Calcareous Fossils English
-
Upload
reza-lionar -
Category
Documents
-
view
242 -
download
0
Transcript of Calcareous Fossils English
-
8/12/2019 Calcareous Fossils English
1/33
Introduction
Calcareous nannofossils include the coccoliths and coccospheres of haptophyte algae and the
associated nannoliths which are of unknown provenance. The organism which creates the
coccosphere is called a coccolithophore, they are phytoplankton (autotrophs that contain
chloroplasts and photosynthesise). Their calcareous skeletons are found in marine deposits
often in vast numbers, sometimes making up the major component of a particular rock, such
as the chalk of England. One freshwater species has been reported. Formally coccolithophores
are separated from other phytoplankton such as diatoms by the presence of a third flagella-
like appendage called a haptonema, although the flagella bearing stage is often only one of a
multi-stage life cycle.
A coccolith is a single disc-like plate which is secreted by the algal organism and held in
combination with several other, sometimes varying shaped plates by an organic coating to
form the coccosphere. On death the individual coccoliths invariably become separated and it is
these that are most commonly preserved in the sedimentary record. Occasionally complete
coccospheres are preserved and provide valuable information, particularly regarding
coccospheres which possess two or more morphologicaly different coccoliths. There are two
forms of coccoliths, the holococcoliths which are formed from calcite crystals which are
essentially identical in shape and size and the heterococcoliths which are formed from larger
calcite crystals which vary in size and shape. Most living forms are known to produce only
heterococcoliths and then only during the non-motile stage of their life cycle. Those that doproduce holococcoliths do so only during their motile stage.
History of Study
The first recorded use of the term "coccoliths" is from Ehrenberg's 1836 study of the chalk
from the island of Rugen in the Baltic Sea. Ehrenberg and other early workers beleived
coccoliths to have an inorganic origin. It was not untill the second half of the nineteenth
century when Wallich found coccoliths joined to form coccospheres that an organic origin was
suggested. Even after the publication of Sorby's 1861 paper, following which the organic origin
of coccoliths was generally accepted, Ehrenberg remained unconvinced.The 1872 HMS
Challengerexpedition recovered coccospheres from the upper water layers and correctly
concluded that they were the skeletons of calcareous algae. The term nannoplankton was
coined by Lohmann in 1902. The study of coccolithophores has flourished since the 1960's,
with much ground breaking work done on their biology as well as on the systematics of fossil
and living forms. The Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP), now theOcean Drilling Program
(ODP),brought the stratigraphic value of calcareous nannofossils to the attention of industry
http://www.oceansonline.com/challenger_ex.htmhttp://www.oceansonline.com/challenger_ex.htmhttp://www.oceansonline.com/challenger_ex.htmhttp://www.oceansonline.com/challenger_ex.htmhttp://www-odp.tamu.edu/http://www-odp.tamu.edu/http://www-odp.tamu.edu/http://www-odp.tamu.edu/http://www-odp.tamu.edu/http://www-odp.tamu.edu/http://www.oceansonline.com/challenger_ex.htmhttp://www.oceansonline.com/challenger_ex.htm -
8/12/2019 Calcareous Fossils English
2/33
as well as the scientific community. Today, due to the speed of preparation, calcareous
nannofossils have bec ome the preferred tool for quick accurate stratigraphic age
determination in post-Palaeozoic calcareous sequences.
Range
First recorded occurrences of calcareous nannofossils (nannoliths) are from the late Triassic
(Carnian). The locations from which the earliest nannofossils are found include; the Northern
and Southern Calcareous Alps, Timor, North-West Australia and Queen Charlotte Islands
(Canada), all low latitude sites at the time. There are many claims for earlier occurrences but a
lack of substantiated evidence means these must be excluded. One consequence of the first
occurrence of calcareous nannofossils in the late Triassic lies in the fact that this was the first
time open ocean planktonic organisms utilised calcareous skeletons and exported calcium
carbonate into the deep oceans. This has important repercussions in terms of biogeochemical
cycles. Today coccolithophores are one of the most important forms of phytoplankton found in
the oceans, and may be described as the grass of the sea.
-
8/12/2019 Calcareous Fossils English
3/33
Classification
The classification of calcareous nannoplankton is carried out under the International Code of
Botanical Nomenclature. They are formally classified in the Kingdom Protoctista, Phylum (or
Division) Haptophyta, Class Prymnesiophyceae. Classification is complicated by the fact that
some species are dimorphic, that is they possess more than one coccolith on a single
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/gendiag01.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/gendiag01.gif -
8/12/2019 Calcareous Fossils English
4/33
coccosphere. This may lead to the belief that two species exist where in fact there is only one.
