Các hướng dẫn về An toàn, Môi trường và Sức khỏe trong Khai mỏ

Hng dn Mi trng - Sc khe - An Ton (EHS)Ngnh C s H tng

Hng dnMi trng - Sc khe - An Ton (EHS)Ngnh C s H tng

Hng dn v Mi trng, Sc khe v An ton

NGNH C S H TNG

MC LC

Hng dn v Mi trng, Sc khe v An ton HNG KHNG ..... 1- 40

Hng dn v Mi trng, Sc khe v An ton I VI CC KHO DU TH V CC SN PHM DU M 41 - 58

Hng dn v Mi trng, Sc khe v An ton DNH CHO CC H THNG PHN PHI KH T 59 - 74

Hng dn v Mi trng, Sc khe v An ton CHO CC C S Y T..... 75 - 102

Hng dn v Mi trng, Sc khe v An ton I VI CC HI CNG, BN TU, V NH GA 103 - 132

Hng dn v Mi trng, Sc khe v An ton NGNH NG ST ..... 133 - 162

Hng dn v Mi trng, Sc khe v An ton I VI C MNG LI BN L XNG DU 163 - 180

Hng dn v Mi trng, Sc khe v An ton TRONG NGNH HNG HI ..... 181 - 204

Hng dn v Mi trng, Sc khe v An ton NGNH VIN THNG..... 205 - 226

Hng dn v Mi trng, Sc khe v An ton L PH CU NG..... 227 - 250

Hng dn v Mi trng, Sc khe v An ton PHT TRIN DU LCH V DCH V..... 251 - 278

Hng dn v Mi trng, Sc khe v An ton NC SCH V V SINH..... 279 - 324

Hng dn v Mi trng, Sc khe v An ton CC CNG TRNH QUN L CHT THI..... 325 - 372

--------------------------

---

In 300 bn kh 17 x 24cm ti Cng ty C phn In Bc Sn. ng k k hoch xut

bn s: 209-2011/CXB/668-08/NN. Quyt nh xut bn s: 272/Q-NN ngy

29/12/2011. In xong v np lu chiu qu I/2012.


NGNH HNG KHNG

1

HNG DN V MI TRNG, SC KHE V AN TON

NGNH HNG KHNG

Gii thiu

Hng dn v Mi trng, Sc khe

v An ton l cc ti liu k thut

tham kho cng vi cc v d cng

nghip chung v cng nghip c th

ca Thc hnh cng nghip quc t tt

(GIIP)1. Khi mt hoc nhiu thnh

vin ca Nhm Ngn hng Th gii

tham gia vo trong mt d n, th


v An ton (EHS) ny c p dng

tng ng nh l chnh sch v tiu

chun c yu cu ca d n. Hng

dn EHS ca ngnh cng nghip ny

c bin son p dng cng vi

ti liu Hng dn chung EHS l ti

liu cung cp cho ngi s dng cc

vn v EHS chung c th p dng

c cho tt c cc ngnh cng

nghip. i vi cc d n phc tp th

cn p dng cc hng dn cho cc

ngnh cng nghip c th. Danh mc

y v hng dn cho a ngnh

cng nghip c th tm trong trang

web:

1 c nh ngha l phn thc hnh cc k nng

chuyn nghip, chm ch, thn trng v d bo trc

t cc chuyn gia giu kinh nghim v lnh ngh tham gia vo cng mt loi hnh v thc hin di

cng mt hon cnh trn ton cu. Nhng hon cnh

m nhng chuyn gia giu kinh nghim v lo luyn c th thy khi nh gi bin ca vic phng nga

nhim v k thut kim sot c sn cho d n c

th bao gm, nhng khng gii hn, cc cp a dng v thoi ha mi trng v kh nng ng ha

ca mi trng cng nh cc cp v mc kh thi

ti chnh v k thut.

www.ifc.org/ifcext/enviro.nsf/Content

/EnvironmentalGuidelines

Ti liu Hng dn EHS ny gm cc

mc thc hin v cc bin php ni

chung c cho l c th t c

mt c s cng nghip mi trong cng

ngh hin ti vi mc chi ph hp l.

Khi p dng Hng dn EHS cho cc

c s sn xut ang hot ng c th

lin quan n vic thit lp cc mc

tiu c th vi l trnh ph hp t

c nhng mc tiu .

Vic p dng Hng dn EHS nn ch

n vic nh gi nguy hi v ri ro

ca tng d n c xc nh trn c

s kt qu nh gi tc ng mi

trng m theo nhng khc bit vi

tng a im c th, nh bi cnh ca

nc s ti, kh nng ng ha ca

mi trng v cc yu t khc ca d

n u phi c tnh n. Kh nng

p dng nhng khuyn co k thut c

th cn phi c da trn kin

chuyn mn ca nhng ngi c kinh

nghim v trnh .

Khi nhng quy nh ca nc s ti

khc vi mc v bin php trnh by

trong Hng dn EHS, th d n cn

tun theo mc v bin php no

nghim ngt hn. Nu quy nh ca

nc s ti c mc v bin php km


NGNH HNG KHNG

2

nghim ngt hn so vi nhng mc v

bin php tng ng nu trong Hng

dn EHS, theo quan im ca iu

kin d n c th, mi xut thay i

khc cn phi c phn tch y

v chi tit nh l mt phn ca nh

gi tc ng mi trng ca a im

c th. Cc phn tch ny cn phi

chng t rng s la chn cc mc

thc hin thay th c th bo v mi

trng v sc khe con ngi.

Kh nng p dng

Hng dn EHS trong Hng khng

c p dng cho tt cc hot ng

ca cc hng vn chuyn hnh khch

v hng ha bng ng hng khng.

Ti liu ny c xy dng gm 2 lnh

vc chnh, c th l, vn hnh cc

chuyn bay, bao gm vn chuyn v

tr hnh khch v vn chuyn v bc

d hng ha, bo dng my bay, bo

gm, dch v ng c, i tu cc b

phn, v sinh my bay, sn li my

bay v cc cng tc kim tra my bay.

Ti liu c xy dng theo cc phn

sau:

Phn 1.0 - Cc tc ng c th ca

ngnh cng nghip v vic qun l

Phn 2.0 - Cc ch s thc hin v vic

gim st

Phn 3.0 - Cc ti liu tham kho

Ph lc A - M t chung v cc hot

ng cng nghip


NGNH HNG KHNG

3

1.0 Cc tc ng c th ca

ngnh cng nghip v vic qun l

Phn sau y tm tt nhng vn v

an ton, sc khe v mi trng

(EHS) lin quan ti t chc, iu hnh

trong hng khng, cng vi nhng

xut nhm qun l hot ng ny.

Nhng xut nhm qun l cc vn

an ton, sc khe v mi trng

chung trong sut qu trnh xy dng

n giai on kt thc cho nhng c

s cng nghip ln nht c cung

cp trong Hng dn chung EHS.

1.1. Mi trng

1.1.1. Vn hnh chuyn bay

Nhng vn mi trng lin quan

ti qu trnh vn hnh cc chuyn bay:

Pht thi kh v ting n

X l hng ha nguy him

Pht thi kh v ting n

Ngun pht thi kh v ting n chnh

t qu trnh vn hnh bay l t cc

ng c my bay khi bay, h cnh, ct

cnh v i trn ng bng vn hnh

ca cc b phn nng lng b tr

(APU) trong khi vn hnh bay di

mt t v khi ng bay. Nhng

ngun pht thi kh v ting n khc

sinh ra t qu trnh thi b nhin liu

khng c t chy trong tnh hung

khn cp.

Ting n

Nhng bin php gim thiu ting n

c xut phn ln ph thuc vo

yu cu ct cnh v h cnh ca tng

sn bay c th2,3

bao gm:

Vic thay i qu trnh vn hnh my bay mc d s dng phng

php vn tc h cao, bao gm

s dng phng php h cnh duy

tr v phng php h cnh gim

thiu lc cn v cng sut ng

c (LPLD) m bo iu kin

sn sng trc khi bay chuyn k

tip (v d nh khng n np cnh

hoc dn bnh my bay), vic ny

din ra cng lu cng tt gim

thiu ting n, v gim thiu lc

cn trc khi h cnh;

S dng quy trnh khi hnh cho php cc my bay gim nng lng

sau khi t cao 800 feet, dn

dn khi phc nng lng khi t

cao 3,000 feet;4

Phi hp vi n v iu hnh sn bay v kim sot khng lu trnh

nhng khu vc nhy cm v ting

n thng qua vic s dng ng

2 Thng tin b sung v nhng quy nh gim thiu

ting n c a ra trong Ph lc 16- Bo v mi

trng, tp I - Ting n do my bay, thuc Cng c hng khong dn dng quc t (cn c gi l Cng

c Chicago) v T chc hng khng dn dng quc

t (ICAO)quy nh v dch v hng khng - Vn hnh my bay (ti liu 8168), tp I - Th tc bay. 3 Nhiu kin cho rng nn p dng nhng quy nh

gim thiu pht thi kh thi cho qu trnh gim thiu

ting n. B sung thng tin v cc bin php gim thiu ting n c Hip hi hng khng quc t

(IATA)a ra, nhng chuyn bay hng ti mi

trng trong sch (2001)

4 IATA (2001)


NGNH HNG KHNG

4

bay gim thiu ting n c th t

c thng qua phng thc ct

cnh chun bng thit b Standard

Instrument Departure (SID), hoc

s dng d liu ca nhiu chuyn

bay kim sot v gim thiu tn

sut ca ting n;

Gim thiu vic s dng ng c ph trong qu trnh chy khng ti

v chy trn ng bng, v s

dng h thng ngun in mt t

(GPUs) khi c th;

Nng cp hm i my bay mi hn m hn, thc hin cc tiu

chun quc t p dng cho nm sn

xut my bay;5

Pht thi kh

Chin lc ngn nga v gim thiu

kh thi ch yu lin kt vi qu trnh

s dng nng lng, ph thuc vo

nhng yu t c xut sau y: 6,7

Ti u ha hiu qu ca qu trnh tiu dng nhin liu thng qua

vic lp k hoch ng bay (bao

gm la chn cao v tc

5 Trong nhiu thp k qua, cc nh sn xut my bay

thng mi cn phi tun th cc quy nh ngy cng nghim ngt v ting n ca my bay. Tham kho

ph lc 16 - Bo v mi trng, tp I - Ting n my

bay ca Cng c hng khng dn dng quc t. 6 Nhng khuyn ngh ny ch yu da trn cc tiu chun v hng dn v cc cng c t nguyn ca

ICAO theo Ngh quyt A33-7 ca ICAO gii hn

pht thi CO2, p dng i vi tt c cc ngun pht thi. Tham kho trong ICAO. Thng t 303,AN/176

C hi thc hin gim thiu s dng nhin liu v

gim thiu pht thi. 7 Thng tin b sung v chin lc gim pht thi c a ra trong Hng dn Ti liu v thc tin tt

nht i vi nhin liu v Qun l mi trng ca

IATA (2004) v IATA (2001)

bay), nhu cu v dch v hnh

khch v dch v ch hng ha

(ti a ha kh nng vn chuyn),

v loi thit b bay. Bt k khi no

c th ngi iu hnh cn la

chn s kt hp cc yu t

gim tiu dng nhin liu mc

thp nht;

Trong qu trnh chun b bay, ti trng hng cn c phn phi

gim thiu lc cn s dng kh

ng lc, lng nhin liu c

np gim ti trng vn

chuyn khng cn thit;

Trong qu trnh chy khng ti v chy trn ng bng, ngi iu

hnh cn xem xt c hi gim

thiu vic s dng in nng (v

d nh ko my bay chy trn

ng bng, trong khi khi ng,

gim thiu in nng khi chy

khng ti hoc chy trn ng

bng, gim thiu hoc trnh s

dng cc ng c ph trong qu

trnh khi ng ng c chnh v

i li, v gim thiu thi gian

ch). Cn xem xt s dng ngun

in mt t c th c cung cp

t sn bay;

My bay v ng c cn c gi sch v m bo hiu qu kh

ng lc. V d v vic bo dng

bao gm hiu chnh s mt cn

xng b mt dc theo ca ra vo

v ca s, sa cha li lp rp ca

mt iu khin my bay, tm ra

cc vt lm, vt phng hoc cc

ngun lm th rp b mt ca my

bay ngoi vic p dng khuyn


NGNH HNG KHNG

5

ngh bo dng ca nh sn xut

my bay tit kim nhin liu.

