrbp m^o^+106doŠcf`^pab+ 105fkqbomli^`fŽk+6/4+ 605kloj^ifw^alp+ 20
mlqbk`f^i kbtqlkf^kl+ 3/7mofk`fmfl abi qo^_^gl v i^ bkbodŒ^+3//mol_^_fifa^a `lkaf`flk^a^+ 482
abcfkf`fŽk ab+ 466+504+ 511mol_^_fifa^abp `lkaf`flk^ibp+ 481mol_ibj^ ab Obqbop_rod+572 'Dg- 0/(
ab s^ilobp fkf`f^ibp+ 126molar`ql `^oqbpf^kl+ 188
bp`^i^o+ 06fkqboflo+06sb`qlof^i crka^jbkq^i ab rk^ prmbocf`fb+402
moljbafl ab rk^ crk`fŽk+ 346ab s^of^`fŽk+ 2/8
molmfba^a `bkqo^i abi iŒjfqb+58/ab fks^of^k`f^ ab ilp `lbcf`fbkqbp ab fkqbo,
mli^`fŽk ab K^do^kdb+ 602 'Dg- 5(ab i^p fkqbdo^ibpab iŒkb^^i bcb`qr^o rk
`^j_fl ab m^oŠjbqol+ 287ab i^p fkqbdo^ibpab iŒkb^ i abcloj^o bi
`^jfkl+ 363ab i^p fkqbdo^ibp ab prmbocf`fb ^i bcb`,
qr^o rk `^j_fl ab m^oŠjbqol+ 416molvb``fŽk loqldlk^i+ 23molvb``flkbp+ 2/+ 23morb_^p ab Aboklriif+ 5/2
fkabmbkafbkqbp+5/1obmbqfa^p+5/2
OSNLDiKX+ BK@TCiTR+ 585mrkql ab bkpfii^aro^+ 261
bpq^`flk^ofl+ 26/cfgl ab rk lmbo^alo+ 175colkqbo^+2//buqboflo+2//fkqboflo+187obdri^o ab rk^ prmbocf`fb+402pfkdri^o ab rk^ b`r^`fŽk afcbobk`f^i+ 068+
112ab rk^ ^mif`^`fŽk+ 373ab rk^ prmbocf`fb+402
mrkql ab bkpfii^aro^ obdri^o+ 112OTSYDQ+ D- I-+ 138
Q
o^afl ab dfol+ 566o^kdl ab rk^ qo^kpcloj^`fŽk ifkb^i+ 31-ob`loofal ab rk^ qo^kpcloj^`fŽk ifkb^i+30obdfŽk al_ibjbkqb `lkbu^+ 367 'Dg- 2(
j•iqfmibjbkqb `lkbu^+ 358obdi^ ab Blqbp+634 'Dg- 00(
ab Bo^jbo+ 004ab Rfjmplk+ 625abi `Ši`ril pb`rbk`f^i+ 478abi `lpbkl 'm^o^ Šob^p(+410ab i^ `^abk^ m^o^ i^p abofs^a^p ab9
crk`flkbp j^qof`f^ibp9 127`^jmlp bp`^i^obp+210+ 222`^jmlp sb`qlof^ibp+ 220
ab ilp qo^mb`flp+622obpriq^al+ 468QHB@SSH+UHMBDMYN+064QHDL@MM+FDNQF EQHDCQHBG ADQMG@QC+ 545+
641QNCQHFTDR+ NKHMCD+ 106olq^`flk^i ab rk `^jml sb`qlof^i+ 426
p
R^qrokl+ 584RBGLHCS+ DQG@QC+ 16RBGV @QY+GDQL@MM @L@MCTR+ 1/pbjfkloj^+ 588
fkqbomli^`fŽk+6//S^vilo+ 588
pbkqfal kbd^qfsl l ab i^p ^drg^p abi obilg+365mlpfqfsl l `lkqo^ofl ^i ab i^p ^drg^p abi
obilg+ 365pbofbpab mlqbk`f^p+plir`flkbp9
ab b`r^`flkbp afcbobk`f^ibp ifkb^ibp+1/7ab pfpqbj^p ifkb^ibp eljld‹kblp+ 160
pfjbqoŒ^ab Gbojfqb+ 07+ 030RHLORNM+ SGNL@R+ 625pfpqbj^ ifkb^i+ 61+ 124pfpqbj^p ab b`r^`flkbp ^idb_o^f`^p ifkb^ibp+2-afcbobk`f^ibp+124eljld‹kblp ab9
b`r^`flkbp afcbobk`f^ibp+135
701 hj`e_a ]hb]^†pe_k
pfpqbj^p eljld‹kblp ab b`r^`flkbpifkb^ibp+ 62
plir`fŽk dbkbo^i ab rk^ b`r^`fŽk afcbobk`f^iifkb^i+ 071+ 082ab rk pfpqbj^ ab b`r^`flkbp ifkb^ibp+ 63
RSHQKHMF+I@LDR+ 585+ 611RSNJDR+ FDNQFD F@AQHDK+ 423pr_bpm^`fl+ 8
fks^of^kqb+ 012ifkb^i+ 8
pr`bplp+ 468prmbocf`fb `boo^a^+ 445
