C#: Globalization and localization
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Globalization and Localization
IntroductionGlobalization is about internationalizing
applications: the application supports number and date formats depending on the culture.
Localization is about translating applications for specific cultures.
Globalization (Internationalization) Its is a process of creating an
application that supports localized user interfaces.
Localization = translation It is the process of translating the
applications into different languages.
If you plan on distributing your application to an international audience, there are a number of things you'll need to keep in mind during the design and development phases. Even if you don't have such plans, a small effort up front can make things considerably easier should your plans change in future versions of your application. Services built into the .NET Framework make it easy to develop a single application that can adapt to different locales using managed development with Visual Basic or Visual C#.
Visual Studio .NET was designed from the start to make developing for an international audience easy by taking advantage of services built into the .NET Framework. The following topics will help introduce you to the internationalization features built into Visual Studio .NET.
One Code Base
Cultures and RegionsThe world is divided into multiple cultures and regions, and applications have to be aware of these cultural and regional differences. A culture is a set of preferences based on a user’s language and cultural habits. Some examples are en-AU, en-CA, en-GB, and en-US for the English language in
Australia, Canada, United Kingdom, and the United States.
While one region has multiple languages, one language can be spoken in different regions; for example, Spanish is spoken in Mexico, Spain, Guatemala, Argentina, and Peru, to name but a few.
The most important class in the System.Globalization namespace is the class CultureInfo.
CultureInfo represents a culture and defines calendars, formatting of numbers and dates, and sorting strings that are used with the culture.
The class RegionInfo represents regional settings (such as the currency) and shows if the region is using the metric system. In the same region, you can use multiple languages.
One example is the region of Spain with its Basque (eu-ES), Catalan (ca-ES), Spanish (es-ES), Galician (gl-ES) cultures.
Types of Culture Invarient NeutralSpecific
Invariant CultureShould be used for storing data in a culture
independent wayShould not be used for User Interface
elementsHas no country/region
Eg:CultureInfo ci = CultureInfo.InvariantCulture
Neutral CultureAssociated with a language not with
country/regionCan be used for UI related optionsCannot be used for retrieving information such
as date/time formattingSpecified using <languagecode2> format:
Arabic – “ar”Exceptions – zh-CHT, zh-CH
Eg.using System.Globalization;…CultureInfo ci = new CultureInfo(“fr”);
Specific CultureAssociated with Language and a Country/Region
fr Neutral Culturefr-FR Specific Culture
Provides additional information about the date, time, currency and number formatting options
Can be used wherever a Neutral culture is used, the opposite is not true
Eg.using System.Globalization;…CultureInfo ci = new CultureInfo(“fr-FR”);
Formatting and ParsingFormatting
Standard formatting charactersCustom formatting characters
ParsingConfigurable with stylesTryParse – no conversion exceptionsParseExact for date/time values
Type ObjectCulture-appropriate
String
Formatting
Parsing
Numeric Formats
• Store as binary data type if possible• Integer, decimal, floating-point
• Invariant storage as text• Format using CultureInfo.InvariantCulture• Use standard format character “R” (reversible) for
floating point numbers
Currenciesdecimal dec = decimal.Parse("$1000000.23", NumberStyles.Currency,CultureInfo.CurrentCulture);System.Console.WriteLine("{0:C}", dec);
Output: $1,000,000.23
Preferably store as decimal with meta data Culture DateTime
Use 3rd party service for conversionWhen storing as text use invariant culture
Reversible text floating-point format Currency text format: ¤1,000,000.23
System.Globalization Namespace Includes classes for functionality such as:
Culture-aware string comparison Coté vs. Côte (culture dependent)
Date & Time formatting yy/mm/dd vs. dd/mm/yy
Numeric formatting 12,000.00 vs. 12.000,00
Calendars Gregorian and non-Gregorian
CultureInfo classprovides culture specific informationControls date comparisonstring comparison
number comparison etc
CultureInfo userculture=Thread.CurrentThread.CurrentCulture(Used for calculation and Internal Manipulation)CultureInfo userculture=Thread.CurrentThread.CurrentUICulture(Used for DisplayPurpose)
CurrentCulture Thread Date and number formatting String comparison and casing It determines the results of culture dependant
functions. You can define the CurrentCulture object with
specific cultures and not with neutral cultures.
CurrentUICulture Thread It determines which resources are loaded by the
Resource Manager if you have provided resources in multiple languages.
Because this controls only which language is used you can define CurrentUICulture with either neutral or specific cultures.
Changing the Culture programmatically
CultureInfo ci = new CultureInfo(culture); // set culture for formattingThread.CurrentThread.CurrentCulture = ci; // set culture for resourcesThread.CurrentThread.CurrentUICulture = ci;
Implementing localizationWhen the Localizable property is set to true,
the resource file resX is generated form the form.
BookOfTheDay.resX change the Language property of the form
and the properties of some form elements, a new resource file is generated for the specified language.BookOfTheDayForm.de.resX
Culture-aware Classes Any API which takes a culture, or an
IFormatProvider Culture-sensitive by default Examples:
System.Globalization.CompareInfo System.Globalization.StringInfo System.Globalization.Calendar System.Resources System.DateTime System.String
Calendar Classes Includes support for:
Gregorian Calendar Hebrew Calendar Hijiri Calendar Japanese Calendar Julian Calendar Korean Calendar Taiwan Calendar Thai Buddhist Calendar
Base Calendar class from which custom calendars can be derived
DateTimeProvides methods that enable culture-sensitive
operations on a DateTime.Use the DateTimeFormatInfo Class to format
and display a DateTime based on culture.DateTimeFormatInfo
Defines how DateTime values are formatted and displayed, depending on the culture.
CompareInfoProvides a set of methods that can be used to
perfomr culture-sensitive string comparisonsThe CultureInfo class has a CompareInfo
property that is an instance of the CompareInfo class
The String.Compare method uses the information in the CultureInfo.CompareInfo property to compare strings
NumberFormatInfoDefines how currency, decimal separator and
other numeric symbols are formatted and displayed based on culture.