By Andrew Gunn by Andrew Gunn - · PDF fileComprehension Strategy: Ask and Answer Questions...

By Andrew Gunn by Andrew Gunn

Narrative Nonfiction

PAIREDREAD A Sailor’s Story

Program: CR 14 Component: LR G6U6W2 0PDFVendor: Learning Media Level: 60X

CV_CR14_LR_G6U6W2L60_O_119210.indd 3CV_CR14_LR_G6U6W2L60_O_119210.indd 3 28/02/12 10:10 AM28/02/12 10:10 AM

STRATEGIES & SKILLS

ComprehensionStrategy: Ask and Answer

QuestionsSkill: Cause and Effect

Vocabulary StrategyAdages and Proverbs

Vocabularyagitated, crucial, futile, populous, presumed, smoldering, undiminished, urgency

Content StandardsSocial StudiesHistory

Photography Credit: Hulton Archive/Stringer/Getty Images

**The total word count is based on words in the running text and headings only. Numerals and words in captions, labels, diagrams, charts, and sidebars are not included.

Word Count: 2,390**

A


Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, network storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning.

Send all inquiries to:McGraw-Hill EducationTwo Penn PlazaNew York, New York 10121

ISBN: 978-0-02-119210-6MHID: 0-02-119210-3

Printed in the United States.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 DOC 15 14 13 12 11 10

IFCIBC_CR14_LR_G6U6W2L60_O_119210.indd 2IFCIBC_CR14_LR_G6U6W2L60_O_119210.indd 2 28/02/12 10:10 AM28/02/12 10:10 AM

PAIREDREAD

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Chapter 1Before the Explosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

Chapter 2 Krakatoa Explodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Chapter 3Effects Around the World. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Respond to Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

A Sailor’s Story . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23

Focus on Social Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24

Essential QuestionHow do we learn about historical events?

by Andrew Gunn


(bkg

d) P

hoto

disc

/Get

ty Im

ages

001_009_CR14_LR_G6_U6W2L60_O_119210.indd 1001_009_CR14_LR_G6_U6W2L60_O_119210.indd 1 29/02/12 12:36 PM29/02/12 12:36 PM

On August 27, 1883, the island of Krakatoa exploded.

The blast sent smoke and debris more than 20 miles

(32 kilometers) into the sky. It generated giant tsunamis

that washed away towns and villages on nearby islands.

Even though Krakatoa was uninhabited, thousands of

people were killed. When the clouds of smoke and ash

cleared, there was little to be seen. Most of the island had

been destroyed.

The effects of the huge explosion were felt around the

world. The blast was heard thousands of

miles away. For months

afterward, the ash and

dust caused vivid red

sunsets that could be

seen all around the world.

We know a lot about

what happened when

Krakatoa exploded. One

reason for this is that

many survivors saw what

happened. They gave

personal accounts of what

they saw.

The eruption of Krakatoa made headlines around the world.

2


CORB

IS


SUMATRA

JAVA

Krakatoa

SUNDA STRAIGHT

INDIAN OCEAN 20 miles

Krakatoa

1500 miles AUSTRALIA

INDONESIA PAPUANEW GUINEA

PHILIPPINESVIETNAM

CAMBODIA

THAILAND

MALAYSIA

A passenger on a ship tossed on the ocean; a mother

caught with her family in a cloud of choking ash; a worker

fleeing a giant wave … these and many other people

described the devastation occurring around them.

Newspapers all over the world were able to quickly

report on the catastrophe, thanks to new undersea

telegraph cables. By reading these reports and the

survivors’ accounts, we can learn what it must have been

like on that terrible day when the mountain roared, ash

rained from the sky, and the ocean rolled across the land.

TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTThhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhheeeeeeeeeeee LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLooooooooooooccccccccccccaaaaaaaaaaaatttttttttttttttttiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiioooooooooooonnnnnnnnnnnn oooooooooooofffffffffffffffff KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKrrrrrrrrrrrraaaaaaaaaaaakkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkaaaaaaaaaaaatttttttttttttttttooooooooooooaaaaaaaaaaaaKrakatoa lies between two of the largest islands in Indonesia .