Sa cha my bay ci thin hiu qu nhin liu v kh ng

lc, bao gm qu trnh lp rp

cnh nh ( u mi cnh) cho

my bay, nng cp v trang b

thm nhng ng c mi, v nh

bng b mt tt hn l sn b mt

bn ngoi;

Hng hng khng cn phi xem xt nng cp hm i bay, u tin

cho cc my bay c hiu qu s

dng nhin liu, tun theo quy

nh quc t ti nm sn xut; 8

Trnh r r nhin liu khng chy, v vic ny cn c hn ch

trong tnh hung khn cp; 9

Hn ch nhng chuyn bay khng nht thit phi thc hin hoc

nhng chuyn bay khng to

doanh thu (v d nh s dng m

hnh bay thay v s dng mt

8 Ph lc 16 - Bo v mi trng, Tp II - Gim thi t ng c my bay theo Cng c Hng khng dn

dng quc t. 9 Theo tp II, ph lc 16, Kh thi t nhin liu ca

ng c tuabin my bay b cm i vi nhng my bay sn xut sau 18/2/1992. 10 Tiu chun ch yu: Quy nh v hng ha nguy

him ca IATA (2007), Hng dn k thut cho vn

chuyn hng ha nguy him bng hng khng ICAO (Ti liu 9284) v Ph lc 18 Cng c quc t v

hng khng dn dng An ton vn chuyn i vi

hng ha nguy him bng hng khng. Nhng yu cu c th c th t cc quc gia s ti theo cng c

Basel v kim sot vn chuyn cht thi nguy hi

xuyn bin gii v tiu hy chng (http://www. Basel.int/) v Cng c Rotterdam v Th tc thng

bo trc trong thng mi quc t i vi thuc bo

v thc vt v cht ha hc nguy hi.

chuyn bay cho vic hun luyn

phi hnh on).

X l hng ha nguy him

Ngnh hng khng cn thc hin h

thng soi, kim tra v thng quan, vn

chuyn hng ha theo nhng quy nh

quc t. H thng ny da trn nhng

tiu chun quc t v bao gm nhng

nhn t sau: 10

Tin hnh o to cho nhn vin lm vic trong khu vc qun l

hng ha nguy him bao gm: soi,

kim tra v thng quan nhng

hng ha nguy him trn chuyn

bay hnh khch v hng ha;

Th tc soi kim tra bu kin v hng ha c a ln my bay,

bao gm nhng hot ng: hng

dn v vic vn chuyn ti liu

hn ch bao b nhn mc (v d

nh s lng, trng lng, phn

tch), v nhng yu cu x l

hng ha khc;

Th tc ng ph s c i vi hng ha nguy him, bao gm c

nhng yu cu an ton phi thc

hin trn my bay;11

1.1.2. Bo dng my bay

Hot ng bo dng thng xuyn

c th bao gm vic thay du cho

11 Nhng thng tin c th hn, tham kho Hng dn ng ph s c ICAO i vi Vn chuyn hng ho

nguy him bng ng hng khng (Ti liu ICAO

9481)

http://www/


NGNH HNG KHNG

6

ng c hoc mt s vic nh khc.

Hot ng bo dng quy m ln c

th bao gm sa cha v i tu ng

c v mt s b phn c kh khc, ra,

ti nc v phun sn cc b phn

thn my bay, v c th s dng nhiu

cht c hi. Nhng vn mi

trng lin quan ti hot ng bo

dng my bay bao gm:

Kh thi

Nc thi

Cht thi

Ting n

Kh thi

Kh thi ch yu pht sinh trong hot

ng bo dng tng th my bay bao

gm hot ng lm sch v nh bng

kim loi lin quan ti i tu ng c

(bi t qu trnh mi, hn, rn, axit t

qu trnh x l b mt, axit crm t

qu trnh m crm, v cc hp cht

hu c d bay hi (VOC) t qu trnh

ra), lm sch b ngoi my bay v

hot ng sn li my bay (VOC pht

sinh t qu trnh ra, pha trn v s

dng sn), chy th nghim cc ng

c (kh thi pht sinh t qu trnh t

nhin liu). Cc bin php ngn nga

v kim sot bao gm:12

12 Tt c cc ngun pht thi khng kh c th trc tip thng qua h thng thng gi nhm suy tr nng

cc cht gy nhim trong khu vc lm vic

mc an ton (tham kho Hng dn v an ton v sc khe ca Hng dn EHS v nhng khuyn ngh

c ng dng trong qu trnh bo dng my bay

di y)

Thu gom bi t qu trnh hn, mi v rn thng qua h thng ht v

thng gi, lm sch bi bng ti

lc bi bng cc k thut kim

sot bi khc. Bi cha cadmium

thu gom c c th x l nh

cht thi nguy hi hoc cht thi

khng nguy hi ph thuc vo c

im ca chng c quy nh

trong Hng dn chung EHS;

Ngn nga hoc gim thiu pht thi axit, c bit l kh phun cn

cha axit, v kh phun cn cha

mt s kim loi nng nh crm.

Nhng loi kh thi ny c th

c to ra t qu trnh s dng

axit ty v mt s quy trnh m

in phn, v cn c ngn chn,

gim thiu thng qua vic s dng

cc cht hot tnh b mt v, nu

cn c th ra nc. Loi b axit

crm t kh thi phi c a tr

li phng m hoc c qun l

theo yu cu ca quy nh a

phng;

Gim thiu pht thi VOC trong qu trnh lm sch v sn sa. S

dng cc cht lm sch c cha

VOC nn c thay th bng

nc, kim, cc tc nhn lm sch

khc. Cn trnh s dng sn, dung

mi v cc cht nhum mu c

cha VOC trong khi sn my bay

hoc hang hng khng cn la

chn thit k b ngoi my bay

sao cho ch cn nh bng cho

my bay, khng cn s dng sn

l tt hn c, gim thiu khi

lng sn phi s dng. S dng


NGNH HNG KHNG

7

sn gc nc c khuyn khch,

bt k khi no c th, trnh s

dng cht co b sn l methylene

cloride hoc s dng sn lt crm;

Nhng tc ng tim n t kh thi trong qu trnh chy th ng

c c th c gim thiu bng

cch t a im th nghim xa

khu vc th, gim thi gian th

nghim ph thuc vo cht lng

khng kh theo ma, hoc nhng

hot ng kim sot cn thit khc

gim thiu cc tc ng ti cht

lng mi trng khng kh xung

quanh. Hng dn c th v tiu

chun cht lng mi trng

khng kh xung quanh c a

ra trong Hng dn chung EHS.

Nc thi

Pht thi cc cht c hi vo nc c

th xy ra t phn xng hoc xng

nh bng kim loi, hot ng lm

sch k thut hay lm sch b mt.

Nhng cht nhim chnh bao gm

kim loi c hi, cc sn phm t du

m (v d nh du dn xut t du m,

nhin liu), nhng hp cht hay cht

hot ng b mt, kim loi nng (v d

nh cyanide, crm ha tr 6), v cc

cht hu c ho tan. Cadmium c

s dng thng xuyn khi x l b

mt mt s b phn ca my bay (nh

cnh my bay, cng my bay). Mt s

khuyn ngh nhm gim thiu, ngn

nga v kim sot nc thi bao gm:

Cch ly dng nc thi c c tnh cao, ch yu l nhng cht

cn cha cyanide, crm ha tr 6

(Cr6 +), catmi v cc kim loi

nng khc. Mt s dng nc thi

c th b cch ly trc khi x l c

th l nc t qu trnh x l, m,

du m t cc phng ra, ty, m

st, m in phn; nc ra c

cha cyanide, crm ha tr 6 (Cr6

+), hypophosphote (t m niken),

v nc t qu trnh ra v ty

sn my bay;

Mt s dng thi cn c x l trc khi thi vo h thng thot

nc a phng bao gm vic s

dng phng php lng, kt ta,

keo t v cc hng dn cho qu

trnh qun l nc thi cng

nghip c lin quan. Cc hng

dn c th v qun l dng nc

thi, v d nc thi to ra t qu

trnh nh bng kim loi, c

trnh by trong Hng dn EHS

trong sn xut sn phm kim loi,

nha v cao su.

Cht thi

Nhng nguy c tim n t cht thi

trong qu trnh i t v sa cha my

bay c th bao gm cht thi t du,

nh tng du v nhin liu d tha;

cc cht hu c ho tan v glycol; bn

c cha hydroxide kim loi; pin ch;

kn cadmium v pin nikel metal

hydrite; v t qu trnh x l b mt

(nh ty du m, ty ra, xy ha

chng g, m in, v sn ha hc) c

cha cyanide, hp cht crm ha tr 6

v cadmium; cyanide dng rn hoc


NGNH HNG KHNG

8

na rn; bn sn v nc phun ra;

isocyanate; (ng v n hunh quang)

v thy ngn. Cht thi, bao gm c

cht thi nguy hi, cn c qun l

theo khuyn ngh ca Hng dn

chung EHS.

Ting n

Ngun ting n ch yu t hot ng

bo dng my bay l qu trnh chy

th ng c. Chy th ng c cn

c tin hnh nhng khu vc xa

khu th hoc ti cc a im c th

kim sot c ting n hoc c thit

b lm chch hng. Chin lc qun

l ting n c th bao gm hn ch

vo ban m v ban ngy. Cc mc

n ti im tip nhn gn nht khng

c vt qu gii hn cho php theo

Hng dn chung EHS.

1.2 An ton v sc khe lao ng

1.2.1 Vn hnh bay

Cc vn v an ton v sc khe ngh

nghip trong hot ng hng khng bao

gm cc vn chnh sau:

An ninh v an ton cho cc hot ng bay

Nguy c vt l

Nguy c sinh hc

Nguy c ha hc

Mt mi/suy gim sc khe

An ninh v an ton cho cc hot

ng bay

Vn an ton r nt nht nh hng

n c phi hnh on v hnh khc l

chn thng hoc thit mng do cc

thm ha khi bay nh my bay gp khu

vc thi tit xu, cc trc trc v ng

c hay cc vn hng hc khc. Cc

hng hng khng phi thc hin cc k

hoch kim sot v phng nga tai nn

nh mt phn trong chng trnh qun

l an ton tng th ca cc hng.

Chng trnh qun l an ton nn:

Ph hp vi cc chng trnh an ton hng khng tiu chun quc

t;13

C th kim ton theo cc h thng c quc t tha nhn nh h

thng Kim ton an ton hot ng

ca Hip hi hng khng quc t

IATA (IOSA);14

Lin tc v nh k o to phi cng v phi hnh on theo cc

chng trnh nh Bay c kim

sot ph thuc a hnh v cc

phng php tip cn (Controlled

Flight into Terrain and Approach)

(CFIT-ALAR) v chng trnh

Qun l nhn s phi hnh on

(CRM);

Lin tc nghin cu, tm hiu v ghi chp v cc ri ro, bin c

ngoi cc chng trnh hnh ng

13 V d cc yu cu i vi chng trnh an ton bay

v phng nga tai nn c ban hnh bi Tng cc hng khng lin bang Hoa K (FAA), Cc an ton hng

khng lin minh chu u (EASA) v ICAO

14 Hng dn kim ton an ton hot ng ca IATA ,

xut bn ln 2 (nm 2004)


NGNH HNG KHNG

9

ng cu.15

Bn cnh cc vn v an ton ca

hot ng bay, cc hng hng khng c

vai tr quan trng lin quan n vic

iu hnh mt t, m bo an ton cho

hnh khc trc cc hnh ng tri

php lut. Hng hng khng cn phi

chun b K hoch An ninh ph hp

vi cc tiu chun, th tc quc t,16

cng tc vi ban iu hnh sn bay

hoc cc nh chc trch a phng

ngn nga v phn ng vi cc vn

v an ninh.

Cc hot ng hp tc vi cc i tc

hng khng lu nm c kinh nghim

trong cc vn v an ninh v an ton

hng khng s gip cho cc hng hng

khng nh v t kinh nghim thc hin

tt cc chin lc ring ca mnh.

Nguy c vt l

Nhn vin hng khng c th b nh

hng bi cc nguy him n thn th

ty thuc vo cng vic c th ca h.

