Bulgaria

Tuyt trng ti Shipka Pass

Rila-Kloster

Bulgaria (ting Bulgaria: , Balgariya, TingVit: Bun-ga-ri[3]), tn chnh thc lCng haBulgaria( , Republika Balgariya) l mtquc gia nm ti khu vc ng nam chu u. Bulgariagip vi Romnia v pha bc, gip vi Serbia v Cngha Macedonia v pha ty, gip vi Hy Lp v NhK v pha nam v cui cng gip vi Bin en v phang.Dy ni Balkan chy t ng sang ty pha bcBulgaria. Ngi Bulgaria gi dy ni ny l Ni C"(Stara Planina). Sng Donau to thnh phn ln bingii pha bc Bulgaria.Gia Soa pha ty v Bin en l mt vng ngbng thp gi l thung lng hoa hng, trong 3 th k trng khu vc ny. Hoa hng Kazanluk c achung v c xut khu do mi hng ring bit can, dng sn xut nc hoa. V pha ng l b binHc Hi vi nhng mm pha bc v cc bi ct pha

nam thu ht du khch khp th gii.V tr ca Bulgaria giao l quan trng ca hai chulc khin y l ni tranh ginh quyn lc trong nhiuth k. L mt vng quc c lp trong nhiu th k,Bulgaria l mt cng quc ln trong thi gian dithi Trung c.Bulgaria lmt nc c truyn thng lch s v vn halu i ti chu u. quc Bulgaria th nht hngmnh tngm rng lnh th ra khp vng Balkan vc nhng nh hng vn ha ca h ra khp cc cngng ngi Slav ti khu vc ny. Vi th k sau , vis sp ca quc Bulgaria th hai, t nc ny b quc Ooman h trong gn 5 th k sau . Nm1878, Bulgaria tr thnh mt nc qun ch lp hint tr nm trong quc Ooman. Sau chin thhai (1939-1945), mt chnh ph c Lin X ng h c lp Bulgaria. Bulgaria thc hin chng trnhcng nghip ha trong thi k nhng ngi cng sncm quyn. Chnh quyn Bulgaria ci cch dn chnm 1989. Nm 1990, Bulgaria t chc tng tuyn cnhiu ng phi v i tn t Cng ha Nhn dnBulgaria thnh Cng ha Bulgaria.Tin trnh chuyn i dn ch v th ch kinh t caBulgaria khng d dng do vic mt th trng truynthng Lin X. iu ny dn ti tnh trng nh nkinh t, lm pht v tht nghip gia tng. Nhiu ngiBulgaria ri b t nc. trnh ci cch vn tiptc v nm 2000, Bulgaria bt u m phn xin gianhp EU.Nc ny l thnh vin ca NATO t nm 2004 vthnh vin Lin minh Chu u t nm 2007. Dn sBulgaria l 7,7 triu ngi vi th l Soa.

1 a l

V a l v kh hu, Bulgaria c c trng ng ch s a dng vi cc phong cnh t cc nh ni tuytph ti Alpine Rila, Pirin v dy ni Balkan cho tib Bin en n ho v nng m; t kiu c trnglc a ng bng Danub (Moesia c) pha bc tikh hu nh hng a Trung Hi ti cc thung lngthucMacedonia v ti cc vng t thp pha cc namrace.V tng th Bulgaria c kh hu n ho, vi ma nglnh v ma h nng. Hiu ng ngn chn ca dy ni

1

2 2 LCH S

Balkan c mt s nh hng trn kh hu khp nc:bc Bulgaria c nhit thp hn v c lng ma caohn cc vng t thp pha nam.