See enlargement below

3


Mou

ntai

n H

igh

Map

s/D

igita

l Wisd

om


0

0

5 kilometers

Rakata

Danan

Perboewatan

KRAKATOAISLAND

VERLATENISLAND

LANGISLAND

3 miles

Volcano

KEY

The island of Krakatoa was once a familiar sight to

sailors passing through the Sunda Strait in what is now

known as Indonesia. Krakatoa’s highest peak, Rakata, rose

half a mile out of the sea. Two smaller cones, Danan and

Perboewatan, were farther north.

In the spring of 1883, people living on nearby islands

felt vibrations in the ground and heard rumbling noises.

Then on May 20, the captain of the German ship Elisabeth

reported seeing an ash cloud. He said it rose 7 miles

(11 kilometers) into the sky above Krakatoa.

Chapter 1

The island of Krakatoa had three volcanoes. All were involved in the explosion .

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKrrrrrrrrrrrrraaaaaaaaaaaaakkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkaaaaaaaaaaaaatttttttttttttttttoooooooooooooaaaaaaaaaaaaa BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBeeeeeeeeeeeeefffffffffffffffffooooooooooooorrrrrrrrrrrrreeeeeeeeeeeee ttttttttttttttttthhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhheeeeeeeeeeeee EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEErrrrrrrrrrrrruuuuuuuuuuuuuppppppppppppppptttttttttttttttttiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiooooooooooooonnnnnnnnnnnnn


4 Mou

ntai

n H

igh

Map

s/D

igita

l Wisd

om


Other ships reported strange observations. Fine ash

fell from the sky, covering everything it landed on.

Many people on the nearby islands were fascinated

by the weird activity on the island. A steamship,

the Governor General Loudon, brought sightseers

to Krakatoa. Some of these people climbed up the

mountainside. They peered into a smoking crater. Had

they known what was going on beneath their feet, they

may have thought it was better to be safe than sorry

and decided against such a close-up view.

This engraving depicts Krakatoa before the massive explosion in 1883.

5


5Nor

th W

ind/

Nor

th W

ind

Pict

ure

Arch

ives


ASIA NORTHAMERICA

SOUTHAMERICA

Ring of Fire

KEY

AUSTRALIA

PACIFICOCEAN

Krakatoa is part of Indonesia. It is in an area around

the edges of the Pacific Ocean called the Ring of Fire.

This area is known for its volcanoes and frequent

earthquakes. Indonesia has a greater number of active

volcanoes than any other country.

The cause of this volcanic and seismic activity lies

deep underground. The Ring of Fire is at the borders of

several tectonic plates. When these massive plates push

together, one may slip beneath the other. The lower plate

goes into the mantle, the high-temperature layer beneath

Earth’s crust. The plate begins to break off and melt,

forming hot molten rock called magma.

The Ring of Fire is located at the edges of the Pacific Ocean, where tectonic plates overlap.

TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTThhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhheeeeeeeeeeee PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPaaaaaaaaaaaacccccccccccciiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiifffffffffffffffffiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiicccccccccccc RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinnnnnnnnnnnngggggggggggggg oooooooooooofffffffffffffffff FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiirrrrrrrrrrrreeeeeeeeeeee

6


Mou

ntai

n H

igh

Map

s/D

igita

l Wisd

om


Know Your Volcanoes Volcanoes vary

greatly in size and

shape, and may be

active, dormant,

or extinct.

Stratovolcanoes

are created from

eruptions, when

lava is violently

ejected and

quickly cools and

solidifies. These

steep-sided

volcanoes look like

upside-down

ice-cream cones.

Shield volcanoes

are gently sloping.

They build up as

lava flows slowly

down the sides of

a vent, or opening.

Lava domes

expand from

the inside. Thick

lava piles up in a

rounded bulge

around the vent.

The magma comes under immense

pressure and is forced upward. It

gathers in a giant underground

chamber. From time to time it is

forced out through the crust, building

up layers of rock and forming a cone

shape, or stratovolcano. If pressure is

not released, it can build until finally it

explodes out of the ground.

A stratovolcano’s eruption is often

extremely violent because the pressure

is released so suddenly. Krakatoa was

made up of stratovolcanoes.

When the sightseers from the

steamship looked into the crater on

Krakatoa, they saw the early stages of

an eruption. Despite the earthquakes

and clouds of ash and steam, the

volcanoes’ pressure had not been

released. The force building up beneath

the sightseers’ feet was undiminished.

Soon, it would break out.

A stratovolcano typically explodes out of the ground to release pressure building beneath Earth’s surface.

7



The dramatic sight of Krakatoa exploding was captured in images such as this one.

