Burn-out, bore-out, fade-out: Time-out?unipolar depressive disorders were ranked as the third...

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Burn-out, bore-out, fade-out: Time-out? Prof. Dr. Erik Franck Centre for Research and Innovation in Care (CRIC) 25/05/2019 KAGB Symposium Burn-out

Transcript of Burn-out, bore-out, fade-out: Time-out?unipolar depressive disorders were ranked as the third...

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Burn-out, bore-out, fade-out: Time-out?

Prof. Dr. Erik Franck

Centre for Research and Innovation in Care (CRIC)

25/05/2019 KAGB Symposium Burn-out

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According to the World Health Organization

unipolar depressive disorders

were ranked as the third leading cause of the global burden of disease

in 2004 and will move into the

first place by 2030.

(DEPRESSION: A Global Crisis. World Mental Health Day, WHO, 2012)

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Mentale gezondheidsproblemen

Vormen momenteel één van de voornaamste oorzaken van absenteïsme

In 2016 waren er 20 000 meer gevallen van langdurige invaliditeit dan in 2015

Invaliditeit door psychische stoornissen in 2014 goed voor 35% van alle invaliditeitsgevallen

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Outline

1. Casus

2. Time-lapse

3. Evolutie van het concept

4. Een concept dat ‘rammelt’

5. Nieuwe definitie en vragenlijst

6. Prevalentie en etiologie

7. Dus, een vogel is geen mus

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CasusKarl

37 jaar

Al een tijd energieverlies…

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Helaas is dit géén uniek verhaal…

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Time-lapse

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1974 Herbert Freudenberger “StaffBurnout”

1980 Freudenberger & Richelson “Burnout: The high cost of high achievement”

Christina Maslach and colleagueslate 70’s and early 80’s

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Evolutie van het concept burn-out (1)

Maslach, Shaufeli, & Leiter (2001): from a pioneering to anempirical phase of burnout research

De drie dimensies van burn-out ervaring (Maslach & Leiter, 2016):

1. An overwhelming exhaustion

2. Feelings of cynicism and detachment from the job (depersonalisation)

3. A sense of ineffectiveness and lack of (personal) accomplishment

Een meetinstrument werd ontwikkeld: the MBI (MaslachBurnout Inventory, 1981, 1996) of UBOS (Utrechtse Burn-out Schaal)

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Evolutie van het concept burn-out (2)

Later ook aandacht aan de positieve antithese: “engagement” (bevlogenheid) (Shaufeli, Bakker, & Salanova, 2006):

1. Vigor

2. Dedication

3. Absorption

Zo werd het een onafhankelijk concept, en niet gewoon het tegenovergestelde van burn-out

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Burn-out of Bore-out?

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Mate van belemmering

Aard Tijdelijk/Chronisch

Spanningsklachten Stressklachten verstoren dagelijks functioneren niet in ernstige mate

AllerleiNiet systematisch door het werk

Tijdelijk

Overspanning Ernstige stressklachten verstoren sociaal functioneren –onhoudbare spanningsklachten

AllerleiNiet systematisch door het werk

Tijdelijk

Chronische vermoeidheid

Algemene vermoeidheid, geen werkgerelateerddisfunctioneren, vooral lichamelijke symptomen

AllerleiNiet systematisch door het werk

Langdurig

Depressie Verlies interesse en eetlust –disfunctioneren –stemmingsstoornis

Alle aspecten van het leven

Langdurig

Burn-out Langdurige en werkgerelateerdeoverspanning –disfunctioneren –vooral psychische symptomen -energiestoornis

Werkgerelateerd Langdurig

Differentiaaldiagnose-tabel (Vandenbroeck et al., 2013; Terluin et al.,

2005; Hansez et al., 2010; Schaufeli & Enzmann, 1998)

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Hoeveelheid publicaties 1978-2011

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(Heinemann and Heinemann, 2017)

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Hoeveelheid publicaties 1978-2011

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(Heinemann and Heinemann, 2017)

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“Most studies focus on causes and associated factors. Only a very small number of articles deal with psychological and somatic symptoms of burnout and attempt to develop diagnostic criteria. We argue that just this distribution is the reason why burnout research reproduces the vagueness and ambiguity of the concept that it aims to clarify, and discuss our results in the light of the concept of medicalization.”

