BY KATHERINE WANG AND JENNIFER CHENG The Skeletal System π.
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Transcript of BY KATHERINE WANG AND JENNIFER CHENG The Skeletal System π.
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The Skeletal System
π
BACKGROUND
provides support for the body protects the internal organs and fragile body tissues. composed of all the bones in your body and other
tissues (tendons, ligaments, and cartilage) Has two parts, axial and appendicular
FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
Strength: gives shape to body Protection of organs Leverage for movement Production of red blood cells
PARTS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM Axial skeleton
the main supportive structure of the body Central section of the skeleton Includes skull, vertebrae, sternum, and ribs
Appendicular skeleton Freely movable parts of upper and lower limbs Outer part of skeleton Includes shoulders, hip bones, arms, wrists, hands, legs, and feet
THE BONE Is responsible for shape and form of human body Made of cells and protein fibers surrounded by
calcium salts Stores important minerals such as calcium and
phosphorus Structure:
Outer layer of strong, dense, compact bone Under outer layer is spongy bone, which is lighter
than the top layer Most bones have bone marrow in the middle
Yellow marrow is made of fat cells and stores fat red marrow produces red and white blood cells and
platelets
GROWTH OF THE BONE Osteoclasts: cells that break down old bones and replace the old
bone with new bone tissue. This is called bone remodeling
Chondroblasts: cells that are responsible for forming new cartilage
When bones fracture, blood vessels in the bone also break.
Blood clots and forms a fracture hemotoma, which keeps the bone stable and stops the flow of blood
Cells in the bone then remove dead and damaged tissue, which causes swelling and inflammation
After a few days, the fracture hematoma becomes tougher, and turns into a soft callus
Fibroblasts then start to produce collagen, a type of fiber and the main protein in bones and connective tissues
Osteoblasts then produce new bone cells
TYPES OF JOINTS
Joints are the point of contact between two bones Are classified by amount of movement
There are three types of joints Immovable Slightly movable Freely movable
Joints can also be known as an articulation
IMMOVABLE JOINTS
Joints where two or more bones are located close together but cannot move E. x.: The skull
Synarthrosis → The immovable joints between the bones of the skull
SLIGHTLY MOVABLE JOINTS
Joints that are tightly connected but have limited movement E. x.: back bone and hip bone
Back bone
FREELY MOVABLE JOINTSDo not have limited motion6 types of freely movable joints
Ball and socket joint → where the rounded head of a bone sits in the cup of another
o Is able to move in all directionsoE. x.: shoulder joint
Saddle joint → allows movement back and forth and side to side
oDoes not allow rotationoE. x.: the thumb
Hingle joint → where two bones open and close in a single direction
oE. x.: the knee joint
FREELY MOVABLE JOINTS (CONT.)
Pivot joint → where one bone swings around the ring formed by another boneoE. x.: elbow joint
Gliding joint → Also known as plane joint. Where one smooth surface slides across anotheroE. x.: wrist joint
Condyloid joint → allows movement without rotationoE. x.: jaw or finger joints
FREELY MOVABLE JOINTS (CONT.)
CONNECTIVE TISSUES AND PARTS
Tendons: soft, elastic connective tissues that attach muscle to bone Muscles move bones by pulling on tendons
Ligaments: tough tissue that connects bones to bones Cartilage: stiff but flexible tissue that is found between
joints Allows joints to move against each other without
pain Synovial membrane: a thin membrane in freely moving
joints that lines the joint capsule in fluid
WEAKNESSES/STRENGTHS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
Bones can heal themselves Bones are very easily broken
6.8 million Americans fracture of break a bone each year
Most people in the U.S. will break two bones in his or her lifetime
TYPES OF FRACTURES
Oblique fracture: when a bone breaks diagonallyCommunited fracture: bone breaks into many piecesSpiral fracture: break occurs in a line around the boneCompound (open) fracture: broken bone sticks out of
the skinGreenstick fractures: bone breaks only on one side and
does not break completelyTransverse fracture: break occurs in a straight line
across the boneSimple fracture: bone is only partially fractured
DISEASES OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
Osteoporosis: condition where your bones become weaker are likely to break. treatment consists of eating calcium and vitamin D rich foods Medicine is also needed
Paget’s Disease of Bone: disease where bones grow weaker and larger than normal, making it easier to break your bones Symptoms are pain, enlarged or broken bones, and damage in the
cartilage Medicine and surgery is needed
Ewing’s Sarcoma: type of bone cancer in the bone marrow Symptoms include extreme pain and swelling at site of tumor Surgery, amputation, chemotherapy, and radiation are all used to
cure it
HOW TO MAINTAIN HEALTH OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
Drink lots of milk: Milk contains a lot of calcium, which is good for your bones. Also take vitamin D and calcium supplements
Weight lifting exercises: weight lifting is essential to building strong bones and keep your bones healthy
Wear a helmet or other kinds of padding while playing sports. This prevents serious injury to bones
FUN FACTS
Our bones would be 6 times stronger than steel if both were the same weight
The smallest bone is the same size of a rice grain
Of the 206 bones in the skeletal system, 52 of them make up our feet
Thank you!Any questions?