Global Warming

By Senthuran Sivasambo, Rohit Jogendran, Walid Masud, Sankash Kharbanda, Michael Ke, Raman Sehra and Ted Zhang

What are the major effects/problems of global warming and how can they be solved?

Introduction

Global warming is the continuous increase of the temperature of the Earth’s surface.

Began during the industrial revolution, in the mid 1900’s.

Occurs when an abundance of greenhouse gases traps the sun’s heat in the atmosphere.

You can also visit our website at: http://www.heatingearth.webs.com/ .

Greenhouse Effect

The greenhouse effect is a natural process that occurs on Earth.

Caused by gases that trap the sun’s heat in the earth’s atmosphere.

This process allows the Earth to a temperatures suitable for human survival.

Process: The earth receives energy from the sun. About half is

absorbed by the earth. As the sun’s rays reach our atmosphere, there are both

reflected and absorbed. Some of the radiation is emitted into space. The rest is

reflected to earth. The absorption causes the Earth to warm which then

releases the heat outward.

Greenhouse Effect (cont.) Gases that cause this effect are called

greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gas examples: Methane, Carbon

Dioxide, Nitrous Oxide, water vapour. Enhanced Greenhouse Effect:

Caused by too much greenhouse gas in the atmosphere.

More heat is trapped in the earth’s atmosphere. Causes an increase in the average temperature

of the earth’s surface.

Greenhouse Effect (cont.)

Black Body Radiation

A black body is an object that absorbs all the electromagnetic radiation (e.g. Sun’s rays) which touches it’s surface.

From this comes black body radiation — thermal radiation which is radiated back out .

Measurement of black body surfaces are determined by their emissivity on a scale from 0-1 .

1 being a perfect black body (i.e. Dark and dull surfaces-coal, ocean water, etc.) .

0 being complete opposite (i.e. Shiny surfaces- metal, ice, etc.).▪ Over 2/3 of the world is covered by oceans - adds to thermal radiation

which adds to global warming. ▪ Dry land has a relatively high scale on emissivity - another factor which

adds to heat forming on earth.▪ Although ice has a low emissivity, the water which comes from the ice

when it melts has a black appearance and absorbs much of the electromagnetic radiation – goes in a continuous circle (can be seen in the north/ south poles).

Causes

Almost all human activities contribute to global warming.

Some major causes include: Fossil fuel combustion

▪ Used to produce electricity.▪ Produces carbon dioxide.▪ Examples: Producing electricity with coal, transportation systems.

Burning waste products.▪ Used to get rid of garbage.▪ Produces Carbon Dioxide when garbage is incinerated.

Agriculture.▪ Use fertilizers to yield better crops. Produces nitrous oxide, a

greenhouse gas.▪ As the population increases, more animals are needed as a source of

food. This creates more waste products and thus, more methane.

Causes (c0nt.)

Other causes include: Deforestation.

▪ Trees absorb carbon dioxide and produce oxygen. ▪ By cutting down trees, more carbon dioxide would be in

the atmosphere. General home electronics.

▪ Examples: lamp, television, computers (a server computer may produce as much carbon dioxide as an SUV).

Mining coal and oil.▪ Allows methane to escape into the atmosphere.

Methane gas being released from tundra and wetlands (generally a natural phenomenon).

Global Warming Effects

Comparisons between changes in global average surface area, global average sea level, and Northern Hemisphere snow cover from 1850-2000. Representing the serious changes caused by Global Warming, which is affecting many different aspects on Earth.

Effect on the Environment

The extinction of many animals and plants that cannot adapt. Cause an imbalance in the food web. May cause overpopulation and starvation of certain

species. Some species may flourish due to the increased temperature.

Cause a lot of competition for other species. Insufficient food sources.

Many animals may migrate to cooler areas. An ecosystem may lose certain species. May cause entire

ecosystem to collapse. Example: birds are migrating later into the season

compared to the past . Example: Deer and other land animals are migrating

further north due to each increasing warm season.

