Business Research Methods - Ramayahramayah.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/T11.pdf · Business...
Transcript of Business Research Methods - Ramayahramayah.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/T11.pdf · Business...
![Page 1: Business Research Methods - Ramayahramayah.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/T11.pdf · Business Research Methods Introduction to Data Analysis . Data Analysis Process . DATA ANALYSIS](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5ae97f5f7f8b9ad73f8be908/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
![Page 2: Business Research Methods - Ramayahramayah.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/T11.pdf · Business Research Methods Introduction to Data Analysis . Data Analysis Process . DATA ANALYSIS](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5ae97f5f7f8b9ad73f8be908/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Business
Research Methods
Introduction to Data
Analysis
![Page 3: Business Research Methods - Ramayahramayah.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/T11.pdf · Business Research Methods Introduction to Data Analysis . Data Analysis Process . DATA ANALYSIS](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5ae97f5f7f8b9ad73f8be908/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Data Analysis Process
![Page 4: Business Research Methods - Ramayahramayah.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/T11.pdf · Business Research Methods Introduction to Data Analysis . Data Analysis Process . DATA ANALYSIS](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5ae97f5f7f8b9ad73f8be908/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
DATA ANALYSIS
DATA ENTRY
STAGES OF DATA ANALYSIS
ERROR
CHECKING
AND
VERIFICATION
CODING
EDITING
![Page 5: Business Research Methods - Ramayahramayah.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/T11.pdf · Business Research Methods Introduction to Data Analysis . Data Analysis Process . DATA ANALYSIS](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5ae97f5f7f8b9ad73f8be908/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Introduction
Preparation of Data Editing, Handling Blank responses, Coding,
Categorization and Data Entry
These activities ensure accuracy of the data and
its conversion from raw form to reduced data
Exploring, Displaying and Examining
data Breaking down, inspecting and rearranging data
to start the search for meaningful descriptions,
patterns and relationship.
![Page 6: Business Research Methods - Ramayahramayah.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/T11.pdf · Business Research Methods Introduction to Data Analysis . Data Analysis Process . DATA ANALYSIS](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5ae97f5f7f8b9ad73f8be908/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Editing
The Process Of Checking And Adjusting
The Data
For Omissions
For Legibility
For Consistency
And Readying Them For Coding And
Storage
![Page 7: Business Research Methods - Ramayahramayah.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/T11.pdf · Business Research Methods Introduction to Data Analysis . Data Analysis Process . DATA ANALYSIS](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5ae97f5f7f8b9ad73f8be908/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Editing
IN-HOUSE
EDITING
FIELD EDITING
![Page 8: Business Research Methods - Ramayahramayah.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/T11.pdf · Business Research Methods Introduction to Data Analysis . Data Analysis Process . DATA ANALYSIS](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5ae97f5f7f8b9ad73f8be908/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Reasons for Editing
Criteria
Consistent
Uniformly
entered
Arranged for
simplification
Complete
Accurate
![Page 9: Business Research Methods - Ramayahramayah.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/T11.pdf · Business Research Methods Introduction to Data Analysis . Data Analysis Process . DATA ANALYSIS](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5ae97f5f7f8b9ad73f8be908/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Birth Year Recorded By Interviewer
1873?
1973 MORE LIKELY
![Page 10: Business Research Methods - Ramayahramayah.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/T11.pdf · Business Research Methods Introduction to Data Analysis . Data Analysis Process . DATA ANALYSIS](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5ae97f5f7f8b9ad73f8be908/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Coding
Involves assigning numbers or other symbols to answers so the responses can be grouped into a limited number of classes or categories.
Example:
“M” for Male and “F” for Female
“1” for Male and “2” for Female
Numeric vs Alphanumeric
Numeric versus Alphanumeric
Open ended questions
Check accuracy by using 10% of responses
![Page 11: Business Research Methods - Ramayahramayah.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/T11.pdf · Business Research Methods Introduction to Data Analysis . Data Analysis Process . DATA ANALYSIS](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5ae97f5f7f8b9ad73f8be908/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Coding Rules
Categories
should be
Appropriate to the
research problem Exhaustive
Mutually exclusive Derived from one
classification principle
![Page 12: Business Research Methods - Ramayahramayah.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/T11.pdf · Business Research Methods Introduction to Data Analysis . Data Analysis Process . DATA ANALYSIS](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5ae97f5f7f8b9ad73f8be908/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Appropriateness
Let’s say your population is students at institutions of higher learning
What is you age group?
• 15 – 25 years
• 26 – 35 years
• 36 – 45 years
• Above 45 years
![Page 13: Business Research Methods - Ramayahramayah.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/T11.pdf · Business Research Methods Introduction to Data Analysis . Data Analysis Process . DATA ANALYSIS](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5ae97f5f7f8b9ad73f8be908/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Exhaustiveness
What is your race?