nh Malyovitsa, ni Rila

H Mandrensko

Bulgaria gm cc phn ca cc vng tng c bit ti thi c i l Moesia, race, v Macedonia. Vngni non pha ty nam t nc c hai dy ni thucAlpine Rila v Pirin v xa hn v pha ng lNi Rhodope thp hn nhng dy c hn. Rng Rilac nhng nh cao nht trn Bn o Balkan, Musala, cao 2925m; dy di ca dy ni Balkan chy hngng ty qua trung tm t nc, pha bc ca unglng Hoa hng ni ting. Vng i v ng bng nm pha ng nam, dc theo b Bin en, v dc theocon sng chnh ca Bulgaria, sng Danube, pha bc.Strandzha l ni cao nht pha ng nam. Vng ngbc Dobrudzha t c i ni. Bn o Balkan c tn tdy ni Balkan hay Stara planina chy qua trung tmBulgaria v m rng ti vng pha ng Serbia.Bulgaria c tr lng qung mangan ln pha ngbc v uranium pha ty nam, cng nhmt tr lngln than v cc loi qung ng, ch, km v vng. Ccloi qung khc c tr lng nh hn gm st, bc,chromite, nickel, bismuth v cc loi khc. Bulgaria cnhiu khong sn phi kim loi nh mui, thch cao,kaolin v marble.Nc ny c mng li sng dy c vi khong 540

con sng, a s chng -ngoi tr con sng Danube niting ngn v c mc nc thp.[4] a s cc consng chy qua cc vng ni non. Con sng ln nhtnm hon ton bn trong lnh th Bulgaria, sng Iskar,c chiu di 368 km. Cc con sng ln khc gm sngStruma v sng Maritsa pha nam.Cc dy ni Rila v Pirin c khong 260 h bng; ncny cng c nhiu h nm trn b Bin en v hn2.200 h p. C nhiu sui nc khong, ch yu nm pha ty nam v trung tm t nc dc theo cc tgy gia cc dy ni.Lng ma Bulgaria trong khong 630mm mi nm.Ti cc vng t thp lng ma trong khong t500mm v 800mm, v ti cc vng ni trong khong t1000mm v 1400mm mi nm. Cc vng kh hn gmDobrudja v di b bin pha bc, trong khi cc vngcao hn thuc Rila, Pirin, Ni Rhodope, Stara Planina,Ni Osogovska v Vitosha c lngma trung bnh lnhn.

2 Lch s

2.1 Tin s v c iXem thm thng tin: Chu u thi mi,Chu u thi ng, Ch n l, Vngquc Odrysian, v Ngi Slav

M Thracian Sveshtari, mt ngi m t th k th 3 trc CngNguyn c lit k l mt a im di sn th gii ca UNESCO

Cc nn vn ha tin s trn nhng vng t Bulgariagm vn ha Hamangia v vn ha Vina thuc thi k mi (6.000 ti 3.000 nm trc), vn ha Varnaeneolithic (5.000 nm trc Cng Nguyn; xem thmNgha a Varna), v vn ha Ezero thi k ng.Nin i hc Karanovo l mt thc o thi tin s choton b c vng Balkan rng ln.

2.2 quc Bulgaria u tin 3

Ngi racian, mt trong ba t tin chnh ca ngiBulgaria hin i, li cc du vt vn cn li vng Balkan d tri qua nhiu thin nin k. Ngiracian sng trong nhng b tc ring r cho ti khiVua Teres thng nht hu ht cc b lc vo khongnm 500 trc Cng Nguyn bn trong Vng qucOdrysian, sau ny pht trin ln ti nh im di thiVua Sitalces (cm quyn 431-424 trc Cng Nguyn)v Vua Cotys I (383359 trc Cng Nguyn). Sau quc Macedonia sp nhp vng quc Odrysianv racians tr thnh mt thnh phn khng thchuyn nhng trong cc chuyn vin chinh ca cPhilip II v Alexander III (i ). Nm 188 trc CngNguyn ngi La M xm lc race, v chin tranhtip tc ti nm 45 khi cui cng La M chinh phc cvng. Cc nn vn haracian v La M ha nhp mt s mc , d nhng truyn thng nn tng caracian vn khng thay i. V th ti th k th 4ngi racian c mt bn sc bn x hn hp, nhngi Cng gio Rma v vn duy tr c mt s tnngng ngoi gio c xa ca h.Ngi Slav xut hin t qu hng ca h u thk th 6 v trn ra hu ht ng Trung u, ng uv Balkans, trong qu trnh ny h phn chia thnh banhm chnh; Ty Slav, ng Slav v Nam Slav. Mtthnh phn ngi Nam Slav pha ng b ngiracian ng ha trc khi tng lp qu tc Bulgariat sp nhp mnh vo quc Bulgaria u tin.[5]