Effect on Environment (cont)

Depletion of Ozone Layer. Scientists believe that Global Warming will result in a weaker

ozone layer. The Ozone layer protects all life on earth from the harmful

Ultraviolet radiations coming from the Sun. The Ozone prevents illnesses and diseases to occur due to UV

radiation. Since CO2 is trapped in water due to the oceans' temperature

rise, the pH level is increased harming the inhabiting fish. Increased precipitation.

Caused by the melting glaciers. Desalinization of the ocean.

Caused by melting of polar ice caps. Interrupt many ecosystems.

Forest fires are likely to become more frequent and severe as the soil becomes drier.

Effect on the Environment (cont)

Example: the Alaskan ecosystem has undergone a transition from tundra to wetland due to melting glaciers.

Effect on the Environment (cont)Some consequences for the arctic ecosystem include:

Decay of micro-organisms of the accumulated detritus. Once released from its permafrost state, it releases a

huge amount of carbon dioxide and methane into the atmosphere. Previously locked in dead organic matter.

Contributes to further global warming. Appearance and growth of conifers.

Forms boreal forests (also known as taiga). There areas absorb radiant heat energy from sunlight

and contribute to further warming of the region, since they replace ice, snow and frozen tundra.

Increased presence of pathogens that parasitize the expanded range of animal and plant life the changing habitat supports.

Effect on Environment (cont) Change in latitude and altitude of plant or animal species’

habitatFor example:

Species Location Observed Changes

Treelines New Zealand Advancement towards higher altitudes

Arctic shrub vegetation Alaska Expansion of shrubs in previously shrub-free areas

Alpine plants European Alps Elevational shift of 1-4 m per decade

Antarctic plants and invertebrates

Antarctica Distributional changes

Zooplankton, intertidal invertebrate and fish

communities

North Atlantic Increasing abundance of warm-water species

Red fix and Artic fox Canada Northward expansion of red fox range and simultaneous retreat of Arctic fix range

Effect on Human Lives

Increase in sea level. Caused by the melting of glaciers. Drowns many coastal cities. Seawater may seep into some freshwater sources.

Increase in temperature. Cause many health problems. Examples: heatstroke, diseases spread quicker (many

disease-carrying insects flourish in warm weather). Increase in respiratory illnesses due to changes in

atmosphere. Natural disasters.

Draughts (irregular precipitation patterns). Hurricanes (warmer waters). Heat waves. Floods (increased evaporation due to higher temperature). Longer periods of intense heat or rain on different regions of

earth.

Effect on Human Lives (c0nt.) Many people would immigrate to areas with a more comfortable

temperature, cause overpopulation in some areas. Transportation.

May need to be changed as they are subject to more extreme weather changes.

Example: pipeline, cars, bus, plane, ships. Agriculture.

Some areas may no longer be suitable for agriculture due to climate change.

Some areas may become better suited for agriculture. Many types of food my become unavailable as those species may

become extinct. Changes in soil quality, temperature, and nutrients present. Change in weather conditions (rainfalls and floods). Increase crop

destruction. According to the IPCC, "Climate change is likely to have wide-ranging

and mostly adverse impacts on human health with significant loss of

life."

Economic Impacts

Real Estate, construction, recreation, and tourism will be negatively affected by changes.

Insurance companies will be affected due to an increase in severe weather conditions (hurricanes).

Poor nations will be affected greatly by global warming. Dependent on agriculture (food, exports, GDP). Lack of water resources to cope with high temperatures. Financial resources to deal with Global Warming.

The Kyoto Protocol

An international agreement to attempt to reduce greenhouse gas emission.

187 countries have signed AND ratified. Some less advanced countries are allowed to

increase emission. Example: Greece (+25%), Spain (+15%), Ireland (+13%)

The protocol puts a heavier burden on developed countries.

Developed countries had a greater impact on the environment due to 150 years of industrial development and activities.

Commits 37 developed countries and the general European community to reduce greenhouse gas.

The Kyoto Protocol (cont.) Emission Trading (Carbon Market).

Participants are allowed to have a limited amount of greenhouse gas emissions (emission reduction units).

If a participating country have emission to “spare”, the leftover emission can be sold to another participating country whose emission exceeds the limit.

Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). Allows a participating country with emission-reduction/limit

commitment to establish emission-reduction projects in developing countries.