In August 1883,

Krakatoa could no longer

contain the pressure that

had built up underground.

On the afternoon of

Sunday, August 26, it

began to erupt. A column

of smoke was sent 17 miles

(27 kilometers) high.

The port town of Anjer

on the island of Java, 26

miles (42 kilometers) from

Krakatoa, was plunged

into darkness. Clouds of

smoke and ash blocked

out the sun. The sea

became agitated, and

waves crashed upon the shore. The telegraph master in

Anjer realized the urgency of the situation. He found his

way to the cable office and sent out a cable saying that

Krakatoa was “vomiting fire and smoke.”

In fact, the volcanoes on Krakatoa were in their last

hours. At 5:30 the next morning, an enormous explosion

shook the air. A second explosion followed at 6:42 A.M., and

another at 8:20 A.M.

Chapter 2

8


Hulto

n Ar

chiv

e/St

ringe

r/Ge

tty

Imag

es


At 10:02 A.M. that day, all of

Krakatoa exploded. Two thirds

of the island disappeared. Some

of it collapsed into the sea,

while 6 cubic miles of rock and

magma were blown into the

sky. Clouds of gas and fire and

smoke billowed more than 20

miles (32 kilometers) upward.

The blast made possibly

the loudest sound in recorded

history. The captain of the

Norham Castle, a ship in the

area, wrote in his log that the

noise shattered the eardrums of

more than half of his crew.

These explosions were not

the real tragedy for people

living near Krakatoa. It was the

blasts’ effects that caused the

most terrible damage.

BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOORRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRREEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEERRUUPPTTIIOONN

Most of the island of Krakatoa was ejected into the sky or collapsed into the sea during the explosions in August 1883.

AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEERRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRREERRUUPPTTIIOONN

VERLATEN ISLAND

VERLATEN ISLAND

KRAKATOA ISLAND

KRAKATOA ISLAND

LANG ISLAND

LANG ISLAND

9


Nor

th W

ind/

Nor

th W

ind

Pict

ure

Arch

ive


Krakatoa was uninhabited, but the populous islands

around it soon felt the effects after it exploded.

The volcanoes ejected very hot clouds of gas, ash, and

pumice, a lightweight volcanic rock. These clouds, called

pyroclastic flows, are heavier than air and travel down

mountainsides like avalanches. They can also move across

water at very high speeds.

On the nearby island of Sumatra, the Beyerinck family

fled inland, but a pyroclastic flow surrounded the hut where

they’d taken shelter. “The hot bite of the pumice pricked

like needles,” Mrs. Beyerinck later wrote.

About two thousand people perished from these deadly

hot clouds. Tsunamis caused even greater devastation.

Krakatoa’s eruption generated giant waves. The

waves crashed into the coastlines of Java and

Sumatra, destroying towns and villages.


10

Nor

th W

ind/

Nor

th W

ind

Pict

ure

Arch

ive

010_018_CR14_LR_G6_U6W2L60_O_119210.indd 10010_018_CR14_LR_G6_U6W2L60_O_119210.indd 10 28/02/12 10:13 AM28/02/12 10:13 AM

As the tsunamis raced inland, people tried to outrun

them. For many, the effort was futile. A Javanese laborer

who was 5 miles (8 kilometers) from the coast described the

scramble for high ground: “We all ran towards it and tried

to climb out of the way of the water. The wave was too

quick ... and many were drowned almost at my side.”

Out at sea, the steamship Governor General Loudon

was in the path of a tsunami. The captain managed to turn

the ship into the path of the giant wave and ride over it.

The passengers watched as the tsunami then destroyed

the town of Telok Betong. One of them later wrote about

it: “The light tower could be seen to tumble; the houses

disappeared; the steamer Berouw was lifted and got stuck,

apparently at the height of the cocoanut trees.”

All the crew on board the Berouw lost their lives. More

than 36,000 people died in the Krakatoa disaster.

The steamship Berouw was carried more than a mile inland and became lodged among the trees.

11


Nor

th W

ind/

Nor

th W

ind

Pict

ure

Arch

ive


Chapter 3

Krakatoa’s eruption devastated a large area surrounding

the island. Other effects were noticed around the world.

The huge explosion was heard more than 2,000 miles

(3,200 kilometers) away. It changed the atmospheric air

pressure and generated a shock wave. The shock wave

traveled around the world seven times. Pumice floated

ashore at Madagascar, near Africa, about 2,200 miles

(3,500 kilometers) away.