• Malay
• Chinese
• Indians
• Others
![Page 14: Business Research Methods - Ramayahramayah.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/T11.pdf · Business Research Methods Introduction to Data Analysis . Data Analysis Process . DATA ANALYSIS](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5ae97f5f7f8b9ad73f8be908/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Mutual Exclusivity
What is your occupation type?
• Professional • Crafts
• Managerial • Operatives
• Sales • Unemployed
• Clerical • Housewife
• Others
![Page 15: Business Research Methods - Ramayahramayah.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/T11.pdf · Business Research Methods Introduction to Data Analysis . Data Analysis Process . DATA ANALYSIS](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5ae97f5f7f8b9ad73f8be908/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Single Dimension
What is your occupation type?
• Professional • Crafts
• Managerial • Operatives
• Sales • Unemployed
• Clerical • Housewife
• Others
![Page 16: Business Research Methods - Ramayahramayah.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/T11.pdf · Business Research Methods Introduction to Data Analysis . Data Analysis Process . DATA ANALYSIS](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5ae97f5f7f8b9ad73f8be908/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Coding Open-ended Responses
![Page 17: Business Research Methods - Ramayahramayah.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/T11.pdf · Business Research Methods Introduction to Data Analysis . Data Analysis Process . DATA ANALYSIS](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5ae97f5f7f8b9ad73f8be908/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Coding Open Ended Questions
![Page 18: Business Research Methods - Ramayahramayah.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/T11.pdf · Business Research Methods Introduction to Data Analysis . Data Analysis Process . DATA ANALYSIS](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5ae97f5f7f8b9ad73f8be908/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Handling Blank Responses
How do we take care of missing
responses? If > 25% missing, throw out the questionnaire
Other ways of handling
• Use the midpoint of the scale
• Ignore (system missing)
• Mean of those responding
• Mean of the respondent
• Random number
![Page 19: Business Research Methods - Ramayahramayah.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/T11.pdf · Business Research Methods Introduction to Data Analysis . Data Analysis Process . DATA ANALYSIS](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5ae97f5f7f8b9ad73f8be908/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Code Book
Identifies each variable
Provides a variable’s description
Identifies each code name and position
on storage medium
![Page 20: Business Research Methods - Ramayahramayah.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/T11.pdf · Business Research Methods Introduction to Data Analysis . Data Analysis Process . DATA ANALYSIS](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5ae97f5f7f8b9ad73f8be908/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Sample SPSS Codebook
![Page 21: Business Research Methods - Ramayahramayah.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/T11.pdf · Business Research Methods Introduction to Data Analysis . Data Analysis Process . DATA ANALYSIS](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5ae97f5f7f8b9ad73f8be908/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Data Entry
Database
Programs
Optical
Recognition
Digital/
Barcodes
Voice
recognition
Keyboarding
![Page 22: Business Research Methods - Ramayahramayah.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/T11.pdf · Business Research Methods Introduction to Data Analysis . Data Analysis Process . DATA ANALYSIS](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5ae97f5f7f8b9ad73f8be908/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Data Transformation
Weights
Assigning numbers to responses on a
pre-determined rule
Respecification of the Variable
Transforming existing data to form new
variables or items
Recode
Compute
![Page 23: Business Research Methods - Ramayahramayah.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/T11.pdf · Business Research Methods Introduction to Data Analysis . Data Analysis Process . DATA ANALYSIS](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5ae97f5f7f8b9ad73f8be908/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Scale Transformation
Reason for Transformation
to improve interpretation and compatibility with other data sets
to enhance symmetry and stabilize spread
improve linear relationship between the variables (Standardized score)
s
XXz i
-
![Page 24: Business Research Methods - Ramayahramayah.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/T11.pdf · Business Research Methods Introduction to Data Analysis . Data Analysis Process . DATA ANALYSIS](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5ae97f5f7f8b9ad73f8be908/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Characteristics of Distributions