2.2 quc Bulgaria u tin

Nm 632 ngi Bulgar, c ngun gc t Trung ,[6] hnh thnh, di s lnh o ca Khan Kubrat, mt nhnc c lp bt u c gi l i Bulgaria. Lnhth ca n m rng ti h lu sng Danube phaty, Bin en v Bin Azov pha nam, Sng Kuban pha ng, v Sng Donets pha bc.[7] p lc tKhazars dn ti s chinh phc i Bulgaria nasau th k th 7. Ngi k v Kubrat, Khan Asparuh, cng mt s b tc Bulgar i v pha h lu nhng consng Danube, Dniester v Dniepr (c gi l Ongal),v chinh phc Moesia v Tiu Scythia (Dobrudzha) t quc Byzantine, m rng hn quc mi ca mnh xathm na v pha Bn o Balkan.[8] Mt hip c habnh vi Byzantine nm 681 v vic thnh lp th Bulgar ti Pliska pha nam Danube nh du s khiu ca quc Bulgaria u tin. Cng thi im ,mt trong nhng ngi anh em ca Asparuh, Kuber, ha gii vi nhm Bulgar ti Macedonia(hin nay).[9]Trong cuc bao vy Constantinople nm 717718 vKhan cai tr Bulgaria Tervel thc hin hip c camnh vi nhng ngi Byzantine bng cch gi binhlnh ti gip dn chng thnh ph th ch ny.eo nh vit s Byzantine eophanes, trong trnnh quyt nh ngi Bulgaria git 22.000 qun

Cc tn tch ti Pliska, th quc Bulgaria u tin t nm680 n khong nm 890

Rp, nh vy loi b c mi e da v mt cuc tncng tng lc ca Rp vo ng v Trung u.[10]nh hng v s m rng lnh th ca Bulgariagia tng thm na trong thi cm quyn ca KhanKrum,[11] ngi vo nm 811 c mt thng li quytnh trc qun i Byzantine di s ch huy caNicephorus I trong Trn Pliska.[12] k th 8 vth 9 l thi gian s ngi Slav ng o dn ngho nhng ngi Bulgar ni ting Turkic (hay Proto-Bulgarians).[13]Nm 864, Bulgaria thi vua Boris I Ngi ra ti chpnhn Chnh ng gio ng phng.[14]Bulgaria tr thnh mt cng quc chu u ln thk th 9 v th 10, trong khi vn u tranh vi qucByzantine ginh quyn kim sot Balkans. Vic nydin ra di s cai tr (852889) ca Boris I. Trong thitr v ca ng, k t Cyrill pht trin ti Preslav vOhrid,[15] c sa i t k t Glagolitic do cc gios Saints Cyril v Methodius pht minh.[16]

Pho i Baba Vida ti Vidin, c xy dng th k 10.

K t Cyrill tr thnh cn bn cho s pht trin thmna ca vn ho. Nhng th k sau ny, bng ch ciny, cng vi ngn ng Bulgaria c, tr thnh ngnng vit tr thc (lingua franca) cho ng u, c gil ch Slav Nh th. i k nh cao m rng lnhth ca quc Bulgaria -bao ph hu ht Balkandin ra di thi Hong Simeon I V i, Sa hong(Hong ) u tin ca Bulgaria, cm quyn t nm893 ti nm 927.[17] Trn Anchialos (917), mt trong

4 2 LCH S

nhng trn nh m mu nht thi Trung C.[18] nh du mt trong nhng thng li quyt nh nhtca Bulgaria trc quc Byzantine.Tuy nhin, thnh tu ln nht ca Simeon l vic phttrin Bulgaria tr thnh mt nn vn ho Kit gioSlav duy nht v giu mnh, tr thnh mt hnh mucho cc dn tc Slav khc Chu u v cng m bos tip tc tn ti ca nh nc Bulgaria d c nhnglc lng e do chia r n thnh nhiu mnh trongsut lch s di v y cc cuc chin tranh.Gia th k th 10 Bulgaria ri vo giai on suytn, b kit qu bi cc cuc chin tranh vi Croatia,nhng cuc ni dy thng xuyn ca ngi Serbiac Byzantine hu thun, v nhng cuc xm lc cangi Magyar v Pecheneg.[19] V nhng nguyn nhnny, Bulgaria sp trc cuc tn cng trc din caRus nm 969971.[20]

quc Bulgaria khong nm 893 mu xanh ti, vi nhnglnh th ginh c cho ti nm 927 mu xanh sng

