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Lynn Silipigni Connaway, Ph.D.Senior Research ScientistOCLCChair of ExcellenceDepartmento de Biblioteconomía y Documentación Universidad Carlos III de Madrid@[email protected]
16 May 2014
Chair of Excellence, UC3M, Madrid, Spain
“But Wikipedia is always right, so I always use that.”
Implications for Library Services Modeled on the
Digital Visitors and Residents Continuum
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Partners• JISC (UK funding body)
• OCLC• Lynn Silipigni Connaway, Ph.D.• Erin M. Hood, M.L.I.S.• Carrie Vass, M.S.
• Oxford University• David White
• University of North Carolina, Charlotte
• Donna Lanclos, Ph.D.
Visitors and Residents: What motivates engagement with the digital information environment?
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Video: http://is.gd/vanrvideo
First Monday Paper: http://is.gd/vandrpaper
(White & Connaway, 2011)
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Visitors & Residents
(White & Connaway, 2011-2014)
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Resident Mode
• Visible and persistent online presence
• Collaborative activity online
• Contribute online• Internet is a place
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Visitor Mode
• Functional use of technology
• Formal need• Invisible online
presence• Internet is a toolbox
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Project Phases
Phase 1• Interviewed 31 (16 US/15 UK)
Emerging educational stage individuals
Phase 2• Interviewed
• 10 (5 US/5 UK) Establishing
• 10 (5 US/5 UK) Embedding • 10 (5 US/5 UK)
Experienced •Some Phase 1 participants
agreed to submit monthly diaries
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Project Phases, cont.
Phase 3• Interviewed second
group of 12 students in the Emerging stage
Phase 4• In-depth survey
• 50 participants from each educational stage in both US & UK
• Code, analyze, & compare data
4
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9
Participants
Phases 1-3• Total of 73 participants (36 UK, 37 US)
• 43 Emerging (21 UK, 22 US)• 10 Establishing (5 UK, 5 US)• 10 Embedding (5 UK, 5 US)• 10 Experiencing (5 UK, 5 US)
• Gender• Female 39• Male 34
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10
Participants
• Age• 12-18 years old 26• 19-25 years old 25• 26-34 years old 6• 35-44 years old 5• 45-54 years old 8• 55-64 years old 3
• Ethnicity• African American 5• Caucasian 41• Multi-racial 2• Asian 1• Hispanic 3• Undeclared 21
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Participants
• Discipline Type• High School 21• Sciences 22• Arts/Humanities 12• Social Sciences 16• Undeclared 2
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Participant Interview Questions
1. Describe the things you enjoy doing with technology and the web each week.
2. Think of the ways you have used technology and the web for your studies. Describe a typical week.
3. Think about the next stage of your education. Tell me what you think this will be like.
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Participant Interview Questions
4. Think of a time when you had a situation where you needed answers or solutions and you did a quick search and made do with it. You knew there were other sources but you decided not to use them. Please include sources such as friends, family, teachers, coaches, etc.
5. Have there been times when you were told to use a library or virtual learning environment (or learning platform), and used other source(s) instead?
6. If you had a magic wand, what would your ideal way of getting information be? How would you go about using the systems and services? When? Where? How?
(Dervin, Connaway, & Prabha, 2003-2006)(Radford & Connaway, 2005-2007)
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14
Diarists
Phases 1-4• 20 participants (8 UK, 12 US)
• 15 Emerging (7 UK, 8 US)• 3 Establishing (1 UK, 2 US)• 1 Embedding (1 US)• 1 Experiencing (1 US)
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Example: Digital Visitors & Residents Diaries
(White & Connaway, 2011-2014)
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Codebook
I. PlaceA. Internet
1. Search enginea. Googleb. Yahoo
2. Social Mediaa. FaceBookb. Twitterc. You Tubed. Flickr/image
sharinge. Blogging
B. Library1. Academic2. Public3. School (K-12)
C. HomeD. School, classroom, computer labE. Other
(White & Connaway, 2011-2014)
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(Connaway & White for OCLC Research, 2012)
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Digital Sources and Educational Stages
Emerging (n=43)
Establishing (n=10)
Embedding (n=10)
Experiencing (n=10)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
81%, 35
90%, 9
70%, 7
50%, 5
28%, 12
60%, 670%, 7
40%, 4
33%, 1430%, 3
20%, 2
10%, 1
Wikipedia
Major Media Sites
iPlayer
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“I think, it's [Wikipedia’s] quite good for broadening knowledge if you don't know much about a subject, gives you ideas.”