Joint Implementation. Allows a country to earn emission reduction units from an

emission-reduction project. Project must result in reduction in emission that reduces the

amount that would have occurred without it.

Canada and the Kyoto Protocol Under former Prime minister Jean

Chretien, Canada ratified the Kyoto Protocol in 2002.

Current Prime minister and former leader of the opposition Stephen Harper was against this notion. Labeled the treaty as a ‘socialist scheme

designed to suck money out of rich countries’. After coming into power, Harper was

accused of neglecting the accord. Since then, the Canadian government has

realized the importance of Global warming and is now participating in several programs similar to the Kyoto protocol such as the Asia-Pacific partnership on Clean Development and climate.

Possible Solutions

Use clean energy sources. Burning fossil fuels create carbon dioxide. Example: electricity, solar energy, wind energy, hydro energy. Real life examples.

▪ Niagara falls is used to generate hydroelectricity.▪ Many countries are beginning to adopt electric-powered cars.▪ 70% of the energy needs of Solar Valley Micro-E Hotel in china is

provided by solar panels.▪ Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) technologies-preventing

greenhouse gases from entering into the atmosphere through the use of technological methods.

Neutralizing Carbon Dioxide. Carbon dioxide is acidic, and so can be neutralized with a

base. Sodium hydroxide can react with carbon dioxide to create

water and sodium carbide. Sodium carbide has industrial uses so it is not wasted.

Limits can be put on the carbon dioxide emission of factories.

Possible Solutions (cont.) Transportation is a major cause of Global Warming.

Possible solutions: Fuel efficient vehicles. Hybrid vehicles. Changes from road transportation to rail and public transit. Alternatives such as walking or cycling. Urban planning - essential to promote the use of alternatives .

Energy efficient buildings can reduce greenhouse gas emissions. include efficient lighting (fluorescent light bulbs). energy efficient appliances. heating and air conditioning (clean the filters, and refrigerants). solar heating and cooling (ceiling fans, evaporative cooler,

solar panels). Recycling (minimally packaged goods; choose reusable

products over disposable ones. efficient electrical equipment.

Possible Solutions (Cont.) Forestry.

Reduced. deforestation. Improved Forest Management. Reforestation. Use of forestry products to replace fossil fuels.

Agriculture. carbon stored away in carbon sinks (reservoir that

can absorb Carbon dioxide from the atmosphere). producing crops for energy use. manure management to reduce methane

emissions. improving fertilizer application to reduce nitrous

oxide emissions.

Plant Trees- helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions

Possible Solutions (cont.) Establish more international agreements concerning global

warming. For example Kyoto Protocol, which attempts to make a

balance with the emission. In future if every carbon emission has an offset, we can

maintain the level of carbon we have reached and probably even reduce as we progress.

Driving more eco-friendly cars. Breaking our oil addiction and retooling plants to

manufacture the fuel-efficient cars that consumers are demanding, including hybrids and plug-in hybrids.

Possible Solutions (cont.) Create green homes and buildings in our community.

New buildings should meet strong new energy-efficiency standards that maximize energy savings.

Existing homes and commercial spaces can be retrofitted to save energy by weatherizing and installing energy efficient heating, cooling and lighting systems.

Build better communities and transportation. Building walkable communities near transportation hubs

instead of far-flung, car-dependent suburbs. Invest in and expand public transit ,such as commuter

rail to give people real transportation choices.

Government Solutions

Taxes and charges can be set on greenhouse gases (cost for each unit of greenhouse emissions).

Subsidies and tax credits can provide financial incentives for the development of new technologies.

Agreements between industry and governments can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and raise awareness to other companies and individuals.

Awareness campaigns can possibly affect decisions of individuals regarding greenhouse gas emissions positively.

Government funding could create incentives for companies to invest into products, and technology that are energy efficient.

Climate Change policies that promote energy efficient and renewable energy resources can benefit the economy. Decrease in air pollution. Increase in biodiversity (decrease in natural habitat loss,

and deforestation) as a result of implementing climate change policies.

Problems with Solution

Renewable energy sources are expensive. For example wind power is a renewable energy

source which is expensive, unreliable and won’t save very much natural gas.

