Варненски Свободен Университет „Черноризец Храбър” Архитектурен факултет

Пета Международна научна конференция

АРХИТЕКТУРА, СТРОИТЕЛСТВО - СЪВРЕМЕННОСТ

8 – 10 юни 2011 г. гр. Варна, България

под патронажа на

проф. д.ик.н. Анна Недялкова Ректор на Варненския свободен университет „Черноризец Храбър”

Varna Free University “Chernorizets Hrabar” Faculty of Architecture

5th International scientific conference

ARCHITECTURE, CIVIL ENGINEERING – MODERNITY

8 – 10 June 2011 Varna, Bulgaria

under the auspices of

Prof. Dr. Sc. Anna Nedyalkova Rector of Varna Free University “Chernorizets Hrabar”

РЕДАКЦИОНЕН КОЛЕКТИВ Главен редактор проф. д-р Павел Павлов Редактори акад. Ячко Иванов член-коресп. проф. д.арх.н. Атанас Ковачев проф. д-р инж. Никола Игнатиев проф. д-р инж. Петър Стайков проф. д-р инж. Петър Сотиров проф. д.арх.н. Иван Никифоров проф. д-р арх. Любен Сиврев EDITORIAL BOARD Executive Editor Prof. PhD Pavel Pavlov Editors Acad. Yatchko Ivanov Prof. DSc Arch. Atanas Kovachev Prof. Eng. PhD Nikola Ignatiev Prof. Eng. PhD Petar Staykov Prof. Eng. PhD Peter Sotirov Prof. DSc Arch. Ivan Nikiforov Prof. Arch. PhD Luben Sivrev © ВСУ „Черноризец Храбър”, 2011 ISSN 1314-3816

Варненски Свободен Университет „Черноризец Храбър” Архитектурен факултет

Пета Международна научна конференция

АРХИТЕКТУРА, СТРОИТЕЛСТВО – СЪВРЕМЕННОСТ

ОСНОВНИ НАПРАВЛЕНИЯ

Архитектура Строителни конструкции

Нови материали и технологии в строителството

Varna Free University “Chernorizets Hrabar” Faculty of Architecture

5th International scientific conference

ARCHITECTURE, CIVIL ENGINEERING – MODERNITY

MAIN TOPICS Architecture

Structural engineering New materials and technologies in buildings

2011

МЕЖДУНАРОДЕН НАУЧЕН КОМИТЕТ Председател: Проф. д-р инж. Стефан Терзиев, България Членове: Акад. Ячко Иванов, България Член-коресп. проф. д.арх.н. Атанас Ковачев, България Проф. д-р инж. Никола Игнатиев, България Проф. д.арх.н. Иван Никифоров, България Проф. д-р арх. Масуд Исмайлу, Италия Проф. д-р арх. Микела Де Поли, Италия Проф. д-р инж. Тотю Даалов, България Проф. д-р инж. Петър Стайков, България Проф. д-р арх. Младен Мирянов, България Проф. д-р арх. Любен Сиврев, България Проф. д-р арх. Тодор Булев, България ОРГАНИЗАЦИОНЕН КОМИТЕТ Председател: Проф. д-р инж. Красимир Ениманев Членове: Проф. д-р арх. Росица Никофорова Доц. д-р инж. Александър Киров Доц. д-р инж. Нели Тризлова Гл.ас. д-р инж. Росица Петкова-Слипец Ст. ас. инж. Иван Павлов Ст. ас. инж. Дария Михалева Инж. Милена Петрова Вяра Йончева Инж. Десислава Дерибеева

INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE Head: Prof. Eng. PhD Stefan Terziev, Bulgaria Members: Acad. Yatchko Ivanov, Bulgaria Prof. DSc Аrch. Atanas Kovachev, Bulgaria Prof. Eng. PhD Nikola Ignatiev, Bulgaria Prof. DSc Arch. Ivan Nikiforov, Bulgaria Prof. Arch. PhD Masud Esmaillou, Italy Prof. Arch. PhD Michela De Poli, Italy Prof. Eng. PhD Totyu Daalov, Bulgaria Prof. Eng. PhD Petar Staykov, Bulgaria Prof. Arch. PhD Mladen Mirjanov, Bulgaria Prof. Arch. PhD Luben Sivrev, Bulgaria Prof. Arch. PhD Todor Bulev, Bulgaria ORGANIZING COMMITTEE Head: Prof. Eng. PhD Krassimir Enimanev Members: Prof. Arch. PhD Rositsa Nikiforova Assos. Prof. Eng. PhD Aleksander Kirov Assos. Prof. Eng. PhD Neli Trizlova Assist. Prof. PhD Rositsa Petkova-Slipets Sen. Assist. Eng. Ivan Pavlov Sen. Assist. Eng. Dariya Mihaleva Eng. Milena Petrova Vjara Yoncheva Eng. Desislava Deribeeva

СПОНСОРИ: ПЛАНЕКС ПЪТНИ СТРОЕЖИ-ВЕЛИКО ТЪРНОВО AD HOLD – ПЪТНА СИГНАЛИЗАЦИЯ ХИДРОСТРОЙ ИНЖСТРОЙИНЖЕНЕРИНГ РОКА – БЪЛГАРИЯ

SPONSORS: PLANEX PATNI STROEJI - VELIKO TARNOVO AD HOLD HYDROSTROY INGSTROYENGINEERING ROCA - BULGARIA

Художник Олга Паскалева Предпечат и печат ИК „Геа Принт” – Варна Формат (60/90/8) Печатни коли 70,75

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5-та Международна научно-приложна конференция “АРХИТЕКТУРА, СТРОИТЕЛСТВО – СЪВРЕМЕННОСТ”

8-10 Юни 2011 Варна, България

5TH INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE “ARCHITECTURE, CIVIL ENGINEERING – MODERNITY”

June 8-10, 2011 Varna, Bulgaria

СЪДЪРЖАНИЕ CONTENTS

ПЛЕНАРНИ ДОКЛАДИ PLENARY REPORTS ПАРАДОКСИТЕ В РАЗВИТИЕТО НА ЕВРОПЕЙСКОТО ГРАДОУСТРОЙСТВО ПРЕЗ ВТОРАТА ПОЛОВИНА НА ХХ ВЕК .................................................................................15 Иван Никифоров PARADOXES IN THE EUROPEAN URBAN DEVELOPMENT ACROSS THE SECOND HALF OF 20TH CENTURY Ivan Nikiforov AESTHETICS AND URBAN TRANSFORMATION .....................................................................22 Vladimir Mako RELAZIONE TECNICA SUL “QUADRANTE TESSERA”: NEW STADIUM & SPORT AREA....................................................................................................................................26 Masud Esmaillou НЯКОИ ОСОБЕНОСТИ НА ЕВРОКОД 8 – ПРОЕКТИРАНЕ НА КОНСТРУКЦИИТЕ ЗА СЕИЗМИЧНИ ВЪЗДЕЙСТВИЯ ...........................................................32 Петър Сотиров SOME KEY FEATURES IN EUROCODE 8 - DESIGN OF STRUCTURES FOR EARTHQUAKE REZISTANCE Peter Sotirov SEISMIC RISK ASSESSMENT FOR BRIDGES IN EGNATIA MOTORWAY, NORTHERN GREECE......................................................................................................................39 Ast. LIOLIOS, Pan. PANETSOS, G. HATZIGEORGIOU and Ang. LIOLIOS МОСТОВИ СЪОРЪЖЕНИЯ ПРИ СОФИЙСКОТО МЕТРО ......................................................47 Петър Стайков BRIDGE CONSTRUCTIONS IN SOFIA METROPOLITEN Petar Staykov СЕКЦИЯ 1: АРХИТЕКТУРА SECTION 1: ARCHITECTURE ЕСТЕТИКА НА ПРОСТРАНСТВАТА ЗА СТИМУЛИРАНИ ПОТРЕБНОСТИ (ВЕРТИКАЛНИЯТ МОЛ) ...............................................................................................................55 Росица Никифорова AESTHETICS OF THE SPACES FOR STIMULATED NEEDS (THE VERTICAL MALL) Rositsa Nikiforova

