Cable-stayed bridge

A cable-stayed bridge has one or more towers (or py-lons), from which cables support the bridge deck.There are twomajor classes of cable-stayed bridges: harpand fan.In the harp or parallel design, the cables are nearly par-allel so that the height of their attachment to the toweris proportional to the distance from the tower to theirmounting on the deck.In the fan design, the cables all connect to or pass overthe top of the towers. The fan design is structurally supe-rior with minimum moment applied to the towers but forpractical reasons the modified fan is preferred especiallywhere many cables are necessary. In the modified fanarrangement the cables terminate near to the top of thetower but are spaced from each other sufficiently to allowbetter termination, improved environmental protection,and good access to individual cables for maintenance.The cable-stayed bridge is optimal for spans longer thancantilever bridges, and shorter than suspension bridges.This is the range where cantilever bridges would rapidlygrow heavier if the span were lengthened, and suspensionbridge cabling would not be more economical if the spanwere shortened.

1 History

Cable-stayed bridge by the Renaissance polymath Fausto Ver-anzio, from 1595/1616

Cable-stayed bridges date back to 1595, where designswere found in Machinae Novae, a book by Venetian in-ventor Fausto Veranzio. Many early suspension bridgeswere cable-stayed construction, including the 1817 foot-bridge Dryburgh Abbey Bridge, James Dredge's patented

Victoria Bridge, Bath (1836), and the later Albert Bridge(1872) and Brooklyn Bridge (1883). Their designersfound that the combination of technologies created astiffer bridge. John A. Roebling took particular advan-tage of this to limit deformations due to railway loads inthe Niagara Falls Suspension Bridge.The earliest known surviving example of a true cable-stayed bridge in the United States is E.E. Runyon’s largelyintact steel or iron bridge with wooden stringers and deck-ing in Bluff Dale, Texas (1890), or his weeks-earlier butruined Barton Creek Bridge between Huckabay, Texasand Gordon, Texas (1889 or 1890).[1][2] In the twenti-eth century, early examples of cable-stayed bridges in-cluded A. Gisclard’s unusual Cassagnes bridge (1899),in which the horizontal part of the cable forces is bal-anced by a separate horizontal tie cable, preventing sig-nificant compression in the deck, and G. Leinekugel leCoq’s bridge at Lézardrieux in Brittany (1924). EduardoTorroja designed a cable-stayed aqueduct at Tempul in1926.[3] Albert Caquot's 1952 concrete-decked cable-stayed bridge over the Donzère-Mondragon canal atPierrelatte is one of the first of the modern type, but hadlittle influence on later development.[3] The steel-deckedStrömsund Bridge designed by Franz Dischinger (1955)is therefore more often cited as the first modern cable-stayed bridge.Other key pioneers included Fabrizio de Miranda,Riccardo Morandi and Fritz Leonhardt. Early bridgesfrom this period used very few stay cables, as in theTheodor Heuss Bridge (1958). However, this involvessubstantial erection costs, and more modern structurestend to use many more cables to ensure greater economy.

1

2 2 COMPARISON WITH SUSPENSION BRIDGE

Abdoun Bridge, Amman, Jordan

Rio-Antirio bridge, Patras, Greece

2 Comparison with suspensionbridge

Cable-stayed bridges may appear to be similar tosuspension bridges, but in fact they are quite different inprinciple and in their construction.In suspension bridges, large main cables (normally 2)hang between the towers (normally 2), and are anchoredat each end to the ground. This can be difficult to imple-ment when ground conditions are poor. The main cables,

Ada Bridge at dusk in Belgrade (Serbia)

which are free to move on bearings in the towers, bear theload of the bridge deck. Before the deck is installed, thecables are under tension from their ownweight. Along themain cables smaller cables or rods connect to the bridgedeck, which is lifted in sections. As this is done, the ten-sion in the cables increases, as it does with the live loadof traffic crossing the bridge. The tension on the maincables is transferred to the ground at the anchorages andby downwards tug on the towers.