▪ In U.K. electricity customers were forced to pay a total of over $1 billion to the owners of wind turbines. That figure is due to rise to over $6 billion a year by 2020 given the government's plan to build a nationwide infrastructure with some 25 gigawatts of wind capacity.

▪ When the wind drops or blows too hard, turbines stop spinning and you get no power.

By putting limits on carbon dioxide emissions manufacturers may risk the development of products in the factories.

▪ Factories will have to find a way in which they can reduce carbon dioxide emissions which will cost time and money.

▪ This can result in the factor to be financially unstable, putting a risk to the development of their products.

Problems with Solutions (cont.) Our world today has a high demand for energy

needs. rapid industrialization, growth and current life style has

brought us to a point where our demand for high energy needs is growing every day, making the primary source of this demand to be fulfilled by coal and petroleum.

Despite all the research we have failed to find any alternate reliable sources of energy other than the fossil fuels. Even after decades of research and innovations we still

haven’t been able to find any other source of energy which can remove dirty fuels from their dominance.

Wind, Solar, Bio, Nuclear all exist but they haven’t been able to come out and make a mark since they show more problems than they solve.

Problems with Solution (cont.) Cleaner public transportation methods are available

to help reduce greenhouse gas emissions. However due to the growth of our economy, and barriers such

as consumer preferences, individuals will continue to choose their choice of transportation.

There are no policies present to solve the problem with transportation and its contribution to Global Warming

New buildings are installed with energy efficient products, and the latest technology to help reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It will cost a lot of money and work to update older buildings

that release large amounts of greenhouse gases in developing and industrialized countries.

Our population continues to increase significantly, which is a major cause of Global Warming.

Future Predictions

According to http://www.greenfacts.org/climate-change/global-warming/global-warming.htm, the future predictions that are caused as a result of global warming are: global mean temperature should increase by between 1.4 and

5.8°C (2.5 to 10°F). the Northern Hemisphere cover should decrease further, but

the Antarctic ice sheet should increase. the sea level should rise by between 9 and 88 cm (3.5" to 35"). other changes should occur, including an increase in some

extreme weather events. Solutions to achieve Stabilization.

Use of current technology along with future development technology.

Increased energy efficiency measures. World wide investments. Installing low emission technologies. Research into new energy resources.

Influential Figures: Al Gore• A promising leader who is striving to

help save the Earth.• He started his efforts by writing the

book Earth in the Balance: Ecology and the Human Spirit.

• During his time as vice-president he preached to protect the environment which could also aid the economy.

• He also wrote the best-selling book and now a film, An Inconvenient Truth which helped raise the awareness of Global Warming.

• Campaigned for the president of the US in 1999 with the intention of reducing global warming.

• Lost campaign.

Influential Figures: David Suzuki

• Japanese Canadian, born March 24, 1936

• Award winning scientist, environmentalist, broadcaster.

• Produced much influential work focusing on sustainability of the earth.

• Some works include Its a Matter of Survival (1991), and David Suzuki's Green Guide (2008).

• Hosted many radio/TV shows, such as The Nature of Things, A Planet for the Taking and Quirks and Quarks.

• Recognized as a world leader in sustainable ecology as he won “United Nations Environment Program Medal”.

• Co-founder of the David Suzuki Foundation - to raise awareness of climate change .

Influential Figures: Margaret Thatcher

Margaret Hilda Thatcher, (born 13 October 1925) served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990 and Leader of the Conservative Party from 1975 to 1990.

She is the only woman to have held either post. She was a former chemist She became publicly concerned with

environmental issues in the late 1980s. In 1988, she made a major speech

communicating the problems of global warming. She was one of the first women to come and

publicly discuss the issue of global warming.

Works Cited "AlGore.com - About." AlGore.com. AlGore About, n.d. Web. 2 Jan. 2010. <http://www.algore.com/about.html>. "BBC - h2g2 - Global Warming." BBC - Homepage. BBC, 19 Aug. 2005. Web. 14 Dec. 2009.

<http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A197499>. "Climate Change | U.S. EPA." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. U.S. EPA, n.d. Web. 9 Nov. 2009.