![Page 25: Business Research Methods - Ramayahramayah.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/T11.pdf · Business Research Methods Introduction to Data Analysis . Data Analysis Process . DATA ANALYSIS](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5ae97f5f7f8b9ad73f8be908/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Summarizing
Distributions with Shape
![Page 26: Business Research Methods - Ramayahramayah.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/T11.pdf · Business Research Methods Introduction to Data Analysis . Data Analysis Process . DATA ANALYSIS](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5ae97f5f7f8b9ad73f8be908/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Parameter & Statistics
Variable Population Sample Mean
µ
X
Proportion
p
Variance
2
s2
Standard deviation
s
Size
N
n
Standard error of the mean
x
Sx
![Page 27: Business Research Methods - Ramayahramayah.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/T11.pdf · Business Research Methods Introduction to Data Analysis . Data Analysis Process . DATA ANALYSIS](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5ae97f5f7f8b9ad73f8be908/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Statistical Testing Procedures
Obtain critical
test value
Interpret the
test Stages
Choose
statistical test
State null
hypothesis
Select level of
significance Compute
difference
value
![Page 28: Business Research Methods - Ramayahramayah.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/T11.pdf · Business Research Methods Introduction to Data Analysis . Data Analysis Process . DATA ANALYSIS](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5ae97f5f7f8b9ad73f8be908/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Hypotheses
Null
H0: = 50 mpg
H0: < 50 mpg
H0: > 50 mpg
Alternate
HA: 50 mpg
HA: > 50 mpg
HA: < 50 mpg
![Page 29: Business Research Methods - Ramayahramayah.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/T11.pdf · Business Research Methods Introduction to Data Analysis . Data Analysis Process . DATA ANALYSIS](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5ae97f5f7f8b9ad73f8be908/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Accept/Reject
![Page 30: Business Research Methods - Ramayahramayah.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/T11.pdf · Business Research Methods Introduction to Data Analysis . Data Analysis Process . DATA ANALYSIS](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5ae97f5f7f8b9ad73f8be908/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Accept/Reject
![Page 31: Business Research Methods - Ramayahramayah.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/T11.pdf · Business Research Methods Introduction to Data Analysis . Data Analysis Process . DATA ANALYSIS](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5ae97f5f7f8b9ad73f8be908/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
How to Select a Test
Two-Sample Tests ____________________________________________
k-Sample Tests ____________________________________________
Measurement
Scale One-Sample Case Related Samples
Independent
Samples Related Samples
Independent
Samples
Nominal Binomial
x2 one-sample test
McNemar Fisher exact test
x2 two-samples
test
Cochran Q x2 for k samples
Ordinal Kolmogorov-Smirnov
one-sample test
Runs test
Sign test
Wilcoxon
matched-pairs test
Median test
Mann-Whitney U
Kolmogorov-
Smirnov
Wald-Wolfowitz
Friedman two-
way ANOVA
Median
extension
Kruskal-Wallis
one-way ANOVA
Interval and
Ratio
t-test
Z test
t-test for paired
samples
t-test
Z test
Repeated-
measures ANOVA
One-way
ANOVA
n-way ANOVA
![Page 32: Business Research Methods - Ramayahramayah.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/T11.pdf · Business Research Methods Introduction to Data Analysis . Data Analysis Process . DATA ANALYSIS](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5ae97f5f7f8b9ad73f8be908/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Research Model
Attitude
Intention to
Share
Information
Subjective
norm
5 items
4 items
3 items
Perceived
Behavioral
Control
4 items
Actual
Sharing of
Information
5 items
![Page 33: Business Research Methods - Ramayahramayah.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/T11.pdf · Business Research Methods Introduction to Data Analysis . Data Analysis Process . DATA ANALYSIS](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5ae97f5f7f8b9ad73f8be908/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Reliability - Command
![Page 34: Business Research Methods - Ramayahramayah.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/T11.pdf · Business Research Methods Introduction to Data Analysis . Data Analysis Process . DATA ANALYSIS](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5ae97f5f7f8b9ad73f8be908/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Reliability
Reliability Statistics
.977 5
Cronbach's
Alpha N of Items
Item-Total Statistics
15.25 6.681 .973 .965
15.26 6.560 .925 .972
15.24 6.906 .929 .972
15.21 6.825 .900 .975
15.25 6.555 .935 .970
Att1
Att2
Att3
Att4
Att5
Scale Mean ifItem Deleted
ScaleVariance if
Item Deleted
CorrectedItem-TotalCorrelation
Cronbach'sAlpha if Item
Deleted
Question:
How reliable are our instruments?
