ByByDR. Zeinab Abotalib MRCOG DR. Zeinab Abotalib MRCOG Consultant & Associate Prof. Consultant & Associate Prof.

Infertility & IVFInfertility & IVF

The cause of the Luteal The cause of the Luteal phase defect in stimulated phase defect in stimulated

IVF cyclesIVF cycles Debatable for more than tow decadesDebatable for more than tow decades Removal of large quantities of granulose cells Removal of large quantities of granulose cells

during the OR might diminish an important during the OR might diminish an important sources of progesterone synthesessources of progesterone syntheses

This was not proven in natural cycles.This was not proven in natural cycles. Another theory that prolonged suppression Another theory that prolonged suppression

by GnRH agonist will lead to suppression of by GnRH agonist will lead to suppression of LH production wich is important for support LH production wich is important for support of corpuses Luteumof corpuses Luteum

HCG will also suppress production via short HCG will also suppress production via short loop feed back mechnism. However, loop feed back mechnism. However, administration of HCG did not suppress the administration of HCG did not suppress the LH secretion in an stimulated cycle. LH secretion in an stimulated cycle.

The cause of the Luteal The cause of the Luteal phase defect in stimulated phase defect in stimulated

IVF cyclesIVF cycles The introduction of GnRH antagonist The introduction of GnRH antagonist

in IVF may obviate the need for LPS.in IVF may obviate the need for LPS. This could not be evaluated because This could not be evaluated because

of premature luteolysis in IVF cycles of premature luteolysis in IVF cycles which lead to unacceptable low which lead to unacceptable low pregnancy rate pregnancy rate

•There are a large number of protocols for LPS in ART. •LPS has consisted of HCG; P; P plus HCG, E, ascorbic acid, aspirin or prednisolone. •Different combinations, doses, durations & formulations are used, but the best dose, duration or formulation of treatment remains controversial.

ObjectiveTo review RCTs & meta-analyses concerning LPS in ART

Materials & methodsAn electronic search of the Cochrane library, Pub Med for RCT & meta-analyses concerning LPS from 1990 to 2004.

Results•Five meta-analyses, 41 RCT & no Cochrane systematic review were found. •Studies were classified into long, short, ultra-short & direct protocol studies.

•LPS in the long protocol using P, HCG or P plus HCG or E was analyzed. •P support was reviewed as regard the type, dose, route of administration, when to start & when to stop.

1. Progesterone aloneProgesterone Vs no treatment: a significantly higher PR in groups treated with IM or oral P compared with no treatment (8 RCTs,Soliman et al, 1994)

I. Route of administration:1.IM Vs oral: IM P conferred the most benefit compared

with oral P (meta-analysis, Prittis & Atwood, 2002)

IM P (50 mg/day) resulted in significantly higher IR, CPR compared with oral P (600 mg/day) (Casini et al,2003).

4/30 women discontinued treatment because of their inability to administer IM P.

2. IM Vs vaginal: •Vaginal P is as effective as the IM P & is associated with fewer side effects & greater patient adherence & satisfaction (10 RCT,Felicia et al ,2003). •Adequate tissue levels of P after vaginal P is attributed to uterine first-pass effect.

3. Oral Vs vaginal: • The C & OPR were significantly lower with the oral

formulation (Pouly et al, 1996; Frieder et al, 1999, Sucedo et al, 2000). These studies strongly suggest the inferiority of oral P for LPS.

• 1. The vaginal administration of P results in a greater bioavailability with less relative variability than oral P (Levine & Watson, 2000).

2. Oral P is subjected to first-pass pre-hepatic & hepatic metabolism.

II. Dose: 1. Oral: Micronized P at doses of 400 & 600 mg. No differences in CPR (Chanson et al,1996). 2. IM: 25 mg IM P was compared with 100 mg P. No difference in CPR (Check et al,1991)..

III. Type (formulation):1. Vaginal: •Pezino et al (2004) compared Gel (Crinone 8%, 90 mg/day), Capsules (Uterogestan 200 mg twice daily) & Suppositories (cyclogest 200 mg daily). No differences in CPR. •Cost & minor side effects (perineal

irritation, leaking out, interference with coitus) may limit the gel in favor of capsules & suppositories.

2. IM: 50 mg/d of IM P Vs 341 mg /3 days (Costabile et al,2001) or once weekly (Abte et al,1997) of IM 17 OH progesterone caproateNo differences in CPR or OPR.

IV. When to start: •Day 6 Vs day 3 after OR:PRs are significantly decreased by starting on day 6 compared to day 3 (Williams et al,2001). •Day of OR Vs day of ET: No difference (Baruffi et al,2002).

V. When to stop: •At the time of pregnancy test (Stelling et al, 1999; Penzias,2002; Jacobs & Balen,2003). •At 8 W (Costabile et al, 2001)•At 10-12 W (Check et al, 1991).