Sau ngi Byzantine bt u nhng chin dch chinhphc Bulgaria. Nm 971, h chim th Preslav vbt Hong Boris II.[21] Cuc khng c tip tc dis lnh o ca Sa hong Samuil cc vng t phaty Bulgaria trong vng gn na th k. Nc ny tm cch hi phc v nh ui ngi Byzantinetrong nhiu trn nh ln, ginh c quyn kim sothu ht Balkan v vo nm 991 xm lc nh ncSerbia.[22] Nhng ngi Byzantine di s lnh o caBasil II (K git ngi Bulgar) tiu dit nh ncBulgaria nm 1018 sau thng li ti Kleidion.[23] Sau khi nh bi ngi Bulgaria, Basil II lm m mt ti15.000 t nhn ca trn nh, trc khi th h.

2.3 Bulgaria ByzantineKhng c bng chng cn li v bt k mt cuc khngc hay ni dy ln no ca ngi dn hay gii qu

tc Bulgaria trong thp k u tin sau s thnh lpquyn cai tr ca Byzantine. Vi s tn ti ca cc ith khng th dung ho vi Byzantium nh Krakra,Nikulitsa, Dragash v nhng ngi khc, s im ng nydng nh rt kh gii thch. Mt s nh s hc[24] gii thch l kt qu ca mt s nhn nhng mBasil II trao cho gii qu tc Bulgaria ginh clng trung thnh ca h. ngi v cao nht, Basil IIm bo tnh khng th chia ct ca Bulgaria trongcc bin gii a l c ca n v khng chnh thc xob quyn cai tr a phng ca gii qu tc Bulgaria,nhng ngi tr thnh mt phn ca tng lp qutc Byzantine nh l cc quan chp chnh hay ch huyqun s. hai, cc tuyn b c bit (ngh nhhong gia) ca Basil II cng nhn tnh c lp ca aphn Tng gim mc Bulgaria Ohrid v t ra cc bingii ca n, m bo s tip ni ca cc gio khu tn ti di thi Samuel, ti sn v cc quyn u tinca h.[25]Ngi dn Bulgaria ng ln chng li s cai trca Byzantine nhiu ln trong th k 11 v mt lnna u th k 12. Cuc khi ngha ln nht dinra di s lnh o ca Peter II Delyan (tuyn b lHong ti Belgrade nm 1040 - 1041) v ContantineBodin (tc Peter III, 1072). T gia th k XI ti nhngnm 1150, c ngi Norman v ngi Hungary u tmcch xm lc Bulgaria Byzantine, nhng khng thnhcng. Gii qu tc Bulgaria cai tr cc tnh di danhngha Hong Byzantine cho ti khi Ivan Asen I vPeter IV ca Bulgaria bt u mt cuc ni dy nm1185 dn ti vic thnh lp quc Bulgaria th hai.

2.4 quc Bulgaria th hai

T nm 1185, quc Bulgaria th hai ti lp Bulgariatr thnh mt cng quc quan trng Balkan tronghn hai th k. Triu nh Asen lp ra th tiVeliko Tarnovo. Kaloyan, triu i Asen th ba, mrng quyn cai tr ti Belgrade, Nish v Skopie (Uskub);ng tha nhn quyn lc tinh thn tuyt i ca Giohong, v nhn c vng min hong gia t mtphi on ca Gio hong.[5] Trong trn Adrianoplenm 1205, Kaloyan nh bi cc lc lng ca qucLatinh v v th hn ch c quyn lc ca n ngayt nhng nm u thnh lp.Ivan Asen II (12181241) m rng s thng tr tiAlbania, Epirus, Macedonia v race.[26] Trong thicm quyn ca ng, nh nc c s pht trinvn ho, vi nhng thnh tu ngh thut quan trngca trng phi ngh thut Tarnovo.[5] Triu i Asenchm dt nm 1257, v v nhng cuc xm lc caTatar (bt u t cui th k 13), cc cuc xung tbn trong v nhng cuc tn cng thng xuyn cangi Byzantine v Hungary, sc mnh quc gia dnsuy gim. Hong eodore Svetoslav (cm quyn