![Page 35: Business Research Methods - Ramayahramayah.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/T11.pdf · Business Research Methods Introduction to Data Analysis . Data Analysis Process . DATA ANALYSIS](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5ae97f5f7f8b9ad73f8be908/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Reliability
Reliability Statistics
.912 4
Cronbach's
Alpha N of Items
Item-Total Statistics
11.20 4.243 .761 .900
11.03 4.135 .855 .868
11.00 4.021 .856 .867
11.21 4.250 .736 .909
Sn1
Sn2
Sn3
Sn4
Scale Mean ifItem Deleted
ScaleVariance if
Item Deleted
CorrectedItem-TotalCorrelation
Cronbach'sAlpha if Item
Deleted
![Page 36: Business Research Methods - Ramayahramayah.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/T11.pdf · Business Research Methods Introduction to Data Analysis . Data Analysis Process . DATA ANALYSIS](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5ae97f5f7f8b9ad73f8be908/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Reliability
Reliability Statistics
.919 4
Cronbach's
Alpha N of Items
Item-Total Statistics
10.48 4.984 .814 .895
10.45 4.793 .826 .892
10.43 5.042 .809 .897
10.40 5.246 .814 .897
Pbc1
Pbc2
Pbc3
Pbc4
Scale Mean ifItem Deleted
ScaleVariance if
Item Deleted
CorrectedItem-TotalCorrelation
Cronbach'sAlpha if Item
Deleted
![Page 37: Business Research Methods - Ramayahramayah.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/T11.pdf · Business Research Methods Introduction to Data Analysis . Data Analysis Process . DATA ANALYSIS](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5ae97f5f7f8b9ad73f8be908/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Reliability
Reliability Statistics
.966 5
Cronbach's
Alpha N of Items
Item-Total Statistics
15.28 6.591 .951 .951
15.28 6.612 .888 .961
15.29 6.553 .901 .959
15.28 6.716 .877 .962
15.24 6.445 .904 .958
Intent1
Intent2
Intent3
Intent4
Intent5
Scale Mean ifItem Deleted
ScaleVariance if
Item Deleted
CorrectedItem-TotalCorrelation
Cronbach'sAlpha if Item
Deleted
![Page 38: Business Research Methods - Ramayahramayah.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/T11.pdf · Business Research Methods Introduction to Data Analysis . Data Analysis Process . DATA ANALYSIS](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5ae97f5f7f8b9ad73f8be908/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Table in Report
Variable N of Item Item
Deleted
Alpha
Attitude 5 - 0.977
SN 4 - 0.912
Pbcontrol 4 - 0.919
Intention 5 - 0.966
Actual 3 - 0.933
![Page 39: Business Research Methods - Ramayahramayah.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/T11.pdf · Business Research Methods Introduction to Data Analysis . Data Analysis Process . DATA ANALYSIS](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5ae97f5f7f8b9ad73f8be908/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Example - Recoding
Perceived Enjoyment
PE1 The actual process of
using Instant Messenger is
pleasant
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
PE2 I have fun using Instant
Messenger 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
PE3 Using Instant Messenger
bores me 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
PE4 Using Instant Messenger
provides me with a lot of
enjoyment
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
PE5 I enjoy using Instant
Messenger 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
![Page 40: Business Research Methods - Ramayahramayah.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/T11.pdf · Business Research Methods Introduction to Data Analysis . Data Analysis Process . DATA ANALYSIS](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5ae97f5f7f8b9ad73f8be908/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Recoding
![Page 41: Business Research Methods - Ramayahramayah.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/T11.pdf · Business Research Methods Introduction to Data Analysis . Data Analysis Process . DATA ANALYSIS](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5ae97f5f7f8b9ad73f8be908/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Recoding
![Page 42: Business Research Methods - Ramayahramayah.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/T11.pdf · Business Research Methods Introduction to Data Analysis . Data Analysis Process . DATA ANALYSIS](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5ae97f5f7f8b9ad73f8be908/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Data before Transformation
![Page 43: Business Research Methods - Ramayahramayah.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/T11.pdf · Business Research Methods Introduction to Data Analysis . Data Analysis Process . DATA ANALYSIS](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5ae97f5f7f8b9ad73f8be908/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Data after Transformation
![Page 44: Business Research Methods - Ramayahramayah.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/T11.pdf · Business Research Methods Introduction to Data Analysis . Data Analysis Process . DATA ANALYSIS](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5ae97f5f7f8b9ad73f8be908/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Frequencies - Command
![Page 45: Business Research Methods - Ramayahramayah.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/T11.pdf · Business Research Methods Introduction to Data Analysis . Data Analysis Process . DATA ANALYSIS](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5ae97f5f7f8b9ad73f8be908/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Frequencies
Gender
144 75.0 75.0 75.0
48 25.0 25.0 100.0
192 100.0 100.0
Male
Female
Total
Valid
Frequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative
Percent
Current Position
34 17.7 17.7 17.7
66 34.4 34.4 52.1
54 28.1 28.1 80.2
32 16.7 16.7 96.9
6 3.1 3.1 100.0
192 100.0 100.0
Technician
Engineer
Sr Engineer
Manager
Above manager
Total
Valid
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Cumulative
Percent
Question:
1. Is our sample representative?
2. Data entry error
![Page 46: Business Research Methods - Ramayahramayah.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/T11.pdf · Business Research Methods Introduction to Data Analysis . Data Analysis Process . DATA ANALYSIS](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5ae97f5f7f8b9ad73f8be908/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Table in Report
Frequency Percentage
Gender
Male
Female
Position
Technician
Engineer
Sr Engineer
Manager
Above manager
144
48
34
66
54
32
6
75.0
25.0
17.7
34.4
28.1
16.7
3.1
![Page 47: Business Research Methods - Ramayahramayah.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/T11.pdf · Business Research Methods Introduction to Data Analysis . Data Analysis Process . DATA ANALYSIS](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5ae97f5f7f8b9ad73f8be908/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Descriptives - Command
![Page 48: Business Research Methods - Ramayahramayah.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/T11.pdf · Business Research Methods Introduction to Data Analysis . Data Analysis Process . DATA ANALYSIS](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5ae97f5f7f8b9ad73f8be908/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Descriptives
Descriptive Statistics
192 19 53 33.39 8.823 .667 .175 -.557 .349
192 1 18 5.36 4.435 1.448 .175 1.333 .349
192 1 28 9.04 7.276 1.051 .175 -.025 .349
192 2.00 5.00 3.8104 .64548 -.480 .175 .242 .349
192 2.00 5.00 3.7031 .67034 -.101 .175 .755 .349
192 2.00 5.00 3.4792 .73672 .015 .175 -.028 .349
192 2.00 5.00 3.8188 .63877 -.528 .175 .687 .349
192 2.33 5.00 4.0625 .58349 -.361 .175 -.328 .349
192
Age
Years working in the
organization
Total years of
working experience
Attitude
subjective
Pbcontrol
Intention
Actual
Valid N (listwise)
Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Std. Error Statistic Std. Error
N Minimum Maximum Mean Std.Deviation
Skewness Kurtosis
Question:
1. Is there variation in our data?
2. What is the level of the phenomenon we are measuring?
![Page 49: Business Research Methods - Ramayahramayah.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/T11.pdf · Business Research Methods Introduction to Data Analysis . Data Analysis Process . DATA ANALYSIS](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5ae97f5f7f8b9ad73f8be908/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Table in Report
Mean
Std.
Deviation
Attitude 3.81 0.65
Subjective Norm 3.70 0.67
Behavioral Control 3.48 0.74
Intention 3.82 0.64
Actual 4.06 0.58
![Page 50: Business Research Methods - Ramayahramayah.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/T11.pdf · Business Research Methods Introduction to Data Analysis . Data Analysis Process . DATA ANALYSIS](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5ae97f5f7f8b9ad73f8be908/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Chi Square Test - Command
![Page 51: Business Research Methods - Ramayahramayah.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/T11.pdf · Business Research Methods Introduction to Data Analysis . Data Analysis Process . DATA ANALYSIS](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5ae97f5f7f8b9ad73f8be908/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Crosstabulation
Gender * Intention Level Crosstabulation
110 34 144
76.4% 23.6% 100.0%
70.5% 94.4% 75.0%
57.3% 17.7% 75.0%
46 2 48
95.8% 4.2% 100.0%
29.5% 5.6% 25.0%
24.0% 1.0% 25.0%
156 36 192
81.3% 18.8% 100.0%
100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
81.3% 18.8% 100.0%
Count
% within Gender
% within Intention Level
% of Total
Count
% within Gender
% within Intention Level
% of Total
Count
% within Gender
% within Intention Level
% of Total
Male
Female
Gender
Total
Low High
Intention Level
Total
Chi-Square Tests
8.934b 1 .003
7.704 1 .006
11.274 1 .001
.002 .001
8.888 1 .003
192
Pearson Chi-Square
Continuity Correctiona
Likelihood Ratio
Fisher's Exact Test
Linear-by-LinearAssociation
N of Valid Cases
Value dfAsymp. Sig.
(2-sided)Exact Sig.(2-sided)
Exact Sig.(1-sided)
Computed only for a 2x2 tablea.
0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 9.00.
b.
Question:
Is level of sharing dependent on gender?
![Page 52: Business Research Methods - Ramayahramayah.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/T11.pdf · Business Research Methods Introduction to Data Analysis . Data Analysis Process . DATA ANALYSIS](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5ae97f5f7f8b9ad73f8be908/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
T-test - Command
![Page 53: Business Research Methods - Ramayahramayah.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/T11.pdf · Business Research Methods Introduction to Data Analysis . Data Analysis Process . DATA ANALYSIS](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5ae97f5f7f8b9ad73f8be908/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
t-test
(2 Independent)
Group Statistics
144 3.9000 .60302 .05025
48 3.5750 .68619 .09904
Gender
Male
Female
Intention
N Mean
Std.