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КУРСОВИЯТ ПРОЕКТ ПО „ВЪВЕДЕНИЕ В АРХИТЕКТУРНОТО ПРОЕКТИРАНЕ”: ОСНОВНИ ИДЕИ И МЕТОДИЧЕСКИ ПОДХОД...................................... 61 Тодор Булев, Наталия Калчева, Лилия Люцканова THE PROJECT ON THE SUBJECT "INTRODUCTION TO ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN": BASIC CONCEPTS AND METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH Todor Boulev, Natalia Kalcheva, Lilia Lutzkanova ИНДУСТРИЈСКО НАСЛЕЂЕ КАО ТУРИСТИЧКИ ПОТЕНЦИЈАЛ ....................................... 71 Горан М. Бабић, Александар Виденовић INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE AS THE TOURISM POTENTIAL Goran M. Babić, Aleksandar Videnović РЕКОНСТРУКЦИЯ НА СОЦИАЛЕН УЧЕБНО-ПРОФЕСИОНАЛЕН ЦЕНТЪР (СУПЦ) „ АНАСТАСИЯ д-р ЖЕЛЕЗКОВА” ВАРНА И НОВА СТРАТЕГИЯ ЗА ОБУЧЕНИЕ НА ДЕЦА С УВРЕЖДАНИЯ ................................................................................... 78 Радост Райновска RECONSTRUCTION AT SOCIAL SCHOOL VOCATIONAL CENTER “ANASTASIYA Dr. ZHELYAZKOVA”- VARNA AND NEW DISABLED CHILDREN TRAINING STRATEGY Radost Raynovska INTEGRATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE INTO THE PROCESS OF DESIGNING ARCHITECTURE FOR STUDENTS........................................................................ 86 Aleksandar Jovanovic, Nikola Cekic, Ilic Olivera ARCHITECTONIC TENDENCIES IN FORMATION OF CHARACTERISTIC FLOOR PLANS OF STUDENT HOSTELS..................................................................................... 90 Nikola CEKIĆ, Olivera ILIĆ, Aleksandar JOVANOVIĆ ДОСТЪПНОСТ НА БИБЛИОТЕЧНОТО ПРОСТРАНСТВО ЗА ХОРА С НАРУШЕНА КОГНИТИВНА ПРЕРАБОТКА (В ЧАСТНОСТ ДИСЛЕКСИЯ)....................... 97 Надя Стаматова, Стела Калмукова ACCESSIBILITY OF LIBRARY SPACE FOR PEOPLE WITH DESTROYED COGNITIVE PROCESSING (PARTIALLY DYSLEXIA) Nadya Stamatova, Stella Kalmukova ЗНАЧЕНИЕТО НА ИЗСЛЕДВАНИЯТА НА ПРОФ. АРХ. МИЛА ИВАНОВА ЗА ПОЗНАНИЕТО НА АРХИТЕКТУРАТА ОТ ДРЕВНОРИМСКИЯ ПЕРИОД ПО БЪЛГАРСКИТЕ ЗЕМИ ................................................................................................................. 107 Миглена Набоко THE MEANING OF THE RESEARCH MADE BY PROF. ARCH. MILA IVANOVA FOR ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE KNOWLEDGE IN THE BULGARIAN LANDS Miglena Naboko MINIMALISM IN ARCHITECTURE AS A CULTURAL SYMBOL OF THE TIMES.............. 115 Dragana Vasilski АРХИТЕКТУРНО-КОМПОЗИЦИОНЕН АНАЛИЗ НА ПАРК “АСЕНЕВЦИ”, ГР. ВЕЛИКО ТЪРНОВО ..................................................................................................................... 122 Драгомир Йосифов ARCHITECTURAL AND COMPOSITIONAL ANALYSIS OF ASENEVTSI PARK, VELIKO TURNOVO Dragomir Yosifov

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КОНСЕРВАЦИЯ, РЕСТАВРАЦИЯ И ЕКСПОНИРАНЕ НА КУЛИ И КРЕПОСТНА СТЕНА МЕЖДУ ТЯХ В АНТИЧЕН КАСТЕЛ “ТРАНСМАРИСКА”-ОБЩ.ТУТРАКАН.....................................................................................132 Драгомир Йосифов CONSERVATION, RESTORATION AND EXHIBITION OF TOWERS AND A FORTIFIED WALL BETWEEN THEM AT ANCIENT CASTLE TRANSMARISKA – TUTRAKAN MUNICIPALITY Dragomir Yosifov РЕИНТЕГРАЦИЯ НА ГРАДСКИ ТЕРИТОРИИ: ПРОЦЕСИТЕ НА ГРАДСКО ОБНОВЯВАНЕ В ПРОМИШЛЕНИТЕ ТЕРИТОРИИ НА СОФИЯ. АКТУАЛНИТЕ ПРОБЛЕМИ И ВЪЗМОЖНОСТИ ЗА РАЗВИТИЕ НА ПРОИЗВОДСТВЕНИТЕ ТЕРИТОРИИ В СОФИЯ С ОГЛЕД РЕИНТЕГРИРАНЕТО ИМ В СЪВРЕМЕННАТА ГРАДСКА СТРУКТУРА ЧРЕЗ ФУНКЦИИ И ДЕЙНОСТИ В КОНТЕКСТА НА НОВО ИКОНОМИЧЕСКО И СОЦИАЛНО РАЗВИТИЕ...........................138 Димитър Механджиев ИНТЕГРАЦИЯ И АДАПТАЦИЯ НА ГРАДСКИ ПРОМИШЛЕНИ ОБЕКТИ ........................146 Илияна Овчарова INTEGRATION AND ADAPTATION OF URBAN INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES Iliana Ovcharova АРХИТЕКТОНИКА НА АУДИОВИЗУАЛНОТО ПРОИЗВЕДЕНИЕ .....................................156 Йосиф Кокончев COMMON PRINCIPLES OF FILM AND BUILDING ARCHITECTURE Yosif Kokonchev ОТРАЖЕНИЕ НА ИНВЕСТИТОРСКИТЕ ВИЖДАНИЯ ВЪРХУ АРХИТЕКТУРАТА НА БЪЛГАРСКИТЕ КРАЙМОРСКИ ХОТЕЛИ ПРЕЗ ПОСЛЕДНИТЕ ДВАДЕСЕТ ГОДИНИ .......................................................................................167 Йордан Любенов IMPLICATION OF INVESTOR VIEWS ON THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE BULGARIAN COASTAL HOTELS DURING THE PAST TWENTY YEARS Jordan Lyubenov АРХИТЕКТУРАТА И РЕЦИКЛИРАНИТЕ МАТЕРИАЛИ ......................................................177 Владимир Любомиров Колев ARCHITECTURE AND RECYCLED MATERIALS Vladimir Lyubomirov Kolev СЛАМЕНИТЕ КЪЩИ ВЪВ ВАРНА ............................................................................................183 Анна Кирова STRAW HOUSES IN VARNA Anna Kirova MODERNIZAM I SAVREMENA ARHITEKTONSKA PRAKSA U BEOGRADU: MOGUĆNOSTI ODRŽIVIH TEHNOLOGIJA U REKONSTRUKCIJI ARHITEKTONSKOG NASLEĐA..................................................................................................192 Vanja Panić, Ksenija Bunjak MODERNISM AND MODERN ARCHITECTURAL PRACTICE IN BELGRADE: THE POSSIBILITY OF SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGY IN RECONSTRUCTION OF ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE Vanja Panić, Ksenija Bunjak