Cc chn thng thng lin quan n

vic hot ng dch chuyn ca cc

phng tin hoc hng ha di mt

t, vn chuyn hnh l (k c khi nhn

vin dch v khch hng sp xp hnh

l ti quy ng k hnh khch), thnh

vin phi hnh on sp xp hnh l

xch tay cho hnh khch trn my bay

15 V d v cc phng php nh gi an ton bay bao

gm Chng trnh Qun l e da v hng hc (TEM) v chng trnh Vn hnh kim ton an ton (LOSA) 16 c ghi ch Ph lc 17 ca ICAO v Hng dn

an ninh cho Bo v hng khng dn dng trc cc

hnh ng tri phm lut

hay cc nhn vin phc v n.

Ngi lao ng trong ngnh ny cng

c th b e da bi cc hnh ng bo

lc t khch hng ti quy dch v hay

trn my bay. Chin lc qun l ri ro

bao gm:

Tt c ngi lao ng vn chuyn hnh l hay hng ha ln phi

c tp hun cch s dng cc k

thut nng, buc nt v quay u

thch hp trnh b chn thng

lng hoc b phn khc;

Cc quy dch v khch hng v vn chuyn hnh l cn c thit

k da trn cc nh gi v vn

lao ng loi tr vic nhn vin

dch v khch hng phi nng hay

di chuyn hnh l cho hnh khch;

iu hnh sn bay nn phi hp vi cc hng hng khng hn ch

khi lng hnh l c nhn theo

cc quy tc s ti hoc mc chung

l 32kg;17

Nhng nhn vin c nguy c chu ri ro cn c o to nhn

din v kim ch cc tnh hung

bo lc. Kha o to bao gm cc

phng php nh gi v gii

quyt tnh hung;18

Nguy c sinh hc

17 Hip hi vn chuyn hng khng quc t (IATA) ban

hnh gii hn 32kg cho mi kin hnh l. 18 Thng tin c ti ti liu Hng dn thc hnh v cc bo lc ti ni lm vic trong ngnh dch v v nhng

phng php gii quyt hin tng ny (2003) ca T

chc lao ng quc t (ILO).


NGNH HNG KHNG

10

Cc thnh vin phi hnh on c th b

nh hng bi cc bnh ly truyn do

tip xc gn vi s lng ln hnh

khch trong khng gian lm vic hn

ch. Cc bnh ly truyn c th l bnh

v ng h hp nh bnh Vim ng

h hp cp (SARS) hay cc vi rt cm

(dch cm). Cc hot ng qun l cn

c bao gm:

Mt phn trong chng trnh truyn thng v cc nguy c ngh

nghip, nhn vin hng khng cn

c cung cp thng tin cp nht

v bn dch v cc phng php

ngn nga thch hp;19

C quan iu hnh hng khng cn xy dng mt chnh sch qun

l hnh khch c cc triu chng

ca bnh v nhng hnh khch i

n hoc n t nhng ni c

bnh dch;20

C quan hng khng cn trang b thm cc h thng bung thng

gi cho my bay vi thit b lc

khng kh hiu sut cao (HEPA)

hoc cc phng php khc nhm

gim thiu khng kh b nhim

bnh tun hon trong my bay.

19 Ngun cp nht thng tin ca T chc sc khe th gii WHO ti http://www.who.int/en/ v ca Trung

tm kim sot v phng nga bnh dch ca Hoa K

(CDC) ti http://www.cdc.gov/. 20 Trong hng dn ca CDC Hoa K c: Hng dn tm thi cho phi hnh on v nhn vin tip xc vi

hnh khc i t cc khu vc c dch cm g v

Hng dn tm thi cho nhn vin dn v sinh, bo dng, vn chuyn hnh l, hng ha ca cc hng

hng khng bay t cc khu vc b nh hng bi

cm g (H5N1), nm 2006)

Nguy c ha hc

Phi hnh on d b nh hng bi cc

mi nguy hi t ha cht, c bit l

thuc dit cn trng c s dng dit

tr cc bnh dch t cn trng hoc cc

vt gy hi n nng nghip. Cc loi

thuc dit cn trng c cha phenothin

(h pyrethroid) v permethrin. Rt

nhiu quc gia yu cu hot ng kh

trng ch c din ra trong phm vi

my bay. Thuc dit cn trng cng c

th c s dng di dng phun vi

s c mt hoc khng c mt ca phi

hnh on v hnh khch hoc c xt

vo b mt cabin trong khi my bay

khng cn ai. Cc chin lc c

khuyn khch nhm gim thiu nh

hng ca ha cht n con ngi bao

gm:

Chun b mt k hoch v qun l thuc dit cn trng trong c

nu r phng php la chn v s

dng (thi gian, tn sut phun);

Trnh s dng thuc tr su ri vo loi 1a v 1b trong Khuyn co

phn loi danh mc thuc dit cn

trng ca T chc Y t th gii

(WHO);

Trnh s dng thuc tr su ri vo loi II trong khuyn co phn

loi danh mc thuc dit cn trng

ca T chc Y t th gii (WHO),

tr trng hp c quy nh ti

Tiu chun 3 ca IFC Kim sot

v phng nga nhim;21

21 Tiu chun thc hin s 3 ca IFC . C ti

www.ifc.org/envsocstandards

http://www.who.int/en/http://www.ifc.org/envsocstandards


NGNH HNG KHNG

11

Trnh s dng loi thuc dit cn trng c lit k trong Ph luc A

v Ph lc B trong Hip nh

Stockholm, tr trng hp cc iu

kin c nu trong Hip nh

ny;22

Ch s dng thuc dit cn trng c ngun gc r rng v c chp

nhn v ng k bi c quan c

thm quyn v ph hp vi Quy

tc qun l phn phi v s dng

thuc dit cn trng ca t chc

nng nng th gii (FAO);23

Ch s dng thuc dit cn trng c dn nhn ph hp vi cc

tiu chun v nh mc quc t

nh Hng dn ca FAO v thc

hin dn nhn sn phm cho cc

loi thuc dit cn trng;24

Lu tr cc loi thuc dit cn trng khu vc chuyn dng c

kha li v nhn dng ng vi cc

bin bo, ch c ngi c thm

quyn mi c tip cn. Thc n

cho ngi v ng vt khng c

cha y;

Hot ng trn v di chuyn thuc dit cn trng ch c thc hin

bi nhn vin qua o to ti

khu vc thng thong v c nh

sang, s dng cc thng cha theo

ng quy nh;

Cc bnh cha thuc dit cn trng

22 Hip inh Stockholm v Cc cht nhim bn vng

(nm 2001) 23 T chc nng nng th gii - FAO (nm 2002) 24 T chc nng nng th gii - FAO (nm 2002)

s dng khng c s dng li

cho bt k mc ch g (v d nh

ng nc ung) v phi c

qun l nh rc thi nguy hi

c quy nh ti Hng dn

chung EHS;

Gio dc v o to phi hnh on v ri ro ca hot ng kh trng

my bay;

Gim thiu v loi b dn cc bin php x l lp li i vi cabin ca

phi hnh on;25

m bo cc cabin c thng thong sau khi p dung cc bin

php kh trng bng thuc dit cn

trng;

Hon s c mt ca nhn vin phi hnh on sau khi thc hin phun

thuc kh trng.

Vn suy gim sc khe

Vn suy gim sc khe ca cc

thnh vin phi hnh on l mt nguy

him n an ton hng khng do nh

hng n trng thi tnh to v kh

nng thc hin cng vic. Chin lc

qun l cn thit l cho php nhn vin

c ngh ngi hp l ph hp vi cc

quy nh.26

1.2.2 Bo dng my bay

25 Thng tin v mc d lng cc cht dit cn

trng trong cc khoang my bay c a ra bi Cc sc khe bang California (CDHS) nm 2003 26 V d t ti liu ca Tng cc hng khng lin bang

ca Hoa K (FAA) Flight Crew Member Flightime

Limitations and Rest Requirements


NGNH HNG KHNG

12

Cc hot ng bo dng my bay c

th dn n nhng nguy him cho

ngi lao ng, trong nhng nh

hng t ha cht nh bi cadmium;

dung mi hu c; (crm (IV)); cyanide

v cyanogen chloride (CK); v

isocyanate (NCO), ch yu qua ng

h hp v tip xc. Chin lc c

khuyn khch qun l cc mi nguy

him ngh nghip lin quan n ha

cht c c nu trong Hng dn

chung EHS.

1.3 An ton v sc khe cng ng

Bn cnh cc vn v mi trng

trong hot ng hng khng s nh

hng n sc khe v an ton ca

cng ng nu khng c qun l

thch hp. Cc thm ha my bay c

th gy thit hi ln n hnh khch

cng nh cng ng dn c di mt

t.

Ngoi cc hng dn thc hin an ton

bay trong mc An ton v sc khe lao

ng trn, cc hng hng khng cn

phi thc hin cc quy trnh sn sang

ng ph khn cp i ph vi cc tai

nn thm khc trong ngnh hng

khng, bao gm cc hot ng iu

phi v truyn thng ti cc t chc

cng cng v ti ngi thn nhng

hnh khch b nh hng.

Cc tc ng n an ton v sc khe

cng ng trong cc hot ng vn

hnh v bo dng tu bay v cc

phng tin khc lin quan n hng

khng cng tng t nh ca cc c s

cng nghip ln khc c tho lun

trong Hng dn chung EHS.


NGNH HNG KHNG

13

2.0 Cc ch s thc hin v vic

gim st

2.1 Mi trng

Hng dn v pht thi v x thi

Pht thi kh v ting n t my bay cn

p ng theo cc giy php c T

chc hng khng dn dng th gii

(ICAO) tng ng vi nm sn xut

ca my bay. Cc ch s hng dn ny

th hin thc hnh cng nghip tt nh

c phn nh trong cc tiu chun

trong h thng php lut mt s nc.

Pht thi v x thi t cc c s bo

dng ln cn c x l n mt mc

ph hp vi quy nh ca h thng

cng rnh ca a phng, hoc, nu x

vo nc mt cn tun theo cc Hng

dn EHS v nc thi t cc hot ng

sn xut kim loi, nha, v cao su, quy

nh gi tr hng dn v x thi x

l c p dng cho cc cng on gia

cng c kh, trong cc qu trnh lm

sch, m, hon thin v c qu trnh

phun sn.

Hng dn v pht thi c p dng

cho qu trnh pht thi kh thi. Hng

dn pht thi ca ngun t nhin liu

kt hp vi cc hot ng sinh nhit v

pht in t nhng ngun c cng sut

nhit u vo bng hoc thp hn 50

MWth c cp trong Hng dn

chung EHS, vi pht thi ngun in

ln hn c cp n trong Hng

dn EHS cho nh my nhit in. Hng dn xem xt mi trng xung

quanh da trn tng thi lng kh thi

c cung cp trong Hng dn

chung EHS.

Quan trc mi trng

Cc chng trnh quan trc mi trng

cho ngnh cng nghip ny cn c

thc hin gii quyt tt c cc hot

ng c xc nh c kh nng tc

ng ng k n mi trng, trong

thi gian hot ng bnh thng v

trong iu kin b trc trc. Hot ng

quan trc mi trng phi da trc tip

hoc gin tip vo cc ch bo c p

dng i vi tng d n c th. Tn

sut quan trc phi cung cp d

liu i din cho thng s ang c

theo di. Quan trc phi do nhng

ngi c o to tin hnh theo cc

quy trnh gim st v lu gi bin bn

v s dng thit b c hiu chun v

bo dng ng cch thc. D liu

quan trc mi trng phi c phn

tch v xem xt theo cc khong thi

gian nh k v c so snh vi cc

tiu chun vn hnh sao cho c th

thc hin mi hiu chnh cn thit.

Hng dn b sung v p dng phng

php ly mu v phn tch kh thi v

nc thi c cung cp trong Hng

dn chung EHS

Hng dn v An ton v sc khe

ngh nghip

Hng dn thc hin sc khe v an

ton lao ng cn phi c nh gi

da trn cc hng dn v mc tip xc


NGNH HNG KHNG

14

an ton c cng nhn quc t, v d

nh hng dn v Gi tr ngng phi

nhim ngh nghip (TLV ) v Ch s

phi nhim sinh hc (BEIs ) c

cng b bi Hi ngh ca cc nh v

sinh cng nghip Hoa K (ACGIH),27

Cm nang Hng dn v cc mi nguy

Ha cht do Vin v sinh, an ton lao

ng quc gia Hoa K xut bn

(NIOSH),28

Gii hn phi nhim

(PELs) do Cc sc khe v an ton

ngh nghip Hoa K xut bn

(OSHA),29

Gi tr gii hn phi nhim

ngh nghip c cng b bi cc quc

gia thnh vin Lin minh Chu u,30

hoc cc ngun ti liu tng t khc.