Deviation
Std. Error
Mean
Independent Samples Test
3.591 .060 3.122 190 .002 .32500 .10410 .11965 .53035
2.926 72.729 .005 .32500 .11106 .10364 .54636
Equal variancesassumed
Equal variancesnot assumed
Intention
F Sig.
Levene's Test for
Equality of Variances
t df Sig. (2-tailed)Mean
Dif ferenceStd. ErrorDif ference Lower Upper
95% Conf idenceInterval of the
Dif ference
t-test for Equality of Means
Question:
Does intention to share vary by gender?
![Page 54: Business Research Methods - Ramayahramayah.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/T11.pdf · Business Research Methods Introduction to Data Analysis . Data Analysis Process . DATA ANALYSIS](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5ae97f5f7f8b9ad73f8be908/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Paired t-test - Command
![Page 55: Business Research Methods - Ramayahramayah.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/T11.pdf · Business Research Methods Introduction to Data Analysis . Data Analysis Process . DATA ANALYSIS](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5ae97f5f7f8b9ad73f8be908/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
t-test
(2 Dependent)
Paired Samples Statistics
3.8188 192 .63877 .04610
4.0625 192 .58349 .04211
Intention
Actual
Pair
1
Mean N
Std.
Deviation
Std. Error
Mean
Paired Samples Correlations
192 .817 .000Intention & ActualPair 1
N Correlation Sig.
Paired Samples Test
-.24375 .37326 .02694 -.29688 -.19062 -9.049 191 .000Intention - ActualPair 1
Mean
Std.
Deviation
Std. Error
Mean Lower Upper
95% Conf idence
Interval of the
Dif ference
Paired Differences
t df Sig. (2-tailed)
Question:
Are there differences between intention to
share and actual sharing behavior?
![Page 56: Business Research Methods - Ramayahramayah.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/T11.pdf · Business Research Methods Introduction to Data Analysis . Data Analysis Process . DATA ANALYSIS](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5ae97f5f7f8b9ad73f8be908/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
One Way ANOVA - Command
![Page 57: Business Research Methods - Ramayahramayah.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/T11.pdf · Business Research Methods Introduction to Data Analysis . Data Analysis Process . DATA ANALYSIS](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5ae97f5f7f8b9ad73f8be908/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
One way ANOVA
(k independent)
ANOVA
Intention
7.864 4 1.966 5.247 .001
70.068 187 .375
77.933 191
Between Groups
Within Groups
Total
Sum ofSquares df Mean Square F Sig.
Intention
Duncana,b
66 3.6424
32 3.6625
34 3.8941
54 4.0000
6 4.5333
.101 1.000
Current Position
Engineer
Manager
Technician
Sr Engineer
Above manager
Sig.
N 1 2
Subset for alpha = .05
Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed.
Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 19.157.a.
The group sizes are unequal. The harmonic meanof the group sizes is used. Type I error levels are
not guaranteed.
b.
Question:
Does intention vary by position?
![Page 58: Business Research Methods - Ramayahramayah.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/T11.pdf · Business Research Methods Introduction to Data Analysis . Data Analysis Process . DATA ANALYSIS](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5ae97f5f7f8b9ad73f8be908/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Correlation - Command
![Page 59: Business Research Methods - Ramayahramayah.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/T11.pdf · Business Research Methods Introduction to Data Analysis . Data Analysis Process . DATA ANALYSIS](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5ae97f5f7f8b9ad73f8be908/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Correlation
(Interval/ratio)
Question:
Are the variables related?
Correlations
1 .697** .212** .808** .606**
.000 .003 .000 .000
192 192 192 192 192
.697** 1 -.052 .653** .552**
.000 .471 .000 .000
192 192 192 192 192
.212** -.052 1 .281** .031
.003 .471 .000 .665
192 192 192 192 192
.808** .653** .281** 1 .817**
.000 .000 .000 .000
192 192 192 192 192
.606** .552** .031 .817** 1
.000 .000 .665 .000
192 192 192 192 192
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Attitude
subjective
Pbcontrol
Intention
Actual
Attitude subjective Pbcontrol Intention Actual
Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).**.
![Page 60: Business Research Methods - Ramayahramayah.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/T11.pdf · Business Research Methods Introduction to Data Analysis . Data Analysis Process . DATA ANALYSIS](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5ae97f5f7f8b9ad73f8be908/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Table Presentation
Attitude subjective Pbcontrol Intention Actual
Attitude 1
subjective .740** 1
Pbcontrol .201** -.047 1
Intention .885** .662** .326** 1
Actual .660** .553** .059 .805** 1
*p< 0.05, **p< 0.01
![Page 61: Business Research Methods - Ramayahramayah.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/T11.pdf · Business Research Methods Introduction to Data Analysis . Data Analysis Process . DATA ANALYSIS](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5ae97f5f7f8b9ad73f8be908/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Command
![Page 62: Business Research Methods - Ramayahramayah.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/T11.pdf · Business Research Methods Introduction to Data Analysis . Data Analysis Process . DATA ANALYSIS](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5ae97f5f7f8b9ad73f8be908/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Multiple
Regression
Question:
Which variables can explain the intention to
share?
