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By Miriam W O Omolo Institute of Economic Affairs Monday 22 June 2009, Country Inn, Jaipur, India.
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Transcript of By Miriam W O Omolo Institute of Economic Affairs Monday 22 June 2009, Country Inn, Jaipur, India.
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ByMiriam W O Omolo
Institute of Economic Affairs
Monday 22 June 2009,Country Inn, Jaipur, India
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Definition of terms: trade openness, poverty
Linking trade openness and poverty African country experiences The Missing link(s) Conclusion and Way Forward
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Moving from inward looking trade strategies to policies that facilitate integration to global economy◦ Tariffication of quantitative restrictions◦Removal of trade barriers such as tariff and non-tariff
barriers to trade◦Export promotion initiatives i.e. export processing
zones Free Market Access for foreign goods and
services◦Doha negotiations◦Economic partnership Agreement (ACP-EU)
The Key Objective is to increase overall and individual welfare of those involved in trade.
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Inability to meet one’s daily food consumption requirement-food poverty
Inability to meet both food and non-food requirements- Absolute Poverty
In expenditure terms-spending less than 1USD per day
Poverty Indicators:◦Welfare-Income, expenditures◦Basic Needs-Clothing, education, nutrition , health
etc◦Capability: perception, dignity, civil liberty and
security
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Source: UNCTAD 2004 LDC Report
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Trade liberalization is expected to raise the level of income since resources are reallocated as explained by the theory of comparative advantage.
Trade liberalization affects the direct determinants of poverty i.e. income/wages, prices, government expenditure etc
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TDP project: Kenya, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia
Phases of Trade Liberalization:◦ Import Substitution Industrialization◦Structural adjustment Programmes-unilateral
liberalization (IMF and World Bank)◦Reciprocal Liberalization (WTO, regional and
bilateral agreements) Trade Liberalization has resulted in different
gainers and losers, ◦ e.g. Kenya, the cotton sub-sector vs.
telecommunication
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There is strong debate whether trade liberation has led to sustained economic growth
Most countries have not achieved international competitiveness –especially with agricultural products being the main exports-Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Zambia
There is no sufficient evidence to conclude that trade liberalization has resulted in poverty reduction
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Wrong presumption◦Trade liberalization does not guarantee equitable
distribution of gains/losses to individuals, sectors, countries or regions.
Trade liberalization as a panacea for development-Trade is a component of development
Export Diversification and intensification◦Continued trade in primary products with little
progress in high value addition and movement into the global value chain
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Concentration on export promotion with little focus on productivity growth through learning, knowledge accumulation and innovation through trade
Innovation –strong missing link? The TDP Project – Empirical research
establishing the impact of trade liberalization on poverty.
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Examine trade liberalization as a component of development
There is a lot of ongoing debate on trade liberalization and poverty…..There is need for a ‘big push’◦Productivity growth through innovations ◦ Institutions and regulations to facilitate
innovations