Also, pleomorphism (where a holococcolith phase alternates with a heterococcolith phase)
may also result in coccoliths being placed in different species or even genera when in fact they
are simply different stages in the life cycle of the same species.
Applications
As the groups name suggests calcareous nannofossils are small, generally less than 30 microns
across and usually between 5 and 10 microns (individual coccoliths). This has advantages and
disadvantages. Advantages include:
Good preservation, their small size makes mechanical damage unlikely.
Widespread distribution, as part of the phytoplankton coccolithophores are distributed
throughout the photic zone (predominantly the upper 50m of the water column) across almost
all marine habitats.
A very large number of individual coccoliths may be preserved in a tiny amount of sediment
hence only very small quantities of sample are needed to produce statistically valid results.
Disadvantages include:
Because of dissolution of calcium carbonate at depth in sea water (called the carbonate
compensation depth (CCD)), preservation is compromised in deep water sediments.
Because of their small size and resistance to mechanical breakdown nannofossils can be
reworked, great care is therefore needed especially when utilising nannofossils for
biostratigraphic studies.
Again, because of the small size the opportunities for contamination are high, although carefuland thorough preparation and collection techniques should significantly reduce this risk.
Biology
Culture techniques have resulted in great advances in the study of coccolithophore life cycles.
The existence of a haploid and diploid phase has been proved by the extraction of DNA, with
mitotic reproduction occurring in both stages. Syngamy (sexual reproduction) has not been
-
8/12/2019 Calcareous Fossils English
5/33
observed but is assumed to occur, the recent discovery of combination coccospheres (where
coccoliths of two distinct forms occur on the same coccosphere) has meant the traditional
classification will have to be radically revised and updated.
The defining feature of the haptophytes is the flagella-like haptonema which is generally
coiled. It differs from the flagella proper in its internal structure and its basal attachment.
During the non-motile phase the flagella disappear but the haptonema often remains, the
exact function of the haptonema is not fully understood. The algal cell contains a nucleus and
two golden-brown chloroplasts which may be moved around the cell to optimise collection of
available light. The cell also contains mitochondria which contain enzymes which produce the
energy for cell function, vacuoles which deal with waste products and the Golgi body which is
the site of coccolith secretion in many species. In many species overlapping oval organic scales
coat the outer cell membrane. These have concentric ridges on their distal faces and radiating
ridges on their proximal faces. It seems the organic scales act as bases for the precipitation of
the calcite coccoliths. A variety of coccolith secretion strategies have been observed in
different species, however it is probably true of all coccolithophores that the production of
coccoliths is controlled by light. Emiliania huxleyi has been observed to start coccolith
production within half an hour of being introduced to light, and produce an individual coccolith
in one hour and a complete coccosphere in about thirty hours.
-
8/12/2019 Calcareous Fossils English
6/33
Above diagram from Bown,P.(Ed.), 1998, Calcareous Nannofossil Biostratigraphy. Chapman
and Hall.
The function of coccoliths is not known but may be one or more of four basic possibilities:
Protection; from bacteria, physical damage, predators such as copepods or to form a chemical
buffer zone.
Flotation and buoyancy; aspherical forms may reduce sinking rates, the loss or addition of
coccoliths may be a strategy employed to regulate position in the water column in order to
optimise light or nutrient availability.
Light regulation; coccoliths may reflect sunlight protecting the cell from high light levels in the
upper water column or refract sunlight into the cell allowing life in the lower photic zone.
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/caldiag05.gif -
8/12/2019 Calcareous Fossils English
7/33
Biochemistry; the cell may secrete calcite in order to expell a metabolic by-product enhancing
the bichemical efficiency of the cell.
Life Cycle
Reproduction of coccolithophores is by single or double fission sometimes accompanied by a
swarm-spore stage. The information we have on coccolithophore reproduction is based on
only a few species so care must be taken when making generalisations, however, it is thought
the coccolith-bearing phase is diploid and capable of asexual (mitotic) reproduction. This
allows rapid population growth during periods of optimum conditions, producing what are
known as "blooms". Motile naked haploid gametes may be produced by meiosis and non-
motile benthic stages are also known to be produced. Sexual fusion has rarely been observed
but is inferred by the variation of DNA found within coccolithophpores.
Preparation Techniques
Please remember all preparation techniques require the use of hazardous materials and
equipment and should only be carried out in properly equiped laboratories, wearing thecorrect safety clothing and under the supervision of qualified staff.