Lin minh chu u31

a ra hoc mt

s ngun khc.

T l ri ro v tai nn

D n phi c gng gim s v tai nn

trong s cng nhn tham gia d n (bt

k l s dng lao ng trc tip hay

gin tip) n t l bng khng, c bit

l cc v tai nn gy ra mt ngy cng

lao ng v mt kh nng lao ng

cc mc khc nhau, hoc thm ch b

t vong. T l ny ca c s sn xut c

th c so snh vi hiu qu thc hin

v v sinh an ton lao ng trong ngnh

27 C sn ti: http://www.acgih.org/TLV/ v

http://www.acgih.org/store/ 28 C sn ti: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/ 29 C sn ti:

http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=9.992 30 C sn ti:

http://europe.osha.eu.int/good_practice/risks/ds/oel/ 31 C ti:

http://europe.osha.eu.int/good_practice/risks/ds/oel/

cng nghip ny ca cc quc gia pht

trin thng qua tham kho cc ngun

thng k xut bn (v d Cc thng

k lao ng Hoa K v C quan qun l

v An ton v Sc khe Lin hip

Anh).32

Quan trc an ton v sc khe ngh

nghip

Mi trng lm vic phi c gim

st xc nh kp thi nhng mi

nguy ngh nghip tng ng vi d n

c th. Vic gim st phi c thit

k chng trnh v do nhng ngi

chuyn nghip thc hin33

nh l mt

phn ca chng trnh gim st an ton

sc khe lao ng. C s sn xut

cng phi lu gi bo qun cc bin

bn v cc v tai nn lao ng v cc

loi bnh tt, s c nguy him xy ra.

Hng dn b sung v cc chng

trnh gim st sc khe lao ng v an

ton c cung cp trong Hng dn

chung EHS.

32 C sn ti: http://www.bls.gov/iif/ v

http://www.hse.gov.uk/statistics/index.htm 33 Cc chuyn gia c cng nhn c th gm Chng nhn v sinh cng nghip, V sinh lao ng c

ng k, hoc Chng nhn chuyn nghip v an ton

hoc tng ng

http://www.acgih.org/store/http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/http://europe.osha.eu.int/good_practice/risks/ds/oel/http://www.bls.gov/iif/http://www.hse.gov.uk/statistics/index.htm


NGNH HNG KHNG

15

3.0. Ti liu tham kho b sung

European Commission, Directorate-General, Joint Research Centre (JRC)

Institute for Technological Studies. 2005. Integrated

Pollution Prevention and Control, Reference

Document on Best Available Techniques for the

Surface Treatments of Metals and Plastics.

European Standard, EN-858-1 and 858-2. 2002. Separator systems for light liquids (e.g. oil and petrol).

Part 1: Principles of product design, performance and

testing, marking and quality control. Part 2: Selection of nominal size, installation, operation and

maintenance.

European Union, Council Directive 1999/13/EC of 11 March 1999, Directive on the limitation of emissions

of volatile organic compounds due to the use of

organic solvents in certain activities and installations.

European Union, Directive 2004/42/CE, Directive on

the limitation of emissions of volatile organic

compounds due to the use of organic solvents in certain paints and varnishes and vehicle refinishing

products.

Helcom recommendation 16/6, Restriction of discharges and emissions from the metal surface

treatment. Adopted 15, March 1995, having regard to

Article 13, paragraph b) of the Helsinki Convention. Helsinki Commission, Baltic Marine Environment

Protection Commission.

International Air Transport Association (IATA). 2004.

Fuel Action Plan -

Guidance Material and Best Practices for Fuel and Environmental Management. Geneva: IATA

IATA. 2001. Flight Path to Environmental Excellence.

Geneva: IATA

IATA. Aircraft Noise Reduction Strategies. Available

at:

http://www.iata.org/whatwedo/environment/aircraft_noise.htm

IATA. 2007. Dangerous Goods Regulations Manual.

Geneva: IATA

IATA. 2004. Operational Safety Audit Programme

Manual, 2nd Edition. Geneva: IATA

ICAO. 1993. Annex 16 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation.

Environmental Protection. Volume I: Aircraft Noise,

3rd ed. Montreal: ICAO.

ICAO. 1993. Annex 16 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation. Environmental Protection.

Volume II: Aircraft Engine Emissions, 2nd ed., plus

amendments: Amendment 3, 20 March 1997; and Amendment 4, 4 November 1999. Montreal: ICAO.

ICAO. Annex 18 to the Convention on International

Civil AviationThe Safe Transport of Dangerous

Goods by Air. Montreal: ICAO.ICAO. Circular 303,

AN/176 - Operational Opportunities to Minimize Fuel

Use and Reduce

Emissions. Montreal: ICAO.

ICAO Emergency Response Guidance for Aircraft

Incidents Involving Dangerous Goods (ICAO Document 9481). Montreal: ICAO.

ICAO. 1995. Engine Exhaust Emissions Databank

(ICAO Document 9646-AN/943). Montreal: ICAO.

ICAO. 2005. Procedures for Air Navigation Services -

Aircraft Operations (Document 8168). Volume I -

Flight Procedures. Montreal: ICAO.

ICAO Technical Instructions for the Safe Transport of

Dangerous Goods by Air (Document 9284). Montreal:

ICAO.

International Labour Organisation (ILO). 2003. Code

of practice on workplace violence in services sectors

and measures to combat this phenomenon. Geneva: ILO.

Mangili A. and Gendreau M.A. Transmission of

infectious diseases during commercial air travel. Lancet. 2005; 365: 989-994.

National Research Council, National Academy Press

2002. The Airliner Cabin Environment and the Health of Passengers and Crew. Committee on Air Quality in

Passenger Cabins of Commercial Aircraft, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, p. 182: Table

5-1.

OSPAR COMMISSION: for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic

PARCOM. Recommendation 92/4 on the Reduction of

Emissions from the Electroplating Industry.

Rochat P., Hardeman A. and Truman S.

Environmental Review 2004. Geneva: IATA.

Strauss S. Pilot Fatigue, Aerospace Medicine, NASA/Johnson Space Center. Houston, Texas.

Available at

http://aeromedical.org/Articles/Pilot_Fatigue.html.

United States Centers for Disease Control (US CDC).


NGNH HNG KHNG

16

2006. Guidelines and Recommendations. Interim Guidance for Airline Flight Crews and Persons

Meeting Passengers Arriving from Areas with Avian

Influenza

US CDC. 2006. Guidelines and Recommendations.

Interim Guidance for Airline Cleaning Crew,

Maintenance Crew, and Baggage/Package and Cargo

Handlers for Airlines Returning from Areas Affected

by Avian Influenza A (H5N1).

US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). 1998. Hard Chrome Fume and Suppressants and

Control Technologies, EPA/625/R/-98/002.

Washington, DC: US EPA.

US EPA. 1994/2004. National Emission Standards for

Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) to control air

emissions of chromium electroplating and chromium anodizing tanks. Washington, DC: US EPA.

US EPA. 1996. Indicators of the Environmental

Impacts of Transportation. Washington, DC: US EPA.

US Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation

Administration (US FAA). 1982. .Air Quality

Procedures for Civilian Airports and Air Force Bases. FAA-EE-82-21. Washington DC: US FAA.

US FAA. 1995. Federal Aviation Administration

Emission Database, Version 2.1. Washington DC: US FAA.

World Meteorological Organization (WMO) / United

Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). 1999. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).

Aviation and the Global Atmosphere. Cambridge

University Press, UK.

World Health Organization (WHO). 2005. Radiation

and Environmental Health. Information Sheet on Cosmic Radiation and Air Travel. Geneva: WHO.


NGNH HNG KHNG

17

Ph lc A: M t chung v cc hot ng ca ngnh cng nghip

Hot ng bay

Cc hot ng hng khng chnh l

vn hnh my bay vn chuyn hnh

khch v hng ha. Quy m s lng

tu bay v cc trang thit b i km

ph thuc vo loi hnh kinh doanh, s

lng hnh khch, s lng hng ha,

hnh trnh v khong cch di chuyn.

C mt nguyn tc chung l my bay

ch yu phc v vn chuyn hnh

khch v nu hnh trnh ni vng v

ngn th s dng my bay nh, cc

my bay ln s c dng trong

nhng chuyn hnh trnh di gia cc

sn bay quc t, hay c gi l cc

sn bay trung tm (trm trung

chuyn). Cc nguyn tc khc c th

c p dng vi vic vn chuyn

hng ha l ch yu hay chuyn

nghip, khi i tu bay c thit

lp da trn loi hng ha chuyn tr

v tuyn hnh trnh chuyn ch.

Hot ng hng khng ph thuc ln

vo dch v v c s h tng mt t,

trong mt s mt s dch v hng

hng khng c th t cung cp, nhng

hu ht u s dng dch v do nh

cung cp dch v mt t hoc sn

bay. Cc dch v ny c th l kim

sot khng lu (p dng cho c khi i

trn ng bng), kim tra an ninh

hnh khch, hnh l/hng ha, nhin

liu, cung cp thc phm, lm v sinh,

qun l rc thi, cc dch v bo

dng my mc .... Trong iu kin

thi tit lnh, dch v mt t cng c

th ph bng, chng ng bng cho

my bay, b mt ng bng. Cc

hng hng khng vn ti hnh khch

thng cn c cc nhn vin mt t

qun l hnh khch v hnh l ca hc

qua hot ng ng k trc khi bay.

Cc hng hng khng cng c trch

nhim i vi s an ton ca hnh

khch v phi hnh on v phi thc

hin cc tiu chun an ton hot ng

ca quc gia hay quc t trong sut

chuyn bay.

Cc hot ng ca my bay tiu th

mt lng ln nhin liu, ch yu l

cho hot ng bay bao gm bay trn

khng trung, ct h cnh. Mt phn

nh nhin liu c tiu th trong qu

trnh di chuyn vo ng bng trc

khi ct cnh, hoc sau khi h cnh khi

my bay s dng ng c ph, mt

phn cung cp nng lng cho h

thng in khi ang . Cc hot ng

ca my bay cng gy ra ting n, c

bit l qu trnh ct - h cnh.

Hot ng bo dng my bay

Cc hng hng khng c th lm hp

ng bo dng hoc t bo dng ti

khu vc cnh sn bay. Cc hot ng

bo dng bao gm bo dng th tc

hng ngy hay cc hot ng bo

dng c kh ln (nh i tu ng c,

bo dng v sa cha c cu h

cnh, sn v lm sch khung my

bay).

Cc hot ng bo dng thng

thng bao gm thay du, kim tra an


NGNH HNG KHNG

18

ton k thut. Bo dng ng c

thng lin quan n hot ng bo

dng ln nh tho d ng c ra

v lm sch hon ton, loi b cc lp

m kim loi v lp r, kim tra kh

nng b thm v th nghim v iu

chnh c kh. Sau khi hon thnh bo

dng, quy trnh ngc li c tin

hnh t bc m in, sn v lp rp.

Quy trnh bo dng kt thc bng

vic chy th ng c, sau ng

gi v mang tr li nh cha my bay

bo dng.

Trong ng c ca my bay c th c

cc b phn c cu to nhiu hoc t

hp kim. Cc b phn t c hp kim l

cc b phn c m in hoc khng

m bng in (phng php ha hc).

Cc b phn c cu to bng nhm v

hp kim nh l ph bin. Tt c cc

b phn u c kim tra, o c v

th nghim nh k. Qu trnh ty m

cho lp v cc thit b c th thc hin

bng phng php in hoc in ha

ty thuc vo lp v.

