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Naturallyoccurring adenovirusassociated

gastrointestinal lesions in Coturnix (Coturnixcoturnix) quailS. S. Tsai

a, T. C. Chang

a, G. N. Chang

a, R. S. Chern

a, M. S. Chien

b& C.

Itakurac

aLaboratory of Comparative Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine ,

National Pingtung University of Science and Technology , TaiwanbDepartment of Veterinary Medicine , National Chung Hsing University , Taiwan

cThe Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (Riken) , Hirosawa 21,

WakoShi, Saitama, 35101, Japan

Published online: 12 Nov 2007.

To cite this article:S. S. Tsai , T. C. Chang , G. N. Chang , R. S. Chern , M. S. Chien & C. Itakura (1998)Naturallyoccurring adenovirusassociated gastrointestinal lesions in Coturnix (Coturnix coturnix) quail, Avian

Pathology, 27:6, 641-643

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03079459808419396

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Avian Pathology (1998) 27, 641-643

SHORT COMMUNICATION

Naturally-occurring adenovirus-associatedgastrointestinal lesionsinCoturnix (Coturnixcoturnix) quailS.S.Tsai1*,T. C.Chang1,G. N.Chang1,R. S.Chern1,M. S.Chien2& C.Itakura 31Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Departmentof Veterinary Medicine, National PingtungUniversityofScienceandTechnology,and2Departmentof Veterinary Medicine, National Chung HsingUniversity, Taiwan,and 3The InstituteofPhysicaland Chemical Research (Riken) Hirosawa2-1Wako-Shi, Saitama, 351-01, Japan

Farm-reared Coturnix quail less than3weeksoldshowed depression, ruffled feathers, diarrhoeaandhighmortality. Histological examination revealed basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies mainly in thedigestive tract,andrarelyin theliver, kidney, nasal epithelium, conjunctivaandcolumnar epithelial cellswithinthemucosaof thebursaofFabricius.Theinclusions were more numerousin thecaeca thanin thesmall intestine. Ultrastructurally, they contained many adenovirus-like particles approximately6 nm indiameter. Thisis thefirst evidenceof adenoviral inclusionsin theglandular epitheliumof thegizzard,conjunctiva, plical epitheliumofbursaofFabricius,andmucosal epitheliumofsmallandlarge intestinesin Coturnix quail.

Numerous adenoviruses have been isolated frommany avian species (McFerran & Adair, 1977).Inquail, adenoviruses induce quail bronchitis (Olsen,1950) and inclusion body hepatitis (Jack et al1987). Both diseases cause high mortalityin bob-white quail less than3weeksofage. Further studyindicates that they are an identical entity withdifferent manifestations (Jack & Reed, 1990a).Although inclusion body ventriculitisdue toaden-ovirus infection hasbeen reportedinchickensandcaptive bobwhite quail (Goodwin, 1993) and anadenovirus, serotype TR-59, has been isolatedfromthecaecaofwild bobw hite quail with he paticinclusion bodies (King et al 1981), there is noreport concerning the pathological lesion in thedigestive tract of Coturnix quail. Recently, wefound some interesting lesions associated withade-novirus infection in the digestive tract, bursaofFabricius (BF) andcon junctiva of Coturnix quail.Eighteen quail were randomly collected fromthree quail farms (Table 1). The main signsincluded ruffled feathers, depressionanddiarrhoeawithout apparent respiratory disorders. The mor-

tality increased markedly from 3 days old. Thedisease lasted more than 3 weeks with mortalityranging from 24 to 30 .Portions of brain, eye, nose, trachea, lung,air-sacs, digestive tract, thymus, spleen, BF,gonads,skin, muscle, bone and heart were sampled forhistopathological examination. These w ere fixedin10% buffered formalin, embeddedinparaffin,sec-tioned and stained with haematoxylin and eosin(H&E).All the quail collected from three farmshadsimilar histopathological alterations. The typicallesion was the presence of small or largebasophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies (INI) inthe affected cells.Thesmallone wasrarely foundand showed both CowdryA and Btypes.Thelargeone was very common, belonged to B typeandwas more than 10 times the size of the normalnuclei of the original cells.TheINIwere found mainlyin thedigestive tract(Table2) andrarelyin theother organs examined.Their incidence was more frequent (18/18)in thecaeca (Figure 1)thanin the duodenum (6/18)and

*To whom correspondence shouldbeaddressed.Received 11June 1997. Accepted 19March1998.0307-9457/98/060641-03 1998Houghton TrustLtd

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642 S. S. Tsai et al.Table 1. Outbreaks of adenoviral infection in Coturnix quail

