By Clark C.K. Liu, Ph.D., P.E., F. ASCE
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Transcript of By Clark C.K. Liu, Ph.D., P.E., F. ASCE
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By
Clark C.K. Liu, Ph.D., P.E., F. ASCEProfessor Emeritus of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of HawaiiFormer Director for Environmental Engineering, U.S. National Science Foundation
November 2012
WATER AND ENERGY NEXUS AND RENEWABLE-ENERGY-DRIVEN WATER
DESALINATION
MTES 2012
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I. Water and Energy Sustainability in a Changing Environment
II. Water Desalination
III. Natural-Energy-Driven Water Desalination
IV. Concluding Remarks
CONTENTS
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• Energy
• Water
• Food
• Environment
• Poverty
• Terrorism & War
• Disease
• Education
• Democracy
• PopulationSource: Richard Smalley, Nobel laureate
I. Water and Energy Sustainability in a Changing Environment
Humanity’s Top Ten Problems for Next 50 Years
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•Fast growing demand for clean, fresh water•Increased demand for environmental protection•All parts of the world are vulnerable to water shortages•Water availability determines:
o Electricity supply and demando Electricity grid topologyo Societal and economic
infrastructure sustainability
Water is a Critical Resource
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39%
Estimated Fresh Water Withdrawals by Sectors, 2000
Source: EPRI
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•Energy is essential for modern life•Unsettling energy questions:
o Are rising prices of oil and gas real constraints?
o Should we start changing our life style?
o Is global warming already happening?
Energy is a Critical Resource
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7
Energy and Water are Inextricably Linked
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•Water is a limited resource
•Sustainable withdrawal of freshwater is a worldwide issue
•Energy requires water and water requires energy
•Energy – Water issues require a regional perspective
Water and Energy Nexus
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Supply &Conveyance(0-14,000)
Water Treatment(100-16,000)
WaterDistribution(700-1,200)
Recycled WaterTreatment
Recycled WaterDistribution
(400-1,200)
WastewaterTreatment
WastewaterCollection
(1,100-4,600)
Discharge(0-400)
Source
Source
End-use• Agriculture• Residential• Commercial• Industrial
Water Use CycleBoundary
Source: California Water Commission, 2005
Energy Intensity in Water Use Cycle (kWh/MG)
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•Readily accessible water supplies have been harvested
•New tecnologies are required to reduce energy requirements to access non-traditional sources (e.g., impaired water, brackish water, sea water)
Source: EPRI
New Water Supplies are Energy Intensive
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Water and Energy Availability in a Changing Environment
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1993
From 1962-2006, the area of Glacier #1 in Tsinghan Province, China, has reduced by 14%
Impact of Climate Change on Water ResourcesJoint USA / China Initiative
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Climate Change and Hydropower Generation
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Sea Level Rise and Water Supply for Coastal Cities
Reference:Liu, C.C.K., and J. Dai (2012). Seawater intrusion and sustainable yield of basal aquifers, Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA), 48(5):861-870.
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Major Desalination Processes•Thermal
•Multi-stage Flash Distillation (MFD)•Multi-Effect Distillation (MED)•Vapor Compression
•Membrane•Electro dialysis (ED)•Reverse Osmosis (RO)
Minor Desalination Processes•Freezing•Membrane Distillation•Solar Humidification
Reference: Liu, C.C.K. and Park, J.W. (2002). Water Desalination, McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology, Ninth Edition, Volume 22, the McGraw-Hill, New York, pp.404-406.
II. Water Desalination
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Natural Water Distillation Process: Hydrologic Cycle
The energy required for maintaining the hydrologic cycle is 78 W/m2 of earth surface; while solar energy absorption at the earth’s surface is about 168 W/m2
The energy required for maintaining the hydrologic cycle is 78 W/m2 of earth surface; while solar energy absorption at the earth’s surface is about 168 W/m2
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Membrane Desalination Processes
Reference: Liu, C.C.K. and Park, J.W. (2002). Water Desalination, McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology, Ninth Edition, Volume 22, the McGraw-Hill, New York, pp.404-406.
Reverse Osmosis Desalination Process (RO)
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Thermal Desalination Processes
Reference: Liu, C.C.K. and Park, J.W. (2002). Water Desalination, McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology, Ninth Edition, Volume 22, the McGraw-Hill, New York, pp.404-406.
Multi-stage Flash Distillation Process (MFD)
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Technological Development Needs for Membrane Desalination Processes
• High energy consumption• Scaling and membrane fouling
Brackish water desalination at the Ewa Demonstration Plant, Honolulu, Hawaii
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Emerging Technology of Water Desalination1. Solar-Driven Water Desalination
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Feedwater
Freshwater
Wind andSolar Energy
WindWind-energyConversion
Reverse Osmosis Module
SolarSolar-energy-drivenFeedback Control
Brine
Emerging Technology of Reverse Osmosis Water Desalination
2. Wind-Driven Water Desalination
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Emerging Technology of Reverse Osmosis Water Desalination
3. Forward Osmosis
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_osmosis
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Emerging Technology of Reverse Osmosis Water Desalination
4. Carbon nanotubes
Reference: Li, D. and Wang, H. (2010) Recent developments in reverse osmosis desalination membranes , J. Mater. Chem., 2010,20, 4551-4566
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III. Natural-Energy-Driven Water Desalination
1. Open-cycle OTEC and Water Desalination
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Mini-OTEC (closed-cycle) (1979)
Open-cycle OTEC (1994-98)
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)
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Field Experiments in Toyama Bay, Japan, 1990-91
Artificial Upwelling and Mixing (AUMIX 奧秘 )
Field Experiments in Hawaii, 1991-92
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Artificial Upwelling and Mixing (AUMIX 奧秘 )
References: Liu, C.C.K., and Qiao J. (1995). Artificial Upwelling in Regular and Random Waves, Ocean Engineering, 22(4):337-350. Liu, C.C.K., (2005). Artificial Upwelling of Nutrient-rich Deep Ocean Water for Open Ocean Mariculture, in: Recent Advances in Marine Science and Technology, PACON International, Honolulu, Hawaii, pp. 291-300.
Laboratory Experiments in the Ocean Engineering Lab., University of Hawaii at Manoa
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III. Natural-Energy-Driven Water Desalination
2. Wind-Powered Water Desalination