Smear slides are produced by first cleaning a hand specimen by paring the outer surfaces off. A
fine "dust" of material is then scraped off onto a cover slip. This is then moistened with
distilled water and spread across the cover slip with a suitable utensile such as a wooden tooth
pick. This takes a certain amount of experience to get right but when the corrrect coverage is
obtained the cover slip is placed on a hot plate to dry. Once dry the cover slip is inverted and
glued to a slide using Norland optical adhesive which is cured under U.V. light. Centrifuge
slides are produced by first cleaning the sample as in the smear slide technique and then
scraping a dust of material into a centrifuge tube. This is topped up with distilled water and
spun at 350 rpm in a centrifuge for about two minutes. The pellet is then put to one side and
the supernatant kept. The supernatant is then re-suspended and centrifuged at 1000rpm for
four minutes this time keeping the pellet. This re-suspending and centrifuging at 1000rpm may
need to be repeated several times depending on the lithology of the sample. After centrifuging
the sample is dilluted to a slightly milky consistency with distilled water and strewn on to a
cover slip placed on a hot plate and left to dry. The cover slip can then be mounted as in the
smear slide technique. One of the major advantages calcareous nannofossils have over other
microfossil groups, particularly in terms of industrial application is the speed at which samples
can be prepared. Simple smear slides can be made in minutes and even centrifuge
-
8/12/2019 Calcareous Fossils English
8/33
preparations are ready in less than half an hour. Another advantage is that no harmful or
dangerous chemicals are needed nor even a fume cupboard. This makes calcareous
nannofossils an extremely useful and widely used biostratigraphic tool especially on offshore
drilling platforms and ships.
Observation Techniques
Since individualcoccoliths preserve fine structural crystallographic detail in calcite observation
techniques depend on the use of petrological microscopes. The calcite crystals forming hetero-
and holococcoliths often have differently oriented optic axes which produce distinctive
extinction patterns under crossed nicols of a polarising microscope. Transmitted, cross
polarised light is regularly used but phase contrast and bright field settings may also be
advantageous. Scanning Electron Microscopy has become more widely available and greatly
enhanced the study of nannofossils. Much of the work on the fine structure and formation of
coccoliths has been made possible by scanning electron microscopes.
Images
The following images are of a representative selection of calcareous nannofossils aimed at
giving a general overview of the different morphotypes. Each specimen is given a generic and if
possible a species name followed by its age range, the site location from which the sample was
obtained and the magnification at which the image was taken or its size in microns. PC (Phase
Contrast), XPL (Crossed Polarised Light) SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope). Typical and
selected marker species are illustrated from each main period of the geological column in
which calcareous nannofossils occur.
Triassic and Jurassic
Lower Cretaceous
Upper Cretaceous
Palaeogene
Neogene
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/calcnanno.html#jurassicimageshttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/calcnanno.html#jurassicimageshttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/calcnanno.html#lowercretaceousimageshttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/calcnanno.html#lowercretaceousimageshttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/calcnanno.html#uppercretaceousimageshttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/calcnanno.html#uppercretaceousimageshttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/calcnanno.html#palaeogeneimageshttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/calcnanno.html#palaeogeneimageshttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/calcnanno.html#neogeneimageshttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/calcnanno.html#neogeneimageshttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/calcnanno.html#neogeneimageshttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/calcnanno.html#palaeogeneimageshttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/calcnanno.html#uppercretaceousimageshttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/calcnanno.html#lowercretaceousimageshttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/calcnanno.html#jurassicimages -
8/12/2019 Calcareous Fossils English
9/33
Triassic and
Jurassic
Anulasphaera helvetica Grun
and Zweili, 1980
Callovian (Middle Jurassic)
Denver Borehole, UK
PC side view
Anulasphaera helvetica Grun
and Zweili, 1980
Callovian (Middle Jurassic)
Denver Borehole, UK
XPL side view
Anulasphaera helvetica Grun
and Zweili, 1980
Callovian (Middle Jurassic)
Denver Borehole, UK
(SEM) distal view
Anulasphaera helvetica Grun
and Zweili, 1980
Callovian (Middle Jurassic)
Denver Borehole, UK
(SEM) proximal oblique view
Stephanolithion bigotii
bigotii Deflandre, 1939
Lower Oxfordian (Upper
Jurassic)
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc005.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc004.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc003.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc002.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc001.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc005.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc004.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc003.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc002.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc001.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc005.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc004.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc003.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc002.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc001.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc005.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc004.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc003.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc002.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc001.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc005.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc004.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc003.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc002.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc001.gif -
8/12/2019 Calcareous Fossils English
10/33
Cleveland Farm Pit, wiltshire,
UK
XPL
Stephanolithion bigotii
bigotii Deflandre, 1939
Upper Kimmeridgian (Upper
Jurassic)
Gorodische, Russia
SEM
Stephanolithion speciosum
octum Deflandre in Deflandre
and Fert, 1954 ssp. Rood and
Barnard, 1972
Lower Bathonian (Middle
Jurassic)
Port en Bessin, N. France
XPL
Stephanolithion speciosum
octum Deflandre in Deflandre
and Fert, 1954 ssp. Rood and
Barnard, 1972
Lower Bathonian (Middle
Jurassic)
Port en Bessin, N. France
PC
Stephanolithion
speciosum Deflandre in
Deflandre and Fert, 1954 ssp.
