Caitlin Adams**Emily Aksak**Allan NovohatskiDillon Ramos**Colin Grayson

We will present the happenings in Spain

from 711-1492 while Arabs were in

the Iberian Peninsula

Studying past Muslim historical

events shows their influence on

modern SpainModern practicing Mosque in

Cordoba.

Prior to the Arrival of the Moors… The Legend says that Roderic

impregnated Julian’s (count of Ceuta) daughter.

After, a request was made of the assistance of Musa Ibn Nusay

Julian promised ships to carry Ibn Nusayr toops acoss the Strait of Hercules(Straight of Gibraltar)

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The Dependent Emirate (711 to

756) April 30th of 711, Beber

leader Tariq ibn-ziyad landed at Gibraltar

The Battle of Guadalete (turning point)

The Battle of Tours in 732

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*Tariq ibn-ziyad*

The Independent Emirate (756 to 929) 756- the exiled prince Abd-ar-Rahman I

established himself as the Emir of Codoba. And established a tenuous rule ove much of

Al-Andalus For the next century and a half, his

descendants continued as emirs of Cordoba.

In 929 Abd-al-Rahman III proclaimed himself Caliph

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All Caliphs of Córdoba were members of the Umayyad dynasty

Cordoba reached its peak under these Caliphate rulers

Caliphate rule existed until 1031 when it was fractured into a number of independent taifas

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Caliphate Rulers Abd-ar-rahman III

(912–961) Allowed tolerance

and freedom of religion

Repelled enemies with alliances in Africa

al-Hakam II (961–976) Peace with Christian

kingdoms Stability of agriculture Economic and philosophic

improvements Mezquita

Hisham II (976–1013) Gained title at age ten

Almansur Dictator rule

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Muslim praise and value of gardens

Economy highly developed

craftsmanship, modern agricultural techniques

based on money (gold cordobesa money)

Culture Library with 400,000

volumes Highly philosophical

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Mezquita Cathedral and

Mosque Constructed during

the period of the Caliphate

Looks towards Mecca

Horseshoe semicircular shaped prayer room

Muslim influence: walls of flowers, fountains, architecture (arches, relief work)

Jewish influence: statues, stars 71

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1031-1090After the death of the caliphate in Cordoba, only a few decades

passed before the complete collapse of Muslim presence was unstoppable.

These kings, formerly known as party kings (in Arabic mulukal-tawa'if, from the word ta'ifah), continued to improve upon modern arts and learning by competing with one another for the most spectacular states.

In doing so, they took in many scientist and artist who needed the resources to improve upon their own skills.

From 1008 to 1031, a period of anarchy in the Al-Andalus caused more or less 24 individual smaller states to form. These rulers, owning their

own territories, were known as the muluk al-tawa'if, and each of these states did not contain enough power through force to become the sole caliphate of the lands.

When Christian kingdoms began taking over weak Taifa kingdoms, by "exacting tribute", no one in the Al Andalus took action to stop the conversions.

Much of the north had already been taken over by the ever increasing presence of the Christians.

By 1085 the Castilians conquered the important city of Toledo and so the Taifas kings were forced to ask the new Almoravid ruler in Morocco (Yusuf ibn Tashufin) for

assistance.

The Almoravids (in Arabic, "The Garrisoned Ones") were a dynasty risen from the Amazighs (Berbers) of Morocco, and until this time were steadfast to assist the taifa kings.

Unfortunately in 1090 Yusuf decided that his help was not needed, and the petty kings were refused help.

Twice the small states in the land had called for assistance from the northern caliphates in Africa, but the Almohads and Almoravids over the next decades could not unify Al Andalus, only pushing the inevitable in 1492...

Berber (Muslim dynasty) founded in the 12th century

Conquered all Northern Africa along with Al-Andalus known as the Moorish Iberia

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Berber dynasty from the Sahara 1097- Yusuf ibn Tashfin was the Amir al

Muslimin 1119- Ali ibn Yusuf, Sintra, and Santarem

were in charge after Yusuf´s death

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1130- Abd al-Mu’Min al-Kumi and the Almohads defeated the ruling Almoravids

1147- The conquered city of Marrakech by the Almohads marked the end of the Almoravids

Extended his power all over northern Africa as far as Libya

1170- The Almohads transferred their capital to Seville

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Gharnata Almohads Nasrid Dynasty Surrendered by Boabdil

on Jan 2, 1492

Resulting Influence: El Flamenco Las Alpujarras Architecture (Alhambra)

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Almohads Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212 Almohad Army Despeñaperros Pass

Moorish Period – Nasrid Dynasty Political instability Golden Age of Andalucia Cultural Flowering

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Decline of Empire Records destroyed

Possible Reasons: Internal Struggles Dynastic and factional strife Lacking sufficient forces Refusing to pay tribute to King of Castile

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Gardens and presence of flowers in parks and plazas

Flamenco dance (Muslim, Jewish, and gypsy roots) Arabic Baths Architecture: gothic style, relief work, arches Courtyards