Most treatment protocols advocate the use of P throughout the first trimester, based on the findings of Shamma et al, who used 17-OH P as a marker to demonstrate ongoing corpus luteum activity up to week 10 of pregnancy.

•Stelling et al (1999) found no difference in the CPR, OPR, spontaneous abortion between stop or continuing luteal support after positive pregnancy test. •LPS beyond the pregnancy test may

not be indicated (Penzias,2002; Jacobs & Balen,2003).

•The optimal length of treatment remains unsolved at present & further trials are needed before clear recommended.•The assumption that high serum P levels are required to achieve biological efficacy in the endometrium appears to be incorrect (Penzias,2000)

2. Progesterone plus estrogen

The oral estrogen doses: 2 to 6 mg /d

1. No advantage (Lewin et al, 1994; Smitz et al,1993;Tay & Lenton, 2003; Rashidi et al,2004).

2. Beneficial effect on IR & PR (Farhi et al,2000; Gorkemli et al,2003). 3. Beneficial effect on PR in patients with profound E2 decline (E2 on day of HCG/ E2 of ET >50%) (Lakkis et al,2002; Gleicher et al,2000).

3. Progesterone plus HCG•HCG •5000 IU/3d: no statistically significant differences in CPR (Ludwig et al,2001). •2500 IU midluteal. No affect on PR, but it helps to preserve corpus luteum function & avoids the need for further supplementation during early pregnancy (Herman et al,1996)

4. Progesterone plus ascorbic

acidNo benefit (Griesinger et al, 2002)

5. Progesterone plus Prednisolone

Prednisolone (15 mg daily following ET) does not improve the clinical pregnancy or implantation rates (Ezzeldin et al, 2003). The sample size of this study was small.

6. Progesterone plus Prednisolone & Low

dose aspirinNo benefit on PR , but it may reduce the rate of spontaneous pregnancy loss (Mollo et al,2003)

1. HCG Vs no treatment: HCG 1000-5000 s.c. every 2-5 days A significantly higher PR (Meta-analysis of 5 RCTs, Soliman et al, 1994)

Many clinics have now stopped giving HCG because OHSS is not always easy to predict (Jacobs &Balen,2003).

2. HCG Vs IM P: CPR & OPR were not different (Albert & Pfeifer, 1991, Claman et al,1992; Araujo et al,1994; Artini et al,1995; Loh & Leong,1996; Claman et al,1992; Artni et al,1995).

3. HCG Vs vaginal P: No differences in CPR, OPR or SAB (Artini et al,1995; Martinez et al,2000; Ludwig et al,2001; Ugur et al,2001).

4. HCG Vs oral P: CPR & OPR were not significantly different (Buvat et al,1990). 5. HCG Vs IM P plus oestrogen: There were no significant differences (Pritts & Atwood,2002)

1. Oral Progesterone VS HCG: •When using IM HCG the CPR, OPR & IR were significantly higher (Buvat et al,1990). •The poor results obtained with oral P is related to its poor bioavailability

2. Vaginal Progesterone Vs P plus estrogen: No differences in CPR or IR (Farhi et al, 2000). The power of this study was low.3. Vaginal Progesterone Vs P plus HCG: No differences in CPR or SAB (Ugur et al,2001).

1. IM progesterone Vs HCG: In a single very small study, there were no significant differences in CPR or DR (Golan et al,1993).2. Vag Progesterone VS P plus HCG: Vaginal P alone provides sufficient luteal phase support (Mochtar et al,1996).

A.Progesterone1. Vaginal P Vs placebo: No difference in PR (Polson

et al,1992) 2. IM P Vs no treatment: PR was similar (Steirteghem

et al,1988; Leeton et al,1985). P LPS is unlikely to have a

significant effect on increasing PR.

B. HCG1.HCG Vs no treatment: HCG support of the luteal phase is

not routinely warranted in hMG-stimulated cycles (Keenan & Moghissi,1992)

2. Oral P, HCG or placebo: No differences (Kupfemrminc et

al,1990). No necessity of P

supplementation in the luteal phase if GnRH agonists were

not used (Daya,1988).

I. In long protocol: •IM P is more effective than oral P. •Vag P is more effective than oral P. •Addition of oral E to P improves IR&PR in patients with profound E2 decline.

•No significant differences in fertility outcomes when comparing: 1. IM P with vag P; 2. different doses of P; 3. different forms of vag or IM P; 4. start of P at oocyte retrieval with start at ET

•Addition of ascorbic acid, prednisolone, aspirin to P has no benefit.

II. In direct protocol:No need of P supplementation in the luteal phase

It now appears that supra-It now appears that supra-physiological levels of steroids physiological levels of steroids are responsible for LP defect. are responsible for LP defect. Attitudes should shift towards Attitudes should shift towards milder stimulation protocols. milder stimulation protocols. This may reduce or eliminate the This may reduce or eliminate the current Lacteal Phase defectcurrent Lacteal Phase defect