Al-Jisr Al-Mu'allaq, a cable-stayed bridge in Riyadh, Saudi Ara-bia

• Difference between types of bridges

• Suspension bridge

• Cable-stayed bridge, fan design

• Cable-stayed bridge, harp design

In the cable-stayed bridge, the towers are the primaryload-bearing structures which transmit the bridge loads tothe ground. A cantilever approach is often used to sup-port the bridge deck near the towers, but lengths furtherfrom them are supported by cables running directly to thetowers. This has the disadvantage, compared to the sus-pension bridge, that the cables pull to the sides as opposedto directly up, requiring the bridge deck to be stronger to

3.2 Cantilever-spar cable-stayed bridge 3

resist the resulting horizontal compression loads; but hasthe advantage of not requiring firm anchorages to resistthe horizontal pull of the main cables of the suspensionbridge. By design all static horizontal forces of the cable-stayed bridge are balanced so that the supporting towersdo not tend to tilt or slide, needing only to resist horizontalforces from the live loads.Key advantages of the cable-stayed form are as follows:

• much greater stiffness than the suspension bridge, sothat deformations of the deck under live loads arereduced

• can be constructed by cantilevering out from thetower - the cables act both as temporary and per-manent supports to the bridge deck

• for a symmetrical bridge (i.e. spans on either sideof the tower are the same), the horizontal forces bal-ance and large ground anchorages are not required

3 Variations

3.1 Side-spar cable-stayed bridge

Puente de la Unidad, joining San Pedro Garza García andMonterrey, a Cantilever spar cable-stayed bridge

A side-spar cable-stayed bridge uses a central tower sup-ported on only one side. This design allows the construc-tion of a curved bridge.

3.2 Cantilever-spar cable-stayed bridge

Far more radical in its structure, the Puente del Alamillo(1992) uses a single cantilever spar on one side of thespan, with cables on one side only to support the bridgedeck. Unlike other cable-stayed types, this bridge exertsconsiderable overturning force upon its foundation andthe spar must resist the bending caused by the cables, asthe cable forces are not balanced by opposing cables. The

Anzac Bridge, Sydney

Queen Elizabeth II Bridge, London, England

Envigado bridge a cable-stayed bridge in Envigado(Colombia)

spar of this particular bridge forms the gnomon of a large

4 5 NOTABLE CABLE-STAYED BRIDGES

garden sundial. Related bridges by the architect SantiagoCalatrava include the Puente de la Mujer (2001), SundialBridge (2004) and Chords Bridge (2008).

3.3 Multiple-span cable-stayed bridge

Cable-stayed bridges with more than three spans involvesignificantly more challenging designs than do 2-span or3-span structures.In a 2-span or 3-span cable-stayed bridge, the loads fromthe main spans are normally anchored back near the endabutments by stays in the end spans. For more spans, thisis not the case and the bridge structure is less stiff overall.This can create difficulties in both the design of the deckand the pylons. Examples of multiple-span structures inwhich this is the case include Ting Kau Bridge, whereadditional 'cross-bracing' stays are used to stabilise thepylons; Millau Viaduct and Mezcala Bridge, where twin-legged towers are used; and General Rafael UrdanetaBridge, where very stiff multi-legged frame towers wereadopted. A similar situation with a suspension bridge isfound at both the Great Seto Bridge and San Francisco –Oakland Bay Bridge where additional anchorage piers arerequired after every set of three suspension spans - thissolution can also be adapted for cable-stayed bridges.[4]

3.4 Extradosed bridge

The extradosed bridge is a cable-stayed bridge but witha more substantial bridge deck that, being stiffer andstronger, allows the cables to be omitted close to the towerand for the towers to be lower in proportion to the span.The first extradosed bridge in the US is the Pearl Har-bor Memorial Bridge (Connecticut) in New Haven, Con-necticut, which is scheduled to fully open in 2016. A newextradosed bridge is also being planned to cross the SaintCroix River between Bayport, Minnesota and Houlton,Wisconsin in the Twin Cities.

