Bus Rapid Transit in Bus Rapid Transit in Jakarta:Jakarta:

evaluating the factors that evaluating the factors that impede or facilitateimpede or facilitate

Dr. Heru SutomoDr. Heru SutomoCentre for Transportation and Logistics Studies Centre for Transportation and Logistics Studies

(PUSTRAL)(PUSTRAL)Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, IndonesiaGadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

www.pustral-ugm.orgwww.pustral-ugm.org

IntroductionIntroduction► Jakarta: capital of Indonesia, consists of 5 Jakarta: capital of Indonesia, consists of 5

cities: Central, North, West, South & Eastcities: Central, North, West, South & East►Pop 7.5 mio, surrounded by towns: Pop 7.5 mio, surrounded by towns:

Bogor, Tangerang, Bekasi, Depok pop Bogor, Tangerang, Bekasi, Depok pop 15.4 mio15.4 mio

►Total Jabodetabek approx 22.7 mio. Total Jabodetabek approx 22.7 mio. ►Population density 11,300/km2Population density 11,300/km2►Share borders with West Java & Banten Share borders with West Java & Banten

ProvinceProvince

Greater Jakarta - JabodetabekGreater Jakarta - Jabodetabek

Jakarta Transport ProfileJakarta Transport Profile

► Shifting from public transport dominated 57% (‘85) Shifting from public transport dominated 57% (‘85) to private transport 55% (‘00)to private transport 55% (‘00)

► Motorcycles share keeps increasing (70%)Motorcycles share keeps increasing (70%)► In the peak of motorizationIn the peak of motorization► National sales peak in 2004: 0.5 mio cars, 4.5 mio National sales peak in 2004: 0.5 mio cars, 4.5 mio

motorcycles soldmotorcycles sold► Deteriorating traffic conditions, severe and Deteriorating traffic conditions, severe and

unpredictable congestion, serious pollutionunpredictable congestion, serious pollution► Economic Costs associated with PM10, NO2 and Economic Costs associated with PM10, NO2 and

SO2 : 181.4 Million USD (1998) would increase to SO2 : 181.4 Million USD (1998) would increase to 402.64 Million USD (2015)402.64 Million USD (2015)

Types of Public Transport Types of Public Transport ► Ojek: motorcycle & bicycle taxis (informal)Ojek: motorcycle & bicycle taxis (informal)► Bajaj-3wheeler 2stroke, approx 13,000Bajaj-3wheeler 2stroke, approx 13,000► Taxis: approx 22,000Taxis: approx 22,000► Minibuses (8-12 pax): route basis approx 13,000Minibuses (8-12 pax): route basis approx 13,000► ““Metromini”-Midibuses (30pax): route basis, approx Metromini”-Midibuses (30pax): route basis, approx

6,0006,000► Buses (55pax): AC, economy, limited stop aprox 5,000Buses (55pax): AC, economy, limited stop aprox 5,000► New BRT (85 pax) 3 lines approx 200New BRT (85 pax) 3 lines approx 200► Heavy rail basis, 1067mm gauge, some elevatedHeavy rail basis, 1067mm gauge, some elevated

Acting more as commuter train, connecting neighboring Acting more as commuter train, connecting neighboring towns of Bekasi, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, Serpongtowns of Bekasi, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, Serpong

Frequency 10-20 minutesFrequency 10-20 minutes Heavily used, 67% illegal passengers, heavily subsidizedHeavily used, 67% illegal passengers, heavily subsidized Old poorly maintained cars, poor service,Old poorly maintained cars, poor service,

Problems of Urban BusProblems of Urban Bus► Fully private: government set Fully private: government set

fares, private take all the riskfares, private take all the risk► License based on vehicle: License based on vehicle:

oversupply, corruptoversupply, corrupt► Severe competition: within a Severe competition: within a

route, between route, route route, between route, route violationviolation

► Low fares: unable to renew Low fares: unable to renew fleetfleet

► Poorer service: decreasing Poorer service: decreasing patronagepatronage

Problems and Development Problems and Development of Bus Systemof Bus System

► On board cash payment: On board cash payment: revenue lossesrevenue losses

► No ticketing system: no No ticketing system: no revenue, patronage datarevenue, patronage data

► Weak supervision, no Weak supervision, no monitoring and control monitoring and control

► Problem on security: on bus Problem on security: on bus and in the terminaland in the terminal

► No service integration at all.No service integration at all.

Source: Swisscontact

► Congestion, even in the toll roadCongestion, even in the toll road ► Pollution, private transport

► Old, poorly maintained busOld, poorly maintained bus ► Also smaller public transport

Urban Bus DevelopmentUrban Bus Development

► Started in mid 1970s following tram closureStarted in mid 1970s following tram closure►Gen 1: fierce competition, small companiesGen 1: fierce competition, small companies►Gen 2: 1985: Merging by government into 5 Gen 2: 1985: Merging by government into 5

companies, 1 new public companycompanies, 1 new public company►Gen 3: Using bigger buses: double decker Gen 3: Using bigger buses: double decker

and articulated, but sustainability?and articulated, but sustainability?►Gen 4: Priority- bus lanes: many violationGen 4: Priority- bus lanes: many violation►Gen 5: BRT: new era, government take the Gen 5: BRT: new era, government take the

risk- major change- risk of (same) failurerisk- major change- risk of (same) failure