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REVITALIZACIJA POSTOJEĆIH VRTIĆA U SRBIJI I UŠTEDA ENERGETSKE POTROŠNJE ................................................................................................................................... 203 Danica Stanković REVITALIZATION OF EXISTING KINDERGARTENS IN SERBIA AND REDUCING ENERGY CONSUMPTION Danica Stanković PASSIVE COOLING METHODS FOR STUDENT CAMPUS DESIGN IN NIS ........................ 209 Olivera ILIĆ, Aleksandar JOVANOVIĆ, Nikola CEKIĆ НЯКОИ ТЕНДЕНЦИИ В ГРАДСКИЯ МЕНИДЖМЪНТ ......................................................... 215 Дончо Конакчиев SOME TENDENCIES IN URBAN MANAGEMENT Doncho Konakchiev НОВА ВИЗИЯ ЗА ТЕРИТОРИАЛНО – УСТРОЙСТВЕНОТО ПЛАНИРАНЕ /ТУП/ КАТО ИНСТРУМЕНТ ПРИ ОПАЗВАНЕ НА ОКОЛНАТА СРЕДА В ПРИСТАНИЩАТА ПО ТРАНСГРАНИЧНИЯ КОРИДОР 8.................................................... 222 Йордан Марински, Ирина Файтонджиева NEW VISION FOR LAND USE PLANING / LUP / AS A TOOL FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN PORTS ON TRANS-BORDER CORRIDOR 8 Jordan Marinski; Irina Faytondzieva ПАРАМЕТРИЧНО ГРАДОУСТРОЙСТВО В ИСТОРИЧЕСКИ ГРАДОВЕ........................... 227 Живко Ташков PARAMETRIC URBAN PLANNING IN HISTORICAL TOWNS Jivko Tashkov WHO IS AFRAID OF THE BUILDING? EXAMINING VARIOUS FUNCTIONS OF THE HEADQUARTERS OF THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY OF SERBIA.............................. 233 Dejana Nedučin, Vladimir Kubet, Milena Krklješ ЗАВРЪЩАНЕ КЪМ ХУМАННОСТТА НА АРХИТЕКТУРАТА В ИНФОРМАЦИОННОТО ОБЩЕСТВО ....................................................................................... 241 Анета Трифонова RETURN TO THE HUMANITY OF ARCHITECTURE IN THE INFORMATION SOCIETY Aneta Trifonova SURFACES IN THE CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURAL ENVIRONMENT .................... 251 Alessandro Premier COLOURS AND LIGHTS DISSOLVE THE FORM .................................................................... 256 Pietro Zennaro, Katia Gasparini МРАМОРЪТ В ИНТЕРИОРА НА ОДЕСОСКИТЕ ТЕРМИ ..................................................... 260 Красимира Вачева PSEUDO-URBANIZATION AND KORPORATA-ism AGAINST SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT............................................................................................................................ 267 Velimir Lj. Ćerimović МЕТОДИКА ЗА ПРОУЧВАНЕ И ПРОЕКТИРАНЕ НА ТЪРГОВСКО-ЖИЛИЩЕН КОМПЛЕКС “ЦАРИЦА ЙОАНА” В СОФИЯ ........................................................................... 280

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Мила Никифорова METHODOLOGY FOR RESEARCH AND DESIGN OF THE COMMERCIAL-AND-RESIDENTIAL COMPOUND “TSARITSA IOANNA” IN SOFIA Mila Nikiforova СЕКЦИЯ 2: СТРОИТЕЛНИ КОНСТРУКЦИИ SECTION 2: STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING НОСИМОСПОСОБНОСТ НА СРЯЗВАНЕ НА ОБЛАСТИ ОТ СТОМАНОБЕТОННИ ЕЛЕМЕНТИ БЕЗ НОРМАЛНИ ПУКНАТИНИ ..................................291 Константин В. Велинов, Атанас А. Георгиев SHEAR RESISTANCE OF UNCRACKED REINFOCED CONCRETE REGIONS Konstantin V. Velinov, Atanas A. Georgiev РЕГУЛЯРНИТЕ ПОЛЕТА В МОДЕЛИТЕ ЗА НОСИМОСПОСОБНОСТ В ЕВРОКОД 2 ....................................................................................................................................296 Атанас А. Георгиев THE REGULAR FIELDS IN THE EUROCODE 2 RESISTANCE MODELS Atanas A. Georgiev ИЗСЛЕДВАНЕ НА НАПРЕГНАТОТО И ДЕФОРМИРАНО СЪСТОЯНИЕ НА ДИСКРЕТНИ СФЕРИЧНИ КУПОЛИ, ПОДЛОЖЕНИ НА НЕСИМЕТРИЧНО ВЕРТИКАЛНО НАТОВАРВАНЕ ................................................................................................303 Анита Хандрулева, Владимир Матуски, Константин Казаков ANALYSIS OF THE STRESS AND STRAIN OF DISCRETE SPHERICAL DOME SUBJECTED TO ASYMMETRIC VERTICAL LOAD Anita Handruleva, Vladimir Matuski, Konstantin Kazakov ИЗСЛЕДВАНЕ НА УСТОЙЧИВОСТ НА ГРЕДА НА ЕЛАСТИЧНА ОСНОВА ПО МКЕ ПРИ ХИПЕРБОЛО-ТРИГОНОМЕТРИЧНИ ФУНКЦИИ НА ФОРМАТА ....................314 Банко Банков, Константин Казаков, Любен Любенов BUCKLING OF BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION ANALYSED BY THE FEM USING HYPERBOLO-TRIGONOMETRIC SHAPE FUNCTIONS Banko Bankov, Konstantin Kazakov, Lyuben Lyubenov ВЛИЯНИЕ НА ЗАКОНА ЗА РАЗПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ НА РЕАКЦИЯТА НА СРЕДАТА ВЪРХУ СТОЙНОСТТА НА КРИТИЧНАТА ОСОВА СИЛА ПРИ ЕДИНИЧЕН ПИЛОТ ............................................................................................................................................321 Банко Банков, Константин Казаков, Любен Любенов INFLUENCE OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF WINKLER’S SUBGRADE REACTION ON THE BUCKLING BEHAVIOR OF PILES Banko Bankov, Konstantin Kazakov, Lyuben Lyubenov ОЦЕНКА СЕИЗМИЧНАТА УЯЗВИМОСТ НА СГРАДИ В СЪОТВЕТСТВИЕ С ЕВРОПЕЙСКАТА МАКРОСЕИЗМИЧНА СКАЛА EMS98......................................................330 Eлена Васева EVALUATION OF SEISMIC VULNERABILITY OF BUILDINGS ACCORDING EMS 98 Elena Vaseva ВЪРХУ ОПРЕДЕЛЯНЕТО НА ИЗЧИСЛИТЕЛНИТЕ СЕИЗМИЧНИ СИЛИ НА НЕСИМEТРИЧНИ В ПЛАН СИСТЕМИ С ОТЧИТАНЕ НА ЕФЕКТИТЕ ОТ ВТОРИ РЕД (P-delta ЕФЕКТИ) ....................................................................................................340 Константин Казаков

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ON THE SEISMIC DESIGN FORCES OF AN ASYMMETRIC PLAN SYSTEM INCLUDING THE P-DELTA EFFECTS Konstantin Kazakov NEW ALTERNATIVE METHODS OF STRUCTURES RELIABILITY ASSESSMENT................................................................................................................................ 345 Vavrusova Kristyna, Rykalova Eva OPTIMIZATION OF STEEL PLANE TRUSS MEMBERS CROSS SECTIONS WITH SIMULATED ANNEALING METHOD........................................................................................ 355 Snežana Mitrović, Goran Ćirović ОПРЕДЕЛЯНЕ НА ОПТИМАЛНАТА ФОРМА НА СЕЧЕНИЯ ПРИ ОГЪВАНЕ И НАТИСК ......................................................................................................................................... 363 Нели Тризлова DEFINING THE OPTIMAL FORM OF SECTIONS IN BENDING AND PRESSURE Neli Trizlova ПРОЕКТИРАНЕ НА СТОМАНОБЕТОННИ РАМКОВИ ВЪЗЛИ ЗА СРЕДЕН И ВИСОК КЛАС ПО ДУКТИЛНОСТ............................................................................................. 367 Дария Михалева, Иван Павлов DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE FRAME JOINTS FOR MEDIUM AND HIGH DUCTILITY CLASSES Dariya Mihaleva, Ivan Pavlov КРИТЕРИИ ЗА РЕГУЛЯРНОСТ В ПЛАН ПРИ ВРЯЗВАНЕ ИЛИ ПРИ ОТВОР .................. 378 Иван Павлов, Дария Михалева, Никола Игнатиев CRITERIA FOR REGULARITY IN PLAN FOR SET-BACKS OR OPENINGS Ivan Pavlov, Dariya Mihaleva, Nikola Ignatiev СРАВНЕНИЕ НА КОРАВИНАТА, ИЗЧИСЛИТЕЛНАТА НОСИМОСПОСОБНОСТ НА СРЯЗВАНЕ И ТЕГЛОТО СПОРЕД ПРОФИЛА НА СТОМАНЕНИ ГРЕДИ .................................................................................................................. 385 Николай А. Кузманов COMPARISON AMONG STEEL BEAM STIFFNESS, STRENGTH OF SHEAR AND WEIGHT ACCORDING THE CROSS-SECTION TYPE Nikolay A. Kuzmanov ОПРЕДЕЛЯНЕ НА ОБХВАТА ОТ ДЕЙНОСТИ ПРИ ОСНОВЕН РЕМОНТ ИЛИ РЕКОНСТРУКЦИЯ НА ЖИЛИЩНИ СГРАДИ......................................................................... 394 Георги Станчев Георгиев PROJECT SCOPE DEFINITION IN OVERHAUL REPAIR OR RECONSTRUCTION OF BUILDINGS Georgi Stanchev Georgiev DESIGN OF HORIZONTAL SOIL ANCHORS............................................................................ 400 Suzana Koprivica, Milanka Brković, Anja Terzić, Smiljana Petrović ВЛИЯНИЕ НА ПОДЗЕМНИТЕ ВОДИ ВЪРХУ ЯКОСТНО – ДЕФОРМАЦИОННИТЕ СВОЙСТВА НА СВЪРЗАНИ СТРОИТЕЛНИ ПОЧВИ ................. 408 Веселин Пейчев, Димитър Димитров, Александър Киров, Нели Тризлова