2.5 Cai tr ca Ottoman 5

quc Bulgaria di thi Sa hong Ivan Asen II

13001322) ti lp sc mnh ca Bulgaria t nm 1300tr v sau, nhng ch mang tnh tm thi. S bt nchnh tr tip tc gia tng, v Bulgaria dn mt lnhth. iu ny dn ti mt cuc khi ngha nng dndo ngi chn ln, Ivaylo lnh o, cui cng ng nh bi c cc lc lng ca Hong v ln ngivua.Ti cui th k 14, nhng s chia r phe phi gia cclnh cha phong kin Bulgaria (boyars) lm suy yung k tnh thng nht ca quc Bulgaria th hai.N tan r thnh ba nh nc sa hong nh v nhiucng quc bn c lp nh ln nhau, v c vi ngiByzantine, Hungary, Serb, Venetia, v Genoese. Trongnhng trn nh ny, ngi Bulgaria thng lin ktvi ngi Ooman. Tnh hnh tranh ci v chinu gy thit cho c hai bn tng t cng din ra Byzantine v Seriba. Trong giai on 13651370, ngiOoman chinh phc hu ht cc th trn v pho ica Bulgaria pha nam dy Balkan.[27]

2.5 Cai tr ca Ottoman

Nm 1393, ngi Ooman chim Tarnovo, th ca quc Bulgaria th hai, sau mt cuc bao vy kodi 3 thng. Nm 1396, Sa hong Vidin mt ngi saukhi b qun thp t chinh Cng gio nh bi ti TrnNicopolis. Vi s kin ny, ngi Ooman cui cng

Trn Nicopolis, 1396

chinh phc v chim ng Bulgaria.[28][29][30] Mti qun thp t chinh Ba LanHungary di s chhuy ca Wadysaw III ca Ba Lan c lp ra giiphng Balkan nm 1444, nhng ngi nh bih trong trn Varna.Ooman tn st ngi Bulgaria, v h mt huht cc di vt vn ho ca mnh. Chnh quyn ph hu hu ht cc pho i trung c ca Bulgaria ngn chn nhng cuc ni dy. Cc th trn v khuvc ln ni quyn lc ca Ooman chim u th cdn c rt tha tht cho ti tn th k 19.[18] Gii qutc Bulgaria b tiu dit v tng lp nng dn tr thnhnng n cho nhng lnh cha Nh K.[13] NgiBulgaria phi tr thu cao hn rt nhiu so vi dn cHi gio, v hon ton khng c s bnh ng v phpl vi h.[31] Mt s i ph t pha ngi Bulgaria lvic tng cng hajduk ('ngoi vng php lut') truynthng.[13] Nhng ngi Bulgaria ci theo Hi gio,ngi Pomaks, vn gi li ngn ng, y phc v mts phong tc thch hp vi o Hi.[29][30]. Cc ngungc ca ngi Pomaks l ch ca mt cuc tranhlun.[32][33]Trong hai thp nin cui cng ca th k 18 v nhngthp nin u tin ca th k 19 Bn o Bankan tanr vo tnh trng v chnh ph. Ngi Bulgaria gi giaion ny l kurdjaliistvo: cc bng nhm ngi cv trang c gi l kurdjalii cp bc trong vng. Tinhiu khu vc, hng nghn nng dn b chy khi vngnng thn hoc ti cc th trn hoc (thng xuynhn) ti cc khu vc i ni v rng r; mt s ngithm ch cn vt qua Danube ti Moldova, Wallachiahay min nam nc Nga.[29][34]Trong sut nm th k cai tr ca Ooman, ngiBulgaria t chc nhiu n lc ti lp nh ncca ring mnh. S thc tnh dn tc ca Bulgaria tr thnhmt trong nhng yu t chnh trong cuc utranh gii phng. k 19 chng kin s thnh lp

6 2 LCH S

i tng nim Shipka (nm gn Gabrovo) c xy dng tng nh Trn o Shipka; mt trong nhng biu tngquan trng ca s gii phng Bulgaria.

