Bus Res Met 4
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Transcript of Bus Res Met 4
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Business Research Methods 2011 Anna Lund Jepsen1
Research philosophies and
approaches
What is a research paradigm?
Characteristics of research paradigms
Ontology, epistemology, axiology, methodology
Pragmatism
Research Approaches
Induction & Deduction
The most important paradigms to know
Positivsm, realism (post/neo positivism), Interpretivism
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The research onion
Fig 4.1. in Saunders et al, (2008)
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Research philosophy
Research philosophy is an over-arching term
relating to the development of knowledge and
the nature of that knowledgeAdapted from Saunders et al, (2009)
A paradigm is a basic set of beliefs that guide
action, whether of the everyday garden
variety or action taken with a disciplinedinquiry.
Guba, Egon 1990. The Paradigm Dialog. London: Sage, p. 17.
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Deduction
5 sequential stages of testing theory
Deducing a hypothesis
Expressing the hypothesis operationally Testing the operational hypothesis
Examining the specific outcome of the enquiry
Modifying the theory (if necessary)
Adapted from Robson (2002)
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Characteristics ofDeduction
Explaining causal relationships between variables
Establishing controls for testing hypotheses
Independence of the researcher
Concepts operationalised for quantative measurement
Generalisation
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Induction
Building theory by
Understanding the way human build their world
Permitting alternative explanations of whats
going on Being concerned with the context of events
Using more qualitative data
Using a variety of data collection methods
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Positivism
Tries to uncover the one truth about how things are or aleast what we focus on.
(Social) Science then is: A structured method combininglogical deduction with precise empirical observations (of the
behaviour of individuals) to reveal and confirm causalrelationships that are generally valid with a known probalityand which can therefore be used for prediction.
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Positivism
The purpose of science is then to uncover the truth to be ableto control and predict.
Humans are expected to be rational.
Objectivity and precision is important. Therefore measurementand measures, tools and procedures are very important.
Because reality is stable and thruths are generally valid, vi kandeduct new thruths from the ones that we know.
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Positivism How must we conduct research?
Set up hypotheses which the researcher seeks toverify logically and empirically
It is important that hypotheses are set up in a way
that makes testing possible.
Test by different researchers under different
circumstances is important - replication
If empirical research does not support the
hypothesis, it may be an anomali, methodologicalproblems or that the theory is not correct.
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Positivism How are results presented?Facts, and how these facts were reached.
Research is assumed to be free of values and values
therefore has no influence on research or results.
The good academic secretary
(Den gode embedsmand)
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OntologyIs there one truth
and can it be
found?
EpistemologyRelationship with the
researched : Objectivity
(observing) or
Subjectivity (empathy)
AxiologyThe role of values and ethics
MethodologyHow should research be
conducted?
Realism there is
one reality, and
we can find it.
We can describe
thruths that are
valid at all times,
regardsless of
persons and
places (contexts).
Research is tofind these.
The researcher
should not influence
what is research.
Objectivity requires
refrainment from
contact
observation of facts
is preferable
The researcher must be(and
can is, in fact) free from
value ladennes and does
not interpret.
Knowledge must be
independent of the
individual conducting the
research.
Verification of hypotheses
RCT Randomized
controlled trialIf necessary interviews
about facts
Analytical mindset
- Split problem in small
entities- Aggregate results by
summing up
Optimization
Paradigm: Positivism (natural sciences)
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Neo or postpositivism/Critical realism
Humans have bounded rationality and are not completely free of values
and interpretations
There is an imbalance between
Rigor and relevance
Internal versus external validity
Laboratory or field research
Precision and richness Precise measurements versus learning during research
Replication versus catching the nuances/small differences
Quantitative versus qualitative
Elegance and applicability
Grand theories are they applicable?
General theories versus specific contexts Discovery versus verification
Discovery is not science however new things are discovered through exploratin
Verification is science but discoveres nothing new
Guba pp. 21
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Ontology
Is there one truth and can it be
found?
Epistemology
Relationship with theresearched : Objectivity
(observing) or Subjectivity
(empathy)
Axiology
The role of values andethics
Methodology
How should research beconducted?
There is one
reality but
humans have abounded
rationality and
are therefore
not capable of
fully
understanding it.
Critical realism
Complete objectivity is
not possible but the
good researcher must tryto acheive it.
Accept that interaction in
some instances is
unavoidable.
But the researcher must
act as neutral as possible.
Very conscious about
own and participants
values andinterpretations
Falsification of hypoteses
Multiple methods
depending on research
topic and context
Triangulation methods,
data, theories, researchers
A focus on context and
synergies.
Systems
Satisfication
Paradigm:Neo or postpositivism/Critical realism
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Interpretivism
Related to humanism, hermeneutic, konstructivism
There is not an eternally valid truth about reality.
Reality is a social construction (social constructivism)
A lot of concepts describe things that are not physically
there Science should aim at understanding how the individual
perceives reality
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Interpretivism how do you do research?
To get a better understanding of how other human beingsperceive the world around them and themselves, you have to
identify with them. This means that the researcher cannot
and should not be objective but still try to be free of
judgements.
The researcher has to experience/sense and then consider
what this means. A piece of text can be read in many ways
depending on the spectacles you put on.
A process from intrasubjectivity til intersubjectivity
The hermeneutic circle/spiral
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Interpretivism how do you do research?
Often, it is necessary to interpret the observed tounderstand behavioiur as behaviour is full of symbolic
gestures
The researcher kan never be completely objective our
senses and prior experiences and knowledge differ andtherefore we interpret things differently
If we do not know what is interesting in advance, we need to
gather many data make thick descriptions
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Interpretivism - results
Descriptions of the observed and the interpretationsmade and development of concepts which can describe
the experienced
Results often presented with data in the form of citations
Results can be a theory about how an individual or agroup of people experince something. This theory is put
into some form of theoretical context
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Ontology
Is there one truth and can it be
found?
Epistemology
Relationship with the
researched : Objectivity(observing) or Subjectivity
(empathy)
Axiology
The role of values and
ethics
Methodology
How should research be conducted?
Relativistic reality is a social
construction something that is
recreated by human minds
No theory can ever be verified
beyondeverything. Every test is
partial.
Reality is the common
realization of the world.
The social reconstruction.
This requires empathy and
thus the researcher must
be subjective. And use
subjective judgements which still have to be valid
and argumented for.
Data are never free of
interpretation. They are
interpreted based on
prior theoretical
knowledge and
experiences of the
researcher.
Data are never free of
values. Whether a result
is bad, good, important or
not is judged on the basis
of ethical values.
Whethera problem is
relevant to use resourcesto solve is based on
ethicalvalues.
The choice of methodology must
ensure that the social
reconstruction of reality is correct.
Often, this is done in a hermeneutic
circle.
Constant shift between fieldwork
and interpretation.
Paradigm: Interpretivism (humanistic)
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Choosing your research approach
The right choice of approach helps you to
Make a more informed decision about the researchdesign
Think about which strategies will work for yourresearch topic
Adapt your design to cater for any constraints
Adapted from Easterby-Smith et al. (2008)
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Deductive and Inductive research
ajordifferences between these approaches
Saunders et al, (2009)