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INFLUENCE OF GROUNDWATER ON THE STRENGTH - DEFORMATION PROPERTIES OF SOILS RELATED TO CONSTRUCTION Veselin Peychev, Dimitar Dimitrov, Alexander Kirov, Neli Trizlova НАТОВАРВАНЕ, РЕАКЦИЯ И СТАБИЛНОСТ НА ПРОНИЦАЕМ БРЕГОЗАЩИТЕН ВЪЛНОЛОМ ..................................................................................................417 Георги Пърличев, Веселин Пейчев LOADING, RESPONSE AND STABILITY OF PERMEABLE DETACHED BREAKWATER Georgi Parlichev, Veselin Peychev НАТОВАРВАНЕ ОТ МОСТОВ КРАН ВЪРХУ СТРОИТЕЛНАТА КОНСТРУКЦИЯ ПРИ СЛУЧАЙ НА НЕИЗПРАВЕН ПОДКРАНОВ ПЪТ.............................426 Калин Радлов LOADING ON BUILDING CAUSED BY BRIDGE CRANE IN CASE OF DAMAGED CRANE RAILROAD Кalin Radlov СЕКЦИЯ 3: НОВИ МАТЕРИАЛИ И ТЕХНОЛОГИИ В СТРОИТЕЛСТВОТО SECTION 3: NEW MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGIES IN BUILDINGS БЪРЗОВТВЪРДЯВАЩ МАТЕРИАЛ ЗА ВЪЗСТАНОВЯВАНЕ НА БЕТОННИ И СТОМАНОБЕТОННИ КОНСТРУКЦИИ НА БАЗА ХИДРАВЛИЧНИ СВЪРЗВАЩИ ВЕЩЕСТВА..........................................................................................................437 Иван Ростовски, Райна Митева RAPID HARDENING HYDRAULIC BINDER–BASED MATERIAL FOR REHABILITATION OF CONCRETE AND REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES Ivan Rostovsky, Rayna Miteva ХИДРАТАЦИЯ НА КАЛЦИЕВО СУЛФОАЛУМИНАТЕН ЦИМЕНТ И ПОРЬОЗНА СТРУКТУРА НА ЦИМЕНТОВАТА ПАСТА .......................................................444 Иван Ростовски, Райна Митева HYDRATION OF CALCIUM SULPHOALUMINATE CEMENT AND POROUS STRUCTURE OF THE CEMENT PASTE Ivan Rostovsky, Rayna Miteva ОЦЕНЯВАНЕ НА СЦЕПЛЕНИЕТО МЕЖДУ АРМИРОВКА И БЕТОН, ВТВЪРДЯВАЛ В МОРСКИ ВОДА, НА БАЗА ПАРАМЕТРИТЕ НА ПОРЬОЗНОСТТА ..........................................................................................................................452 Николай Баровски BOND STRENGTH BETWEEN REINFORCEMENT AND CONCRETE IMMERSED IN SEA WATER EVALUATED ON THE BASE OF PORE STRUCTURE PARAMETERS Nikolay Barovsky CONCRETES WITH RECYCLED AGGREGATE AS SOLUTION FOR WASTE CONCRETE DISPOSAL PROBLEM.............................................................................................461 Anja Terzić, Ljubica Pavlović, Suzana Koprivica, Smiljana Petrović КОМПЛЕКСЕН МЕТОД ЗА ИДЕНТИФИЦИРАНЕ НАЛИЧИЕТО НА КОРОЗИОННО ВЪЗДЕЙСТВИЕ ВЪРХУ ЕКСПЛОАТИРАНИ НА ОТКРИТО БЕТОННИ НАСТИЛКИ ................................................................................................................466 Валерий Б. Найденов

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INTEGRATED METHOD FOR IDENTIFYING THE PRESENCE OF CORROSION IMPACT ON EXTERIOR CONCRETE PAVEMENTS Valerii Naydenov НЯКОИ ОСОБЕНОСТИ НА СВЕТОДИОДНОТО ОСВЕТЛЕНИЕ НА АРХИТЕКТУРНО-ХУДОЖЕСТВЕНИ ОБЕКТИ ...................................................................... 476 Милена Петрова, Димитър Димитров, Стефан Терзиев SOME FEATURES OF LED LIGHTING OF ARCHITECTURAL - ARTISTIC OBJECTS ........................................................................................................................................ 476 Milena Petrova, Dimitar Dimitrov, Stefan Terziev ВЪЗМОЖНОСТИ И ПРОБЛЕМИ НА ИНТЕГРИРАНИТЕ ФОТОВОЛТАИЧНИ МОДУЛИ В СГРАДИ ................................................................................................................... 484 Димитър Ив. Димитров PROBLEMS AND OPPORTUNITIES IN PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULES INTEGRATED IN BUILDINGS Dimitar Iv.Dimitrov АСПЕКТИ НА ГЕОМЕТРИЧНОТО ТВЪРДОТЕЛНО МОДЕЛИРАНЕ НА ТРЪБНИ ЕЛЕМЕНТИ ................................................................................................................... 492 Анета Георгиева ASPECTS ON GEOMETRIC SOLID MODELING OF PIPE ELEMENTS Aneta Georgieva ИДЕНТИФИКАЦИЯ НА ПЕРСПЕКТИВНО ИЗОБРАЖЕНИЕ НА КОНУС ......................... 499 Янко Милев, Наташа Бакларова IDENTIFICATION OF PERSPECTIVE REPRESENTATION OF THE CONE Yanko Milev, Natasha Baklarova АКТУАЛИЗАЦИЯ НА УЧЕБНОТО СЪДЪРЖАНИЕ ПО ЕЛЕКТРИЧЕСКИ ИНСТАЛАЦИИ В СЪОТВЕТСТВИЕ С ЕВРОПЕЙСКИТЕ ХАРМОНИЗИРАНИ ДОКУМЕНТИ ................................................................................................................................ 504 Стефка Кантурска MODERNIZATION THE CURRICULUM FOR ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS WITH EUROPEAR HARMONIZED DOCUMENTS Stefka Georgieva Kanturska ИНТЕРАКТИВЕН МЕТОД НА ОБУЧЕНИЕ ПО ДИСЦИПЛИНАТА „ПОЖАРНА БЕЗОПАСНОСТ НА СГРАДИ” ................................................................................................... 513 Стефка Кантурска INTERACTIV METHOD FOR TEACHING “FIRE SAFETY OF BUILDINGS” ....................... 513 Stefka Georgieva Kanturska ВЪРХУ НЯКОИ ТЕХНОЛОГИЧНИ ПРОБЛЕМИ ПРИ ИЗПЪЛНЕНИЕТО И ЕКСПЛОАТАЦИЯТА НА ИНДУСТРИАЛНИ ПОДОВИ НАСТИЛКИ ОТ ГОТОВИ ЕЛЕМЕНТИ .................................................................................................................. 521 Лъчезар Хрисчев ON SOME TECHNOLOGICAL PROBLEMS IN EXECUTION AND EXPLOITATION OF INDUSTRIAL FLOORING MADE FROM PREFABRICATED ELEMENTS Lachezar Hrischev