Hi ng Trung ng Cch mng Bulgaria v T chcCch mng Ni a di s lnh o ca cc nhn vtgii phng cch mng nh Vasil Levski, Hristo Botev,Lyuben Karavelov v nhng ngi khc.Nm 1876 cuc khi ngha thng 4 n ra: mt trongnhng cuc ni dy chng quc Ooman ln nhtv c t chc tt nht ca ngi Bulgaria. D bchnh quyn Ooman n p, ngi tn stkhong 15.000 ngi Bulgaria[13] cuc ni dy (cngvi cuc ni dy ti Bosnia nm 1875) khin cc Cngquc phi can thip trong Hi ngh Constantinoplenm 1876, phn nh cc bin gii ca sc tc Bulgarianh cui th k 19, v to lp cc tho thun phpl v chnh tr cho vic thnh lp hai tnh Bulgaria ttr. Chnh ph Ooman bc b cc quyt nh ca ccCng quc. iu ny cho php Nga tm kim mt giiphp bng v lc m khng c nguy c i u quns vi cc Cng quc khc trong cuc Chin tranhCrimea t nm 1854 ti nm 1856.

2.6 Cng quc v Vng quc

Trong cuc Chin tranh Nga-, 1877-1878, qun iNga cng vi mt Binh on Romnia v qun tnhnguyn Bulgaria nh bi qun Ooman. Hipc San Stefano (3 thng 3 nm 1878), to lp mtcng quc Bulgaria t tr. Nhng cc Cng qucphng Ty nhanh chng phn i hip c, lo ngirng mt quc gia Slav rng ln Balkan c thphc v cho cc li ch ca Nga. iu ny dn tiHip c Berlin (1878), v mt cng quc Bulgaria ttr, gm c Moesia v vng Soa. Alexander, Vngcng Baenberg, tr thnh Vng cng u tin caBulgaria. Hu ht race tr thnh mt phn ca vngt tr ng Rumelia, theo phn cn li ca racev ton b Macedonia quay tr v di ch quynca ngi Ooman. Sau cuc chin tranh Serbia-Bulgaria v s thng nht vi ng Rumelia nm 1885,

cng quc Bulgaria tuyn b mnh l mt vng quchon ton c lp ngy 5 thng 10 (22 thng 9 theoLch c), 1908, di quyn cai tr ca Ferdinand I caBulgaria.Ferdinand, thuc gia nh cng tc Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, tr thnh Vng cng Bulgaria sau khiAlexander von Baenberg thoi v nm 1886 sau mtcuc o chnh do cc s quan ng h Nga m mu.(D n lc phn o chnh ca Stefan Stambolov thnhcng, Hong t Alexander quyt nh khng gi chcv cai tr Bulgaria m khng c s ng thun caHong Aleksandr III ca Nga.) Cuc u tranh giiphng ngi dn Bulgaria ti Adrianople Vilayet vti Macedonia tip tc trong sut th k 19 v uth k 20, ln ti nh cao l cuc Khi ngha Ilinden-Preobrazhenie do T chc Cch mng Trong ncMacedonia t chc nm 1903.

Qun Bulgaria dng li l tn cng c im ca qun Thtrong cuc Chin tranh Balkan ln th nht 19121913, Tranhca Jaroslav Vn.