octum Rood and Barnard, 1972
Upper Bajocian-Lower Callovian
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc009.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc008.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc007.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc006.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc009.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc008.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc007.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc006.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc009.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc008.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc007.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc006.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc009.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc008.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc007.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc006.gif -
8/12/2019 Calcareous Fossils English
11/33
(Middle Jurassic)
Escoville, France
distal view
Biscutum novum (Goy,1979)
Bown, 1987
Aalenian/Bajocian
Brenha, Portugal
XPL
Biscutum novum (Goy,1979)
Bown, 1987
Lower Toarcian
Trimeusel, Germany
distal view
Biscutum novum (Goy,1979)
Bown, 1987
Upper Toarcian
Ballrechten, Germany
proximal view
Carinolithus
superbus (Deflandre in
Deflandre and Fert, 1954) Prins
in Grun et al, 1974
Lower Toarcian-Lower Bajocian
Ilminster, UK
proximal oblique view SEM
Carinolithus
superbus (Deflandre inDeflandre and Fert, 1954) Prins
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc014.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc013.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc012.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc011.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc010.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc014.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc013.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc012.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc011.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc010.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc014.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc013.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc012.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc011.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc010.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc014.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc013.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc012.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc011.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc010.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc014.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc013.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc012.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc011.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc010.gif -
8/12/2019 Calcareous Fossils English
12/33
in Grun et al, 1974
Lower Toarcian-Lower Bajocian
Ilminster, UK
side view SEM
Crucirhabdus minutus Jafar,
1983
Norian-Rhaetian (Upper
Triassic)
Fischerwiese, Austria
XPL distal view
Crucirhabdus minutus Jafar,
1983
Norian-Rhaetian (Upper
Triassic)
Weissloferbach, S. Germany
distal view SEM
Lotharingius haufii Grun and
Zweili in Grun et al, 1974
Lower Toarcian
Untersturmig, Germany
XPL
Lotharingius haufii Grun and
Zweili in Grun et al, 1974
Upper Pliensbachian-Upper
Bathonian
Untersturmig, Germany
PC
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc019.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc018.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc017.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc016.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc015.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc019.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc018.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc017.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc016.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc015.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc019.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc018.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc017.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc016.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc015.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc019.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc018.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc017.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc016.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc015.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc019.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc018.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc017.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc016.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc015.gif -
8/12/2019 Calcareous Fossils English
13/33
Lotharingius haufii Grun and
Zweili in Grun et al, 1974
Upper Pliensbachian-Upper
Bathonian
Untersturmig, Germany
SEM (collapsed coccosphere)
Parhabdolithus liasicus
distinctus Deflandre in Grasse,
1952 ssp. Bown, 1987
Hettangian-Lower Toarcian
Timor
XPL plan view
Parhabdolithus liasicus
distinctus Deflandre in Grasse,
1952 ssp. Bown, 1987
Hettangian-Lower Toarcian
Timor
XPL side view
Parhabdolithus liasicus
distinctus Deflandre in Grasse,
1952 ssp. Bown, 1987
Hettangian-Lower Toarcian
Mochras Borehole, UK
side view (SEM)
Prinsiosphaera triassica Jafar,
1983
Norian-Rhaetian
Weissloferbach S. Germany
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc023.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc022.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc021.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc020.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc023.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc022.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc021.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc020.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc023.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc022.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc021.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc020.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc023.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc022.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc021.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc020.gif -
8/12/2019 Calcareous Fossils English
14/33
XPL
Prinsiosphaera triassica Jafar,
1983
Norian-Rhaetian
ODP Site 761, Wombat Plateau,
NW Australian shelf
SEM
Lower
Cretaceous
Axopodorhabdus
albianus (Black, 1967) Wind and
Wise in Wise and Wind, 1977
Middle Albian-Upper
Cenomanian
Folkestone, UK
XPL
Axopodorhabdus
albianus (Black, 1967) Wind and
Wise in Wise and Wind, 1977
Middle Albian-Upper
Cenomanian
English Channel Borehole R330,
UK
distal view SEM
Calcicalathina
oblongata (Worsley, 1971)
Thierstein, 1971
Lower Valanginian-Lower
Barremian
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc027.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc026.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc025.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc024.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc027.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc026.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc025.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc024.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc027.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc026.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc025.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc024.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc027.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc026.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc025.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc024.gif -
8/12/2019 Calcareous Fossils English
15/33
Bulgaria