Variables Entered/Removedb
Pbcontrol,
subjective,
Attitudea
. Enter
Model
1
Variables
Entered
Variables
Removed Method
All requested variables entered.a.
Dependent Variable: Intentionb.
Model Summaryb
.832a .693 .688 .35703 1.501
Model
1
R R Square
Adjusted
R Square
Std. Error of
the Estimate
Durbin-
Watson
Predictors: (Constant), Pbcontrol, subjective, Attitudea.
Dependent Variable: Intentionb.
![Page 63: Business Research Methods - Ramayahramayah.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/T11.pdf · Business Research Methods Introduction to Data Analysis . Data Analysis Process . DATA ANALYSIS](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5ae97f5f7f8b9ad73f8be908/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Multiple Regression
ANOVAb
53.968 3 17.989 141.127 .000a
23.964 188 .127
77.933 191
Regression
Residual
Total
Model
1
Sum of
Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Predictors: (Constant), Pbcontrol, subjective, Attitudea.
Dependent Variable: Intentionb.
Coefficientsa
.191 .197 .971 .333
.601 .059 .607 10.103 .000 .453 2.210
.227 .056 .238 4.043 .000 .472 2.116
.143 .037 .165 3.821 .000 .877 1.140
(Constant)
Attitude
subjective
Pbcontrol
Model
1
B Std. Error
UnstandardizedCoefficients
Beta
StandardizedCoefficients
t Sig. Tolerance VIF
Collinearity Statistics
Dependent Variable: Intentiona.
![Page 64: Business Research Methods - Ramayahramayah.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/T11.pdf · Business Research Methods Introduction to Data Analysis . Data Analysis Process . DATA ANALYSIS](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5ae97f5f7f8b9ad73f8be908/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Assumptions (Multicollinearity)
Collinearity Diagnosticsa
3.936 1.000 .00 .00 .00 .00
.043 9.581 .00 .02 .10 .55
.013 17.195 .91 .19 .02 .21
.008 22.890 .09 .79 .88 .24
Dimension
1
2
3
4
Model
1
EigenvalueCondition
Index (Constant) Attitude subjective Pbcontrol
Variance Proportions
Dependent Variable: Intentiona.
![Page 65: Business Research Methods - Ramayahramayah.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/T11.pdf · Business Research Methods Introduction to Data Analysis . Data Analysis Process . DATA ANALYSIS](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5ae97f5f7f8b9ad73f8be908/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Assumptions (Outliers)
Casewise Diagnosticsa
3.152 5.00 3.8748 1.12520
4.042 5.00 3.5570 1.44295
3.071 4.20 3.1037 1.09631
3.152 5.00 3.8748 1.12520
4.042 5.00 3.5570 1.44295
3.071 4.20 3.1037 1.09631
Case Number
70
82
83
166
178
179
Std. Residual Intention
Predicted
Value Residual
Dependent Variable: Intentiona.
![Page 66: Business Research Methods - Ramayahramayah.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/T11.pdf · Business Research Methods Introduction to Data Analysis . Data Analysis Process . DATA ANALYSIS](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5ae97f5f7f8b9ad73f8be908/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
![Page 67: Business Research Methods - Ramayahramayah.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/T11.pdf · Business Research Methods Introduction to Data Analysis . Data Analysis Process . DATA ANALYSIS](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5ae97f5f7f8b9ad73f8be908/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
After Removing Outliers
Model Summaryb
.900a .810 .807 .27373 1.725
Model
1
R R Square
Adjusted
R Square
Std. Error of
the Estimate
Durbin-
Watson
Predictors: (Constant), Pbcontrol, subjective, Attitudea.
Dependent Variable: Intentionb.
Coefficientsa
.067 .153 .441 .659
.758 .050 .784 15.281 .000 .396 2.523
.085 .047 .091 1.801 .073 .412 2.426
.145 .029 .173 5.015 .000 .875 1.143
(Constant)
Attitude
subjective
Pbcontrol
Model
1
B Std. Error
UnstandardizedCoefficients
Beta
StandardizedCoefficients
t Sig. Tolerance VIF
Collinearity Statistics
Dependent Variable: Intentiona.