<http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/>. "David Suzuki Foundation: Home." David Suzuki Foundation: Home. David Suzuki Foundation, n.d. Web. 5 Jan. 2010.

<http://www.davidsuzuki.org/>. "Global Warming Effects Information, Global Warming Effects Facts, Climate Change Effects - National Geographic."

Environment Facts, Environment Science, Global Warming, Natural Disasters, Ecosystems, Green Living - National Geographic. National Geographics, n.d. Web. 30 Dec. 2009. <http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/gw-effects.html>.

"Global Warming Interactive, Global Warming Simulation, Climate Change Simulation - National Geographic." Environment Facts, Environment Science, Global Warming, Natural Disasters, Ecosystems, Green Living - National Geographic. National Geographics, n.d. Web. 14 Dec. 2009. <http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/gw-overview.html>.

"Global Warming Solutions." Global Warming Solutions. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 Jan. 2010. <http://www.globalwarmingsolutions.org/>.

Gosselin, Laura. "There’s Still Time to Avoid Worst of Global Warming | Sustainability Ninja." Sustainable News & Tips, Eco-Friendly Info at Sustainability Ninja. Sustainability Ninja, 15 Apr. 2009. Web. 3 Jan. 2010. <http://www.sustainabilityninja.com/eco-news/theres-still-time-to-avoid-worst-of-global-warming-88808>.

Houghton, John. Global Warming: The Complete Briefing. 4 ed. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009. Print. "Kyoto Protocol." United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 Jan. 2010.

<http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/items/2830.php>. Langholz, Jeffrey, and Kelly Turner. You Can Prevent Global Warming (and Save Money!): 51 Easy Ways. Kansas City:

Andrews McMeel Publishing, 2008. Print. McIntire-Strasburg, Jeff. "Prevention of Global Warming: Understanding The Main Causes | Sustainablog." Sustainablog.

N.p., 18 May 2009. Web. 29 Dec. 2009. <http://blog.sustainablog.org/prevention-of-global-warming-understanding-the-main-causes/>.

"NASA - Global Warming." NASA - Home. NASA, n.d. Web. 14 Dec. 2009. <http://www.nasa.gov/worldbook/global_warming_worldbook.html>.

O'Hanlon, Larry. "Global Warming : A Primer : Discovery Channel." Discovery Channel : Science, History, Space, Tech, Sharks, News. Discovery Channel, n.d. Web. 14 Dec. 2009. <http://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/globalwarming/primer/primer.html>.

Revkin, Andrew C. "Global Warming- Science - The New York Times." Times Topics. New York Times, 9 Dec. 2009. Web. 14 Dec. 2009. <http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/science/topics/globalwarming/index.html>.

Rosenberg, Matt. "Advantages and Disadvantages of Global Warming." Geography Home Page - Geography at About.com. N.p., 17 Nov. 2008. Web. 6 Jan. 2010. <http://geography.about.com/od/globalproblemsandissues/a/advantages.htm>.

"Solution To Global Warming - CarbonFreeZone | CarbonFreeZone." Home | CarbonFreeZone. CarbonFreeZone, n.d. Web. 2 Jan. 2010. <http://www.carbonfreezone.com/index.php/resources/global-warming/56-solution-to-global-warming.html>.

"The Causes of Global Warming." The Causes of Global Warming and the Solution. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Jan. 2010. <http://www.causesofglobalwarming.net/the_causes.html>.

"The scientific facts on global warming." GreenFacts - Facts on Health and the Environment. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Jan. 2010. <http://www.greenfacts.org/climate-change/global-warming/global-warming.htm>.

Works Cited (cont.) Tsokos, K. A.. Physics for the IB Diploma. 5 ed. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008. Print. "What Can We Do About Global Warming." Oracle ThinkQuest Library . N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Jan. 2010.

<http://library.thinkquest.org/C006156/what_can_we_do.htm>. "World’s Largest Solar-Power Hotel Opens in China | Oddity Central - Collecting Oddities." Oddity Central

- Weird Places, Odd Events, Bizarre News, Strange People and A Lot More. Oddity Central, 22 Dec. 2009. Web. 30 Dec. 2009. <http://www.odditycentral.com/pics/worlds-largest-solar-power-hotel-opens-in-china.html>.