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ОПРЕДЕЛЯНЕ НА ПРЕПОРЪЧИТЕЛНИ ОБЛАСТИ НА ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ НА ПОЛИМЕРНИТЕ ПОДОВИ ПОКРИТИЯ С ОТЧИТАНЕ НА ТЕХНИКО - ИКОНOМИЧЕСКАТА ЕФЕКТИВНОСТ ....................................................................................529 Лъчезар Хрисчев DETERMINATION OF RECOMMENDED FIELDS OF APPLICATION OF POLYMER FLOORING BY TAKING INTO CONSIDERATION TECHNICAL – ECONOMICAL EFFICIENCY Lachezar Hrischev SOME EXPERIENCES IN GEOMECHANICAL CONTROL OF QUALITY OF MATERIAL DURING CONSTRUCTION ON EARTHFILL DAM.............................................539 Ksenija Djokovic, Nenad Susic ФРАКТОГРАФСКО ИЗСЛЕДВАНЕ НА РАЗРУШЕНИТЕ ПОВЪРХНИНИ НА ЗАВАРЕНА АРМИРОВЪЧНА СТОМАНА СЛЕД ЦИКЛИЧНО НАТОВАРВАНЕ НА МАЩАБНО УМАЛЕНИ СТОМАНОБЕТОННИ МОСТОВИ ГРЕДИ ..............................544 Росица Петкова-Слипец, Пламена Балева-Йосифова, Ради Ганев FAILURE SURFACE FRACTOGRAPHIC STUDY OF WELDED REINFORCing STEEL AFTER CYCLIC LOADING ON SCALED REINFORCED CONCRETE BRIDGE BEAMS Rositsa Petkova-Slipets, Plamena Baleva-Yosifova, Radi Ganev ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ФИЗИКО-МЕХАНИЧЕСКИХ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИК ДЕКОРАТИВНОГО СУДОСТРОИТЕЛЬНОГО БЕТОНА ........................................................549 А. Мишутин, С. Петричко INVESTIGATION OF PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DECORATIVE SHIPBUILDING CONCRETE A. Mishutin, S. Petrichko DURABLE FIBROUS CONCRETE FOR THE WATER PERVIOUS STRUCTURES ON HIGHWAYS .............................................................................................................................553 A. Mishutin, O. Lapina ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ МАТЕМАТИЧЕСКОГО АППАРАТА ИСКУССТВЕННЫХ НЕЙРОННЫХ СЕТЕЙ В ТЕХНОЛОГИИ СТРОИТЕЛЬНОГО ПРОИЗВОДСТВА...............558 Попов О.А. APPLYING MATHEMATICAL APPARATUS OF ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS IN BUILDING PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY Popov O.A.

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5-та Международна научно-приложна конференция “АРХИТЕКТУРА, СТРОИТЕЛСТВО – СЪВРЕМЕННОСТ”

8-10 Юни 2011 Варна, България

5TH INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE “ARCHITECTURE, CIVIL ENGINEERING – MODERNITY”

June 8-10, 2011 Varna, Bulgaria

ПЛЕНАРНИ ДОКЛАДИ

PLENARY REPORTS

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5-та Международна научно-приложна конференция “АРХИТЕКТУРА, СТРОИТЕЛСТВО – СЪВРЕМЕННОСТ”

8-10 Юни 2011 Варна, България

5TH INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE “ARCHITECTURE, CIVIL ENGINEERING – MODERNITY”

June 8-10, 2011 Varna, Bulgaria

MODERNIZAM I SAVREMENA ARHITEKTONSKA PRAKSA U BEOGRADU: MOGUĆNOSTI ODRŽIVIH TEHNOLOGIJA U REKONSTRUKCIJI

ARHITEKTONSKOG NASLEĐA Vanja Panić, Ksenija Bunjak

Ovаj rаd je reаlizovаn u okviru projektа „Istrаživаnje klimаtskih promenа nа životnu sredinu: prаćenje uticаjа, аdаptаcijа i ublаžаvаnje“ (43007) koji finаnsirа Ministаrstvo zа prosvetu i nаuku Republike Srbije u okviru progrаmа Integrisаnih i interdisciplinаrnih istrаživаnjа zа period 2011-2014. godine. Ključne reči: Srbija, Beograd, Modernizam, Tradicija, Relacija, Rekonstrukcija, Održivost, Savremena Arhitektura Apstrakt: U ovom radu će se prikazati savremene arhitektonske tendencije (realizacije, projekti i konkursi) u Beogradu poslednjih deset godina u društvenom i kulturnom kontekstu stvaralaštva zapaženih mlađih autora, arhitekata čije realizacije i projekti redefinišu ulogu arhitekture u stvaranju nove arhitektonske scene u Srbiji kao deo opšte kulturne slike na pragu tranzicionih privrednih i društveno-kulturnih integracija sa svim svojim osobenostima, bogatom arhitektonskom tradicijom, multikulturalnim nasleđem i resursima. Fokus ovog izlaganja jeste relacija između realizovanih objekata Moderne 30-ih godina XX veka u Beogradu kao arhitektonskog nasleđa i savremenih inženjerskih tendencija u njihovoj rekonstrukciji, kao i arhitektonska praksa odabranih autora u kontekstu važnosti definisanja savremene arhitekture u gradu Beogradu i savremenih arhitektonskih procesa u Evropi. Poseban osvrt biće posvećen savremenim tehnološkim i održivim tehnologijama primenjenih u realizacijima i rekonstrukcijama prikazanih objekata industrijskog nasleđa.

MODERNISM AND MODERN ARCHITECTURAL PRACTICE IN BELGRADE: THE POSSIBILITY OF SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGY IN RECONSTRUCTION OF

ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE Vanja Panić1, Ksenija Bunjak2

This paper was realized as a part of the project "Studying climate change and its influence on the environment: impacts, adaptation and mitigation" (43007) financed by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Serbia within the framework of integrated and interdisciplinary research for the period 2011-2014. Keywords: Serbia, Belgrade, Modernism, Tradition, Relation, Reconstruction, Sustainability, Contemporary Architecture Abstract: This paper will show contemporary architectural trends (implementation, designs and competitions) in Belgrade in the last ten years in social and cultural context of creativity notable younger artists, architects and project implementation which redefine the role of architecture in creating a new architectural scene in Serbia as part of the general community images on the threshold of economic transition and socio-cultural integration with all its features, a rich architectural tradition, multicultural heritage and resources. The focus of this paper is the relationship between Modern objects implemented in 30's of XX century in Belgrade as the architectural heritage and modern engineering tendencies in their reconstruction, as well as architectural practice selected by the importance of defining the context of contemporary architecture in the city of Belgrade and modern architectural processes in Europe. A special review will be devoted to its technology and sustainable technologies applied in the implementation and reconstruction of the displayed objects of industrial heritage.

1 Vanja Panić MArch, teaching assistant Belgrade University - Faculty of Architecture, Bulevar Kralja Aleksandra 73/II 11000 Belgrade, Serbia 2 Ksenija Bunjak March, Phd student, Belgrade University - Faculty of Architecture

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1. INTRODUCTION:

The first ten years of the third millennium are being marked by the era of global trends and communications, new technologies and the unification of the scientific, cultural, economic and natural resources of the planet. There is a foundation of unions on the horizon based on the historical, cultural, economic and interest connection of nations and states, which are redefining the relationship of the man towards the nature, the heritage, the resources, especially in the last twenty years of the 20th century by destroying the barriers between the eastern and western block in Europe. Complex social changes have occurred so that the happenings in the architecture have become an important factor in the transition of states. A significant component which is unifying all these processes is the problem of the climatic changes, which presents the challenge for the human and technological resources and then also for the architectural practice and protection of the cultural, archeological and industrial heritage. Parallel to the huge events in Europe in the 20th century the architecture has remained a clear reflection of the state, of its values, the tradition and its own affirmation in a broader context. The most significant events in the European architecture are connected to the technical and industrial revolution of the 19th century, to the creation of civil democracies, modernism and avant-garde movements: futurism in Italy, Bauhaus in Germany, De Stijl in Holland and Constructivism in the former UdSSR. It is important to mention the role of political ideologies, totalitarian orders, world wars, but also of the philosophy, art and science which has caused both the occurrence as well as the disappearance of these movements. The influences upon the course of the modern architectural expression today are immeasurably important and present in the new modernism and the modern architectural tendencies of today.

In the last twenty years the European architecture has moved from postmodernism to modernism, which is in a special way being put into the local and national context (Super Dutch in Holland, the new Spanish and Portuguese architectural scene, the autochthonous expression of the Scandinavian architecture).

The cultural and financial politics of European states is producing large master plans and projects, which are gathering and engaging the world acknowledged architects and engineers. There are projects in France, Great Britain and Germany like Defense in Paris, the Docks and City in London, Potsdamer Platz in Berlin…

These examples in the developed European countries are correlated with the money flow, the technologies, research, laws in the area of planning, ecology and promotion of the environment and heritage.

