FACTSHEET 6International Vehicle Emissions model (IVE)

DeveloperUniversity of California, Riverside; International Sustainable Systems Research Center; U.S. EPADeveloped in 2003-2004; most recent version, IVE 2.0, was released in 2008

Locationhttp://www.issrc.org/ive/

The International Vehicle Emissions has two components. First is a methodology is designed to collect vehicle related data to support development of an accurate estimate of on-road vehicular emissions for a selected urban area. It includes traffic data collection, emission factors estimation and emission modeling for GHG, criteria pollutants and toxics. It has been implemented in 12 cities worldwide. IVE provides a methodology for collecting data and calculating an emissions inventory of GHGs, criteria and toxic pollutants from vehicular emissions at any geographic level of analysis.

The second component is a model. It was created with the aim of developing an international study on mobile-source emissions in developing nations. The model includes United States and European technological specifications for vehicles. IVE is considered the international version of MOVES (discussed later in section 7), and contains all the essential features of MOVES, though allows the user the freedom to calibrate the emission factors to local conditions.

MethodologyIVE is composed of three phases. First, the driving patterns, vehicle technology, and start-up patterns of vehicles currently in use are estimated. Second, the emissions of these vehicles are estimated. Finally, these estimates, in addition to other information such as local conditions and the types and ages of the vehicle fleet, are inputted into a JAVA-based software tool that generates an estimate of vehicular emissions.

Inputs

Table 5.1 IVE InputsFuel characteristicsLocal VariablesPower and driving variables

Gas: Overall (clean/unclean, premixed/unmixed) Sulfur content of fuels (ppm) Lead (none, low or high) Benzene (Super low, low, moderate and high) Oxygenate content of fuels (0-2.5%)Diesel: Overall (clean/unclean, premixed/unmixed) Sulfur content of fuels (ppm)

Altitude (meters or feet) Humidity level (%) Average temperature (F or C) Base emissions adjustment Number of vehicles by vehicle type and model year Fleet distribution by categories Number of vehicle starts, per day and by vehicle type (start distribution) Mean mileage for each vehicle type (VKT) Local emissions factors * Road Grade Vehicle Specific Power Air Conditioning Usage (A/C use at 27C (80F)) Average trip length Average vehicle speed Inspection/maintenance programs

Sources: (IVE Model Program Version 2.0.2., and other studies)*Note: Some of the inputs can be substituted with default values.

IVE has seven on-road vehicle categories, 1372 predefined technologies, and 45 additional technologies non-defined. Among the specifications are: Vehicle types passenger cars (private cars & taxis) buses trucks motorcycles (three and two wheel vehicles) other Technologies are based on: vehicle size fuel type (gasoline, diesel, compressed natural gas, liquid petroleum gas, ethanol) vehicle use fuel Delivery System evaporative Control System exhaust Control System/Standards Note: A complete table is available in the users guide IVE model[footnoteRef:1] [1: Table V.1. Vehicle Class and Technology Categories page 33 ]

Fuel Types diesel petrol natural gas propane ethanol CNG/LPG specialPollutants/Gases Analyzed

Table 5.2 IVE Pollutants/Gasses Analyzed CriteriaToxicsGlobal warming

CO: Carbon MonoxideVOC: Volatile Organic CompoundsVOC evap: Volatile Organic Compounds NOx: Nitrogen OxidesSOx: Sulfur OxidesPM: Particulate MatterPb: LeadBUTA: 1,3 Butadiene ALD: AcetaldehydesFormaldehydesNH3: AmmoniaBENZ: Benzene

CO2: Carbon DioxideN2O: Nitrous OxideCH4: Methane

Sources: IVE Model Program Version 2.0.2.

