Byzantine EmpireByzantine Empire

Middle Ages / Medieval Middle Ages / Medieval PeriodPeriod

• All the empires we All the empires we have studied to this have studied to this point have been point have been referred to as referred to as ancient ancient civilizations.civilizations.– Mesopotamia Mesopotamia – Fertile CrescentFertile Crescent– EgyptEgypt– IndiaIndia– ChinaChina– GreeceGreece– RomeRome

• Ancient Ancient history history is the is the study of the written study of the written past from the beginning past from the beginning of recorded human of recorded human history until the Early history until the Early Middle Ages in Europe.Middle Ages in Europe.

• The The Middle Ages Middle Ages or or Medieval Period Medieval Period began began with the fall of the with the fall of the Roman Empire in 476 Roman Empire in 476 A.D. and lasts to about A.D. and lasts to about 1500.1500.

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The New RomeThe New Rome 395—Roman Empire split Roman 395—Roman Empire split Roman

Empire (West) & Byzantine Empire (West) & Byzantine Empire (East)Empire (East)

Greeks=most of Byzantine Greeks=most of Byzantine Empire’s populationEmpire’s population

Wealthy families moved to Wealthy families moved to Constantinople when barbarians Constantinople when barbarians invaded Romeinvaded Rome

Constantinople Constantinople (crossroads of Europe (crossroads of Europe & Asia)& Asia)

Bosporus & Bosporus & Dardanelles—2 Dardanelles—2 important waterwaysimportant waterways

Emperor Emperor JustinianJustinian

527- 565527- 565Nicknamed Nicknamed

“Emperor “Emperor who never who never sleeps”sleeps”

Justinian’s CodeJustinian’s CodeLaw code: Law code: Corpus of Corpus of Civil LawCivil Law (Justinian’s (Justinian’s Code)Code)–Based on Roman lawsBased on Roman lawshttp://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/535institutes.html#XV.%20Agnate%20Tutorship. .

TheodoraTheodora Justinian’s wife & advisorJustinian’s wife & advisor Allowed women to own landAllowed women to own land 532:532: Nika Revolt Nika Revolt

– Theodora talked him into Theodora talked him into stayingstaying

– General Belisarius- put down General Belisarius- put down revolt & won back Roman revolt & won back Roman landslands

Hippodrome- Chariot races Hippodrome- Chariot races (like Rome’s Circus (like Rome’s Circus

Maximus)Maximus)

http://www.knowledgerush.com/kr/encyclopedia/Hippodrome_of_Constantinople/

http://www.livius.org/a/1/maps/istanbul_hippodrome_map.gif

Justinian wanted strength of old Justinian wanted strength of old Roman EmpireRoman Empire

By By 554554— reclaimed Italy, North — reclaimed Italy, North Africa, & Spain from Germanic Africa, & Spain from Germanic tribestribes– Chemical weapon “Greek fire”Chemical weapon “Greek fire”– After Justinian’s death, After Justinian’s death,

Germanic tribes reclaimed Germanic tribes reclaimed landslands

Christian ChurchChristian Church Emperors crowned by Emperors crowned by

Patriarch of Patriarch of ConstantinopleConstantinople

–Defend ChristianityDefend Christianity–Appoint Church Appoint Church officialsofficials

Icons (religious images)Icons (religious images)– Iconoclasts believed having Iconoclasts believed having

icons was idol worship icons was idol worship 726:726: Byzantine Emperor Leo Byzantine Emperor Leo

III– destroyed iconsIII– destroyed icons– 787:787: Pope in Rome-- heresy Pope in Rome-- heresy

not to allow icons (some not to allow icons (some couldn’t read & icons helped couldn’t read & icons helped them learn Christianity)them learn Christianity)

– Church council threatened Church council threatened iconoclasts with iconoclasts with excommunicationexcommunication

Pope and Patriarch Pope and Patriarch excommunicated each otherexcommunicated each other– 700s:700s: Lombards invaded Lombards invaded

Italy, Byzantine emperor Italy, Byzantine emperor refused to help Poperefused to help Pope

– Frankish leader helped--Frankish leader helped--Pepin the Short—Pope gives Pepin the Short—Pope gives him title “emperor”him title “emperor”

– 1054:1054: SPLIT---WEST (Roman SPLIT---WEST (Roman Catholic Church) EAST Catholic Church) EAST (Eastern Orthodox Church)(Eastern Orthodox Church)

Church supported marriage (sacred Church supported marriage (sacred institution) – Roman Catholic Priests institution) – Roman Catholic Priests not allowed to marrynot allowed to marry

Divorce - difficult to getDivorce - difficult to get

Trade:Trade:

–Goods from Asia & Goods from Asia & EuropeEurope

–Silk RoadSilk Road–2 Orthodox monk 2 Orthodox monk missionaries brought missionaries brought silkworms from Chinasilkworms from China

Art- religious subjectsArt- religious subjects– Icons- displayed Icons- displayed

saintssaints– Mosaics- pieces of Mosaics- pieces of

tile or glasstile or glass– Religious scholars Religious scholars

used art in booksused art in books– Illuminated Illuminated

manuscripts manuscripts (decorated books)(decorated books)