Loi b lp v b xy ha bng dung

dch kim, dung dch HSO4, hay

H3PO4. loi b lp xy ha bn

trong, cc b phn ca ng c c

ngm vo dung dch thuc tm sau

l dung dch axit H3PO4 v sau

dng nc ra lp xy ha b bong

ra. Sau l cc bc kim tra vt

nt, o c v kim tra bng mt. Khi

qu trnh kim tra kt thc, cc b

phn li c m v in hoc ha

in. bo v cc b phn c cu to

t hp kim pha trc bung t,

ngi ta s dng cc dung dch c

thnh phn NaNO2 chng hin

tng n mn.

B mt ca cc cnh ng c thng

b th rp trong qu trnh bay do tip

xc vi cc vt th trong khng kh.

B mt cnh qut cn nhn/mn c

ngha rt quan trng trong vic tit

kim nhin liu.

Ngoi ng c, my bay hin i c

rt nhiu b phn c m in hoc

m v in v/hoc sn (cng tip t,

vnh bnh, cc thit b iu hng cho

cnh nh v ui li ...). Cc b phn

ny rt d b n mn. Cc b phn

pha ngoi ca my bay cng d b ph

hy do va chm vi cc vt th trong

khng kh. Lp sn v m ca cc b

phn ny d b bong. Lp m kim loi

ny thng l m cadmium, nikel hoc

crm c thc hin ti ch.

Ra v lm sch cc b phn bn

ngoi ca my bau cng nh ton b

khung my bay v cc cnh thng

c thc hin nh bo dng my

bay. Cc thit b v dng c khc cn

ra nh cc xe c ti sn bay v cc

thit b khc.

Nhn chung, cht ty kim thng

c s dng. Tuy nhin, trong trng

hp c bit c th s dng mt s

loi cht ty khc nh cc cht ty

nhn gc du. Ngoi ra t, lm sch

my bay cn c th dng phng php

ra kh v nh bng. Cc cht ra

kh thng c s dng vi cc thit

b xt hay vi kh.

Hot ng sn sa my bay c thc

hin khi cn thit cng l mt phn


NGNH HNG KHNG

19

trong chng trnh bo dng my

bay thng thng c mt s trng

hp cn sa li ton b my bay. Vic

ny thng c thc hin bi cc

cng ty chuyn nghip. Cc dung mi

thng dng bao gm phenylmtan,

xylene, methyl ethyl ketone, acetone,

n-butyle alcohol. Rt nhiu loi sn v

vecni c s dng (trong hot khc,

ph xenlulo, ph alkyd, ph PU v

ph epoxy)

ng c thng c kim tra trong

nh kim tra ng c. Nh kim tra

ng c thng c t trong khu

vc sn bay thun tin di chuyn

vi khu vc bo dng. Sau khi c

hot ng bo dng nh ng c

cng c chy th kim tra m

khng cn tho khi thn my bay.


NGNH HNG KHNG

20


NGNH HNG KHNG

21

HNG DN V MI TRNG, SC KHE V AN TON

NGNH HNG KHNG

Gii thiu


v An ton l cc ti liu k thut

tham kho cng vi cc v d cng

nghip chung v cng nghip c th

ca Thc hnh cng nghip quc t tt

(GIIP)1. Khi mt hoc nhiu thnh

vin ca Nhm Ngn hng Th gii

tham gia vo trong mt d n, th


v An ton (EHS) ny c p dng

tng ng nh l chnh sch v tiu

chun c yu cu ca d n. Hng

dn EHS ca ngnh cng nghip ny

c bin son p dng cng vi

ti liu Hng dn chung EHS l ti

liu cung cp cho ngi s dng cc

vn v EHS chung c th p dng

c cho tt c cc ngnh cng

nghip. i vi cc d n phc tp th

cn p dng cc hng dn cho cc

ngnh cng nghip c th. Danh mc

y v hng dn cho a ngnh

cng nghip c th tm trong trang

web:

1 c nh ngha l phn thc hnh cc k nng chuyn nghip, chm ch, thn trng v d bo trc

t cc chuyn gia giu kinh nghim v lnh ngh

tham gia vo cng mt loi hnh v thc hin di cng mt hon cnh trn ton cu. Nhng hon cnh

m nhng chuyn gia giu kinh nghim v lo luyn

c th thy khi nh gi bin ca vic phng nga nhim v k thut kim sot c sn cho d n c

th bao gm, nhng khng gii hn, cc cp a

dng v thoi ha mi trng v kh nng ng ha ca mi trng cng nh cc cp v mc kh thi

ti chnh v k thut.

www.ifc.org/ifcext/enviro.nsf/Content

/EnvironmentalGuidelines

Ti liu Hng dn EHS ny gm cc

mc thc hin v cc bin php ni

chung c cho l c th t c

mt c s cng nghip mi trong cng

ngh hin ti vi mc chi ph hp l.

Khi p dng Hng dn EHS cho cc

c s sn xut ang hot ng c th

lin quan n vic thit lp cc mc

tiu c th vi l trnh ph hp t

c nhng mc tiu .

Vic p dng Hng dn EHS nn ch

n vic nh gi nguy hi v ri ro

ca tng d n c xc nh trn c

s kt qu nh gi tc ng mi

trng m theo nhng khc bit vi

tng a im c th, nh bi cnh ca

nc s ti, kh nng ng ha ca

mi trng v cc yu t khc ca d

n u phi c tnh n. Kh nng

p dng nhng khuyn co k thut c

th cn phi c da trn kin

chuyn mn ca nhng ngi c kinh

nghim v trnh .

Khi nhng quy nh ca nc s ti

khc vi mc v bin php trnh by

trong Hng dn EHS, th d n cn

tun theo mc v bin php no

nghim ngt hn. Nu quy nh ca

nc s ti c mc v bin php km

nghim ngt hn so vi nhng mc v

bin php tng ng nu trong Hng

dn EHS, theo quan im ca iu

kin d n c th, mi xut thay i


NGNH HNG KHNG

22

khc cn phi c phn tch y

v chi tit nh l mt phn ca nh

gi tc ng mi trng ca a im

c th. Cc phn tch ny cn phi

chng t rng s la chn cc mc

thc hin thay th c th bo v mi

trng v sc khe con ngi.

Kh nng p dng

Ti liu hng dn EHS i vi sn

bay p dng trong vic vn hnh cc

sn bay thng mi. Ti liu ny

khng bao gm cc hot ng lin

quan n vn hnh v bo dng my

bay m c cp trong Hng

dn EHS cho ngnh hng khng. Ti

liu ny c t chc theo cc phn

di y:

Phn 1.0 - Cc tc ng c th ca

ngnh cng nghip v vic qun l.

Phn 2.0 - Cc ch s thc hin v vic

gim st.

Phn 3.0 - Cc ti liu tham kho v

cc ngun b sung.

Ph lc A - M t chung v cc hot

ng cng nghip.


NGNH HNG KHNG

23

1.0. Cc tc ng c th ca

ngnh cng nghip v vic qun

l

Phn ny tm tt cc vn EHS ti

sn bay, din ra trong sut qu trnh

vn hnh v cc xut kim sot

cc vn .

Cc xut ny nn c vn dng c

tnh n u tin hng u cho an ton

ca my bay. Khuyn ngh i vi

qun l cc vn EHS ph bin i

vi hu ht cc cng trnh cng nghip

ln trong giai on xy dng v ngng

hot ng c cp trong Hng

dn chung EHS.

1.1. Mi trng

Cc vn mi trng trong vn hnh

sn bay bao gm:

Ting n v rung chn

Nc ma v nc thi

Qun l vt liu nguy hi

Cht thi rn

Pht thi kh

Tiu th nc v nng lng

Ting n v rung chn

Ngun ting n v rung chn in

hnh nht trong vn hnh sn bay l

nh hng ca my bay trong ton b

qu trnh ct cnh v h cnh (LTO),

vi s di chuyn ca cc thit b vn

hnh mt t bao gm xe dn bay

(aircraft taxiing); phng tin h tr

vn hnh mt t (nh xe ch khch,

cc snh di ng, xe tip nhin liu, xe

ko my bay, xe ch hnh l, v xe

nh bng); cc thit b ph tr bay

(aircraft auxiliary power unit - APU);

v cc hot ng kim tra ng c

my bay trong sn bay v cc hot

ng bo dng my bay. Cc ngun

ting n gin tip khc bao gm vic

di chuyn ca phng tin mt t t

ng vo n sn bay.

Cc gii php phng nga, gim thiu

v kim sot cc tc ng ting n v

rung chn ph thuc vo cc hot

ng qun l v quy hoch s dng

t v cc hot ng qun l, c th

trch nhim chnh thuc v c quan

chc nng a phng, hoc loi v

tui th thit b s dng cho cc

ng bay.2

xut cc gii php

qun l ting n bao gm:

Quy hoch v tr sn bay (xy dng mi v m rng cc cng

trnh hin ti), v nh hng l

trnh i, n ca my bay ph hp

vi thc trng v xu hng pht

trin dn c v cc khu vc nhy

cm ting n khc xung quanh.

Quy hoch ny c th phi hp

thc hin vi cc c quan chc

nng a phng iu chnh quy

2 Cc hot ng qun l ting n nn theo T chc Bay Dn dng Quc t (ICAO), Quyt nh A33/7,

Gii php ph hp qun l ting n my bay. Gii php

ph hp xc nh vn v ting n sn bay v phn tch cc gii php gim ting n da trn 04 nguyn tc

khc nhau: Gim ti ngun (my bay t n hn); qun l

v quy hoch s dng t; gim n cc quy trnh vn hnh; v hn ch vn hnh (v d hn ch hot ng v

chn ting n).


NGNH HNG KHNG

24

hoch s dng t v cc hot

ng quy hoch tng th giao

thng vn ti; 3

Trong cc khu vc xc nh c cc tc ng ng k, thc

hin cc quy trnh v l trnh u

tin v ct cnh v h cnh (LTO)

gim thiu ngun ting n tim

tng do my bay n v i ti cc

khu vc nhy cm ting n.4 Cc

quy trnh ny c th bao gm cc

ch dn v s dng cc ti liu k

tha hoc cc l trnh gim thiu

ting n (Noise preferential route

- NPR), nh h cao lin tc

(continuous descent approach)

trnh cc khu vc nhy cm ting

n, s dng phng thc gim

thiu lc cn v cng sut ng c

(Low power/low drag - LPLD)

vn hnh my bay trong cc iu

kin sch (v d tnh trng bnh

xe v cnh qut) cng lu cng tt

gim ting n my bay, v cc

ch dn gim thiu sc p o

chiu khi h cnh. Gii php thay

th c th bao gm phn tn ting

n bng cch s dng cc ng

bay a dng tng phn vi

ng bay u tin;

3 Cc thng tin b sung c cung cp trong ICAO,

Thc hin quy hoch sn bay, Phn 2 - Kim sot mi

trng v s dng t. 4 Cc quy trnh v l trnh c cng b trong

Procedures and routes are published in the n phm

thng tin hng khng (AIP) v sn bay v quy nh bt buc vn hnh ng bay. C th trnh cc khu vc

nhy cm ting n bng cc quy nh an ton vn hnh

v hn ch bay, nn c xy dng theo s gp ca c quan chc nng a phng v c quan vn hnh

ng bay.

p dng cc hn ch vn hnh vo bui m v cc hn ch khc;

5

Nu cn thit, lm vic vi cc c quan chc nng a phng

thc hin cc chin lc kim

sot/phng nga ting n ti cc

khu vc cn hn ch m thanh (v

d cch m trong cc ta nh c

th b nh hng bi ting n my

bay trn ngng quy nh ca cc

c quan chc nng hoc hn ch

vn hnh bui m mt s l trnh

h cnh no );

Gim ting n t cc ngun vn hnh mt t bng cch s dng

cc lp cch m v lch m, nh

m t trong Hng dn chung

EHS;

Cn c iu khon cung cp nng lng cho my bay gim hoc

hn ch s dng cc thit b ph

tr bay APU.

Kh thi

Ngun kh thi chnh sn bay bao

gm kh t ng c t my bay

trong qu trnh ct cnh/h cnh v

vn hnh mt t, t cc phng tin

dch v mt t, hi t khu vc iu

5 Hn ch vn hnh ch nn p dng nh gii php sau

cng v ch sau khi c kin ph duyt ca c quan chc nng a phng. Nh ghi ch trong Quyt

nh ca y ban ICAO, c hiu lc t ngy

08/10/2004, vic p dng hn ch vn hnh cc my bay hin c khng th kh thi v kinh t hoc hiu qu

chi ph v cc tiu chun ting n my bay v chng

ch th hin trong Ph lc 16 ICAO v Cng c Bay Dn dng, quyn I - Ting n my bay khng gii

thiu hn ch vn hnh.