At the same time the issue of the industrial heritage of the 19th and 20th century is being affirmed as well as the issue of the architectural heritage of the modernism, which has marked the architecture in Belgrade between the two World Wars.

In the Granada Convention for the Protection of the Architectural Heritage in Europe1 (Granada, October 1985) the “architectural monument” is being defined as the construction which, next to the acknowledged value of architecture and its place, has also the historical, artistic, scientific, social or technical values. Within that frame and next to the protection i.e. the revitalization of the industrial monument also its modern context is being incorporated.

This work has the goal to point out the significance of the modern era when it comes to public objects in the social and cultural context of the development of Belgrade and the protection of architectural heritages of modern architecture.

On the verge of these undertakings the European countries in transition are exploring the redefinition of their own architecture. So many interesting young authors have appeared in the last ten years as well as many new publishers and modern architectural magazines like “Oris” in Croatia, “Abitare” in Bulgaria, “A10” from Hans Ibelings, which are successfully connecting modern tendencies and scenes of the countries in the European Union and outside of it, transitional countries. In Serbia there is the redesigned magazine “Forum” as well as the magazines “Arhitekton”, “Arhart” and “Kvadart”, which should take the affirmative place of main motors of the architectural expression, critics and theory in architecture and urbanism. 1 website:http//conventions.coe.int/Treaty/en/Treaties/Html/121.htm

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In the context of destroying barriers between the Eastern and the Western block there is the era of integration processes with all of its post-communist difficulties which are including the establishment of political, social, cultural changes of the relations and system of values in the modern architectural European discourse.

In the last ten years the architects in Serbia, which is still establishing and looking for its cultural politics, are trying to place architecture into a realistic discourse. The connection with the world has brought new knowledge, new architectural processes in Europe in the field of education (Bologna process), the realization, competitions, exchange of architects, lectures, discussions about the acute problems of the profession and the approach to the European values in architecture, urbanism and also in the preservation of heritage.

On the other side, there is large national and cultural potential for the foundation of an architecture, which is based on the tradition both of the people’s construction and of modernism, which is appearing in the modern realization of the Serbian architects of different generations. With this the domestic modern architecture is based on fragments and roots of modernism with postulates which were applied in the works of prewar Serbian architects: Nikola Dobrović, Milan Zloković, Jan Dubovy, Branislav Kojić, Dragiša Brašovan, Momčilo Belobrk. The works of these authors have placed the Serbian modern architecture into the European context, which has represented the new in the old and vice versa. 2. ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE OF MODERNISM IN BELGRADE – PUBLIC OBJECTS

Modern architecture had the crystallization of its ideas and the realization between the two World Wars and it emerged as the result of the technical-technological progress of the industrial revolution in the 19th and 20th century, of the social-political relations in Europe, then of the development of sociology, philosophy, the art of painting, acting and music which has determined the occurrence of the modern art and avant-garde. The frame of reference of the work of architects are ideas and realizations of the objects of the Modern era in Europe with special accents to the authors, which have influence the architectural expressions of domestic architects with all the specifics of the environment in which it was applied.

The ideas and thoughts which have led the young architects in Serbia at the time are signific for the comprehension of architecture of today when it comes to its redefinition on the verge of huge changes and processes in Europe.

The history of the 20th century on the cultural level, where architecture is an important segment, as well as on the political level, was oscillatory for Serbia regarding the social-political and ideological discontinuity.

The country that has come out of the First World War as the winner and founded for the first time the Kingdom of Yugoslavia as a multinational state had created and influenced the creation of the modern culture and art through the political, economic and cultural cooperation with new European countries and it has influenced the bright examples of modernism and avant-guard which have emerged in the affirmation of the newly founded state, of new relations, the cooperation of the domestic intellectual circles of the time with the European cultural elite. However, modern architects had a complex and difficult development especially when it comes to the classicistic discourse which the state had supported in the capital projects at the time (in schools, faculties, ministries, the state administration).

In the first part of this paper we will show the capital public objects of the Serbian modern era which have paved the way for modernism in the modern state course by representing the modern society. The relations that we would like to point out with the today’s architectural aspirations in Serbia will be based on the revitalization and reconstruction of objects of the prewar architecture of the modern era in the comparative analysis with the modern European examples.

The social relations in Serbia which have followed after the First World War and the foundation of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes until 1928 when King Aleksandar

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proclaimed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia happened at the same time as the first lectures of the Serbian modernists and the foundation of GAMP2.

The idea of yugoslavism3 in the newly founded state and its reflection to the creation of the favorable climate has influence the creation of the favorable climate for the realization of the modernistic projects and their realization later. The determinations which have caused the occurrence of the “new” literature, art, critical thought and in the end the avant-guard have been set up more precisely. Comparative analysis is being used to set relations in the architectural expression between academism and eclecticism on one side and the beginning traces of modernism in the works of Serbian architects as well as the works of architects who have been acting outside of Serbia and Yugoslavia (Nikola Dobrović - Prague) or foreign architects who were working in Serbia (the Czech architect Jan Dubovy)4.

With the occurrence of modernism and the avant-guard in the cultural and artistic discourse of Yugoslavia and Serbia we have events which have marked the first exhibitions of projects, competitions and realizations of modern architects in Serbia especially in retrospect of the first Architecture Salon in 1929, the exhibition of Forms in the same year and the exhibition of Yugoslav architects in Prague in 1930, on which next to the members of the Group of architects of the modern direction (GAMP) also Nikola Dobrovic also exhibited who made a very successful career in those years in Prague. The affirmation of the Modern era in the architectural discourse of the country was formed by a series of competitions which were organized, with the accent on the competition for the Terazije Terrace 1929 – 1930 (picture 1), in which the work of Nikola Dobrovic won with his bold modern solution which is redefining the center of the capital with a totally “new expression” at the time. Besides, the pavilions for the world exhibition in Barcelona in 1929 and in Milan in 1930 (picture 2, picture 3) are redefining the readiness of the new state to show itself to the world public in a totally modern expression (Dragiša Brašovan). 1. 2. 3.

Within the introduction of the concept of Modern era in the architectural and town planning discourse we are focusing on the foundation of the Group of Architects of the Modern Direction – GAMP (1928-1934), which is being founded by the architects Milan Zloković, Jan Dubovy, Branislav Kojić und Dušan Babić in 1928. The work of GAMP we are connecting to the theoretical discussions, competition projects and realizations which have determined the crystallization of Modernism in Serbia at the transition from the third to the fourth decade of the 20th century. Also, the work and participation of the architect Nikola Dobrović and of the architect Milan Zloković, professors at the Faculty of Architecture in Belgrade, is being pointed out, which are the central figures in the research of modernism, proportions as well as impacts and relations of the European and Serbian culture and architecture of that period by the application of the principle of modernism in its architectural postulates and projects.

2 Mаnević, Zorаn, Occurence of the Modern Architecture in Serbia, doctor theses in the library of the group for art history of the Faculty of Philosophy in Belgrade, Belgrаde, 1979, pg. 98–111. 3 Aleksandar Ignjatović, Yugoslavism in Architecture 1904–1941, Beograd: Građevinska knjiga, 2007, page 234. 4 Tanja Damljanović, The Czech-Serbian Architectural Connections 1918-1941, Beograd: ZZSK, 2004.

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3. MODERN ARCHITECTURE IN BELGRADE 2001-2011

The modern architecture in Serbia after 2000 is being characterized by suggestibility,

intellectual and creative power of those architects which have managed to maintain the level of quality in the absence of material and moral norms of the ninety years of the last century and also after the democratic changes with their attitude as authors, with several years of experiences, by following the local and world trends in architecture.

The art of building, as the architect and professor Nikola Dobrović used to say, is above all a cultural, communication and thought process. When we talk about the current times of investments and profitability the authentic architectural creativity is necessary, especially when we take into consideration the era of fast communications which is the exact opposite of the tendency to create generalized projects or take over existing models. The architecture as a cultural mission is above all dedicated to life, as an investment into something materialistic in the meaning of the cultural and traditional heritage. The contemporaneity is being achieved with the culture where the architecture is its element through the constant rational, creative and aesthetic choice, through the dialog and through arguments, through the competition with the developed logistics in the public presentation of the process and the realized values. A new value is being brought by the generation of younger architects of different vocations, different creative potentials, which has matured in the creative sense through the social processes in the country in deep connection with the Serbian architectural heritage. The new realized objects represent authentic artefacts of the author’s thinking and position in the creation of new aesthetic values of the context and tradition. The special quality of the author’s modern expression and of the successful contextuality we can notice in the examples of residential and business objects. 4. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Among the issues which were the most subject to research and discussions at the global level during the last decades are the issues of development and environment protection, defined with the notion sustainable development. In order to realize sustainable development it is necessary to establish a balance between the social, economic and environmental goals next to the balancing of the needs of the current and future generations5.

