C++ Quick Reference

C++ Data TypesDData Type Descrip t ionchar Characterunsigned char Unsigned Characterint Integershort int Short integershort Same as short intunsigned short int Unsigned short integerunsigned short Same as unsigned short intunsigned int Unsigned integerunsigned Same as unsigned intlong int Long integerlong Same as long intunsigned long int Unsigned long integerunsigned long Same as unsigned long intfloat Single precision floating pointdouble double precision floating pointlong double Long double precision floating

point

Common ly Used OperatorsAAss ign ment Operators= Assignment+= Combined addition/assignment-= Combined subtraction/assignment*= Combined multiplication/assignment/= Combined division/assignment%= Combined modulus/assignmentAAri th met ic Operators+ Addition- Subtraction* Multiplication/ Division% Modulus (remainder)RRela t iona l Operators< Less than Greater than>= Greater than or equal to== Equal to!= Not equal toLLogical Operators&& AND|| OR! NOTIIncrement /Decrement++ Increment-- DecrementForms of the if SStatement

Simp le iif Exampleif (expression) if (x < y)

statement; x++;

iif /e l se Exampleif (expression) if (x < y)

statement; x++;else else

statement; x--;

iif /e l se if Exampleif (expression) if (x < y)

statement; x++;else if (expression) else if (x < z)

statement; x--;else else

statement; y++;

TTo condi t iona l ly--execute more than onessta tement, enclose the sta tement s in braces:Form EExampleif (expression) if (x < y){ {

statement; x++;statement; cout

LOCATION OF VIDEONOTES IN THE TEXT

Chapter 1 Introduction to Flowcharting, p. 19Designing a Program with Pseudocode, p. 19Designing the Account Balance Program, p. 25Predicting the Result of Problem 33, p. 25

Chapter 2 Using cout, p. 31Variable Definitions, p. 37Assignment Statements and Simple Math Expressions, p. 59Solving the Restaurant Bill problem, p. 75

Chapter 3 Reading Input with cin, p. 79Formatting Numbers with setprecision, p. 115Writing Data to a File, p. 140Reading Data from a File, p. 141Solving the Stadium Seating Problem, p. 152

Chapter 4 The if Statement, p. 164The if/else Statement, p. 177The if/else if Statement, p. 187Solving the Time Calculator Problem, p. 235

Chapter 5 The while Loop, p. 246The for Loop, p. 262Solving the Calories Burned Problem, p. 291

Chapter 6 Functions and Arguments, p. 309Value-Returning Functions, p. 322Solving the Markup Problem, p. 365

Chapter 7 Accessing Array Elements with a Loop, p. 378Passing an Array to a Function, p. 401Solving the Chips and Salsa Problem, p. 443

Chapter 8 The Binary Search, p. 454The Selection Sort, p. 469Solving the Charge Account Validation Modification Problem, p. 487

Chapter 9 Dynamically Allocating an Array, p. 519Solving the getString Function Problem, p. 538

Chapter 10 Writing a C-String-Handling Function, p. 564Using the string Class, p. 570Solving the Backward String Problem, p. 584

(continued on next page)

(continued) LOCATION OF VIDEONOTES IN THE TEXT

Chapter 11 Creating a Structure, p. 591Passing a Structure to a Function, p. 610Solving the Weather Statistics Problem, p. 644

Chapter 12 Passing File Stream Objects to Functions, p. 661Working with Multiple Files, p. 673Solving the File Encryption Filter Problem, p. 703

Chapter 13 Writing a Class, p. 712Defining an Instance of a Class, p. 717Solving the Employee Class Problem, p. 792

Chapter 14 Operator Overloading, p. 819Class Aggregation, p. 848Solving the NumDays Problem, p. 864

Chapter 15 Redefining a Base Class Function in a Derived Class, p. 893Polymorphism, p. 903Solving the Employee and ProductionWorker Classes Problem, p. 936

From Control Structuresthrough Objects

6th Edition Brief Version

Tony Gaddis

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v

Contents at a Glance

Preface xiii

CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Computers and Programming 1

CHAPTER 2 Introduction to C++ 27

CHAPTER 3 Expressions and Interactivity 79

CHAPTER 4 Making Decisions 159

CHAPTER 5 Looping 241

CHAPTER 6 Functions 297

CHAPTER 7 Arrays 373

CHAPTER 8 Searching and Sorting Arrays 451

CHAPTER 9 Pointers 491

CHAPTER 10 Characters, Strings, and the string Class 541

CHAPTER 11 Structured Data 589

CHAPTER 12 Advanced File Operations 651

CHAPTER 13 Introduction to Classes 705

CHAPTER 14 More About Classes 801

CHAPTER 15 Inheritance, Polymorphism, and Virtual Functions 871

Appendix A: The ASCII Character Set 945

Appendix B: Operator Precedence and Associativity 949

Index 951

Student CD The following appendices are on the accompanying Student CD.

Appendix C: Introduction to Flowcharting

Appendix D: Using UML in Class Design

Appendix E: Namespaces

Appendix F: Writing Managed C++ Code for the .NET Framework

Appendix G: Passing Command Line Arguments

Appendix H: Header File and Library Function Reference

vi Contents at a Glance

Appendix I: Binary Numbers and Bitwise Operations

Appendix J: Multi-Source File Programs

Appendix K: Stream Member Functions for Formatting

Appendix L: Introduction to Microsoft Visual C++ 2008 Express Edition

Appendix M: Answers to Checkpoints

Appendix N: Answers to Odd Numbered Review Questions

vii

Contents

Table of Location of videonotes

Preface xiii

CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Computers and Programming 1

1.1 Why Program? 11.2 Computer Systems: Hardware and Software 21.3 Programs and Programming Languages 61.4 What Is a Program Made of? 121.5 Input, Processing, and Output 161.6 The Programming Process 171.7 Procedural and Object-Oriented Programming 21

CHAPTER 2 Introduction to C++ 27

2.1 The Parts of a C++ Program 272.2 The cout Object 312.3 The #include Directive 362.4 Variables and Literals 372.5 Identifiers 412.6 Integer Data Types 422.7 The char Data Type 472.8 Floating-Point Data Types 522.9 The bool Data Type 552.10 Determining the Size of a Data Type 562.11 Variable Assignments and Initialization 572.12 Scope 582.13 Arithmetic Operators 592.14 Comments 652.15 Focus on Software Engineering: Programming Style 672.16 If You Plan to Continue in Computer Science: Standard and Prestandard C++ 69

CHAPTER 3 Expressions and Interactivity 79

3.1 The cin Object 793.2 Mathematical Expressions 873.3 When You Mix Apples and Oranges: Type Conversion 96

viii Contents

3.4 Overflow and Underflow 983.5 Type Casting 1003.6 Named Constants 1033.7 Multiple Assignment and Combined Assignment 1083.8 Formatting Output 1123.9 Formatted Input 1213.10 Focus on Object-Oriented Programming: More About Member Functions 1263.11 More Mathematical Library Functions 1273.12 Focus on Debugging: Hand Tracing a Program 1313.13 Focus on Problem Solving: A Case Study 1333.14 Introduction to File Input and Output 136

CHAPTER 4 Making Decisions 159

4.1 Relational Operators 1594.2 The if Statement 1644.3 Flags 1724.4 Expanding the if Statement 1734.5 The if/else Statement 1774.6 Nested if Statements 1804.7 The if/else if Statement 1874.8 Menus 1914.9 Logical Operators 1954.10 Checking Numeric Ranges with Logical Ope