12


12


The eruption’s effects were also evident in the skies.

The observers who tracked the ash and dust moving

through the skies were the first to identify the existence of

jet streams. These jet streams carried volcanic ash and dust

around the globe.

Light reflecting off ash and dust particles in the

atmosphere created stunning sunsets for months. In

England, the painter William Ashcroft made a series of

sketches of the sunsets. In Poughkeepsie, New York,

firefighters who raced to a fire found that the bright red

hue was the sky.

Krakatoa’s eruption intrigued people all over the world.

This was partly due to the scale of the disaster and the

wide area affected. But there was another reason as well. It

involved a new technology—a piece of wire.

William Ashcroft painted this colorful sunset caused by dust particles from the Krakatoa explosion.

13


13

Scie

nce

& So

ciet

y Pi

ctur

e Li

brar

y/SS

PL/G

etty

Imag

es


Advances in technology mean that if there were a

disaster like Krakatoa today, we would quickly learn of it.

In the past, news traveled more slowly. When the Battle of

New Orleans ended on January 8, 1815, neither side knew a

peace treaty had been signed in England two weeks earlier.

News of the eruption at Krakatoa spread faster than

news of the peace treaty. The ash cloud of May 20 was

reported days later in The Times of London. (The Times

misspelled the island’s name, Krakatau, as “Krakatowa.”

This led to the similar spelling we use today.)

In August, The New York Times was even quicker with

news of the island’s explosion. Within hours, it reported that

stones were falling from the sky. It said contact had been

lost with the port of Anjer and “it is feared there has been a

calamity there.”

The crucial development that enabled the news to get

out so fast was undersea telegraph cables. The cables

could send messages almost instantly using Morse code.

Morse code sends messages as a series of dots and dashes,

or long and short sounds. People all over the world could

read about the disaster in Krakatoa soon after it occurred.

The explosion of Krakatoa has been called one of the

world’s first global media events. This is because the

disaster was so quickly and widely reported. The saying

that bad news travels fast became reality.

14


14


NORTH AMERICA

GREENLANDICELAND

EUROPE

NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN

By 1883, undersea telegraph cables had connected many far-flung and isolated places.

Good Timing for Technology

When American Samuel Morse invented the telegraph

in 1836, cables could be laid only across land. No material

was available to shield the cable from water and withstand

marine plants and animals. The technology quickly spread,

but places surrounded by water, such as the islands of

Indonesia, remained isolated.

In 1850, sap from a tree grown in Malaysia and

Indonesia was used to make a latex sealant for the cable.

By the time Krakatoa erupted, Indonesia had been linked

by telegraph to Jakarta (then known as Batavia), and an

undersea cable connected it to Singapore. The news of

the eruption traveled fast.

UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUnnnnnnnnnnnndddddddddddddddddeeeeeeeeeeeerrrrrrrrrrrrsssssssssssseeeeeeeeeeeeaaaaaaaaaaaa TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTeeeeeeeeeeeellllllllllllllllleeeeeeeeeeeeggggggggggggggrrrrrrrrrrrraaaaaaaaaaaapppppppppppppphhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCaaaaaaaaaaaabbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbllllllllllllllllleeeeeeeeeeeessssssssssss

15


15

Mou

ntai

n H

igh

Map

s/D

igita

l Wisd

om


Although it happened more than a hundred years

ago, the explosion of Krakatoa still fascinates people. The

eruption was one of the most cataclysmic ever recorded.

But this is not the only reason that people still want

to know about Krakatoa. There were many eyewitness

accounts from ordinary people caught up in this

extraordinary event. We can read reports by people who

were there and learn what it must have been like.

Learning about historical events in different ways helps

us understand what occured. Eyewitness accounts let us

share people’s experiences. Their personal stories can bring

events vividly to life. They help us connect the past with our

own time and lives.

16



Many people presumed the volcanic activity was over

after the island exploded in 1883. But in 1927, fishermen

from Java were surprised to see smoke belching from the

sea. A new volcanic island emerged. Named Anak Krakatau,

“Child of Krakatoa,” it continues to grow, smoldering and

even erupting at times.

More recently, in March 2010, a volcano in Iceland began

to erupt. The people living near it were evacuated, but

hundreds of thousands of others were affected as well.

Aircraft couldn’t fly through the thick ash drifting across

Europe. All over the world, planes were grounded and

people were stranded at airports.