At the UN Summit about the planet Earth and its protection and development in 1992 in Rio de Janeiro the issues of environmental development and protection were discussed for the first time on the comparative level. Also an Action Plan for the sustainable development for the 21st century, known as Agenda 21, was adopted at the Summit and the term ‘sustainable development’6 was introduced. No adequate, comprehensive definition of this term has been determined so far. The definition of Lester Brown7 is being used most frequently and it has been published in the report “Our Common Future” of the World Commission on Environment and Development, better known as the Brundtland Commission. According to Brown “the sustainable development is the development which is satisfying the needs of the present and at the same time not endangering the possibility of the future generations to satisfy their needs”8. In the organization of the United Nations the largest ecology summit of the 21st century was held in Copenhagen in 2009. The latest draft agreement consists of goals for the reduction of the poisonous gas emission in the developed

5 Bass S., Dalal-Clayton B., Pretty J. Participation in Strategies for Sustainable Development. London: International Institute for Environment and Development, 1995. 6 Stankovic D, Dosenovic Lj. Protection and Advancement of the Environment in accordance with the Sustainable Development Strategy and Agenda 21, Forestry, 60 (1-2), 127-132, 2008. 7 Lester Brown – American expert for environmental issues, founder of the Worldwatch Institute, the first institute for the analysis of the global environmental problems as well as the founder and president of the Earth Policy Institute (Stаnković and Došenović, 2008). 8 World Commission on Environment and Development. Our Common Future. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987, str. 43, translation: author.

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industry countries and in the developing countries, which the former drafts did not foresee. The document called the Copenhagen Agreement prescribes that rich countries should reduce the greenhouse gas emissions for at least 80% compared to the levels of 1990 while the reduction of the emission in the developing countries should be between 15% and 30%.

The sustainable development can, above all, be understood as a social process which means making decisions about the rights and needs of the current and future generations. One of the most significant steps towards the realization of the sustainable development is the establishment of a compromise between the priorities on the local, national and global level. Different spheres of the society – the social, economic and the environmental sphere have to be as integrated as possible. The role and obligations of institutions as well as of individuals have to be changed in the direction of creating new forms of behavior which will nurture and stimulate the sustainable development in future.9 5. CASE STUDY: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE POSSIBLE RECONSTRUCTIONS OF THE INDUSTRIAL ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE IN BELGRADE

The industrial heritage is a specific form of cultural heritage and it represents a part of the modern public space and actual cultural and historical context. Today the industrial objects are part of the construction heritage of cities and regions and they are worth maintaining and preserving in the context of the history of development and progress of a society. They are, as a rule, a part of the urban heritage, a part of the evolutionary development of the city and the technological advancements from the period of the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. The thing that makes an industrial monument (object, complex) different from an abandoned space is the abundance of its meanings. The unused industrial objects represent huge potential space and with an adequate new use (revitalization)10 they could satisfy the current as well as the future needs of the city. On the other side the adequate revitalization of the industrial object is a form of protecting the industrial heritage. Therefore, the revitalization of industrial monuments demands a dialog with the past and it is based on the characteristic approach and relationship to it. It is not being experienced as the reconstruction of the monuments of the past but as the reuse of its material and symbolic potentials for the cultural and artistic projects.11

The position towards the industrial objects has been changed significantly in the world as well so that their revival through the introduction of new contents is partly fashion and a trend and partly a rational relationship toward resources. Since then the interest both for the construction and for the cultural heritage of the previous generations has been raised and the industrial archeology redirected the attention of institutions and the society from the protection of exclusive cultural monuments to the achievements of the everyday life. We know such examples from England (Tate Modern Gallery, London; the Albert Dock, Liverpool, picture 5 and 6), Germany (Essen, Ruhr area, picture 7), Holland (Factory Van Nelle, Rotterdam, picture 8), which will be recognized as models which are applicable upon the reconstruction of industrial and public objects in Belgrade from the 1930s.

The industrial archeology has been present in the world since the half of the last century and in Serbia only in the last couple of years. Thanks to the actual exhibition and publications of the Museum of Science and Technique in Belgrade (situated in the old power plant in Dorćol) it has become available for the broader public as well.

9 Id. footnote 7 10 The new use (revitalization) is a method with which the devastated, neglected or inadequaately used industrial objekts are being permanently or temporarily activated and as such they are being included in the social (touristic, cultural) life with the precondition of preserving the physical-symbolical and historical charakteristics of the object. The revitalization is a lot more then restauration since it includes dynamic processes involved in the modernisation and it expands the old settlements in the spirit of the integrational conservation of heritage. 11 Neda Knežević., Revitalization of the thermal power plant „Power and Light“ in Belgrade, Belgrade; Nasleđe nr. 8, page. 209-222, 2007

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5. 6.

7. 8.

Industrial heritage is being defined as the interdisciplinary method of studying material and immaterial evidence, documents, artefacts, objects, settlements and other results which were created for or through the industrial processes. We include into heritage buildings and machines, workshops, plants and factories, mines and places for ore processing, warehouses, places for the energy production, transfer and use, traffic and all additional infrastructure as well as places which are meant for social activities in connection with the industry like place of residence or education. 12 The history of technology in the era of the industrial revolution in the 18th century has today an aesthetic and sociological value.

Between the two World Wars, more precisely in 1930 around 500 Million Dinar were invested in the Belgrade industry and in 170 industrial enterprises around 14.000 people were employed. Foreign capital was invested in the high technological industry as well: in the factory of airplane engines “Sv. Vlajković i komp.” in Rakovica the capital of the Czech company “Walter” was invested, the French company “Gnome et Rhone” had the majority ownership in the Engine Industry in Rakovica. “The list of industrial enterprises in 1938 shows that during the previous ten years the number of textile metal processing and chemical enterprises had significantly gone up”, Kulenovic said and evaluated that “a big part of them was built solidly and is permanently in function”.

The majority of 88 objects of industrial heritage in Belgrade which are mentioned in the book are generally known toponyms: the Railway station Belgrade, the Institute for the production of bills and coins, the Belgrade Water Supply company, the Garage of Royal Train Compositions in Topcider, the Main Post Office, IKL, the Power Plant “Snaga i svetlost” (“Power and Light”), the Belgrade Cotton Factory, Beko, BIGZ, Concrete Hall (Kapetanija, Beograd), Foundry “Pantelić”, the State Sugar Factory, Brewery “Bajloni”, the Telefon operator, Paper Factory of Milan Vape, Teleoptik, the Brickyark Polet, the River Navigation Centre Belgrade, Astronomical Observatory, Meteorological Observatory, the Republic Seismological Institution, IMR and others. Regardless of their significance, value and presence in the everyday life, only a few objects of this specific heritage have the appropriate legal protection. The status of a cultural estate have only the following: the First Corporate Mill, the Observatory in Zvezdara and the Paper Factory of Milan Vapa and the status of a cultural estate of large significance have only the buildings of the Main Railway Station, the Telefon Operator in Kosovska Street, the Foundry “Pantelić” and the Meteorological Station.

For the case study we have chosen the objects of the Power Plant “Snaga i svetlost” (picture 9), the Building of Stampa – BIGZ and the Factory IKL in Belgrade. 12 Rifat Kulenović, Industrijsko nasleđe Beograda, Beograd; Muzej nauke i tehnike, 2010.

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5.1 POWER PLANT „SNAGA I SVETLOST“ BELGRADE

9.

The industrial object the Power plant “Snaga i svetlost” (“Power and Light”), which is situated on the right bank of the Danube, in the marina “Dorćol”, is part of the industrial heritage of Belgrade. This object of technical culture is the testimony of the industrial development of Belgrade and it has also the architectural value and a good location. However, although the power plant has a good location and urban potential, it is still in a bad shape.