3.5 Cable-stayed cradle-system bridge

A cradle system carries the strands within the stays frombridge deck to bridge deck, as a continuous element,eliminating anchorages in the pylons. Each epoxy-coatedsteel strand is carried inside the cradle in a one-inch (2.54cm) steel tube. Each strand acts independently, allow-ing for removal, inspection and replacement of individualstrands. The first two such bridges are the Penobscot Nar-rows Bridge, completed in 2006, and the Veterans’ GlassCity Skyway, completed in 2007.[5]

4 Related bridge types

4.1 Self anchored suspension bridge

A self-anchored suspension bridge has some similarity inprinciple to the cable-stayed type in that tension forcesthat prevent the deck from dropping are converted intocompression forces vertically in the tower and horizon-tally along the deck structure. It is also related to thesuspension bridge in having arcuate main cables withsuspender cables, although the self-anchored type lacksthe heavy cable anchorages of the ordinary suspensionbridge. Unlike either a cable stayed bridge or a suspen-sion bridge, the self-anchored suspension bridge must besupported by falsework during construction and so it ismore expensive to construct.

5 Notable cable-stayed bridges

See also: List of longest cable-stayed bridge spans andCategory:Cable-stayed bridges

• Basarab Overpass in Bucharest (Romania) is thewidest cable-stayed bridge in Europe, measuring44,5 meters in width and accommodating a two waytram station with full platforms, safety areas and twotraffic lanes in each direction at its widest point.[6]

• Brooklyn Bridge, famous as a suspension bridge,also has cable stays.

• Cable Bridge, the second cable-stayed bridge in theUnited States, crosses the Columbia River and con-nects Pasco, Washington to Kennewick, Washing-ton.

• Centennial Bridge, a six-lane vehicular bridge thatcrosses the Panama Canal with a total length of 1.05km (3,451 ft).

• Clark Bridge, crosses theMississippi River at Alton,Illinois; subject of the Nova documentary SuperBridge.

• Denver Millennium Bridge, a 130-foot (40 m) longpedestrian bridge which won the Gold Award in2003 from the New York Association of ConsultingEngineers. The bridge is a focal point of the film"Imagine That" starring Eddie Murphy.

Erasmus Bridge in Rotterdam, Netherlands

5

• Erasmus Bridge crosses the Nieuwe Maas inRotterdam, Netherlands. The southern span of thebridge has an 89-metre-long (292 ft) bascule bridgefor ships that cannot pass under the bridge. The bas-cule bridge is the largest and heaviest inWest Europeand has the largest panel of its type in the world.

• Fred Hartman Bridge

• Jesús Izcoa Moure Bridge, the first Cable-stayedbridge in Puerto Rico and the Caribbean.

• Jiaxing-Shaoxing Sea Bridge, Zhejiang Province,China. The bridge is an eight lane structure thatspans 10,100metres across Hangzhou Bay, connect-ing Jiaxing and Shaoxing, two cities of Zhejiangprovince. It was opened on 23 July 2013 and is cur-rently the longest cable-stayed bridge in the world.

• John James Audubon Bridge (Mississippi River):The longest cable-stayed bridge in the WesternHemisphere, crossing the Mississippi River be-tween New Roads, Louisiana and St. Francisville,Louisiana.

• Juscelino Kubitschek bridge, a unique bridge fea-turing three 60-metre tall asymmetrical steel archesthat crisscross diagonally. Decks are suspended bysteel cables alternating and interlacing at each side.

• Indiano Bridge, crosses the Arno River in Florence,Italy, 1978, is the first earth-anchored cable-stayedsteel bridge in the world with central planes of ca-bles, single inclined masts, vented deck.

• Hale Boggs Memorial Bridge, crosses theMississippi River in Luling, Louisiana andDestrehan, Louisiana; it was the first cable-stayedbridge in the United States carrying an interstatehighway

• Lekki-Ikoyi Link Bridge, the first of its kind inNigeria completed and opened on May 29, 2013 byLagos State Governor Babatunde Fashola.

• Lyne Bridge, crosses the M25 motorway nearChertsey, England, 1979, is one of the few cable-stayed bridges to carry a heavy railway (the ChertseyBranch Line).[7]

• Millau Viaduct, the bridge with the tallest piers inthe world: 341 metres tall (1,118 ft) and roadway266 metres high (886 ft), spanning the Tarn Riverin France. With a total length of 2 460 m andseven towers, it also has the longest cable-stayed sus-pended deck in the world.