2.6.1 Nhng cuc Chin tranh Balkan v Th chinth nht

Trong nhng nm sau khi hon ton c lp Bulgariangy cng tr nn qun s ho: Dillon nm 1920gi Bulgaria l "Nc Ph ca Balkan[35] Nm 1912v 1913, Bulgaria tham gia vo cc cuc chin tranhBalkan, u tin tham chin cng phe vi Hy Lp,Serbia v Montenegro chng li quc Ooman.Cuc chin tranh Balkan ln th nht (19121913) l

2.7 Cng ho Nhn dn Bulgaria 7

mt thng li qun s ca Bulgaria, nhng mt cucxung t v vic phn chia Macedonia din ra giacc ng minh ginh chin thng. Cuc chin tranhBalkan ln th hai (1913) y Bulgaria chng li HyLp v Serbia, cng vi Romania vNh K. Sau khib nh bi trong cuc chin ny, Bulgaria mt nhiuvng lnh th c c trong cuc chin ln thnht, cng nh Min nam Dobrudzha v nhiu phnca vng Macedonia.Trong chin I, Bulgaria tham chin vi t cchng minh ca Lin minh Trung tm. Mc d bcvo cuc chin vi 1.200.000 qun hng mnh (chimhn 1/4 dn s t nc)[36][37] v ginh thng liquyt nh ti Doiran v Dobrich, Bulgaria u hngvo nm 1918. n i Bulgaria phi chu 300.000thng vong, gm 100.000 ngi cht.[13] t bi nm1918 khin nc ny thm mt ln mt thm lnh th(Western Outlands cho Serbia, Ty race cho Hy Lpv vng Nam Dobrudzha mi ti chinh phc c choRomnia). Cc cuc chin tranh Balkan v chinI dn ti mt ln sng t nn ca hn 250.000 ngiBulgaria t Macedonia, ng v Ty race v NamDobrudzha.

2.6.2 Th chin II

Trong nhng nm 1930 nc ny gp phi tnh trngbt n chnh tr, dn ti s thnh lp chnh quyn quns, cui cng bin thnh mt ch c ti ca VuaBoris III (cm quyn 19181943). Sau khi ginh li cquyn kim sot Nam Dobrudzha nm 1940, Bulgarialin minh vi Phe Trc, d h khng tham gia voChin dch Barbarossa (1941) v khng bao gi tuynchin vi Lin bang X vit. Trong chin II Phtxt c cho php Bulgaria chim nhiu vng caHy Lp v ca Nam T, d quyn qun l dn c vlnh th vn nm trong tay ngi c. Bulgaria l mttrong ba quc gia duy nht (cng vi Phn Lan v anMch) cu c ton b dn c Doi (khong 50.000ngi) khi cc tri tp trung Pht xt qua nhng ccha ra l l v tr hon trc cc yu cu ca c.[38]Tuy nhin, Pht xt trc xut hu nh ton b dnDo i Nam T v cc lnh th Hy Lp do Bulgariachim ng ti Tri tp trung Treblinka Ba Lan bchim ng.Ma h nm 1943, Boris III bt ng qua i, v nc nyri vo tnh trng hn lon chnh tr khi cuc chin ichiu vi Pht xt c v phong tro Cng sn ginhc nhiu quyn lc.[39] u thng 9 nm 1944, LinX tuyn chin vi Bulgaria v xm lc nc ny,khng gp phi s khng c no. iu ny cho phpnhng ngi Cng sn (ng Cng nhn Bulgaria) lnnm quyn lc v thnh lp mt nh nc Cng sn.Ch mi a Bulgaria quay sang chng li Pht xt.

Mt lnh gc ngi Bulgaria ti v tr, Soa, 1942

2.7 Cng ho Nhn dn Bulgaria

Mt trn T quc, mt lin minh chnh tr do nhngngi Cng sn chim a s, ln nm chnh ph nm1944 v ng Cng sn tng s thnh vin t 15.000ln 250.000 ngi trong su thng sau . H thit lpquyn thng tr vi cuc cch mng ngy 9 thng 9nm . Tuy nhin, Bulgaria mi ti nm 1946 mitr thnh mt nh nc cng ho nhn dn. Nc nyri vo vng nh hng ca Lin X, cng vi GeorgiDimitrov ( tng t nm 1946 ti nm 1949) l nhlnh o c nh hng nht ca Bulgaria. Nc nythnh lp nn kinh t k hoch kiu Lin X, d mts chnh sch theo hng th trng xut hin dng thc nghim[40] di thi Todor Zhivkov ( kth nht, 1954 ti nm 1989). Ti gia nhng nm 1950tiu chun sng tng ln ng k, v vo nm 1957 ccnng trang vin tp th ln c hng h thng hubng v an sinh x hi nng nghip u tin ca ngu.[41] Todor Zhivkov l ngi nm quyn thc t nc ny t nm 1956 ti nm 1989, v th tr thnhmt trong nhng lnh o cm quyn lu nht Khing u. Zhivkov bin Bulgaria tr thnh mt trongnhng ng minh ng tin cy nht ca Lin X, vgia tng tm quan trng ca n trong Comecon. Congi ng Lyudmila Zhivkova tr thnh nhn vt rt bt