FarmNo. placedNo. diedMortality (%)SignsDuration ofdisease (days)Sampling time(days old)

10,000300030Stunting, emaciation,depression, diarrhoea

> 2 42 4 & 4 0

5000120024Ruffled feathers,depression, diarrhoea

> 2 412

5000150030Diarrhoea,depression

> 2 323

Table

FarmABC

2. Distributionhistologically in

of adenoviral intranuclear inclusionthe gastrointestinal tract of Conturnix

Incidence of intranuclear inclusions inDuodenum44 % (4/9)a0% (0/4)40 % (2/5)

Ileum-jejunum44% (4/9)25% (1/4)60% (3/5)

Caeca100% (9/9)100% (4/4)100% (5/5)

bodies seen: quail

Gizzard22 % (2/9)0% (0/4)0% (0/5)

aNumber positive/number examined.the remaining small intestine (8/18). With refer-ence to the INI distribution, they were morenumerous in the posterior portion of the caeca,than in the anterior part. Associated change wasinfiltration of mononuclear cells, mainly oflymphocytes and plasma cells in the lamina pro-pria.Two birds (quail 3 and 6) from farm A hadbasophilic INI in the glandular epithelium of thegizzard. Quail 6 had large inclusions similar tothose seen in the intestine, and quail 3 had smallinclusions of Cowdry types A and B. Some epithe-lia containing INI were desquamated and embed-ded into the koilin layer which showed variousdegrees of erosion, accompanied by moderateinfiltration of lymphocytes and plasma cells in the

lamina propria. Out of 18 birds, only two (quails17 and 18) from farm C had INI in both thedigestive tract and other organs. Large basophilicINI were detected in the renal tubules of themedullary region of quail 17. Multifocal necroseswith INI formation were found in the liver of quail18, which also contained similar inclusions in thenasal mucosal epithelium of the respiratory region,conjunctiva and in the plical epithelium of the BF.There were no remarkable tissue reactions in situ.Ultrastructurally, INI contained individual andcrystalline arrays of 60 nm virus particles thatexpanded the nuclear membrane and marginatedthe chromatin (Figure 2). Virus morphology wassuggestive of an adenovirus.Based on the histological examination of the

Figure 1. Man y large basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodiescompletely filling the enlarged nuclei of crypt cells in thecaecum. H E stain, Bar = 30 pm.

Figure 2. Electron micrograph of an intranuclear inclusionbody in the caecum containing many adenoviral particlesarranged in paracrystalline arrays. Bar= 500 nm.

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Quail adenovirus and gastrointestinal lesions 643gastrointestinal tract, concurrent infections werefound, including cryptosporidiosis in 11/18 quail,tapeworm (3/18) and candidiasis (1/18). Cryp-tosporidiosis has been responsible for causing highmortality in young quail with signs of diarrhoea(Hoerret al., 1986). Dual infections of adenovirusand Cryptosporidium spp. were very common inthis study.Previous reports indicate that adenoviral INI arefound only in the respiratory epithelium, hepaticcells and gizzard of bobwhite quail in field cases(Olsen, 1950; Jack et al, 1987; Goodw in, 1993).However, experimental studies in bobwhite quailreveal that large basophilic INI are detected in thetrachea and bronchial epithelium, hepatocytes andbiliary epithelium, and BF epithelium (Jack &Reed, 1990b). The present studies on field casesindicated that adenoviral inclusions were foundmainly in the digestive tract. All quail examinedhad adenoviral inclusions in the intestine and onlyone showed evidence of systemic infection. Thiswas the first evidence that adenovirus had anability to induce INI in the digestive tract ofCoturnix quail, involving the gizzard, small intes-tine and caeca.Necrotizing pancreatitis and gizzard erosionhave been reported in chickens associated withadenovirus infection in which large basophilic INIwere seen in the necrotic pancreatic acinar cellsand necrotic epithelial cell of the gizzard (Tan-imura et al, 1993). In the present study, theaffected quail had basophilic INI in the glandularepithelium of the gizzard without any associatedchanges in the pancreas. Although the inclusionsconsisted of large or small type, under the electronmicroscope, they contained similar viral particlesto those of adenovirus.Adenovirus infection has been reported inCoturnix quail layers with signs of respiratorydistress and soft-shelled and depigmented eggs(May, 1979). The virus was identified as fowladenovirus serotype 1. Although adenoviral INIwere also detected in adult quail in this study, thehigh mortality were found only in quail less thanthree weeks of age.The pathogenicity of adenovirus in Coturnixquail requires further study.ReferencesGoodwin, M.A. (1993). Adenovirus inclusion body ventriculitis inchickens and captive bobwhite quail.Avian Diseases, 37, 568-571.Hoerr, F.J., Current, W.L. & Haynes, T.B. (1986). Fatal cryptosporid-iosis in quail. Avian Diseases, 30, 421-425.Jack, S.W. & Reed, W.M. (1990a). Pathology of experimentallyinduced quail bronchitis. Avian Diseases, 34, 44 -51 .Jack, S.W. & Reed, W.M. (1990b). Further characterization of anavian adenovirus associated with inclusion body hepatitis in bob-white quails. Avian Diseases, 34, 526-530.Jack, S.W., Reed, W.M. & Bryan, T.A. (1987). Inclusion bodyhepatitis in bobwhite quail. Avian Diseases, 31, 662-665.King, D.J., Pursglove, S.R. Jr & Davidson, W.R. (1981). Adenovirus

