C1 Quick Revision Questions - WordPress.com · B6 Quick Revision Questions B6 for AQA GCSE...
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B6 Quick Revision Questions
B6 for AQA GCSE examination 2018 onwards
H = Higher tier only
SS = Separate science only
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Question 1
• Define genome
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• The entire genetic material of an organism
Answer 1 .... of 50
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Question 2
• What is a gene?
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• A short section of DNA that contains instructions for one characteristic of an organism
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Question 3
• Name two structures of human cells that contain DNA
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• Nucleus
• Mitochondria
Answer 3 .... of 50
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Question 4
• Name one condition resulting from a defective single gene
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• Cystic fibrosis
Answer 4 .... of 50
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Question 5
• Give one factor doctors may be able to do after understanding a person’s genome
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• Recommend better preventative medicine
• Identify the targets of drugs more effectively
• Tailor healthcare to the individual
Answer 5 .... of 50
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Question 6
• What % of our genome is made up of genes that code for proteins?
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Answer 6 .... of 50
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• 1.5%
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Question 7
• How is the genographic project different to HGP?
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• It doesn’t focus on the whole genome
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Question 8
• Why is representative sampling important?
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• Little information would be gained if whole populations were excluded from the study
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Question 9
• What is the name given to the structure of the DNA molecule?
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SS
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• Double helix
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SS
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Question 10
• What are the four different bases in DNA?
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SS
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• Adenine
• Thymine
• Cytosine
• Guanine
Answer 10 .... of 50
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SS
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Question 11
• How is the structure of a protein determined?
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• The sequence of base pairs in a gene
Answer 11 .... of 50
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SS
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Question 12
• What makes up the genetic code?
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SS
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• The bases of DNA
Answer 12 .... of 50
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SS
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Question 13
• Name three types of protein
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• Antibody
• Collagen
• Enzyme e.g. amylase
• Hair protein e.g. Keratin
• Muscle protein e.g. Actin
• Hormone e.g. Insulin
Answer 13 .... of 50
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Question 14
• How many different types of amino acids are found in proteins?
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• 20 types
Answer 14 .... of 50
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Question 15
• How many base letters code for an amino acid?
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• Three
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Question 16
• Where are amino acids assembled into proteins?
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• Ribosome
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SS
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Question 17
• Define mutation
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SS
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Changes to our DNA
Answer 17 .... of 50
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SS
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Question 18
• Describe how mutations can affect protein function
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• Change in bases that code for a protein may lead to a different amino acid being assembled
• Some base triplets may lead to protein termination – short protein produced
• Protein may have different shape
• E.g. if an enzyme, it may lose its active site and no longer function
Answer 18 .... of 50
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Question 19
• What occurs during meiosis?
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• Four gametes are produced from one parent cell
• Each gamete has half the number of chromosomes of the parent cells
Answer 19 .... of 50
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Question 20
• How many replications of DNA and divisions occurs in mitosis and meiosis?
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• Mitosis – one replication of DNA and one division
• Meiosis – one replication of DNA and two divisions
Answer 20 .... of 50
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Question 21
• When is the normal number of chromosomes restored?
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• When the gametes fuse at fertilisation
Answer 21 .... of 50
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Question 22
• How does meiosis contribute to genetic variation?
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• There is some exchange of genetic material during meiosis
Answer 22 .... of 50
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Question 23
• How do the chromosomes males and females have differ?
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• Females – XX
• Males - XY
Answer 23 .... of 50
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Question 24
• Describe asexual reproduction
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• Involves just one parent
• Offspring are identical to the parent (clones)
Answer 24 .... of 50
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Question 25
• Give two advantages of a sexual reproduction
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• If the chances of meeting with another individual are rare
• Produces a large number of identical offspring quickly when conditions are favourable
• Requires less energy; no need to find a mate
Answer 25 .... of 50
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Question 26
• Give two advantages of sexual reproduction
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• Genetic material from both parents – variation
• If the environment changes, because of their genetic differences, some offspring are more likely to survive than others – survival advantage
• Can manipulate it to produce new varieties of plants and breeds of animal for food
Answer 26 .... of 50
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Question 27
• Where do the asexual and sexual phases of the malarial parasite occur?
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• Asexual – in the human host
• Sexual – in the mosquito
Answer 27 .... of 50
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Question 28
• Where is the gene linked to cystic fibrosis and what protein does it code for?
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• Chromosome 7
• Codes for CFTR
Answer 28 .... of 50
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Question 29
• What are the different forms of a gene called?