Planning StagePlanning Stage

► Crisis in 1998 badly hit public transport/busCrisis in 1998 badly hit public transport/bus► Fleet availability down to 60%, no renewalFleet availability down to 60%, no renewal► Business declining some gone bankruptBusiness declining some gone bankrupt► Urgent need to save urban buses in 2000Urgent need to save urban buses in 2000► The wave of reforms in all sectorsThe wave of reforms in all sectors►Masterplan study SITRAMP started in 2001Masterplan study SITRAMP started in 2001►Decision to make “new bus system” cannot Decision to make “new bus system” cannot

wait he studywait he study

BRT Planning ProcessBRT Planning Process

► Commissioned “new bus Commissioned “new bus system” mid 2001system” mid 2001

► Governor accept the scheme Governor accept the scheme Dec, 2001Dec, 2001

► Approved by parliament & Approved by parliament & funded Feb,2002funded Feb,2002

► 6 months discussions deciding 6 months discussions deciding central lanecentral lane

► International support came: International support came: ITDP, New YorkITDP, New York

► Feb, 2003 visit & training to Feb, 2003 visit & training to Bogota (ITDP)Bogota (ITDP)

► 2003: built infrastructure & 74 2003: built infrastructure & 74 buses (gov)buses (gov)

► 15 January 2004: Route 1 15 January 2004: Route 1 (13km) launched(13km) launched

From idea to reality in just 2.5 years!

Development of BRTDevelopment of BRT

BRT Jakarta: Inspired by Bogota

Bogota

Route 1: Route 1: 13 km, 15 January 13 km, 15 January

20042004

Fleet no. 124: Mercedez Benz and Hino

Fleet no. 72: Daewoo, CNG

Route 2 & 3: Route 2 & 3: 33.8 km, 15 January 33.8 km, 15 January

20042004

FeaturesFeatures► New image, suitable for New image, suitable for

everybodyeverybody► Fast, strong image of being Fast, strong image of being

given prioritygiven priority► Cut the travel time to Cut the travel time to

nearly half 90 to 45 mnearly half 90 to 45 m► Route serves CBD and Route serves CBD and

major employmentmajor employment► Attract workers and Attract workers and

commuterscommuters► 15% shifts from car users15% shifts from car users► Reasonable fare Rp 3,500 Reasonable fare Rp 3,500

(US$ 39cents)(US$ 39cents)► Long service hours 5am-Long service hours 5am-

10pm, 3-5m h/way10pm, 3-5m h/way

7 Routes planned for 7 Routes planned for 20072007

Impeding factorsImpeding factors►Many parties enjoying money in licensing Many parties enjoying money in licensing

issuance show reluctanceissuance show reluctance►Old operators reluctant to follow the Old operators reluctant to follow the

change, still feel ‘have the right’ over routechange, still feel ‘have the right’ over route►Still use vehicle basis rather than route Still use vehicle basis rather than route

basisbasis►Reveal the current poor management and Reveal the current poor management and

maintenance system- a lot to be donemaintenance system- a lot to be done►No competition for old operatorsNo competition for old operators►Feeder system is not planned accordinglyFeeder system is not planned accordingly

Facilitating FactorsFacilitating Factors

► Secure planning process by Secure planning process by vice Governorvice Governor

► Multi-stakeholder meeting Multi-stakeholder meeting each 2 weekseach 2 weeks

► Firm acceptance decision Firm acceptance decision by Governor and then by Governor and then parliament: the rest follow parliament: the rest follow easily easily

► Strong financial capacity Strong financial capacity (US $ 1.3 billion)(US $ 1.3 billion)

► Timely: in the effort to save Timely: in the effort to save public transportpublic transport

► Support from international Support from international communitycommunity

► Backed by evening Backed by evening restriction (3-in-1)restriction (3-in-1)

► Technologically appropriate Technologically appropriate

► Using existing pedestrian Using existing pedestrian

bridgesbridges

► Tested in a prestigious route: Tested in a prestigious route:

risky but widespread when risky but widespread when

successfulsuccessful

► Good public communicationGood public communication

► Blended with median greeneryBlended with median greenery

► Bus fleet made available by Bus fleet made available by

governmentgovernment

► Assistance from Bogota via ITDPAssistance from Bogota via ITDP

Closing RemarksClosing Remarks

► Economic crisis have given room for the adoption of a new Economic crisis have given room for the adoption of a new bus system.bus system.

► The idea of BRT in 2002 is very timelyThe idea of BRT in 2002 is very timely► Governor’s strong commitment has paved the way in Governor’s strong commitment has paved the way in

developing new public supportdeveloping new public support► Strong financial capacity of Provincial Government of Jakarta Strong financial capacity of Provincial Government of Jakarta

has made the speedy implementation possible. has made the speedy implementation possible. ► Substantial role of international community such as ITDP in Substantial role of international community such as ITDP in

giving access to BRT knowledge from Bogota. giving access to BRT knowledge from Bogota. ► The participative panning process created a strong ownership The participative panning process created a strong ownership

among government offices and the public of Jakarta. among government offices and the public of Jakarta. ► Still focussed more on physical infrastructures. Still focussed more on physical infrastructures. ► Longer perspective should be formulated for the sustainability Longer perspective should be formulated for the sustainability

of providing the service in conjunction with other modes of of providing the service in conjunction with other modes of public transport may be impaired.public transport may be impaired.