isolation and serology from wild bobwhite quails. Avian Diseases,25 , 678-682.May, C.L. (1979). Adult Coturnix quail bronchitis. Avian Diseases,24 , 520-526.McFerran, J.B. & Adair, B.M. (1977). Avian adenovirusesa review.Avian Pathology, 6, 189-217.Olsen, N.D. (1950). A respiratory disease (bronchitis) of quail causedby a virus. Proceeding of 54th Annual Meeting, US LivestockSanitary Association, pp. 1971-1974.Tanimura, N., Nakam ura, K., Imai, K., Maeda, M ., Gobo, T., Nitta, S.,Ishihara, T. & Amano, H. (1993). Necrotizing pancreatitis andgizzard erosion associated with adenovirus infection in chickens.Avian Diseases, 37, 606-611.

RSUMLsions gastro-intestinales associes un cas spontand adnovirose chez la caille des bls Coturnix coturnix)

Des cailles d'levage, ges de moins de trois semaines, ont montrde l'abattement, des plumes bouriffes, de la diarrhe et une fortemortalit. Un examen histologique a rvl la prsence de corpsd'inclusion intranuclaires basophiles, principalement au niveau dutractus digestif et rarement au niveau du foie, des reins, del'pithlium nasal, de la conjonctive et des cellules pithliales de lamuqueuse de la bourse de Fabricius. Les inclusions ont t plusnombreuses dans les caeca que dans l'intestin grle. Au microscopelectronique, il a t observ de nombreuses particules virales 'adno-like' d'environ 60 nm de diamtre. C'est la premire mise en videnced'inclusions dues un adnovirus dans l'pithlium glandulaire dugsier, au niveau de la conjonctive, de l'pithlium pliss de la boursede Fabricius, et de l'pithlium de la muqueuse de l'intestin chez lacaille des bls.

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGNatrlich vorkommende Adenovirus-assoziierte gastrointestinaleLsionen bei Wachteln Coturnix coturnix)In einer Farm aufgezogene, weniger als 3 Wochen alte Wachtelnzeigten Schwche, gestrubtes Gefieder, Durchfall und eine hoheMortalitt. Histologische Untersuchungen ergaben das Vorliegenbasophiler intranuklerer Einschlukrperchen hauptschlich im Ver-dauungstrakt und selten in der Leber, der Niere, dem Nasenepithel,der Konjunktiva und in Zylinderepithelzellen in der Mukosa der BursaFabricii. Die Einschlsse waren in den Blinddrmen zahlreicher als imDnndarm. Ultrastrukturell enthielten sie viele adenovirusartige Par-tikeln mit einem Durchmesser von etwa 60 nm. Dies ist der ersteNachweis von Adenovirus-Einschlssen im Drsenepithel desMuskelmagens, der Konjunktiva, des Faltenepithels der Bursa Fab-ricii und im Schleimhautepithel von Dnn- und Dickdrmen beiWachteln.

RESUMENLesiones gastrointestinales asociadas a una infeccion por aden-ovirus en codornices Coturnix coturnix)Codornices de granja de menos de 3 semanas de edad presentabanabatinmiento, erizamiento de plumas, diarrea y una mortalidad ele-vada. El estudio histolgico evidenci la presencia de cuerpos deinclusin intranucleares basfilos, principalmente localizados en eltracto digestivo y ocasionalmente en: hgado, rin, epitelio nasal,conjuntiva y celulas epiteliales cilindricas de la mucosa de la bolsa deFabricio. Las inclusiones eran ms numerosas en el ciego que enintestino delgado. Ultraestructuralmente presentaban mltiples partc-ulas vricas compatibles con adenovirus, de un diametro aproximadode 60 nm. Se trata de la primera descripcin de inclusiones poradenovirus en epitelio glandular de molleja, conjuntiva, epitelio debolsa de Fabricio y epitelio de la mucosa del intestino delgado ygrueso en codornices.

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