14 European and 2 Yugoslav firms participated in the competition. Based on the applications the Belgrade municipality closed a concession agreement for the period of 25 years with the Swiss bank group from Basel - „Société des Banques Suisses“ and „Société Suisse d’Electricité de Traction“ on September 2nd 1929 in Belgrade. After the expiration of this concession, which had started to be applied on May 29th 1933, the plant was transferred without any costs to the ownership of the municipality Belgrade. After signing the concession agreement the Swiss group founded the joint stock corporation “Snaga i svetlost” (Force et Lumiére) 13.

Considering the physical and symbolical potentials of the power plant “Snaga i svetlost” and its place in the industrial heritage and in the cultural politics, a proposal for the adaptation and inclusion of this object into the overall social and economic life of the city of Belgrade was presented. Belgrade was one of the few European cities which have introduced the electric power, i.e. the alternating current at the end of the 19th century14. The city administration chose between the electric and gas lighting and decided upon the most modern scientific and technical achievement. The first electrical plant was built in 1893 in Dorćolu. The electrification of Belgrade has a very large significance. It contributed to the modernisation and development of the city by following the large European capitals. Building the power plant is one of the most complicated engineering and architectural tasks. There are multiple problems of designing the objects for this plant and not one part can be generalized. The purpose is the most significant characteristic and the mechanical and architectural and city planning solutions depend on it, whereas the construction and design of the power plant represents a complex task for the mechanical-energy, architectural, construction and economic profession.

The architecture of the power plant maintains modernistic views;, it is actual for the European construction practice in the period between the two wars, especially when it comes to the objects with the industrial purpose. The revolutionary ideas of the Bauhaus school, which referred above all to the standardization in the architecture and the design of better work environments in factories, have become main marks of modern architecture.

With its monumental size and its industrial purpose the power plant gave the opportunity for the application of advanced modernistic ideas of Bauhaus. The rationality and simplicity, as the main characteristics of its architecture, the efficient space organisation, the isolation and mutual independence of individual parts of the building are proof that the Swiss design team had the function of the object in mind above all else. The use of glass as the dominant material reflects the

13 Neda Knežević, Revitalizacija termoelektrane „Snaga i svetlost“ u Beogradu, Beograd; Nasleđe br. 8, str. 209-222, 2007. 14 A Century of the Electrics 1893 – 1993, Belgrade, Power Industry of Serbia

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ruling European standpoints in the area of modern architecture that the wall should not only close the space and protect it from climatic impacts but that it should also serve as a specific shell which opens the interior and wipes away the border line between the interior and the exterior. Such an approach to designing reflected the actual social ideas and requests to improve the work conditions in the creation of a more humane work space in factories.

The proposal for the revitalization of this power plant was the consequence of the historical and architectural significance of the object, of the significance of its location in the Marine “Dorćol” and of the fact that it is placed directly next to the power plant in which the Museum of Science and Technique is located. The industrial object possesses an authentic physical and symbolical potential, it is based on specific historical characteristics of the city of Belgrade and has a value and significance which can become a part of the modern public space and a source of confronting the past if it is revived with the modern cultural use. The revitalization of the Power plant “Snaga i svetlost” should not be perceived as the reconstruction of a monument of the past but as the reuse of its material and symbolic potentials for cultural, scientific and artistic projects. It has to be adjusted to the cultural-historical and social and political circumstances of the environment in which it is situated. 5.2 THE PRINTING COMPANY – BIGZ BEOGRAD, architect Dragiša Brašovan, 1937-1940. 10.

The building of the state owned printing company (today’s BIGZ) is situated in the Vojvoda Mišić Boulevard number 17 (picture 10). The house of the Printing Company was designed by the architect Dragiša Brašovan in 1933 and it was built in the period from 1937 until 1940. This previously largest publishing company in the country is one of the most significant monuments of modern architecture in Serbia between the two World Wars. It has a grandiose design at almost 25.000 m² and the architect himself made a study trip to Germany, after he was given the assignment by the Minister Council in 1933, in order to visit many printing companies and to prepare himself for the construction of this monumental work. Thanks to that experience this building proudly holds the title of the first object in Belgrade with the reinforced concrete system of construction as well as of the first object with the structural organisation of space.

With its volume and modernistic suggestibility of the form, the façade openings and the used materials it reflected the state and economic politics. After World War II the building became the place of business of the large Yugoslave publishing company BIGZ which was active until the mid nineties and which went bankrupt during the political and economic crisis.

The influence of the architecture of this building is still impressive, although it is devastated and abandoned. It is still attracting creative people with its energy and they have created an art colony in this object. The sixth and seventh floor of this building are places of gathering for many free-lance artists who are creating in their workshops, music studios and ateliers. They have gathered here spontaneously in the search for a place in which they could work so that the creative energy of a large artistic workshop has been created here. There is still the invincible monumentality which is just standing there and sharing the faith of the society.

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5.3 AIRPLANE FACTORY ROGOŽARSKI (1923-1940), IKL FACTORY (1945-1999), BELGRADE

The company for the production of airplanes of Zivojin Rogožarski was founded in 1923 and it worked under that name until the end of the Second World War, until 1946 when it was renamed IKARUS. The first businesses of this factory were servicing and repairing confiscated airplanes from the First World War in order to start soon after that with the production of airplanes in its own construction as well as upon foreign licenses. The company Rogožarski has produced 286 airplanes during its existence. The location of the company was in Knez Danilova Street, number 25, where the IKL Factory Belgrade is located today, which was once the only Serbian company producing ball bearings and which was privatized in 1999. The factory has one of the best locations in the city, it is surrounded by the streets: Knez Danilova, Starine Novaka, Stanoja Glavaša and Dalmatinska (picture 11).

11. 12.

The climatic changes and the air pollution are some of the growing problems of today, which everybody is increasingly talking about, but there are not many measures against it. In order to really react in an appropriate way, the participation of all sciences and arts is necessary in the reanimation of the human awareness. Striving to the creation of a sustainable city does not leave space for the neglect of places like the abandoned factories in the urban parts of cities. One of such place is certainly the abandoned IKL factory in the centre of Belgrade. The project of the reconstruction of this factory15, in the light of the actual climatic change and with the goal to realize steps toward the foundation of a sustainable city was made according to the principles of the bio-climatic reconstruction. The project foresees for the factory to receive after reconstruction the functions connected to the industry of ecological filmmaking and in the newly built part a media centre for education and monitoring of the climatic change would be situated. All factory floors as well as the complex of circumferential factory buildings have been kept with the change of the function and introduction of the elements of bio-climatic architecture. The only new object of the complex, the mentioned media centre had been designed from the beginning in accordance with the principles of the sustainable and bio-climatic architecture. The circumferential buildings have been made “green” with the introduction of plant panels on the places of former openings whereas the factory floors have been designed to have green roofs and solar collectors (picture 12) besides the glasshouses on the places of communication connections. The newly designed object represents the combination of passive and active systems of bio-climatic architecture – the use of plants, of solar panels, rain collectors, etc. With plants on roof terraces and public spaces, we can get next to the technological and sustainable aspect of the functioning of the complex, also the atmosphere and natural context of a park surrounding and the specific microclimatic part of the city. The goal of such a reconstruction is the demonstration of the most of the forms of renewable energy sources and its production for the purpose of the complex, the convergence of the problems and education of the public.

15 students: Ksenija Bunjak, Aleksandra Kirn, menthor: Professor Zoran Lazovic, Ass. Vanja Panic Faculty of Architecture Belgrade, M6 Master studio design - III semester 2007-2008.

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6. CONCLUSION

The opening of the Serbian architectural and construction scene towards Europe and the world is necessary and inevitable in the creation of the new quality not only of modern architecture and the sustainable technologies but also of the protection of industrial heritage in the social, cultural context with a special accent on sustainability and the possibility to use bio-climatic parameters and technologies without which it is impossible to evaluate its range. The quality and educational architecture offers huge possibilities in the protection and revitalization of industrial objects of the prewar modernism in Belgrade. Turning these objects into cultural, exhibition and scientific research centers will generate the main components (picture 4) of the sustainable development in the context of climatic changes and social aspects. The real chance in the application of the new technologies, materials and alternative energy sources in the architecture is applicable in the reconstruction and revitalization of the valuable industrial heritage. This work has been realized as part of the project “Research of the influence of climatic changes upon the environment: impacts, adaptation and mitigation” (43007) which is being financed by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Serbia within the program of Integrated and interdisciplinary research for the period from 2011 until 2014.