Slide 1

By the end of this lecture, you will learn: How to see sound and hear colors How to alter the perceptions of others How to know what you dont know The most ingenious of Aristotles conclusions is that metaphor is above all a tool of cognition - Umberto Eco, on Aristotle Knowledge Representation Representations are Graded Knowledge Acquisition

Slide 2

Knowledge Representation Units of knowledge allow intelligent behavior they are an organizational unit of knowledge Categories

Slide 3

Knowledge Representation What are categories really? Categories are structured relationships between items. Structured on the basis of: Shared features Shared purpose Shared context

Slide 4

Knowledge Representation Where are categories stored? Double dissociations of category neurons Living things Nonliving things

Slide 5

Knowledge Representation Where are categories stored? (cont.) Category specific neurons Some neurons fire selectively to: Animals Spiders Seals Horses Famous people Jennifer Aniston Halle Berry Landmarks Tower of Pisa Sydney Opera House Etc

Slide 6

Knowledge Representation How are categories stored? Definitional Approach What makes a game? Its an activity most often practiced by children Its engaged in for fun Has certain rules Involves multiple people Its in some ways competitive

Slide 7

Knowledge Representation How are categories stored? (cont.) Similarity Approaches Prototype Theory But priming suggests its not just one prototype First View pictures of Cujo Then youre faster to recognize mean dogs as dogs than nice ones

Slide 8

Knowledge Representation How are categories stored? (cont.) Similarity Approaches Exemplar Theory Instead of an idealized member, there are many examples which are actual items encountered in the past. Some research supports the idea that we store these specific cases, other research doesnt

Slide 9

Knowledge Representation How are categories stored? (cont.) Definitely not definitional A little of both prototypes and exemplars Each category has multiple prototypes, which are in some cases the actual items themselves Prototypes are updated through experience Large categories vs. small categories

Slide 10

Knowledge Representation Structures of structures of structures of Superordinate, Basic, & Subordinate

Slide 11

Representations are Graded Graded Membership Typicality ratings of Furniture: 1.Chair 2.Sofa 3.Chest 4.China closet 5.Drawers 6.Mirror 7.Wastebasket 8.Telephone Vehicles: 1.Automobile 2.Ambulance 3.Bicycle 4.Tractor 5.Canoe 6.Horse 7.Skis 8.Elevator Birds: 1.Robin 2.Sparrow 3.Hummingbird 4.Raven 5.Owl 6.Duck 7.Penguin 8.Bat

Slide 12

Representations are Graded Features of Typicality Typical category members Have high family resemblance Can be verified as members more quickly Are named first Are more subject to priming

Slide 13

Representations are Graded Priming and Typicality Priming effects depend on similarity of primed category to target category If you think humans are comparable to animals If you think humans are really different + + = = MEN ARE REALLY FAST TURTLES MEN ARE AS SLOW AS TURTLES

Slide 14

Representations are Graded Typicality of Airplanes and September 11 th Other contributions to typicality: Frequency of exposure blah blah blah Airplane blah flight number blah blah Or Frequency of instantiation? blah blah airplane as a weapon blah blah blah airplane explode blah blah

Slide 15

Reasoning With Knowledge Inductive vs Deductive Inductive From item to category Deductive From category to item

Slide 16

Knowledge Acquisition How did you learn the things you know? There are some basic principlesbut we still dont know the whole story There is agreement that it has something to do with integrating and structuring information from multiple modalities, in a flexible way Maybe WM span or maybe categories?

Slide 17

Knowledge Acquisition Thinking about what you know loud colors of the early 90s The dark sounds of The Cure The sweet smells of home The sharp crack of a whip

Slide 18

Knowledge Acquisition Do you actually know what you think you know? Unskilled and Unaware of It The most incompetent people are also the most unaware of their incompetence

Slide 19

Video of Dimensional Change Card Sort At the Cognitive Development Center Yuko Munakata, Primary Investigator Knowledge Acquisition What does it mean to know?

Slide 20

Explore on your own. Jobs Cognitive Engineering Knowledge Engineering Knowledge Management Google search phrases Concept Learning Project Halo or Cyc Expert Systems (Act-R)