(Digital Visitors and Residents, 2UKU1, Female, Age 19, Geography)
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“It’s like a taboo I guess with all teachers, they just all say – you know, when they explain the paper they always say, ‘Don’t use Wikipedia.’”
(Digital Visitors and Residents, USU7, Female, Age 19, Political Science)
The Learning Black Market
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24
“So BBC iPlayer and 4 id and stuff like that. You know, to catch up on programmes, and
obviously we are using YouTube…”
(Digital Visitors and Residents, UKS4, Female, Age 17, Secondary Student)
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“Like, if two of them say the same thing then that must be right.”
(Digital Visitors and Residents, USS4, Male, Age 17, High School Student)
Determining Credibility and Authority
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Convenience
(Connaway, Lanclos, & Hood 2013)
Convenience trumps all other reasons for selecting and using a source
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“It’s [Google’s] convenience. It’s the immediacy of it.”
(Digital Visitors and Residents, UKF3, Male, Age 52, Artist & Technical Support)
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Contact and Educational Stages
(Connaway, Lanclos, and Hood, 2013)
Emerging (n=43)
Establishing (n=10)
Embedding (n=10)
Experiencing (n=10)
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
60%, 26
100%, 10 100%, 10 100%, 10
84%, 36
80%, 8
70%, 7
50%, 5
77%, 33
90%, 9
70%, 7
70%, 7
60%, 26 60%, 6
40%, 4
70%, 7Email
Texting
Phone Calls
Face-to-Face
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“But I could probably not live without the computer and, you know, the internet. Because,
work, and the emails.”
(Digital Visitors and Residents, USU2, Female, Age 19, Engineering)
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Human Sources and Educational Stages
Emerging (n=43)
Establishing (n=10)
Embedding (n=10)
Experiencing (n=10)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
58%, 25
50%, 5
40%, 4
10%, 1
49%, 21
50%, 5
40%, 4
10%, 1
53%, 23
50%, 5
30%, 3 20%, 2
77%, 33
70%, 7
40%, 4
40%, 4
Mother
Father
Extended Family
Friends, Col-leagues
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Human Sources and Educational Stages
Emerging (n=43)
Establishing (n=10)
Embedding (n=10)
Experiencing (n=10)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
12%, 5
0%, 0
10%, 1
20%, 2
51%, 22
60%, 6
40%, 4
50%, 5
86%, 3790%, 9
60%, 6
20%, 2
30%, 13
20%, 2
30%, 3
20%, 2
Librarians
Peers
Teachers, Professors
Experts, Pro-fessionals
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Place (Type of Library) and Educational Stage
Emerging (n=43)
Establishing (n=10)
Embedding (n=10)
Experiencing (n=10)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
60%, 26 60%, 6
90%, 9
50%, 5
12%, 5 10%, 1 0%, 0 0%, 0
14%, 610%, 1
0%, 0 0%, 0
28%, 12
40%, 4
60%, 6
40%, 4
Academic
Public
School (K-12)
Library (General)
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“…library catalogues that’s supposed to be a really good way for looking for books but
usually they are so bad that you are sort of stuck between the two worlds...”
(Digital Visitors and Residents, UKG5, Female, Age 25, Early Modern History)
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“And so like my parents will always go, ‘Well look it up in a book, go to the library.’ And I’ll go, ‘Well
there’s the internet just there.’”
(Digital Visitors and Residents, UKU5, Emerging, Female, Age 19, Chemistry)
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“This year I don’t think I have ever picked up a book out of the library to do any research, all I have used
is my computer.”
(Digital Visitors and Residents, USU1, Female, Age 19, Undeclared)
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“And since a lot of my academic work is done at night, later hours, it’s much more convenient to do
so within the home rather than to go to a library and seek out a computer there.”