Evaluation

Table 5.3 IVE Evaluation (strengths and weaknesses) Sources: Self elaboration based on other references below.StrengthsWeaknesses

Includes low-cost method for gathering local information on fleet composition

Includes data from other projects that can be used in the absence of local data

Includes location, fleet, group, and base adjustment data from such cities as Santiago, Mexico City, Lima, Bogot, and Sao Paulo

Permits emissions estimation for fleets composed of many different vehicular technologies (European and US)

Free software with an easy-to-use and flexible design that requires minimal local data and it has a friendly Manuals User (standardize methodology applied in 12 cities worldwide)

Predict future emissions interventions in fleet, fuel quality, vehicle flows and congestionsIVE is not recommended for non-motorized and land use management

Limited to emission estimations of on-road vehicles only

The vehicle classification should be cautiously chosen because it may give an incorrect emissions inventory. Therefore, for mega cities with significant number of technologies the data input is large (e.g. Shanghai, China) (Wang et al., 2008)

PrecedentsIVE Vehicle Activity Reports conducted in: Peru (Lima), Mexico (Mexico City), Chile (Santiago), Brazil (Sao Paulo), as well as Kazakhstan (Almaty), China (Beijing, Shanghai), Kenya (Nairobi), India (Pune).

IVE Vehicle Emissions Reports conducted in: Brazil (Sao Paulo), Mexico (Mexico City), as well as in Kazakhstan (Almaty), China (Beijing), Turkey (Istanbul), and China (Xian). [footnoteRef:2] [2: IVE Reports are available at: http://www.issrc.org/ive/]

IVE has additionally been applied in Argentina (Buenos Aires), Colombia (Bogota, Cali), United States (Los Angeles), Mexico (Guadalajara, Mexicali, Monterey, Tijuana), China (Tianjin), and Israel (Jerusalem).

Additional InformationRecommended by INE to be the national model for calculating emissions in Mexico, in Feb. 2009 AWMA (journal)[footnoteRef:3] article, was rated easiest to use model/most accurate model for developing countries when compared with MOBILE, EMFAC, and COPERT (Lents & ISSRC) [3: AWMA Journal; Air, Waste Management Association ]

The basic emission rates for each technology are developed from a variety of sources, but many of the data for gasoline and diesel vehicles was taken from the MOBILE6 model and documentation (EPA). Development of emission factors for vehicles following the European Standards was found using the COPERT 4 model and documentation (EEA, 2000).

IVE is considered the international version of MOVES, and contains all the essential features of MOVES, though allows the user the freedom to calibrate the emission factors to local conditions.

ReferencesDavis, N. et al., 2005. Development and application of an international vehicle emissions model. Transportation Research Board 81st Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C. Giraldo & Behrentz, 2005. Estimacin del inventario de emisiones de fuentes mviles para la ciudad de Bogot e identificacin de variables pertinentes. Departamento de Ingeniera Civil y Ambiental. Universidad de Los Andes, Bogot, Colombia. Guo, H., et al., 2007. Evaluation of the International Vehicle Emission (IVE) model with on-road remote sensing measurements. Journal of Environmental Sciences, Volume 19, Issue 7, Pages 818-826.ISSRC Goal: Help to Improve the Air Quality Management Process in Developing Countries. Provide Training, Software Tools, and Information for Better Air Quality Management programs in developing countries. Assessed on July 12, 2011 at: http://www.un.org/esa/dsd/susdevtopics/sdt_pdfs/meetings/ecm0609/James_Lents.pdfIVE - Model Users Manual Version 2.0; 2008. Available on line at: http://www.issrc.org/ive/downloads/manuals/UsersManual.pdf IVE Model. Attachment A Version 1.2; 2008. Available on line at: http://www.issrc.org/ive/downloads/manuals/AttachA_BER.pdfWang, H., et al., 2008. On-road vehicle emissions inventory and its uncertainty analysis for Shanghai, China. Science Direct, Pages 60-67.Lents, J. Improving the Air Quality Management Process. Assessed on July 12, 2011 at: http://www.cleanairinstitute.org/download/rosario/gp4_3_01_jim_lents.pdfZhang, Y., et al., 2008. Impact of Vehicle Classification System to Emission Inventory Development in China. Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University.