C NCEPT MAP
Transcript of C NCEPT MAP
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Colourlessfor Acids
PhenolphthaleinColourless for neutral
Pink for Bases
Methyl orange
Litmus Sol’’
Yellowfor Bases
Orangefor Nutrual
Red for Acids
Blue for Bases
Indicators
chemical substances which give colours in acidic and basic solution.
classified bypH Scale
+Concentration of H ions in a solution
< 7 for a base
< 7 for an acid
< 7 for neutral solution
ACIDS & BASES
Acids
Substances that are sour +in taste and give H ions
in aq. solution.
Types
Compounds formed when hydrogen of an acid is replaced by a metal in displacement reaction
Substances which are bitter in –taste and give OH ions in aq.
solution
Salts
Bases
Mineral AcidsExample
Example
Example
Acids obtained from minerals like sulphates, nitrates, chlorides etc.
H So , 2 4
HNO , 3
HCl
Citric Acid, Ascorbic acid lactic Acid
Conc. Hcl, Con.HNO , 3
Conc. H SO2 4
Organic Acids
Acids obtained from plants and animals
Concentrated Acids
Acids containing minimum amount of water
Properties
Reaction with Metals
Reaction with Metal Carbonates
Neutralisatin Reactin
Metal + Acid Salt + Hydrogen Eg.2HCl + Zn ® ZnCl + H2 2
Metal + Acid ® Salt + Co + H O carbonate 2 2
Eg.Na CO + 2HCl ® 2NaCl + H O2 3 2 2
Acid + Base ® Salt + Water
EgHCl + NaOH ® NaCl + H O2
Reaction with Metal Oxides
Metal oxide + Acid ® Salt + water CuO +
2HCl ® CuCl + H O2 2
Important Salts
Common Salt (NaCl)
Caustic Soda (NaCl)
Uses
Uses
Obtained by the reaction of NaOH and Hcl NaOH + Hcl ® NaCL + H O2
Obtained when electricity is passed through an aq. sol of NaCl. 2NaCl + 2H O®2NaOH+ Cl + H O2 2 2
(aq) (l) (aq) (g) (g)
In food and synthesis of NaOH, H2, Cl etc.2
For making soaps, detergents, artificial textiles etc.
Bleaching powder (CaOCl )2
Baking Soda (NaHCO )3
Uses
Uses
Obtained when Cl gas is passed 2
through dry slaked lime [Ca(OH) ]2
Ca(OH) + Cl ®2CaOCl + H O2 2 2 2
Prepared by passing Co2 gas through a cold saturated sol of Sod. CarbonateNaCl + H O+ Co + NH ®NH4Cl + 2 2 3
NaHCO2
As disinfectant germinate deodorant, in making chloroform
As ingredient in anti-acid medicine in cooking wod.
Washing soda (Na CO . 10H O)2 3 2
Plaster of Paris (CaSO .1/2H O)4 2
Uses
Uses
Obtained by recrystallisation of Sod.Carbonate Na CO + 10H O®2 3 2
Na CO O10H O2 3 2
Prepared by heating gypsum at CaSO .2H O® CaSO .1/2 4 2 4
H2O + H2O
For softening hard water, as laboratory reagent in glass, soap and paper industry
In orthopedics, for making casts of statues, toys and as a fireproofing material
®373 k
®373 k
Caustic Soda (NaCl) Uses
Obtained when electricity is passed through an aq. sol of NaCl. 2NaCl + 2H O®2NaOH+ Cl + H O2 2 2
(aq) (l) (aq) (g) (g)
For making soaps, detergents, artificial textiles etc.
Bleaching powder (CaOCl )2
Baking Soda (NaHCO )3
Uses
Uses
Obtained when Cl gas is passed 2
through dry slaked lime [Ca(OH) ]2
Ca(OH) + Cl ®2CaOCl + H O2 2 2 2
As disinfectant germinate deodorant, in making chloroform
As ingredient in anti-acid medicine in cooking wod.
Washing soda (Na CO . 10H O)2 3 2
Plaster of Paris (CaSO .1/2H O)4 2
Uses
Uses
Obtained by recrystallisation of Sod.Carbonate Na CO + 10H O®2 3 2
Na CO O10H O2 3 2
Prepared by heating gypsum at CaSO .2H O® CaSO .1/2 4 2 4
H2O + H2O
For softening hard water, as laboratory reagent in glass, soap and paper industry
In orthopedics, for making casts of statues, toys and as a fireproofing material®373 k
Types
Bases which completely dissociate in water into
–cation and OH ion.