NGNH HNG KHNG

25

khin v cha nhin liu, kh thi t

cc hot ng giao thng a phng

phc v ti sn bay. Cc ngun khc

c th l t nhin liu t h thng

pht nhit v pht in, kh thi t cc

hot ng t cht thi rn.

Kin ngh phng nga, gim thiu v

kim sot kh thi t cc dch v vn

chuyn mt t bao gm:

Chn lc h tng dch v mt t gim thiu cc phng tin

vn chuyn mt t v my bay

trn ng bng v u ti ca

ra;

Ci thin cc i phng tin dch v mt t c m t trong

Hng dn chung EHS;

Gim thiu kh thi nht thi t cc hot ng iu khin, kho

cha nhin liu khc c th

hin trong Hng dn chung

EHS;

Trong sn bay, vn hnh ti nh my bay, cung cp in v

iu ha khng kh thng qua

thit b t trn mt t gim

thiu s dng cc thit b ph tr

bay APU;

Vn hnh ti ch cc trm t nh mc c th thc hin c

nh trong Hng dn chung

EHS; 6

Ti cc cuc din tp phng chy,

6 Ti liu hng dn EHS chung a ra cc gi tr pht thi nh hng i vi cc cng trnh t c cng sut

bng hoc nh hn 50 MW nhit (MWth).

la chn cc loi nhin liu sch

hn nh kh t ha lng, khng

s dng du thi hoc du my

bay khi c th, v la chn v tr

din tp phng chy v iu kin

nhit tt nht trnh cc tc

ng tc thi n cht lng

khng kh gn cc khu dn c;

t cht thi ch nn thc hin cc cng trnh cho php vn hnh

theo cc tiu chun quc t v

kim sot v phng nga

nhim; 7

Nc ma v nc thi

Dng thi t vn hnh sn bay bao

gm ch yu l nc ma chy trn

t mt ng v nc thi v sinh t

cc dch v cng cng v nhn cng

cng nh t cc my bay. Nc ma

chy trn c th bao gm cc cht

nhim t du trn hoc r r, du

diesel, v nhin liu my bay trong

qu trnh vn hnh v bo dng cc

phng tin dch v mt t, v cc

hot ng iu hnh v lu kho nhin

liu.

Vi kh hu lnh, nc ma chy trn

sn bay c th cha c cht phng

bng/ph bng (ADF) cho my bay,

thng cha ethylene hoc propylene

glycol, cng nh ph bng/phng

bng cho ng bng thng cha

potassium acetate, sodium acetate,

calcium magnesium acetate hoc hn

7 V d v cc vn mi trng ch yu trong cc cng trnh t c th hin trong Hng dn EHS

i vi C s Qun l Cht thi.


NGNH HNG KHNG

26

hp ur v nc.8 Trong khi cc cht

ha hc ny b phn hy, chng x

trc tip vo nc mt qua mng li

cng thot nc ma, c th gy nh

hng tiu cc n mi trng thy

sinh thng qua vic tng nhu cu xy

cng nh dinh dng t ha cht ph

bng (v d nit t ur v pht pho t

glycol).

xut cc chin lc phng nga

v kim sot cc tc ng do nc

ma v nc thi nh sau:

i hng v x l cng thot nc ma t cc khu vc c kh

nng tim tng r r hoc trn ha

cht v nhin liu s dng bng

thit b tch nc/du trc khi

x ra ngun nc mt. V d cc

khu vc p dng gii php x l

nc ma chy trn bao gm kho

cha ha cht v nhin liu, cc

cng trnh phn phi v vn

chuyn, khu vc din tp phng

chy, nh bo tr my bay v cc

cng trnh bo dng thit b dch

v mt t;

Nn b tr h thng thu gom nc thi v sinh sn bay v my bay.

Vic thu gom nc thi v sinh

nn c qun l theo cc xut

i vi qun l nc thi trong

Ti liu Hng dn EHS chung;

Quan trc ngun thi trc khi x ra ngun nc mt;

8 Thng tin v xut c th hn v qun l cc ha cht phng bng/ph bng ng bng v my bay v

c cung cp ti EPA (2002).

khu vc kh hu lnh, nc ma chy trn t khu vc phng

bng/ha lng bng my bay

(ADF) nn c phng nga v

kim sot bng:

o Hn ch ph bng cho my

bay nhng khu vc nh

nh mt ph bng, thit k

thun tin cho vic thu gom

v ti ch ADF; 9

o Tng sc cha cho cc dung

dch glycol bn cho php ha

trn vi nhit xung quanh,

v trnh s dng ti a nng

glycol thit k cho thi

thit lnh nht trong mi iu

kin kh hu;

o S dng h thng d bng

nh dng c siu m d

dy bng, hoc h thng phn

mm phun c th p dng

chnh xc v chn lc ADF

trn b mt my bay.

Trong iu kin kh hu lnh, phng bng hoc ha lng bng

nn c thc hin trong khu vc

bay (ng bng v thm my

bay) bng:

o S dng cc phng php

phng bng bng my l

chnh, nh my qut v my

xc tuyt b sung bng cc

phng php ha hc. X l

s b mt ng bng nhiu

phng php trc khi ph

9 Ti ch glycol yu cu cc thit b lc v chng ct chuyn dng.


NGNH HNG KHNG

27

v bng d dng loi b;

o Thay th cc cht phng bng

l ur hoc glycol bng cc

cht t c cht hn, d phn

hy v BOD thp, nh

potassium acetate, sodium

acetate, hp cht natri, hp

cht kali, hoc calcium

magnesium acetate;

o Tun theo t l p dng m

nh sn xut hip khuyn

ngh v trnh p dng cc

cht phng bng gc glycol

gn rnh thot nc ma dn

trc tip ra ngun nc mt;

o B tr h thng qun l nc

ma thu gom v x l

nc mt cha cc cht ph

bng hoc ha lng bng my

bay v khu vc bay, bao gm

nc t cc ng dn tuyt

thm my bay v ng

bng.10

Cc v d v h thng

x l hiu qu bao gm x

vo h thng x l nc thi

v sinh tp trung (nu n v

vn hnh trm x l nc

thi a phng cho php)

hoc s dng cc khu vc lu

gi hoc xy dng bi ngp

nc gim nhu cu xy v

cht rn l lng ca nc

ma trc khi x vo ngun

nc mt;

10 Hot ng qun l nc ma nn cn nhc n

nhim bn tim n vo t nc ma c th thot ra t

h thng thot nc thm xung t v nc ngm thay v thm xung khu vc gn k v chy vo thm

my bay, ng bng v ng vn chuyn.

o Nu vic thu gom v x l

tp trung nc ma chy trn

khng kh thi, nn cn nhc

s dng cc my qut chn

khng phc hi bng v vn

chuyn n v tr x l ph

hp.

Cc xut b sung v qun l nc thi v nc ma c m

t trong Hng dn chung EHS.

Qun l cc cht nguy hi

Cc hot ng sn bay c th bao

gm c tip nhn v lu kho cc loi

nhin liu (v d nh nhin liu my

bay, du diesel v xng) ch yu dng

cho cc hot ng ca my bay cng

nh cc phng tin ph tr mt t.

Cc loi nhin liu c th cha trong

cc b cha chm hoc ni v c

chuyn n cc v tr phn phi qua h

thng ng chm hoc ni, chng c th

gy ra r r khng kim sot trong qu

trnh vn chuyn hoc r r do li

ng ng hoc b cha (v d do n

mn thp hoc li lp t v xy

dng). Tip nhin liu cc sn bay

nh c th s dng bng cc xe bn

nhin liu. Cc cht t lng v x

phng/bt dp la s dng trong cc

cuc din tp phng chy cng c th

x vo ngun nc v t.

Cc cht nguy hi nn c qun l

phng nga tai nn, chy n nh m t

trong Hng dn chung EHS. n v

vn hnh nn xy dng k hoch kim

sot v phng nga trn cht nguy

hi, v k hoch chun b v ng ph


NGNH HNG KHNG

28

khn cp cho sn bay ph hp vi tnh

cht cc hot ng. n v vn hnh

nn a chng trnh gim thiu v

gim st cc tc ng mi trng vo

cc iu khon hp ng vi bn th 3

nh cc cng ty dch v mt t v cc

n v cung cp nhin liu. Tp hun

phng chy nn c thc hin trn b

mt khng thm nc xung quanh

bng cc cch xy cc p phng nga

x phng v bt hoc cc cht dp la

nguy hi ti mi trng hay nhim

nc chy vo h thng nc ma.

Nc cha cc cht dp la v cc

cht khng chy nn c x l trc

khi x vo ngun nc mt.

Qun l cht thi

Ph thuc vo s lng hnh khch v

dch v cung cp, cc sn bay thng

mi c th pht sinh ra cht thi rn,

khng nguy hi, cht thi thc phm

t khu ch bin thc n, cc vt liu

ng gi t cc ca hng bn l, giy,

bo v nhiu loi bao b thc phm

khc t vn phng v cc khu vc

hnh khch thng thng. Cc sn bay

thng mi cng c th tip nhn cht

thi rn t my bay n, trong c

cht thi thc phm, bao gi thc n,

giy/bo. Cht thi thc phm t cc

chuyn bay quc t c th b cho l

cha nhiu mm bnh tim n do mt

s lut l quc gia. Mt vi ng bay

c th thi ra cc gi qua s dng

sau khi kt thc chuyn bay. Cc hot

ng sn bay c th pht sinh cc

cht thi nguy hi rn hoc lng nh

du bi trn my hoc dung mi t

bo dng my bay v phng tin

dch v mt t.

xut cc chin lc qun l cht

thi nh sau:

Xy dng chng trnh ti ch cht thi rn, da vo thc trng

ca cc cng trnh a phng,

nn t cc thng rc c dn nhn

phn loi cc nh ch (ga) hnh

khch i vi kim loi, knh thy

tinh, giy, nha. C s ch bin

thc phm nn tch ring thnh

phn hu c v cc cht thi thc

phm khc ti ch lm phn

bn nng nghip hoc thc n gia

sc;

Cc hng hng khng v cc cng ty cung cp dch v v sinh my

bay nn thc hin phn loi cht

thi trong my bay bng cch tch

ring thu gom bo/giy, nha,

bao b kim loi, v gi s dng.

Gi s dng nn c ti ch

trong ch bin gia dng hoc

cch ly;

Cht thi thc phm t my bay c th c qun l theo cc quy

nh a phng bo v sc

khe con ngi v ng vt. 11

Cc quy nh a phng c th

bao gm s dng cht thi thc

phm hoc cht thi hn hp cha

cht thi thc phm lm vt liu

xy dng, t, hoc chn lp;

11 Cc nc c nhng quy nh c th i vi thi b

cht thi thc phm pht sinh t cc chuyn bay quc t. Mc tiu ca cc quy nh ny l phng nga s

gieo rc bnh tt truyn nhim qua bin gii.


NGNH HNG KHNG

29

Pht sinh v lu gi cht thi nguy hi ti ch v vic x l/tiu hy

sau cng nn thc hin theo cc

kin ngh cung cp trong Hng

dn chung EHS.

Tiu th nc v nng lng

Cc sn bay dn dng c th tiu th

lng ng k nng lng si

hoc lm mt khng gian trong cc

nh ch (ga), h thng chiu sng

trong v ngoi, v vn hnh h thng

bng chuyn hnh l. Tiu th nc c

th ph thuc vo loi hnh khch v

la chn cc dch v bo tr my bay,

c th bao gm vn hnh cc cng

trnh v sinh dnh cho lng ln hnh

khch trung chuyn hoc cc hot

ng v sinh ni chung. xut cc

chin lc v gii php bo ton nc

v nng lng c th hin trong

Hng dn chung EHS.