ab obslir`fŽk+ 411bnrfmlqbk`f^i+ 3/7lofbkq^_ib+ 445-kl lofbkq^_ib+ 444+ 445m^o^j‹qof`^+ 407
pfjmib+ 4/8obdri^o+ 402
S
S@XKNQ+ AQNNJ+ 584qblobj^ `bkqo^i abi iŒjfqb+ 578
ab B^vibv,G^jfiolk+ 138ab afjbkpflk^ifa^a+ 070ab Dribo m^o^ i^p crk`flkbp eljld‹kb^p+
24/ab F^rpp 'ab i^ afsbodbk`f^(+ 446ab Fobbk m^o^ obdflkbp j•iqfmibjbkqb `l,
kbu^p+ 362pfjmibjbkqb `lkbu^p+ 353
ab loqldlk^ifw^`fŽk+ 16ab Rqlhbp+ 423+ 443ab rkf`fa^a m^o^ abqbojfk^kqbp+ 85
m^o^ b`r^`flkbp afcbobk`f^ibp9 pfpqbj^pifkb^ibp ab mofjbo loabk+ 167
b`r^`flkbp afcbobk`f^ibp j^qof`f^ibp+ 133b`r^`flkbp ifkb^ibp ab loabk j+ /6/pfpqbj^p kl ifkb^ibp ab mofjbo loabk+ 170
abi s^ilo buqobjl m^o^ `^jmlp bp`^i^obp`lkqfkrlp+ 280
abi s^ilo jbafl m^o^ `^jmlp bp`^i^obp+ 20/abi mrkql cfgl m^o^ lmbo^alobp ab `lkqo^`,
`fŽk+ 178ab i^ `ros^ ab Hloa^k+ 354ab i^ abp`ljmlpf`fŽk loqldlk^i+ 22ab i^ afsbodbk`f^+ 446ab i^ crk`fŽk fjmiŒ`fq^+ 180ab ilp bgbp m^o^ibilp+ 351 'Dg- 06(ab O^mmrp+348+ 411
qblobj^p ab bufpqbk`f^ m^o^ b`r^`flkbp afcb,obk`f^ibp ifkb^ibp ab pbdrkal loabk+ 065
m^o^ crk`flkbp ab mlqbk`f^i+ 303m^o^ mlifkljflp ab S^vilo+ 586m^o^ `^jmlp sb`qlof^ibp `lk olq^`flk^i
^pfdk^al+ 436m^o^ abqbojfk^kqbp+ 00/m^o^ b`r^`flkbp afcbobk`f^ibp ifkb^ibp ab
mofjbo loabk+ 065m^o^ pfpqbj^p ab b`r^`flkbp afcbobk`f^ibp
ab mofjbo loabk+ 151+ 158+ 16/m^o^ crk`flkbp fjmiŒ`fq^p+180m^o^ pfpqbj^p ab b`r^`flkbp afcbobk`f^ibp
kl ifkb^ibp ab mofjbo loabk+ 170m^o^ b`r^`flkbp fkqbdo^ibp+182m^o^ mlifkljflp ab fkqbomli^`fŽk+ 6/5m^o^ b`r^`flkbp afcbobk`f^ibp ifkb^ibp ab
loabk j+ /6/crka^jbkq^ibp m^o^ i^p fkqbdo^ibp ab iŒkb^9
mofjbol+ 301pbdrkal+ 3/5
qlol+ 35/qo^_^gl `ljl fkqbdo^i ab iŒkb^+288qo^kpcloj^`fŽk ab Klobkqw+ 74 'Dg- 5(
fa‹kqf`^+ 3/fksbop^+ 37+ 40fksboqf_ib+ 38+ 40ifkb^i+ 28ab fkqbdo^ibp k,j•iqfmibp+ 387
qo^vb`qlof^ loqldlk^i+ 214
r
To^kl+ 584
s
s^ilo jbafl ab rk^ crk`fŽk+ 346s^of^_ib ^ib^qlof^ `lkqfkr^+ 528
afp`obq^+ 523bpql`Špfq`^+ 513
s^of^_ibp ^ib^qlof^p+ 513`lkqfkr^+ 528ab afpqof_r`fŽk `lkgrkq^+ 550afp`obq^+ 523+ 552crk`flkbp ab+ 547fkabmbkafbkqbp+ 554
s^of^`fŽk ab `lkpq^kqbp+ 082
702Gj`e_a ]hb]^†pe_k
s^of^`Œlk ab `lkpq^kqbp+ s^of^kw^+565ab i^ afpqof_r`fŽk _fkljf^i +566ab i^ afpqof_r`fŽk ab B^r`ev+ 571 'Dg- 6(ab i^ afpqof_r`fŽk bumlkbk`f^i+ 571 'Dg- 6(ab i^ afpqof_r`fŽk kloj^i+ 567ab i^ afpqof_r`fŽk ab Olfpplk+ 571 'Dg- 6(ab i^ afpqof_r`fŽk rkfclojb+ 566
UDAKDM+ NRV@KC+ 353sb`qlo kloj^i ^ rk^ prmbocf`fb+214+405
tV@KKHR+ INGM+ 64/VQNMRJH+ I- L- GNDM†+ 006 'Dg- 7(+ 085
XXNTMF+ V- G-+ 204
YYTBJDQL@M+ GDQADQS+ R-+57/