Newspapers, television, radio, and the Internet kept us

informed as this event unfolded. And as with Krakatoa’s

eruption, the public turned its attention to the accounts of

the people who were there to experience it.

The eruption of this volcano in Iceland affected air travelers worldwide.

17


17

Jon

Helg

ason

/Ala

my


Summarize

Use examples from Blown Away

to summarize how people learned

about the events of the 1883 volcanic

eruption. Your graphic organizer may

help you.

Text Evidence

1. How do you know that Blown Away is narrative

nonfiction? Identify the text features that tell you this.

GENRE

2. Why were the effects of the Krakatoa explosion felt so

far away from the island? CAUSE AND EFFECT

3. A proverb is a short, traditional saying that makes a

statement about life. Find an example of a proverb

on page 14 and use clues from the text to confirm its

meaning. ADAGES AND PROVERBS

4. Write about what was happening in Earth’s crust

leading up the great explosion. How did each change

in the area under Krakatoa contribute to the eruption?

WRITE ABOUT READING

Cause Effect

18

Program: CR 14 Component: LR G6U6W2 0PDFhVendor: Learning Media Level: 60X


The year after Krakatoa erupted, The Atlantic Monthly magazine published an interview with an eyewitness. Captain W. J. Watson was on board the Charles Bal, a ship sailing near Krakatoa. He kept a detailed record of the events happening around him. (However, his chronometer, a clock used in navigation, was set about one hour fast.)

These excerpts from Captain Watson’s record appeared in The Atlantic Monthly in 1884.

At 2:30 p.m., we noticed some agitation about the point of Krakatoa; clouds or something being propelled from the north-east point with great velocity ...

At 4:15 p.m., Krakatoa bore north one half east, ten miles distant. We observed a repetition of that noted at 3:30, only much more furious and alarming, the matter, whatever it was, being propelled with amazing velocity to the north-east ...

At 5 the roaring noise continued and was increasing; darkness spread over the sky, and a hail of pumice-stone fell on us, of which many pieces were of considerable size and quite warm ...

Compare TextsRead an eyewitness account of the Krakatoa eruption.

A ailor ’s to ry

19


(bkg

d) P

hoto

disc

/Get

ty Im

ages


At 11 p.m. ... the island, west-north-west, eleven miles distant, became visible. Chains of fire appeared to ascend and descend between it and the sky, while on the south-west end there seemed to be a continued roll of balls of white fire. The wind, though strong, was hot and choking, sulphureous, with a smell as of burning cinders ...

From midnight to 4 a.m. ... the roaring of Krakatoa less continuous, but more explosive in sound, the sky one second intense blackness and the next a blaze of light. The mastheads and yardarms were studded with corposants [electric flames] and a peculiar pink flame coming from clouds which seemed to touch the mastheads and yardarms.

At 6 a.m., being able to make out the Java shore, set sail, and passed Fourth Point lighthouse. At 8 hoisted our signal letters [the callsign or name that lets the ship be identified from a distance] but got no answer. At 8:30, passed Anjer with our

This engraving of the Krakatoa eruption shows that those close enough to give an eyewitness account were also in great danger.

20


20

(bkg

d) P

hoto

disc

/Get

ty Im

ages

, (t)

Univ

ersa

lImag

esGr

oup/

Gett

y Im

ages

(bkg

d) P

hoto

disc

/Get

ty Im

ages


Make ConnectionsHow do the descriptions in A Sailor’s Story add to your understanding of the Krakatoa eruption? ESSENTIAL QUESTION

In Blown Away and A Sailor’s Story, how do people in the wider world hear of the details of the eruption? TEXT TO TEXT

name still hoisted, and close enough in to make out the houses, but could see no movement of any kind; in fact, through the whole Straits we did not see a single moving thing of any kind on sea or land.

At 11:15 there was a fearful explosion in the direction of Krakatoa, now over thirty miles distant. We saw a wave rush right on to the Button Island, apparently sweeping entirely over the southern part, and rising half way up the north and east sides ... and then continuing on to the Java shore ... by 11:30 we were inclosed [enclosed] in a darkness that might almost be felt, and then commenced a downpour of mud, sand, and I know not what ...

At noon the darkness was so intense that we had to grope our way about the decks, and although speaking to each other. This horrible state and downpour of mud and debris continued until 1:30 p.m., the roarings of the volcano and lightnings being something fearful ...