1.2. An ton v sc khe ngh

nghip

Cc vn an ton v sc khe ngh

nghip trong vn hnh sn bay bao

gm nh sau:

Ting n

Cc nguy c vt l

Cc nguy c ha hc

Hng dn phng nga v kim sot

cc nguy c phng x, sinh hc, ha

hc v vt l ni chung c th hin

trong Hng dn chung EHS. Cc

vn an ton ngh nghip nn c

lng ghp chung trong h thng qun

l an ton tng th sn bay cng nh

nht qun vi vic vn dng cc kha

cnh an ton sn bay.12

Cc chin lc

qun l an ton v sc khe ngh

nghip p dng trong vn hnh sn

bay ph thuc vo mi quan h lao

ng vi nhng cng nhn b nh

hng tim tng, nhiu ngi do cc

n v cung cp dch v mt t hoc

ng bay thu. Kt qu l, cc kin

ngh ch c th thc hin c thng

qua cc quan h hp ng hoc s

cng tc vi bn th ba.

Ting n

Nhn cng dch v mt t sn bay

c th b nh hng tim tng do mc

m thanh rt cao t cc my bay di

chuyn, vn hnh cc thit b ph tr

bay APU, v cc phng tin dch v

mt t. Hu ht cc ngun ting n

khng th c gii php phng nga.

Cc bin php kim sot nh s dng

bo v tai nghe c nhn cho nhn vin

v thc hin cc chng trnh lun

chuyn cng vic thng xuyn

gim cc nh hng tch ly. Cc kin

ngh b sung v qun l ting n ngh

nghip c cung cp trong Hng

dn chung EHS.

12 Thng tin b sung v t chc v thc hin ca H thng Qun l An ton c th hin trong Chng

trnh Phng nga Tai nn ICAO (ICAO 2005). Cc

chin lc phng nga tai nn c bit p dng trong qun l sn bay c th hin trong Chng 19 ca ti

liu ICAO.


NGNH HNG KHNG

30

Cc nguy c vt l

Nhn vin dch v mt t sn bay

c th b nh hng do nhiu nguy c

vt l ph thuc vo chc nng cng

vic c th. Phn ln cc nguy c

ngh nghip ng k c th l tnh

trng cng thng do lm vic vi

cng nng, nhng chuyn ng

lp li ca cc hot ng vn chuyn

hnh l v hng ha/ nhng hot ng

dch v my bay; va chm khi di

chuyn cc phng tin dch v mt

t hoc hng ha, hoc di chuyn

my bay; v nh hng bi cc yu t

thi tit. Nhn cng cng c th b nh

hng bi mi nguy him t ng c

my bay.

Di chuyn thit b

n v vn hnh nn cung cp cc bin bo an ton v nh du b

mt trong khu vc u v lu

hnh phng tin ph tr mt t

trn thang my bay, ng bng

v bt c khu vc khc c nguy c

va chm gia cc phng tin mt

t v my bay. S cc khu vc

an ton nn xc nh cc v tr ri

ro cao nh khu vc nh hng t

ng c ht ca my bay bo

v cc nhn vin dch v mt t;

n v vn hnh nn o to v chng nhn tt c cc cng nhn

c php vo khu vc vn hnh

bay. Cng nhn vn hnh thit b

ph tr bay nn c ph bin vi

quy trnh an ton p dng i vi

lu thng ng bng v thang

ln my bay, bao gm cc thng

bo vi i kim sot khng lu;

Cc b phn an ton ca cc phng tin ph tr mt t nn

c bo dng, bao gm chung

bo ng d phng, cnh bo giao

thng, v cc nt ngng khn cp.

Tnh trng cng thng

Cc cng nhn vn chuyn hng ha v hnh l, d l cng vic t

xut hay nh k cng nn c

o to s dng ng cch

thang my, cch ci v gp ngi

v cc phng php i hng

trnh tn thng t chi. Cn c

bit ch khi lm cng vic sp

xp trn khoang hng ha hoc

khoang hnh l trong my bay -

ni khng c chiu cao ng

ph hp (bt buc phi c k thut

nng, y ph hp) v d b vp

v trt ng. Cc cng nhn nn

c cung cp thit b bo v c

nhn ph hp (PPE), nh ming

m u gi khi i vo khoang

hng ha;

n v vn hnh nn nh gi s cn thit thc hin hn ch trng

lng ca hnh l c nhn phi

hp vi cc hng hng khng p

dng hn ch trng lng ca

hnh l c nhn theo cc quy nh

a phng hoc quy nh hng

khng, gii hn trng lng ti a

mi kin l c nhn l 32 kg (70

pound);13

13 Hip hi Vn chuyn Hng khng Quc t (IATA)

thc hin gii hn cn nng l 32 kg (70 pounds)


NGNH HNG KHNG

31

Tn sut v thi gian cng nhn thc hin cc hot ng vn

chuyn nng nn c gim bt

thng qua thi gian ngh ngi v

quay vng cng vic;

n v vn hnh nn xem xt c gii ha cc hot ng vn chuyn

hnh l v hng ha, nh s dng

bng chuyn n khoang hng

ha.

Cc yu t thi tit

n v vn hnh nn o to cng nhn phng nga cc p lc thi

tit nng v lnh, bao gm xc

nh cc triu chng, v cc

phng php iu chnh (v d b

sung nc, ngh ngi). Cng nhn

nn c cung cp qun o v

nc phng nga thi tit thay

i gy p lc (stress) v p dng

cc gii php khc lm vic

trong iu kin nhit mi

trng th hin trong Hng dn

chung EHS.

Cc nguy c ha hc

Nhn vin dch v mt t c th b

nh hng bi cc nguy c ha hc,

c bit ch lm vic ca h tip

xc trc tip vi nhin liu v cc ha

cht khc s dng phng bng hoc

ph bng. Lm vic vi nhin liu c

th b nh hng bi cc cht hu c

bay hi (VOCs) thng qua h hp

hoc tip xc vi da trong iu kin

i vi hnh l c nhn.

bnh thng hoc trong trng hp

trn ra. Cng c th xy ra s t nguy

c chy n. xut cc gii php

phng nga, gim thiu v kim sot

cc nguy c b nh hng bi ha cht

c cung cp ti Hng dn chung

EHS.14

1.3 An ton v sc khe cng

ng

Ngoi cc vn an ton v sc khe

ngh nghip v mi trng th hin

trong ti liu hng dn ny, cc vn

tim tng tc ng ti cc cng

ng a phng thng t xy ra,

nhng s rt thm khc, l s c hng

my bay trong khi ct cnh hoc h

cnh (LTO). Mc d nguyn nhn

hng my bay c th rt nhiu v phc

tp, n v vn hnh sn bay c th

gip phng nga cc vn ny trong

s dng t v thit k sn bay, nhng

vn nh hng n s c mt ca

chim chc v cc loi ng vt hoang

d khc bay v c kh nng p vo

my bay, cc vn lin quan n an

ton vn hnh my bay trong qu trnh

ct cnh, h cnh v vn hnh mt t,

bao gm ng ph khn cp ph hp.

Cc nguy c tim tng ny c th

c kim sot thng qua gim st v

bo dng ng bng nh k xc

nh v loi b cc i tng khng

c php c trn ng bng (v d

kim loi hoc nhng phn khc c th

14 Cc kin ngh c th p dng sn bay, tham kho

Vn hnh Dch v Sn bay ICAO (Doc 9137) v Ti liu Hng dn EHS cho Kho cha Sn phm Du

ha v Du th.


NGNH HNG KHNG

32

ri xung t my bay trn ng bng

hoc trong cc hot ng bo dng).

ng vt hoang d tn cng

Mt trong nhng nguy c tim n

ng k sn bay l s va chm gia

my bay v ng vt hoang d c th

gy ra thit hi i vi my bay, hoc

thm ch hng hc my mc (v d

hng ng c do ht chim chc vo).

Mc d ng vt hoang d tn cng

ch yu l chim, nhng ng vt hu

nh nh hu nai, ch si, ch hoang

cng c th xm nhp vo ng bng

gy ra nguy c ng k cho an ton

vn hnh bay. xut cc chin lc

phng nga v kim sot nh sau: 15

Lm vic vi c quan chc nng a phng ngn nga cc hot

ng c th thu ht ng vt

hoang d bn ngoi v sn bay. V

d thu ht ng vt hoang d l

cc hot ng thi b cht thi

(bao gm cc bi chn lp), cc

cng trnh qun l nc (v d

cng trnh x l nc thi v cc

h cha), cc khu t ngp nc

t nhin hoc nhn to, cc hot

ng nng nghip (bao gm chn

nui v thy sn) v sn golf hoc

cc khu vc cnh quan nhn to

khc; 16

15 Cc xut theo phn ln da trn cc m t c

th v cc bin php qun l ng vt hoang d do Cleary v Dolbeer thc hin (2005). 16 Thng tin b sung v xut khong cch tch bit

gia ranh gii sn bay v cc khu vc d thu ht ng vt hoang d c cung cp trong Nguy c Thu ht

ng vt hoang d trong hoc gn sn bay, Thng t

Qun l s dng t trong sn bay vi cc khu vc bo v ngn

cn chim v cc ng vt hoang

d khc (v d trnh s dng thm

thc vt, cc gii php kt cu

hoc cng trnh qun l nc ma

c th to mi trng c tr hoc

lm t ca chim chc, hoc s

dng cc bin php khng cho

chim u lm t ti cc cng

trnh);

p dng gii php ngn chn trit s xm nhp ca hu nai, vt

nui v cc ng vt hu nh ln

khc (v d s dng hng ro dng

ng dc theo ranh gii khu vc);

p dng cc bin php gy ri v y xa ng vt hoang d khi cn

thit, c th bao gm c s dng

ha cht, k thut m thanh, hoc

k thut hnh nh e da v y

li ng vt hoang d;

p dng cc bin php loi b ng vt hoang d khi cn thit,

bao gm bt gi hoc cch khc,

v c th cn nhc cc chin lc

bi thng di chuyn ng vt

hoang d;

Xy dng K hoch Qun l Nguy c do ng vt hoang d (Wildlife

Hazard Management Plan) trong

tng hp cc bin php tham

kho trn y.

Qun l an ton vn hnh

hng dn (150/5200-33A), S Giao thng Hoa K,

Tng cc Hng khng Lin bang (2004).


NGNH HNG KHNG

33

n v vn hnh sn bay c trch

nhim chnh i vi an ton vn

hnh my bay trong ton b qu trnh

ct cnh v h cnh v trong cc hot

ng mt t. Do , khi vn hnh

sn bay nn xy dng v thc hin

H thng Qun l An ton (SMS)

xc nh hiu qu v iu chnh cc

iu kin khng an ton.17

H thng

SMS nn bao gm Chng trnh

Phng nga Tai nn hiu qu v tng

th.18

Cc sn bay ln cng nn xem

xt b nhim chc danh C vn

Phng nga Tai nn t chc v

ch o y ban An ton.19

Theo yu

cu ca cc cng c quc t v

hng khng dn dng,20

khng gian

bay xung quanh sn bay nn m bo

khng c chng ngi vt, mc d

thi hnh yu cu ny c th l trch

nhim ca c quan chc nng a

phng. n v vn hnh sn bay

nn chun b cc k hoch chun b

v ng ph khn cp cn thit vi c

ch phi hp da trn yu cu ngun

lc cng ng v sn bay i ph vi

s khc lit v t nhin trong tnh

trng khn cp21

. Cc k hoch khn

17 M t chi tit v cc xut ca SMS, bao gm c

cu t chc, trch nhim, quy trnh th tc v cc iu khon thc hin cc chnh sch an ton bay c th

bin trong cch tip cn t chc v gim st ti Chng

4 Chng trnh Phng nga Tai nn ca ICAO. 18 Theo ghi ch ti Chng 13, ti liu Chng trnh

Phng nga Tai nn ICAO. 19 Theo ghi ch ti Chng 19, Chng trnh Phng nga Tai nn ICAO. 20 C th, Ph lc 14, Tp 1 Cng c Hng khng

Dn dng Quc t. 21Thng tin b sung v cc yu t bt buc trong k

hoch ng ph khn cp sn bay c cung cp ti

Chng 19, Chng trnh Phng nga Tai nn ICAO v Hng dn dch v sn bay and ICAO (Ti liu

9137).

cp nn xc nh c th nhng tai

nn thm khc tim n nh chy n

my bay, c c k hoch phng chy

v chng trnh o to v tnh trng

khn cp ca my bay v sn bay.

An ninh sn bay

n v vn hnh sn bay cng cn

nhn trch nhim ch yu v an ton

phng cc hnh khch c hnh

ng phm php gy hu qu. Do ,

n v vn hnh sn bay nn chun b

v thc hin K hoch An ninh theo

cc quy trnh v tiu chun quc t,22

hp tc vi cc c quan thm quyn

chuyn mn theo yu cu phng

nga v ng ph vi cc vn an

ninh.