Strong Base
Acids, Bases and SaltsChapter-2
Acids and Bases
AcidsSubstances that are sour
+in taste and give H ions in aqueous solution.
Types
Mineral AcidsAcids obtained from minerals like sulphates, nitrates, chlorides etc.
ExampleH So , HNO , HCl2 4 3
Example
Conc. HCl, Conc. HNO , Conc. H SO3 2 4
Organic AcidsAcids obtained from plants and animals.
Concentrated AcidsAcids containing a minimum amount of water.
Properties
Reaction with Metals
Metal + Acid ® Salt + Hydrogen
e.g. 2HCl + Zn ® ZnCl + H2 2
Reaction with Metal Carbonates
Metal carbonate + Acid ® Salt + Co + H O 2 2
e.g. Na CO + 2HCl ® 2NaCl + CO + H O2 3 2 2
Neutralisation ReactionAcid + Base ® Salt + Water
e.g. HCl + NaOH ® NaCl + H O2
Reaction with Metal Oxides
Metal oxide + Acid ® Salt + water
CuO + 2HCl ® CuCl + H O2 2
Important Salts
Common Salt (NaCl)Obtained by the reaction of NaOH and HCl.NaOH + HCl ® NaCl + H O2
UsesIn food and synthesis of NaOH, H , Cl etc.2 2
UsesFor making soaps, detergents, artificial textiles etc.
Bleaching Powder (CaOCl )2
Obtained when Cl gas is passed 2
through dry slaked lime [Ca(OH) ].2
Ca(OH) + Cl ®2CaOCl + H O 2 2 2 2
Baking Soda (NaHCO )3
Prepared by passing Co gas through 2
a cold saturated solution of sodium carbonate.NaCl + H O+ Co + NH ®NH Cl + 2 2 3 4
NaHCO3
UsesAs disinfectant germinate deodorant, in making chloroform
Uses As an ingredient in anti-acid medicine in cooking food.
Washing Soda (Na CO .10H O)2 3 2
Obtained by recrystallisation of Sodium carbonate. Na CO + 10H O®Na CO .10H O 2 3 2 2 3 2
UsesFor softening hard water as laboratory reagent, in glass, soap and paper industry.
UsesIn orthopedics, for making casts of statues, toys and as a fireproofing material.
ExampleNaOH, KOH
Weak BaseBases which partially dissociates in water.
Types
C NCEPT MAP
Combination
Example
NH OH4
Properties
Reaction with MetalsBases combine with only reactive metals like sodium and potassium. e.g. 2NaOH + Zn ® Na ZnO + H2 2 2
Reaction with Non-metallic OxidesNon-metallic oxides react with bases to form salt and water. e.g. Ca(OH) + CO ® CaCO + H O2 2 3 2
AlkaliBases soluble in water. e.g.
+ –NaOH ® Na + OH
SaltsCompounds formed when hydrogen of an acid is replaced by a metal in displacement reaction.
Bases
Substances which are bitter in –
taste and give OH ions in aqueous solution.
Plaster of Paris (CaSO .1/2H O)4 2
Prepared by heating gypsum at 373 k.
CaSO .2H O ¾® CaSO .1/2 H O 4 2 4 2
+ H O2
D
Strong BaseBases which completely dissociate in water into
–cation and OH ion.
Caustic Soda (NaOH)Obtained when electricity is passed through an aqueous sol of NaCl. 2NaCl + 2H O®2NaOH+ Cl + H2 2 2
(aq) (l) (aq) (g) (g)
ExampleCitric acid, Ascorbic acid, lactic acid
Colourless for Acids
Colourless for Neutral
Pink for Bases
IndicatorsChemical substances which give different colours in acidic and basic solution.
pH Scale+Concentration of H ions
in a solution.> 7 for a Base
< 7 for an Acid
= 7 for Neutral Solution
Phenolphthalein
Methyl Orange
Litmus Solution
Orange for Neutral
Red for Acids
Blue for Bases
Cla
ssif
ied
by
Red for Acids
Yellow for Bases