… spars, sails, blocks, and ropes were in a horrible state; but ... nobody was hurt nor was the ship damaged. But think of Anjer, Merak, and other little villages on the Java coast!

21


(bkg

d) P

hoto

disc

/Get

ty Im

ages


cataclysmic (ka-tuh-KLIZ-mik) hugely destructive (page 16)

crater (KRAY-tuhr) a hollow at the top of a volcano(page 5)

debris (duh-BREE) the remains of something broken or destroyed (page 2)

dormant (DAWR-muhnt) appearing to be asleep, with the possibility of becoming active once more (page 7)

extinct (ik-STINGKT) dead or no longer active (page 7)

eyewitness (IGH-WIT-nuhs) a person who sees something happen (page 16)

jet streams (jet streemz) fast currents of wind (page 13)

lava (LAH-vuh) magma ejected from a volcano (page 7)

seismic (SIGHZ-mik) caused by an earthquake or explosion (page 6)

shock wave (shahk wayv) a wave of high-pressure air caused by the sudden force of an explosion or earthquake (page 12)

tectonic plates (tek-TAH-nik playts) pieces of Earth’s crust that cover Earth’s surface (page 6)

tsunamis (tsoo-NAH-meez) giant sea waves (page 2)

volcanic (vahl-KA-nik) formed by a volcano (page 6)

Glossary

22



Anak Krakatau, “Child of Krakatoa,” 17

Anjer, 8, 14, 20, 21

Ashcroft, William, 13

Atlantic Monthly, The, 19

Battle of New Orleans, 14

Berouw, 11

Beyerinck family, 10

Charles Bal, 19

Danan, 4

Elisabeth, 4

Governor General Loudon, 5, 11

Indonesia, 3, 4, 6, 15

Java, 3, 8, 10, 11, 17, 20, 21

Madagascar, 12

Krakatau, 14

Morse code, 15

New York Times, The, 14

Norham Castle, 9

Perboewatan, 4

pyroclastic flows, 10

Rakata, 4

Ring of Fire, 6

stratovolcano, 7

Sumatra, 10

Sunda Strait, 3, 4, 8, 21

Telok Betong, 11

Times, The, 14

Watson, Captain W. J., 19–21

Index

23



Step 2

Step 3

Step 4

Step 1

Purpose To understand how primary sources can help us build

up a clear picture of a historical event

What to Do

Working in pairs, choose a historical event that

interests you, for example, the moon landing or

Hurricane Katrina.

Write down everything you know about your chosen

event. Include dates, people, and specific actions.

Find two primary sources of information about the

event. A primary source is something that was created

at the time of the event, not later. It could be a video

clip, a newspaper report, a map or diagram, or a

photograph.

Compare the information you noted to begin with

against the information from your researched sources.

Were some of the things you knew actually incorrect?

What further important facts did you gather from your

primary sources?

Conclusion How do primary sources of information help to

clarify a historical event and make it more interesting?

24



The TopicWhat is Blown Away mostly about?

Text Structure

How does the author organize information in Blown Away? What are some details that allow you to explore the causes and effects of the eruption?

Vocabulary

What are some of the key words in Blown Away that relate to the topic? What new words did you learn?

Author’s Purpose

What do you think was the author’s purpose for writing Blown Away?

Conclusions

What did you conclude about the ways that news of the eruption spread? Why did people hear about the disaster so quickly?

Literature Circles

Nonfiction


IFCIBC_CR14_LR_G6U6W2L60_O_119210.indd 3IFCIBC_CR14_LR_G6U6W2L60_O_119210.indd 3 28/02/12 10:10 AM28/02/12 10:10 AM

Witnesses Social Studies

GR X • Benchmark 60 • Lexile [t/k]

Grade 6 • Unit 6 Week 2

www.mheonline.com


9 780021 192106

MHID 0-02-119210-3ISBN-13 978-0-02-119210-6

99701

EAN

6

CV_CR14_LR_G6U6W2L60_O_119210.indd 2CV_CR14_LR_G6U6W2L60_O_119210.indd 2 28/02/12 10:10 AM28/02/12 10:10 AM

By Andrew Gunn by Andrew Gunn - · PDF fileComprehension Strategy: Ask and Answer Questions...

Documents

Transcript of By Andrew Gunn by Andrew Gunn - · PDF fileComprehension Strategy: Ask and Answer Questions...