Yeatman, William. "Global Warming 101: Solutions | GlobalWarming.org." GlobalWarming.org | Climate Change News & Analysis. Global Warming.org, 4 Feb. 2009. Web. 2 Jan. 2010. <http://www.globalwarming.org/2009/02/04/global-warming-101-solutions/>.

"NASA - Global Warming." NASA - Home. NASA, n.d. Web. 14 Dec. 2009. <http://www.nasa.gov/worldbook/global_warming_worldbook.html>.

O'Hanlon, Larry. "Global Warming : A Primer : Discovery Channel." Discovery Channel : Science, History, Space, Tech, Sharks, News. Discovery Channel, n.d. Web. 14 Dec. 2009. <http://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/globalwarming/primer/primer.html>.

Revkin, Andrew C. "Global Warming- Science - The New York Times." Times Topics. New York Times, 9 Dec. 2009. Web. 14 Dec. 2009. <http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/science/topics/globalwarming/index.html>.

Rosenberg, Matt. "Advantages and Disadvantages of Global Warming." Geography Home Page - Geography at About.com. N.p., 17 Nov. 2008. Web. 6 Jan. 2010. <http://geography.about.com/od/globalproblemsandissues/a/advantages.htm>.

"Solution To Global Warming - CarbonFreeZone | CarbonFreeZone." Home | CarbonFreeZone. CarbonFreeZone, n.d. Web. 2 Jan. 2010. <http://www.carbonfreezone.com/index.php/resources/global-warming/56-solution-to-global-warming.html>.

"The Causes of Global Warming." The Causes of Global Warming and the Solution. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Jan. 2010. <http://www.causesofglobalwarming.net/the_causes.html>.

"The scientific facts on global warming." GreenFacts - Facts on Health and the Environment. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Jan. 2010. <http://www.greenfacts.org/climate-change/global-warming/global-warming.htm>.

Tsokos, K. A.. Physics for the IB Diploma. 5 ed. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008. Print. "What Can We Do About Global Warming." Oracle ThinkQuest Library . N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Jan. 2010.

<http://library.thinkquest.org/C006156/what_can_we_do.htm>. "World’s Largest Solar-Power Hotel Opens in China | Oddity Central - Collecting Oddities." Oddity Central

- Weird Places, Odd Events, Bizarre News, Strange People and A Lot More. Oddity Central, 22 Dec. 2009. Web. 30 Dec. 2009. <http://www.odditycentral.com/pics/worlds-largest-solar-power-hotel-opens-in-china.html>.

Yeatman, William. "Global Warming 101: Solutions | GlobalWarming.org." GlobalWarming.org | Climate Change News & Analysis. Global Warming.org, 4 Feb. 2009. Web. 2 Jan. 2010. <http://www.globalwarming.org/2009/02/04/global-warming-101-solutions/>.

Image soruces:

http://allgreen.com/site/images/stories/hot_cold_water_faucets http://andrian09.files.wordpress.com/2008/12/greenhouseeffectdiagram.jpg http://barefoottess.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/spread-the-word-2.jpg http://blogs.uww.edu/sonya/files/2008/09/image_plant_a_tree.jpg http://images.clipartof.com/small/20799-Clipart-Illustration-Of-A-Green-Grassy-

Energy-Efficient-Car.jpg http://images2.makefive.com/images/200842/6a4f026d407ef0e4.gif http://nnhs.newton.k12.ma.us/go/images/stories/report_card.gif http://selawik.fws.gov/images/wetlands.jpg http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect6/photo19Permafrost.gif http://static.algore.com/i/agintphoto.jpg http://www.ahmct.ucdavis.edu/limtask/Images/debris-equip/recycle.jpg http://www.businessweek.com/the_thread/brandnewday/archives/

Al_Gore_i_An_Inconv_100607o.jpg http://www.hippyshopper.com/light-bulb-ban.jpg http://www.islington.gov.uk/images/environment/Challenge_SwitchMeOff.jpg http://pkpolitics.com/files/2009/07/no-air-conditioner220.jpg http://www.sustainabilityninja.com/eco-news/theres-still-time-to-avoid-worst-of-

global-warming-88808/