• Most SNP (Nový most), the world’s longest cable-stayed bridge in category with one pylon andwith one cable-stayed plane, spanning Danube inBratislava, Slovakia.The main span is 303 metres,

Most SNP (Bridge of the Slovak National Uprising) - the world’slongest cable-stayed bridge to have one pylon and one cable-stayed plane (Bratislava, Slovakia, 1967-1972).

total length 430.8 metres. The only member ofWorld Federation of Great Towers that is primarilyused as a bridge. It houses a flying-saucer restaurantat the top of pylon 85 metres tall.

• Nelson Mandela Bridge, the longest cable bridgein Southern Africa based in Johannesburg, SouthAfrica. The bridge opened in 2003.

• New Railroad Bridge, the first bridge in Europe touse cable-stayed girder system in the railroad indus-try, connects two banks of the Sava in Belgrade.

Octavio Frias de Oliveira bridge, in São Paulo, Brazil. It is theonly bridge in the world that has two curved tracks supported bya single concrete mast.

• Octavio Frias de Oliveira bridge, crosses thePinheiros River in São Paulo, 2008. It has a 138metres (453 ft)-high pylon under which two stayedroads cross each other turning 90° to the oppositebank of the river.

• Oresund Bridge, a combined two-track rail and four-lane road bridge with a main span of 490 metres anda total length of 7.85 km, crossing the Öresund be-tween Malmö, Sweden and the Danish Capital Re-gion.

6 6 REFERENCES

• Pont de Normandie, crosses the Seine in Normandy,France - briefly the world’s longest cable-stayedbridge.

• Port Mann Bridge, crosses the Fraser River inBritish Columbia, Canada. It is currently the sec-ond widest bridge in the world at 65 metres (213 ft)carrying 10 lanes of the Trans Canada Highway.

• Queensferry Crossing (formerly the Forth Replace-ment Crossing) is a road bridge under constructionin Scotland. It is being built alongside the existingForth Road Bridge across the Firth of Forth, andwillconnect Lothian, at South Queensferry, to Fife, atNorth Queensferry. The projected completion dateis 2016.

• Rande Bridge in Spain near Vigo is the highwaycable-stayed bridge with the longest and slenderestspan in the world at the time of construction (1973–1977). Three long spans of 148 m + 400 m + 148m. Pylons in concrete, girder in steel.

• Rio-Antirio bridge, crosses the Gulf of Corinth nearPatras, Greece. At a total length of 2 880m and fourtowers, it has the second longest cable-stayed sus-pended deck (2 258 m long) in the world, with onlythe deck of the Millau Viaduct in southern Francebeing longer at 2,460 m (8,071 ft). However, asthe latter is also supported by bearings at the py-lons apart from cable stays, the Rio–Antirrio bridgedeck might be considered the longest cable-stayed“suspended” deck.

• Russky Bridge, the cable-stayed bridge with theworld’s longest span, at 1,104 meters.

• Second Severn Crossing between England andWales is 3.186 miles (5.127 km) long, consisting ofa single central navigation span over the “Shoots”channel and approach viaducts on either side. TheSecond Severn Crossing Bridge uses Freyssinet ca-ble stays.

• Skybridge, the world’s longest transit-only bridge,spanning the Fraser River between New Westmin-ster and Surrey, BC, Canada.

• Sunshine Skyway Bridge, the world’s longest bridgewith a cable-stayed main span; carries I-275 acrossTampa Bay south of St. Petersburg, Florida, UnitedStates. The very similar looking Oresund bridge isslightly shorter but has a longer main span.

• Suramadu Bridge in Indonesia is the longest cable-stayed bridge in Southeast Asia and Indonesia. Itconnects the city of Surabaya in Java with the islandof Madura. Its main span is 818 metres long.

• Surgut Bridge, the longest single-pylon cable-stayedbridge in the world, crossing the Ob River in Siberia.