(Digital Visitors and Residents, UKG2,Female, Age 22, Learning and Technology)
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Place and Educational Stages
Emerging (n=43)
Establishing (n=10)
Embedding (n=10)
Experiencing (n=10)
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
95%, 41100%, 10 100%, 10
90%, 9
21%, 9
50% 50%, 5
70%, 7
33%, 14 50%, 530%, 3
40%, 4
YouTube
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“I don’t use Twitter, partially because a lot of my friends – there’s a certain negative connotation with Twitter that it’s online presence taken too far, taken to the extreme among people my age I suppose…And so it’s a weird connotation, so I’d never use it
for that reason.”
(Digital Visitors and Residents, UKG2, Female, Age 22, Learning and Technology)
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“…[on YouTube] you can see people writing out the solutions themselves or doing the working out so you follow it step by step and you can see exactly where you go wrong.”
(Digital Visitors and Residents, UKU12, Female, Age 21, Physics)
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Motivation and Educational Stages
Emerging (n=43)
Establishing (n=10)
Embedding (n=10)
Experiencing (n=10)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
23%, 1020%, 2
50%, 5
10%, 1
44%, 19
80%, 8 80%, 8
60%, 6
44%, 19
50%, 5
40%, 4
40%, 4
Lazy
Organization
Intrinsic
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“Last semester I was writing a paper on Brazil and there was a book in the library that I just did not want to leave my house to go to. It is a 50 minute drive, I didn’t want to do that, but I was writing my paper and so I used Google books instead and really they only had a section of the book available but
that was the section I used. So, you know, doing that instead of coming here physically and going to get the whole book. And it saved time, it saved gas, I got what I needed and it
wasn’t a big deal.”
(Digital Visitors and Residents, USG4, Female, Age 23, Latin/American Studies)
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“Ironically, I have a paper calendar. I do this because I find it very useful to actually have to write rather than type out the things that I have to do. I don’t
have an online calendar in any form because I find that if I write something physically down on a piece
of paper, I’m more likely to remember it.”
(Digital Visitors and Residents, UKG2, Female, Age 22, Learning and Technology)
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“I use Facebook for organizing my life basically, with friends and stuff. ...I also use that in education to talk to my friends about an equation, the things I
don't understand and it works quite well.”
(Digital Visitors and Residents, 2UKS2, Male, Age 18, Secondary School Student)
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What Can We Change?
• Improved OPACs• Community as content
• Full text, online accessible• Seamless discovery to
delivery• Access more important
than discovery• Mobile access
• Presence in social networks• Facebook• Twitter
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Community is Content
• Social networks formed around social objects• Music, photos, videos, links• Reviewing• Tagging• Commenting• Rating
• Refines interaction with resources
(Dempsey, 2012)
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What Can We Do?
• Advertise resources, brand, & value
• Provide search help at time of need
• Chat & IM• Mobile technology
• Design all of our systems with users in mind• Familiar formats
• Model services on popular services
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infoKit
What is it?• Contains advice on evaluating digital/online
services within the broader context of traditional services.
Why did we create it?• To understand the contexts surrounding
individual engagement with digital resources, spaces and tools.
Who will use it?• Librarians and information technology staff
(White, Connaway, Lanclos, Hood, & Vass, 2014)
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©2014 OCLC. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. Suggested attribution: “This work uses content from [presentation title] © OCLC, used under a Creative Commons Attribution license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/”
Thank You!
Lynn Silipigni Connaway, [email protected]
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Discussion & Questions
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ReferencesCase, D. O. (2012). Looking for information: A survey of research on information seeking, needs, and behavior.
Bingley: Emerald. Connaway, L. S., Dickey, T. J., & Radford, M. L. (2011). “If it is too inconvenient I’m not going after it:” Convenience as
a critical factor in information-seeking behaviors. Library & Information Science Research, 33(3), 179-190. Connaway, L. S, Lanclos, D. M., & Hood, E. M. (2013a). “I always stick with the first thing that comes up on Google…”
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