XPL distal view
Calcicalathina
oblongata (Worsley, 1971)
Thierstein, 1971
Lower Valanginian-Lower
Barremian
DSDP Site 547B, Atlantic Ocean
distal view SEM
Calcicalathina
oblongata (Worsley, 1971)
Thierstein, 1971
Lower Valanginian-Lower
Barremian
DSDP Site 547B, Atlantic Ocean
side view SEM
Ceratolithina bicornuta Perch-
Nielsen, 1988
Middle Albian-Upper Albian
Folkestone, UK
XPL
Corollithion kennedyi
Cenomanian
Lydden Spout, Folkestone, UK
XPL
Cruciellipsis cuvillieri (Manivit,
1966) Thierstein, 1971
Lower Berriasian-Upper
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc032.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc031.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc030.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc029.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc028.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc032.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc031.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc030.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc029.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc028.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc032.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc031.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc030.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc029.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc028.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc032.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc031.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc030.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc029.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc028.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc032.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc031.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc030.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc029.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc028.gif -
8/12/2019 Calcareous Fossils English
16/33
Hauterivian
DSDP Site 397, E.Atlantic Ocean
XPL
Cruciellipsis cuvillieri (Manivit,
1966) Thierstein, 1971
Lower Berriasian-Upper
Hauterivian
DSDP Site 547B, Atlantic Ocean
distal view SEM
Eiffellithus
turriseiffelii (Deflandre in
Deflandre and Fert, 1954)
Reinhardt, 1965
Upper ALbian-Upper
Maastrichtian
Folkestone, UK
XPL distal view
Eprolithus floralis (Stradner,
1962) Stover, 1966
Lower Aptian-?Lower
Campanian
Folkestone, UK
XPL distal view
Gartnerago segmentatum
Cenomanian-Maastrichtian
Langdon Stairs, Dover, Kent, UK
XPL distal view
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc036.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc035.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc034.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc033.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc036.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc035.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc034.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc033.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc036.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc035.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc034.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc033.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc036.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc035.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc034.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc033.gif -
8/12/2019 Calcareous Fossils English
17/33
Micrantholithus
obtusus Stradner, 1963
Berriasian-Upper Aptian
Speeton, UK
XPL
Micrantholithus
obtusus Stradner, 1963
Berriasian-Upper Aptian
DSDP Site 398D, Atlantic Ocean
SEM
Nannoconus abundans Stradner
and Grun, 1973
Barremian-?Lower Aptian
Speeton, UK
XPL
Nannoconus abundans Stradner
and Grun, 1973
Barremian-?Lower Aptian
Speeton, UK
side view SEM
Prediscosphaera
columnata (Stover, 1966) Perch-
Nielsen, 1984
Lower Albian-Turonian
Folkestone, UK
XPL distal view
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc037.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc041.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc040.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc039.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc038.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc037.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc041.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc040.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc039.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc038.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc037.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc041.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc040.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc039.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc038.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc037.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc041.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc040.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc039.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc038.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc037.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc041.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc040.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc039.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc038.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc037.gif -
8/12/2019 Calcareous Fossils English
18/33
Prediscosphaera
columnata (Stover, 1966) Perch-
Nielsen, 1984
Lower Albian-Turonian
Folkestone, UK
XPL side view
Prediscosphaera
columnata (Stover, 1966) Perch-
Nielsen, 1984
Lower Albian-Turonian
Copt Point, UK
side view SEM
Watznaueria barnesae (Black in
Black and Barnes, 1959) Perch-
Nielsen, 1968
Lower Bajocian-Maastrichtian
Gorodische, Russia
XPL
Watznaueria barnesae (Black in
Black and Barnes, 1959) Perch-
Nielsen, 1968
Lower Bajocian-Maastrichtian
Speeton, UK
SEM (Coccosphere)
Watznaueria
britannica (Stradner, 1963)
Reinhardt, 1964
Lower Bajocian-Lower
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc042.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc046.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc045.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc044.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc043.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc042.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc046.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc045.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc044.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc043.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc042.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc046.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc045.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc044.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc043.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc042.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc046.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc045.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc044.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc043.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc042.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc046.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc045.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc044.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc043.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc042.gif -
8/12/2019 Calcareous Fossils English
19/33
Cenomanian
Cleveland Farm Pit, Wiltshire,
UK
XPL
Zeugrhabdotus
erectus (Deflandre in Deflandre
and Fert, 1954) Reinhardt, 1965
Lower Pliensbachian?-Upper
Maastrichtian
Cleveland Farm Pit, Wiltshire,
UK
XPL
Zeugrhabdotus
erectus (Deflandre in Deflandre
and Fert, 1954) Reinhardt, 1965
Lower Pliensbachian?-Upper
Maastrichtian
Mochras Borehole, UK
distal view SEM
Zeugrhabdotus
erectus (Deflandre in Deflandre
and Fert, 1954) Reinhardt, 1965