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• Alleles
Answer 29 .... of 50
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Question 30
• Define phenotype
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• How a gene/s is expressed (the appearance or characteristics of an organism)
Answer 30 .... of 50
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Question 31
• Define homozygous and heterozygous
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• Homozygous – two alleles the same
• Heterozygous – two different alleles
Answer 31 .... of 50
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Question 32
• What is the genotype of a person who is homozygous dominant for a gene, B?
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• BB
Answer 32 .... of 50
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Question 33 .... of 50
B6 for AQA GCSE examination 2018 onwards
MotherFa
the
r
• What is the probability of the couple having a child with cystic fibrosis?
c = cystic fibrosis allele
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• 1/4
Answer 33 .... of 50
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Question 34
• For an eye colour gene in parrots, the brown allele is dominant to red.
• Draw a Punnett square showing the genotypes and phenotypes of a mating between two
heterozygous parents
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Answer 34 .... of 50
B6 for AQA GCSE examination 2018 onwards
B r
B BB Br
r Br rr
Mother
Fath
er
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Question 35
• How can we use a family tree in genetics?
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• To show how a condition is passed down through a family
Answer 35 .... of 50
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Question 36
• Which people are certain to be carriers?
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• Rob
• Jane
• Shane
• Laura
Answer 36 .... of 50
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Question 37
• What is embryo screening?
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• The removal of a few cells from an embryo and their testing for a defective allele
Answer 37 .... of 50
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Question 38
• Give two reasons why Gregor Mendel selected the pea for his research into genetics?
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• Wide range of varieties available
• For each trait chosen, differences are sharply defined, with no intermediate forms
• Fertilisation is easily controlled – pea plants can fertilise themselves or be cross fertilised
• Easy to cultivate
• They grow and flower and seed can be collected for sowing the following growing season
Answer 38 .... of 50
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Question 39
• What is red-green colour blindness and where is the gene for it located?
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• Confusion of colours that have some red and green in them because cones don’t function properly
• Caused by a defective allele on the X-chromosome
Answer 39 .... of 50
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Question 40
• Give two examples of a single gene disorder
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• Cystic fibrosis
• Sickle cell disease
• Huntington disease
• Muscular dystrophy
Answer 40 .... of 50
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Question 41
• Give two examples of a disease linked to multiple genes
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• Heart disease
• Diabetes
• Cancer
Answer 41 .... of 50
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Question 42
• How has MRSA arisen?
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• Bacterial evolution
• Antibiotic resistance
Answer 42 .... of 50
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Question 43
• In a cross between a heterozygous and a homozygous recessive individual for a
recessive disorder, what fraction of the offspring would be expected to have the
condition?
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Answer 43 .... of 50
B6 for AQA GCSE examination 2018 onwards
A a
a Aa aa
a Aa aa
½ of the offspring would be expected to have the condition
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Question 44
• The allele for a Huntington's disease is dominant to the allele for normal. What ratio
of offspring would you expect if a heterozygous couple had a family?
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Answer 44 .... of 50
B6 for AQA GCSE examination 2018 onwards
A a
A AA Aa
a Aa aa
3:1 offspring would have Huntington’s
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Question 45• In a species of mouse, black coat colour is dominant to white.
Two black mice mate
• Complete the Punnett square to show the phenotypes and genotypes of the offspring:
.... of 50
B6 for AQA GCSE examination 2018 onwards
Female (Bb)gametes
Mal
e (
Bb
) ga
met
es
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Answer 45 .... of 50
B6 for AQA GCSE examination 2018 onwards
Female (Bb)gametes
B bM
ale
(B
b)
gam
ete
s B
BBBlack
BbBlack
b BbBlack
bbWhite
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Question 46
• The chromosome containing the genes for coat colour was found to have 220 million
base pairs
• Write this number in standard form
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• 220 million
• 220000000
• 2.2 x 108
Answer 46 .... of 50
B6 for AQA GCSE examination 2018 onwards
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Question 47
• What word is used to describe the base sequences on two opposite stands of DNA?
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B6 for AQA GCSE examination 2018 onwards
SS
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• Complementary
Answer 47 .... of 50
B6 for AQA GCSE examination 2018 onwards
SS
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Question 48
• The base sequence of a stand of DNA is:
• CTCGGCCCTAC
• What is the complementary strand’s base sequence?
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B6 for AQA GCSE examination 2018 onwards
SS
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• GAGCCGGGATG
Answer 48 .... of 50
B6 for AQA GCSE examination 2018 onwards
SS
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Question 49
• A bacterial cell divides using binary fission and produces 128 cells in 175 minutes
• Calculate the time between each division
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• 7 divisions (1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128)
• 175/7 = 25 minutes between each division
Answer 49 .... of 50
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Question 50
• How many chromosomes does a gamete have?
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• 23 chromosomes
Answer 50 .... of 50
B6 for AQA GCSE examination 2018 onwards