• Sutong Bridge, crosses the Yangtze River Delta ineastern China. It has the longest span of any cable-stayed bridge at 1,088 metres (3,570 ft), surpassingJapan’s Tatara Bridge for the world’s longest cable-stayed main span, but its overall length is shorterthan the Sunshine Skyway Bridge in the UnitedStates.

• Tatara Bridge, has the second largest span of anycable-stayed bridge at 890 metres (2,920 ft), part ofa series of bridges connecting Honshū and Shikokuin Japan.

• Ting Kau Bridge, the world’s first major four-span(three towers) cable-stayed bridge, forming part ofthe road network connecting Hong Kong Interna-tional Airport to other parts of Hong Kong, China.

• Vasco da Gama Bridge in Lisbon, Portugal is thelongest bridge in Europe, with a total length of 17.2km (10.7 mi), including 0.829 km (0.5 mi) for themain bridge, 11.5 km (7.1 mi) in viaducts, and 4.8km (3.0 mi) in extension roads.

• Vidyasagar Setu, spans across the Hoogly fromKolkata to Howrah with a total length of 823 me-tres (2,700 ft). It is the longest cable–stayed bridgein India and one of the longest in Asia

• Zhivopisny Bridge in Moscow, Russia, is the highestcable-stayed bridge in Europe.

• Zarate-Brazo Largo Bridges over the Paraná Guazúand Paraná de las Palmas Rivers in Argentina(1972–1976) are the first two road and railway long-span cable-stayed steel bridges in the world. Spans:110 m + 330 m + 110 m.

• Langkawi Sky Bridge is a 125-metre (410 ft) curvedpedestrian cable-stayed bridge in Malaysia, com-pleted in 2005. It is located 700 metres (2,300 ft)above sea level at the peak of Gunung Mat Chin-chang on Pulau Langkawi, an island in the Langkawiarchipelago in Kedah.[8]

6 References[1] “Bluff Dale Suspension Bridge”. Historic American Engi-

neering Record. Library of Congress.

[2] “Barton Creek Bridge”. Historic American EngineeringRecord. Library of Congress.

[3] Troyano, Leonardo (2003). Bridge Engineering: A GlobalPerspective. Thomas Telford. pp. 650–652. ISBN 0-7277-3215-3.

[4] Virlogeux, Michel (1 February 2001). “Bridgeswith multiple cable-stayed spans”. Struc-tural Engineering International 11 (1): 61–82.doi:10.2749/101686601780324250. Retrieved 8March 2008.

7

[5] “Bridging To The Future Of Engineering” (Press release).American Society of Civil Engineers. 12 March 2007.Retrieved 8 March 2008.

[6] “MULTIMEDIA Pasajul Basarab a fost deschis. Vezicum arata la inaugurare”. HotNewsRo.

[7] “Lyne Bridge, Chertsey - Railway Structures”. SouthernE-Group. Retrieved 30 August 2013.

[8] Langkawi Sky Bridge

7 Further reading• De Miranda F., et al., (1979), “Basic problems inlong span cable stayed bridges”, Rep. n. 25, Dipar-timento di Strutture - Università di Calabria - Ar-cavacata (CS) Italy, (242 pagg.) September 1979.

• Gregory, Frank Hutson; Freeman, Ralph Anthony(1987). The Bangkok Cable Stayed Bridge. 3 F En-gineering Consultants, Bangkok. ISBN 974-410-097-4.

• Podolny, Walter; Scalzi, John B. (1986). Construc-tion and design of cable-stayed bridges (2nd ed. ed.).New York: Wiley. ISBN 0471826553.*

• Walther, Rene; et al. (1999). Cable Stayed Bridges(2nd ed.). Thomas Telford. ISBN 0-7277-2773-7.

8 External links• The Impossible Bridge on YouTube

• North American Cable Stayed Bridge Registry

• Structurae: Cable-stayed Bridges

• Cable-Stayed Bridge

• Cable-stayed bridges on Brantacan

• Bridgemeister: Cable-stayed Bridges

• Cable-Stayed Bridge Basics

• Stay Cable

8 9 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

9 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

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