ANOVAb
58.261 3 19.420 259.182 .000a
13.637 182 .075
71.898 185
Regression
Residual
Total
Model
1
Sum of
Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Predictors: (Constant), Pbcontrol, subjective, Attitudea.
Dependent Variable: Intentionb.
![Page 68: Business Research Methods - Ramayahramayah.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/T11.pdf · Business Research Methods Introduction to Data Analysis . Data Analysis Process . DATA ANALYSIS](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5ae97f5f7f8b9ad73f8be908/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Assumptions – Advanced Diagnostics
(Hair et al., 2006)
Residuals Statisticsa
2.1329 4.9380 3.8188 .53156 192
-3.172 2.106 .000 1.000 192
.027 .111 .048 .020 192
2.1423 4.9493 3.8179 .53167 192
-.96087 1.44295 .00000 .35421 192
-2.691 4.042 .000 .992 192
-2.731 4.253 .001 1.012 192
-.98909 1.59761 .00086 .36911 192
-2.779 4.461 .004 1.031 192
.130 17.495 2.984 3.453 192
.000 .485 .011 .051 192
.001 .092 .016 .018 192
Predicted Value
Std. Predicted Value
Standard Error of
Predicted Value
Adjusted Predicted Value
Residual
Std. Residual
Stud. Residual
Deleted Residual
Stud. Deleted Residual
Mahal. Distance
Cook's Distance
Centered Leverage
Value
Minimum Maximum MeanStd.
Deviation N
Dependent Variable: Intentiona.
![Page 69: Business Research Methods - Ramayahramayah.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/T11.pdf · Business Research Methods Introduction to Data Analysis . Data Analysis Process . DATA ANALYSIS](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5ae97f5f7f8b9ad73f8be908/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Assumptions (Normality)
6420-2-4
Regression Standardized Residual
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Freq
uenc
y
Mean = -1.99E-17Std. Dev. = 0.992N = 192
Dependent Variable: Intention
Histogram
![Page 70: Business Research Methods - Ramayahramayah.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/T11.pdf · Business Research Methods Introduction to Data Analysis . Data Analysis Process . DATA ANALYSIS](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5ae97f5f7f8b9ad73f8be908/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Assumptions
(Normality of the Error term)
1.00.80.60.40.20.0
Observed Cum Prob
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
Exp
ecte
d C
um P
rob
Dependent Variable: Intention
Normal P-P Plot of Regression Standardized Residual
![Page 71: Business Research Methods - Ramayahramayah.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/T11.pdf · Business Research Methods Introduction to Data Analysis . Data Analysis Process . DATA ANALYSIS](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5ae97f5f7f8b9ad73f8be908/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Assumptions (Constant Variance)
5.004.504.003.503.002.502.00
Intention
4
2
0
-2Reg
ress
ion
Stu
dent
ized
Res
idua
l
Dependent Variable: Intention
Scatterplot
![Page 72: Business Research Methods - Ramayahramayah.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/T11.pdf · Business Research Methods Introduction to Data Analysis . Data Analysis Process . DATA ANALYSIS](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5ae97f5f7f8b9ad73f8be908/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Assumptions (Linearity)
10-1-2
Attitude
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
Inte
nti
on
Dependent Variable: Intention
Partial Regression Plot
![Page 73: Business Research Methods - Ramayahramayah.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/T11.pdf · Business Research Methods Introduction to Data Analysis . Data Analysis Process . DATA ANALYSIS](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5ae97f5f7f8b9ad73f8be908/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Assumptions (Linearity)
210-1-2
subjective
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
Inte
nti
on
Dependent Variable: Intention
Partial Regression Plot
![Page 74: Business Research Methods - Ramayahramayah.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/T11.pdf · Business Research Methods Introduction to Data Analysis . Data Analysis Process . DATA ANALYSIS](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5ae97f5f7f8b9ad73f8be908/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Assumptions (Linearity)
10-1-2
Pbcontrol
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
Inte
ntio
n
Dependent Variable: Intention
Partial Regression Plot
![Page 75: Business Research Methods - Ramayahramayah.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/T11.pdf · Business Research Methods Introduction to Data Analysis . Data Analysis Process . DATA ANALYSIS](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5ae97f5f7f8b9ad73f8be908/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Table Presentation
Variable Dependent = Intention
Standardized Beta
Attitude
Subjective Norm
Perceived Control
0.607**
0.238**
0.105**
R2
Adjusted R2
F Value
D-W
0.693
0.688
141.13
1.501
*p< 0.05, **p< 0.01
![Page 76: Business Research Methods - Ramayahramayah.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/T11.pdf · Business Research Methods Introduction to Data Analysis . Data Analysis Process . DATA ANALYSIS](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052420/5ae97f5f7f8b9ad73f8be908/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)