Lower Pliensbachian?-Upper
Maastrichtian
Dorset, UK
side view SEM
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc049.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc048.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc047.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc049.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc048.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc047.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc049.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc048.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc047.gif -
8/12/2019 Calcareous Fossils English
20/33
Upper
Cretaceous
Arkhangelskiella
cymbiformis Vekshina, 1959
Campanian-Maastrichtian
DSDP Site 249, Indian Ocean
XPL distal view
Arkhangelskiella
cymbiformis Vekshina, 1959
Campanian-Maastrichtian
Keswick, Norfolk, UK
oblique distal view SEM
Eiffellithus eximius (Stover,
1966) Perch-Nielsen, 1968
Turonian-Campanian
Zoe C BH, South Africa
XPL
Eiffellithus eximius (Stover,
1966) Perch-Nielsen, 1968
Turonian-Campanian
Zoe C BH, South Africa
XPL rotated
Lithastrinus grillii Stradner,
1962
Coniacian-Campanian
near Plymouth Bluff, Lowndes
County, Mississippi, USA
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc054.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc053.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc052.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc051.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc050.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc054.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc053.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc052.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc051.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc050.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc054.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc053.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc052.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc051.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc050.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc054.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc053.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc052.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc051.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc050.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc054.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc053.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc052.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc051.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc050.gif -
8/12/2019 Calcareous Fossils English
21/33
XPL
Lucianorhabdus
cayeauxii Deflandre, 1959
Coniacian-Maastrichtian
near Portland, Dallas County,
Alabama, USA
XPL
Marthasterites
furcatus (Deflandre in Deflandre
and Firt, 1954) Deflandre, 1959
Turonian-Campanian
DSDP Site 258, E.Indian Ocean
XPL
Marthasterites
furcatus (Deflandre in Deflandre
and Firt, 1954) Deflandre, 1959
Turonian-Campanian
DSDP Hole 550B, NE Atalntic
Ocean
SEM
Microrhabdulus
decoratus Deflandre, 1959
Cenomanian-Maastrichtian
DSDP Site 401, NE Atlantic
Ocean
SEM
Microrhabdulus
decoratus Deflandre, 1959
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc059.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc058.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc057.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc056.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc055.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc059.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc058.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc057.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc056.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc055.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc059.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc058.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc057.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc056.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc055.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc059.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc058.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc057.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc056.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc055.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc059.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc058.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc057.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc056.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc055.gif -
8/12/2019 Calcareous Fossils English
22/33
Cenomanian-Maastrichtian
DSDP Site 249, W. Indian Ocean
XPL
Micula staurophora (Gardet,
1955) Stradner, 1963
Coniacian-Maastrichtian
near Ripley, Tippah County,
Mississippi, USA
XPL
Prediscosphaera
arkhangelskyi (Reinhardt, 1965)
Perch-Nielsen, 1984
Santonian-Maastrichtian
DSDP Site 249, W. Indian Ocean
XPL
Prediscosphaera
cretacea (Arkhangelsky, 1912)
Gartner, 1968
Cenomanian-Maastrichtian
DSDP Site 249, W. Indian Ocean
XPL
Prediscosphaera
cretacea (Arkhangelsky, 1912)
Gartner, 1968
Cenomanian-Maastrichtian
near Plymouth Bluff, Lowndes
County, Alabama, USA
XPL
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc064.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc063.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc062.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc061.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc060.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc064.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc063.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc062.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc061.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc060.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc064.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc063.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc062.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc061.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc060.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc064.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc063.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc062.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc061.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc060.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc064.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc063.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc062.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc061.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc060.gif -
8/12/2019 Calcareous Fossils English
23/33
Quadrum gartneri Prins and
Perch-Nielsen in Manivit et al,
1977
Turonian-?Maastrichtian
DSDP Site 217, N. Indian Ocean
XPL
Tranolithus
orionatus (Reinhardt, 1966a)
Reinhardt, 1966b
Albian-Maastrichtian
Folkestone, UK
XPL
Uniplanarius trifidus (Stradner
in Stradner and Papp, 1961)
Hattner and Wise, 1980
Campanian-Maastrichtian
DSDP Site 217 N. Indian Ocean
XPL
Uniplanarius trifidus (Stradner
in Stradner and Papp, 1961)
Hattner and Wise, 1980
Campanian-Maastrichtian
DSDP Site 241 W. Indian Ocean
XPL
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc067.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc066.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc065.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc067.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc066.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc065.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc067.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc066.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc065.gif -
8/12/2019 Calcareous Fossils English
24/33
Palaeogene
Chiasmolithus
solitus (Bramlette and Sullivan,
1961) Locker, 1968
Lutetian-Bartonian (Middle
Eocene)
Whitecliff Bay, UK
PC
Chiasmolithus
solitus (Bramlette and Sullivan,
1961) Locker, 1968
Lutetian-Bartonian (Middle
Eocene)
Fayum, Egypt