Literature focused Literature focused on salvation, on salvation, obedience to God, obedience to God, & preserving Greek & preserving Greek & Roman works& Roman works

ArchitectureArchitecture532:532: Church of Church of

Hagia Sophia Hagia Sophia (meaning “holy (meaning “holy wisdom”) in wisdom”) in ConstantinopleConstantinople

Cyril & Methodius-- Cyril & Methodius-- missionariesmissionaries–860:860: Cyril created Cyril created alphabet for Slavic alphabet for Slavic peoplepeople

–Cyrillic Alphabet- Cyrillic Alphabet- used by Russia used by Russia todaytoday

AD 1071—Seljuk Turks AD 1071—Seljuk Turks threaten Constantinoplethreaten Constantinople

Byzantine emperor asked Byzantine emperor asked Pope to help “defend Pope to help “defend Christianity”Christianity”

Europeans went to Europeans went to Palestine to fight Palestine to fight Muslims-Muslims-Crusades (holy Crusades (holy wars)wars)

1204—Venetians looted 1204—Venetians looted ConstantinopleConstantinople

14531453—Ottoman Turks —Ottoman Turks attackedattacked–Byzantine emperor Byzantine emperor killedkilled

–End of Byzantine End of Byzantine EmpireEmpire

The SlavsThe SlavsSteppe- treeless grasslandSteppe- treeless grasslandTaiga- thick forestsTaiga- thick forestsLong, cold wintersLong, cold winters3 major rivers3 major rivers

–DnieperDnieper–DniesterDniester–VolgaVolga

All flow North to South

The Eastern SlavsThe Eastern Slavs Setting and PeopleSetting and People 3 major ethnic groups 3 major ethnic groups

lived in the area lived in the area north of the Black north of the Black SeaSea

1.) 1.) Western SlavsWestern Slavs – Poles, Czechs, Poles, Czechs,

SlovaksSlovaks– Close ties to Roman Close ties to Roman

Catholic Church and Catholic Church and Western EuropeWestern Europe

2.) 2.) Southern SlavsSouthern Slavs– Serbs, Croats, SlovenesSerbs, Croats, Slovenes– Located on the northern Located on the northern

part of the Balkan part of the Balkan PeninsulaPeninsula

– Lots of contact with the Lots of contact with the ByzantinesByzantines

3.) 3.) Eastern SlavsEastern Slavs– Largest groupLargest group– Ukranians, Russians, Ukranians, Russians,

BelarussiansBelarussians– Lived between the Lived between the

Dnieper and Dniester Dnieper and Dniester RiversRivers

Kievan Rus Kievan Rus 800s AD- Vikings from 800s AD- Vikings from

Scandinavia (Norway, Scandinavia (Norway, Denmark, Sweden) settled Denmark, Sweden) settled town of Novgorodtown of Novgorod

Vikings=Ruotsi=Rus=RussiaVikings=Ruotsi=Rus=Russia Kiev (major trading village)Kiev (major trading village) Kiev grew into group of Kiev grew into group of

principalities called Kievan Rusprincipalities called Kievan Rus

Principalities ruled by Principalities ruled by princesprinces–Grand Prince—like Grand Prince—like emperoremperor

–Princes—paid tribute to Princes—paid tribute to GPGP

–Boyars—landownersBoyars—landowners–Artisans & merchantsArtisans & merchants–PeasantsPeasants

988 AD—Grand Prince 988 AD—Grand Prince Vladimir I adopted Vladimir I adopted Christianity & Cyrillic Christianity & Cyrillic AlphabetAlphabet

Yaroslav the Wise Yaroslav the Wise (1019-1054)(1019-1054)

–11stst library of Kiev library of Kiev–Built churches, Built churches, created 1created 1stst law code law code

http://z.about.com/d/goeasteurope/1/5/T/3/-/-/UkraineStSophia.jpg

1240—Mongols invaded1240—Mongols invaded 1240—Alexander “Nevsky” 1240—Alexander “Nevsky”

defeated Swedes at Neva defeated Swedes at Neva RiverRiver

1380—Mucovites (people of 1380—Mucovites (people of Moscow) defeated Mongols Moscow) defeated Mongols at Battle of Kulikovoat Battle of Kulikovo

1493—Ivan III ruler of 1493—Ivan III ruler of Moscow refused to pay Moscow refused to pay Mongol taxes, made Mongol taxes, made himself sovereign of all himself sovereign of all Russia— “Ivan the Russia— “Ivan the Great”Great”

Orthodox Church called Orthodox Church called Russia the “3Russia the “3rdrd Rome” Rome”

Ivan IV “the terrible”Ivan IV “the terrible”Paranoid- mentally Paranoid- mentally unstableunstable

Killed his own sonKilled his own sonMassacre at NovgorodMassacre at NovgorodTook title czar “caesar”Took title czar “caesar”

http://www.uoregon.edu/~alayne/Images/st-basil-cathedral-exterior.jpg

http://www.uoregon.edu/~kimball/images/repin%20I-4%20ssn.jpg