22 Theo ghi ch ti Ph lc 17 ca ICAO v Ph lc Ti liu An ninh v Ngn chn Hnh vi Vi phm An

ninh Hng khng Dn dng (Ti liu 8973)


NGNH HNG KHNG

34

2.0 Cc ch s thc hin v vic

gim st

2.1. Mi trng

Hng dn pht thi v x thi

Vn hnh sn bay nn thc hin mc

x thi ti tng v tr c th da trn

yu cu vn hnh h thng thu gom v

x l nc thi cng cng hoc, nu

x trc tip ra ngun nc mt, phn

loi ngun tip nhn c m t trong

Hng dn chung EHS. Cc gi tr

hng dn ca quy trnh pht thi v

x thi trong khu vc ny biu th thc

hnh cng nghip quc t tt phn nh

nhiu tiu chun lin quan ca cc

nc vi cng mt khung cng vic

quy nh.

Hng dn v pht thi c p dng

cho qu trnh pht thi kh thi. Hng

dn pht thi ca ngun t nhin liu

kt hp vi cc hot ng sinh hi

nc v pht in t nhng ngun c

cng sut u vo bng hoc thp hn

50 MWth c cp trong Hng

dn chung EHS, vi ngun pht thi

nhit in ln hn c cp n

trong Hng dn EHS cho nh my

nhit in. Hng dn xem xt mi

trng xung quanh da trn tng thi

lng kh thi c cung cp trong

Hng dn chung EHS.

Quan trc Mi trng

Cc chng trnh quan trc mi

trng cho ngnh cng nghip ny cn

c thc hin gii quyt tt c cc

hot ng c xc nh c kh

nng tc ng ng k n mi

trng, trong thi gian hot ng bnh

thng v trong iu kin b trc trc.

Hot ng quan trc mi trng phi

da trc tip hoc gin tip vo cc

ch bo c p dng i vi tng d

n c th. Tn sut quan trc phi

cung cp d liu i din cho thng

s ang c theo di. Quan trc phi

do nhng ngi c o to tin

hnh theo cc quy trnh gim st v

lu gi bin bn v s dng thit b

c hiu chun v bo dng ng

cch thc. D liu quan trc mi

trng phi c phn tch v xem xt

theo cc khong thi gian nh k v

c so snh vi cc tiu chun vn

hnh sao cho c th thc hin mi

hiu chnh cn thit. Hng dn b

sung v p dng phng php ly mu

v phn tch kh thi v nc thi

c cung cp trong Hng dn

chung EHS.

2.2. An ton v Sc khe ngh

nghip

Hng dn v an ton v sc khe

lao ng

Hng dn thc hin sc khe v an

ton lao ng cn phi c nh gi

da trn cc hng dn v mc tip

xc an ton c cng nhn quc t,

v d nh hng dn v Gi tr

ngng phi nhim ngh nghip (TLV


NGNH HNG KHNG

35

) v Ch s phi nhim sinh hc

(BEIs ) c cng b bi Hi ngh

ca cc nh v sinh cng nghip Hoa

K (ACGIH),23

Cm nang Hng dn

v cc mi nguy Ha cht do Vin v

sinh, an ton lao ng quc gia Hoa

K xut bn (NIOSH),24

Gii hn phi

nhim (PELs) do Cc sc khe v an

ton ngh nghip Hoa K xut bn

(OSHA),25

Gi tr gii hn phi nhim

ngh nghip c cng b bi cc

quc gia thnh vin Lin minh Chu

u, 26

hoc cc ngun ti liu tng t

khc.

T l tai nn v t vong

D n phi c gng gim s v tai nn

trong s cng nhn tham gia d n

(bt k l s dng lao ng trc tip

hay gin tip) n t l bng khng,

c bit l cc v tai nn gy ra mt

ngy cng lao ng v mt kh nng

lao ng cc mc khc nhau,

hoc thm ch b t vong. T l ny

ca c s sn xut c th c so snh

vi hiu qu thc hin v v sinh an

ton lao ng trong ngnh cng

nghip ny ca cc quc gia pht trin

thng qua tham kho cc ngun thng

k xut bn (v d Cc thng k lao

ng Hoa K v C quan qun l v

23 C sn ti: http://www.acgih.org/TLV/ v

http://www.acgih.org/store/ 24 C sn ti: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/ 25 C sn ti:

http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_docu

ment?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=9.992 26 C sn ti:

http://europe.osha.eu.int/good_practice/risks/ds/oel/

An ton v Sc khe Lin hip Anh).27

Gim st An ton v Sc khe Ngh

nghip

Mi trng lm vic phi c gim

st nhng mi nguy ngh nghip

tng ng vi d n c th. Vic gim

st phi c thit k chng trnh v

do nhng ngi chuyn nghip thc

hin28

nh l mt phn ca chng

trnh gim st an ton sc khe lao

ng. C s sn xut cng phi lu

gi bo qun cc bin bn v cc v

tai nn lao ng v cc loi bnh tt,

s c nguy him xy ra. Hng dn b

sung v cc chng trnh gim st sc

khe lao ng v an ton c cung

cp trong Hng dn chung EHS.

27 C sn ti: http://www.bls.gov/iif/ v http://www.hse.gov.uk/statistics/index.htm 28 Cc chuyn gia c cng nhn c th gm Chng

nhn v sinh cng nghip, V sinh lao ng c ng k, hoc Chng nhn chuyn nghip v an ton

hoc tng ng

http://www.acgih.org/store/http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/http://europe.osha.eu.int/good_practice/risks/ds/oel/http://www.bls.gov/iif/http://www.hse.gov.uk/statistics/index.htm


NGNH HNG KHNG

36

3.0. Ti liu tham kho v cc

ngun b sung

Civil Aviation Authority of New Zealand (CAA).

2000. Aircraft Icing Handbook.

Lower Hutt, New Zealand: CAA. Available at

http://www.caa.govt.nz/fulltext/safety_booklets/aircr

aft_icing_handbook.pdf

Cleary, E. and Dolbeer, R. 2005. Wildlife Hazard Management at Airports -A Manual for Airport

Personnel. United States Federal Aviation

Administration (US FAA) and US Department of Agriculture. Washington DC: US Departments of

Transportation and Agriculture.

European Civil Aviation Conference (ECAC). 1997. ECAC Doc. 29. Report on Standard Method of

Computing Noise Contours around Civil Airports.

Neuilly-Sur-Seine, France: ECAC.

European Union. 2002. Directive 2002/30/EC of the

European Parliament

and of the Council of 26 March 2002 on the establishment of rules and

procedures with regard to the introduction of noise-

related operating

restrictions at Community airports.

European Union. 2002. Regulation (EC) No

1774/2002 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 3 October 2002

laying down health rules

concerning animal by-products not intended for human consumption.

Available at http://europa.eu/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/f81001.htm

German Airports Association. http://www.adv-

net.org/eng/gfx/umwelt.php

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).

1999. Aviation and the Global Atmosphere. A

Special Report of IPCC Working Groups I and III in collaboration with the Scientific Assessment Panel to

the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the

Ozone Layer. Cambridge, UK:

Cambridge University Press. Available at

http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/aviation/index.htm

International Air Transport Association (IATA). Night Flight Policy. Available at

http://www.iata.org/whatwedo/environment IATA. 2004. Environmental Review 2004. Available at

http://www.iata.org/NR/ContentConnector/CS2000/S

iteinterface/sites/whatwedo/file/IATA_Environmental_Review_2004.pdf

International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).

2001. Aircraft Noise - Balanced Approach to Aircraft Noise Management.

Montreal: ICAO. Available at

http://www.icao.int/icao/en/env/noise.htm

ICAO. 2002. Airport Planning Manual, Part 2

Land Use and Environmental Control (ICAO

Document 9184). Montreal: ICAO.

ICAO. Assembly Resolution A33-7. Consolidated

statement of continuing ICAO policies and practices

related to environmental protection. Appendix C -Policies and programs based on a balanced

approach to aircraft noise management; Appendix E

- Local noise-related operating restrictions at airports, and; Appendix F - Land-use planning and

management. Montreal: ICAO. Available at

http://www.icao.int/icao/en/env/a33-7.htm

ICAO. 1993. Convention on International Civil

Aviation Annexes 1 to 18 (Booklet on the Annexes

to the Convention on International Civil Aviation). Montreal: ICAO.

ICAO. 2005. ICAO Accident Prevention

Programme. Montreal: ICAO. Available at

http://www.icao.int/icao/en/anb/aig/app_20050907.p

df

ICAO. 1988. Recommended Method for Computing

Noise Contours around Airports. ICAO Circular 205-

AN/1/25. Montreal: ICAO.

Nordic Council of Ministers (Norden). 1993. Air

Traffic Noise Calculation - Nordic Guidelines. Nord 1993:38. Copenhagen:

Norden.

Swedish Civil Aviation Authority (Luftfartsstyrelsen). 2005.

Strningsrapportering 1998 - 2004. Analys:

Flygplatsrapportering. (Study on reported collisions, or reported incidents that could have led to collisions,

involving aircraft on the ground and ground service

vehicles on Swedish and US airports.) Stockholm: Luftfartsstyrelsen.

United Kingdom (UK) Parliamentary Office of

Science and Technology. 2003. Postnote Number

http://www.iata.org/whatwedo/environment


NGNH HNG KHNG

37

197. Aircraft Noise. London: Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology. Available at

http://www.parliament.uk/post/pn197.pdf

United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). 2002. Managing Aircraft and Airfield Deicing

Operations to Prevent Contamination of Drinking

Water. EP 2.2:816-R-99-016. Washington DC: US EPA.

United States Department of Transportation, Federal

Aviation Administration (US FAA). 2003. Operational Safety during Construction at Airports.

Advisory Circular (150/5370-2E). Washington DC:

US FAA.

US FAA. 2004. Hazardous Wildlife Attractants On

or Near Airports. Advisory Circular (AC 150/5200-

33A). Washington DC: US FAA.


NGNH HNG KHNG

38

Ph lc A: M t chung v cc hot ng ca ngnh cng nghip

Cc sn bay thng t cc khu vc

rng m, vi mt hoc nhiu ng

bng. S lng v v tr cc ng

bng (mi ng bng cho my bay

nng di xp x 3 km) thng xc nh

yu cu khu vc t cn thit. Sn bay

cung cp nhng mi lin kt quan

trong i vi h tng giao thng quc

gia v quc t. V l do an ninh, sn

bay c chia thnh khu mt t

(land-side), ni cng ng c php

ra vo, v khu hng khng (air-side),

ni ch c my bay vo, nhn vin

qua kim tra an ninh v hnh khch

qua kim tra an ninh di chuyn n v

ra khi cc my bay. Cc loi my bay

khc (v d my bay taxi bay, my bay

ch hng, my bay thng mi, my

bay th thao, my bay trc thng, v

my bay qun i) c th vn hnh

trong sn bay cnh) cng vi cc hng

hng khng thng mi.

Ngoi ng bng my bay ct

cnh v h cnh, sn bay ni chung c

c ng bng cho my bay n thm

ni vi ni cht d hng ha v

hnh khch. Cc ta nh ch v iu

khin cho php trung chuyn hnh

khch v hng ha trong sn bay. Cc

sn bay ln c i kim sot khng

lu, cng vi cc cng trnh/ta nh an

ninh sn bay v dch v phng chy,

cc cng ty hng khng, cng ty bo

tr my bay, v cng ty chuyn ch

hng ha, gia cc n v vn hnh

dch v khc trong sn bay.

Cc cng trnh h tng sn bay thng

bao gm cc cng trnh phn b v

cha nhin liu, cc cng trnh cung

cp in v nhit, phng tin mt t

v khu vc bo tr my bay, cng trnh

v sinh v sa cha, dch v phng

chy, cc cng trnh qun l nc ma

v nc thi, v thu gom lu gi cht

thi. Cc sn bay cng thng trang b

h thng in h cnh (H thng

H cnh Ch dn, Instrument Landing

Systems - ILS) v cc phng tin h

tr bay nh thit b o khong cch

Các hướng dẫn về An toàn, Môi trường và Sức khỏe trong Khai mỏ

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