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“The distinction between burnout and depression is conceptually fragile. …The absence of consensual diagnostic criteria for burnout and burnoutresearch’s insufficient consideration of the heterogeneity of depressivedisorders constitute major obstacles to the resolution of the raised issue.”

“In conclusion, the epistemic status of the seminal, field-dominatingdefinition of burn-out is questioned. It is suggested that systematic clinicalobservation should be given a central place in future research on burnout-depression overlap.”

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Probleem?

Er is dus behoefte aan een nieuwe definitie en een degelijk onderbouwde tool om burn-out te meten,

die drie doelen kan nastreven:

1) het preventief screenen (in bijvoorbeeld organisaties)

2) Het correct diagnosticeren (door eerstelijnshulpverleners) en

3) het opvolgen van patiënten (voor behandeling en re-integratie)

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BAT: Burn-out Assessment Tool

Uitputting (zowel fysiek als psychologisch)

Cognitief controleverlies

Emotioneel controleverlies

Depressieve klachten

Mentale distantie

https://burnoutassessmenttool.be/

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Desart, S., Schaufeli, W.B., & De Witte, H. (2017, februari 20). Op zoek naar een nieuwe definitie van burn-out [Blog post]. https://kuleuvenblogt.be/2017/02/20/ op-zoek-naar-een-nieuwe-definitie-van-burn-out.

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Burn-out prevalentie

Bestudeerd in een veelheid aan populaties

Prevalentie cijfers variëren van 69% (medisch oncologen; Blanchard et al., 2010) tot 0,8% bij de Belgische beroepsbevolking (Hansez, 2010)

De meeste studies vinden een prevalentie van rond de 5% voor de vaststelling van burn-out tot 14% voor zij die een risico lopen (Geuens et al., 2018)

Longitudinaal betrouwbaar onderzoek is afwezig

In 2010 en in 2018 zijn stress (63.3% in 2018) en uitputting (53.2% in 2018) de meest gemelde klachten

Tussen 2010 en 2018, merken we een toename in de frequentie van het optreden van symptomen

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Etiologie van burn-out

Certain factors (both

situational and individual)

cause people toexperience burnout, and once burnoutoccurs, it causes

certain outcomes(both situational and

individual).

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Etiologische modellen

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(A critical review of the Job Demands-Resources Model: Implications for improving work and health; Shaufeli & Paris, 2014)

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Loss cycle versus gain cycle

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(Towards a multilevel approach of employee well-being; Bakker, 2015)

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Eigen onderzoek (1)

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Resultaten van onderzoek (2)

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“In a word, slowly. No matter how suddenly itseems to erupt, Burn-Out is a chroniccondition, something a person has beenworking toward over a period of weeks,months, even years.” (1980, p. 13)

Herbert J. Freudenberger,Geraldine Richelson (1980).Burnout: The High Cost ofHigh Achievement. Bantambooks.

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tijd

stress

Chronische stressoren

Acute stressoren

UITPUTTING

Moeite/inzet

Model van stressweerbaarheid (Schacht, 2004)

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Liza

• Fulltime job as lawyer in local company

• Husband who is a manager in a big international company

• Two children• House and renovation plans• Social network• Parents, 3 sisters• Hobbies: yoga and cooking• A real multitasker• She says she should have better

sleep but lacks the time

Kirsten

• Works 3 days a week as a pharmacist in a local hospital

• Husband who is a school teacher

• One child• Bought an apartment• Social network• Hobbies: Zumba and tennis• She is an insomniac

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Is burn-out de kanarievan de 21ste eeuw?

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Dus, een vogel is geen mus

Burn-out is tegenwoordig alomtegenwoordig

Het is geen diagnose maar een dynamisch syndroom bestaande uit 5 categorieën

Verder onderzoek nodig naar wat het is (en niet is)

We moeten verder de invloed van maatschappelijke tendensen uitklaren

Kwaliteitsvol onderzoek naar interventies op micro-meso-marco niveau zijn nodig

Als je niets verandert, dan verandert er niets

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