oblique distal view SEM
Discoaster tanii Bramlette and
Riedel, 1954
Middle Eocene-Oligocene
Hampden Beach, New Zealand
distal view SEM
Discoaster
saipanensis Bramlette and
Riedel, 1954
Middle-Upper Eocene
Fayum, Egypt
distal view SEM
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc071.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc070.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc069.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc068.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc071.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc070.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc069.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc068.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc071.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc070.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc069.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc068.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc071.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc070.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc069.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc068.gif -
8/12/2019 Calcareous Fossils English
25/33
Discoaster
saipanensis Bramlette and
Riedel, 1954
Middle-Upper Eocene
Benidorm, Spain
distal view SEM
Discoaster
saipanensis Bramlette and
Riedel, 1954
Middle-Upper Eocene
Whitecliff Bay, UK
PC
Discoaster kuepperi Sradner,
1959
Lower-Middle Eocene
North Sea, UK
PC
Discoaster kuepperi Sradner,
1959
Lower-Middle Eocene
Benidorm, Spain
proximal view SEM
Discoaster kuepperi Sradner,
1959
Lower-Middle Eocene
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc072.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc076.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc075.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc074.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc073.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc072.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc076.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc075.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc074.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc073.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc072.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc076.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc075.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc074.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc073.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc072.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc076.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc075.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc074.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc073.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc072.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc076.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc075.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc074.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc073.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc072.gif -
8/12/2019 Calcareous Fossils English
26/33
Benidorm, Spain
distal view SEM
Discoaster kuepperi Sradner,
1959
Lower-Middle Eocene
Benidorm, Spain
side view SEM
Cruciplacolithus primus Perch-
Nielsen, 1977
Upper Palaeocene
St. Paul Monastery, Egypt
oblique distal view SEM
Neococcolithus
dubius (Deflandre in Deflandre
and Fert, 1954) Black, 1967
Lower-Upper Eocene
Whitecliff Bay, UK
oblique distal view SEM
Neococcolithus
dubius (Deflandre in Deflandre
and Fert, 1954) Black, 1967
Lower-Upper Eocene
Whitecliff Bay, UK
distal view SEM
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc080.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc079.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc078.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc077.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc080.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc079.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc078.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc077.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc080.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc079.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc078.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc077.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc080.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc079.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc078.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc077.gif -
8/12/2019 Calcareous Fossils English
27/33
Fasciculithus tympaniformis Hay
and Mohler in Hay et al, 1967
Upper Palaeocene-Lower
Eocene
Pegwell Bay, Kent, UK
XPL
Fasciculithus tympaniformis Hay
and Mohler in Hay et al, 1967
Upper Palaeocene-Lower
Eocene
St. Paul Monastery, Egypt
oblique proximal view
Fasciculithus tympaniformis Hay
and Mohler in Hay et al, 1967
Upper Palaeocene-Lower
Eocene
St. Paul Monastery, Egypt
proximal view
Sphenolithus
moriformis (Bronniman and
Stradner, 1960) Brmlette and
Wilcoxon, 1967
Palaeocene-Pliocene
DSDP Site 590B, S.W Pacific
SEM
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc081.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc084.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc083.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc082.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc081.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc084.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc083.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc082.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc081.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc084.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc083.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc082.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc081.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc084.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc083.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc082.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc081.gif -
8/12/2019 Calcareous Fossils English
28/33
Sphenolithus
moriformis (Bronniman and
Stradner, 1960) Brmlette and
Wilcoxon, 1967
Palaeocene-Pliocene
DSDP Site 593, S.W Pacific
SEM
Discoaster lodoensis Bramlette
and Riedel, 1954
Palaeocene-Pliocene
Benidorm, Spain
XPL
Discoaster lodoensis Bramlette
and Riedel, 1954
Palaeocene-Pliocene
Benidorm, Spain
proximal view SEM
Discoaster lodoensis Bramlette
and Riedel, 1954
Palaeocene-Pliocene
Benidorm, Spain
distal view SEM
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc085.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc088.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc087.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc086.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc085.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc088.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc087.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc086.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc085.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc088.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc087.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc086.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc085.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc088.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc087.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc086.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc085.gif -
8/12/2019 Calcareous Fossils English
29/33
Neogene
Amaurolithus amplificus (Bukry
and Percival) Gartner and
Bukry, 1975
Upper Miocene-Pliocene
Manavgat, S.Turkey
XPL
Amaurolithus amplificus (Bukry
and Percival) Gartner and
Bukry, 1975
Upper Miocene-Pliocene
Manavgat, S.Turkey
PC
Coccolithus pelagicus (Wallich,
1871) Schiller, 1930
Lower Palaeocene-Recent
N. Atlantic off S.W coast of
Iceland
SEM entire coccosphere
Coccolithus pelagicus (Wallich,
1871) Schiller, 1930
Lower Palaeocene-Recent
ODP Site 1052b, Western N.
Atlantic
SEM distal view 10 microns
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc092.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc091.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc090.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc089.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc092.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc091.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc090.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc089.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc092.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc091.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc090.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc089.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc092.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc091.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc090.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc089.gif -
8/12/2019 Calcareous Fossils English
30/33
Coccolithus pelagicus (Wallich,
1871) Schiller, 1930
Lower Palaeocene-Recent
ODP Site 1052b, Western N.
Atlantic
SEM proximal view 10 microns
Discoaster
challengeri Bramlette and
Riedel, 1954
Miocene-Pliocene
Ghajn Tuffieha Bay, Malta
SEM proximal view
Discoaster
challengeri Bramlette and
Riedel, 1954
Miocene-Pliocene
G. Mihmandar Borehole, Malta
PC
Discoaster exilis Martini and
Bramlette, 1963
Middle Miocene
Ghajn Tuffieha Bay, Malta
proximal view SEM
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc093.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc096.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc095.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc094.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc093.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc096.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc095.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc094.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc093.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc096.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc095.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc094.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc093.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc096.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc095.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc094.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc093.gif -
8/12/2019 Calcareous Fossils English
31/33
Discoaster exilis Martini and
Bramlette, 1963
Middle Miocene
Ghajn Tuffieha Bay, Malta
PC
Discoaster variabilis Martini and
Bramlette, 1963
Middle Miocene-Pliocene
Ghajn Tuffieha Bay, Malta
proximal view SEM
Discoaster variabilis Martini and
Bramlette, 1963
Middle Miocene-Pliocene
Ghajn Tuffieha Bay, Malta
PC
Florisphaera profunda Okado
and Honjo, 1973
Middle Miocene-Recent
Almerian Canyon, Western
Mediterranian Sea
10 microns SEM
Gephyrocapsa
oceanica Kamptner, 1943
Pleistocene-Recent
Almerian Canyon, Western
Mediterranian Sea
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc097.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc101.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc100.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc099.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc098.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc097.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc101.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc100.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc099.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc098.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc097.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc101.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc100.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc099.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc098.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc097.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc101.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc100.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc099.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc098.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc097.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc101.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc100.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc099.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc098.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc097.gif -
8/12/2019 Calcareous Fossils English
32/33
10 microns SEM
Calcidiscus tropicus Kamptner,
1956
Lower Miocene-Recent
DSDP Site 593, S.W Pacific
Ocean
SEM
Calcidiscus tropicus Kamptner,
1956
Lower Miocene-Recent
DSDP Site 593, S.W Pacific
Ocean
SEM
Helicosphaera carteri (Wallich,
1877) Kamptner, 1954
Upper Oligocene-Recent
DSDP Site 590B, S.W Pacific
Ocean
XPL
Helicosphaera carteri (Wallich,
1877) Kamptner, 1954
Upper Oligocene-Recent
DSDP Site 590B, S.W Pacific
Ocean
proximal view SEM
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc105.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc104.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc103.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc102.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc105.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc104.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc103.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc102.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc105.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc104.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc103.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc102.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc105.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc104.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc103.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc102.gif -
8/12/2019 Calcareous Fossils English
33/33
Reticulofenestra
pseudoumbilica (Gartner)
Gartner, 1969
Miocene-Pliocene
Ghajn Tuffieha Bay, Malta
proximal view SEM
Reticulofenestra
pseudoumbilica (Gartner)
Gartner, 1969
Miocene-Pliocene
Ghajn Tuffieha Bay, Malta
coccosphere SEM
Sphenolithus
heteromorphus Deflandre, 1953
Lower Miocene-Middle
Miocene
DSDP Site 593, S.W Pacific
Ocean
SEM
Sphenolithus
heteromorphus Deflandre, 1953
Lower Miocene-Middle
Miocene
DSDP Site 590B, S.W Pacific
Ocean
SEM
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc109.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc108.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc107.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc106.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc109.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc108.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc107.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc106.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc109.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc108.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc107.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc106.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc109.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc108.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc107.gifhttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/images/calc/calc106.gif