8 4 QUN I

trong nc khi khuyn khch di sn, vn ho v nghthut quc gia trn bnh din quc t.[42] Mt khc, mtchin dch ng ho bt buc hi cui nhng nm 1980vi sc tc Nh K khin khong 300.000 ngi Bulgaria di c ti Nh K.[43][44]Nc Cng ho Nhn dn chm dt tn ti nm 1989nh nhiu ch Cng sn khc ti ng u, cngnh chnh Lin bang X vit, bt u sp . Phe ilp buc Zhivkov v cnh tay phi ca ngMilko Balevri b quyn lc ngy 10 thng 11 nm 1989.

2.8 Cng ho Bulgariang 2 nm 1990 ng Cng sn t nguyn dng cquyn quyn lc, v vo thng 6 nm 1990 cuc buc t do din ra, vi chin thng thuc phi n hoca ng Cng sn ( i tn thnh ng X hiBulgaria BSP). ng 7 nm 1991, nc ny thngqua mt hin php mi quy nh v mt Tng thngkh t quyn lc v mt tng c trch nhim vlp php. p nin 1990 l giai on nc ny c t ltht nghip cao, lm pht cao v khng n nh cngnh s bt bnh ca dn chng.T nm 1989, Bulgaria t chc cc cuc bu c ang v t nhn ho nn kinh t ca mnh, nhngnhng kh khn kinh t v mt ln sng tham nhngkhin hn 800.000 ngi Bulgaria, hu ht l cc nhchuyn mn c trnh , di c trong mt cuc "chymu cht xm". Gi ci cch c a ra nm 1997 khi phc s tng trng kinh t, nhng dn ti s giatng bt bnh ng x hi. Bulgaria tr thnhmt thnhvin ca NATO nm 2004 v ca Lin minh chu unm 2007, v US Library of Congress Federal ResearchDivision thng bo trong nm 2006 rng nc nyni chung c cc thnh tch t do ngn lun v nhnquyn tt.[45] Nm 2007 A.T. Kearney/Tp ch ForeignPolicy xut bn Ch s Ton cu ho xp Bulgariang hng 36 (gia Cng ho Nhn dn Trung Hoa vIceland) trong s 122 quc gia.[46]

3 Chnh tr

T nm 1991 Bulgaria l mt quc gia dn ch, nnht cng ho ngh vin hin php.Nc ny tr thnh mt thnh vin ca Lin hipquc nm 1955, v lmt thnh vin sng lp ca OSCEnm 1995. Vi t cch mt i tc am vn ca Hipc Bc Cc, Bulgaria tham gia vo ban qun l cclnh th nm pha nam v 60 nam.[47][48] chi hay Narodno Sabranie ( ) gm240 i biu, vi nhim k 4 nm v c bu ln binhn dn. Mt ng hay lin minh phi ginh ti thiu4% phiu bu c i din trong ngh vin. c hi

Lnh gc trc Vn phng Tng thng

c quyn ban hnh php lut, thng qua ngn sch, lpk hoch bu c tng thng, la chn v bi chc tng v cc b trng khc, tuyn chin, trin khaiqun i nc ngoi v thng qua cc hip c vtho thun quc t. Mt chnh ph thiu s do ngCc cng dn v s pht trin chu u ca Bulgariacm quyn t sau cuc bu c thng 7 nm 2009.H thng t php gm cc to n vng, qun v phcthm, cng nh mt To Ph n Ti cao. Ngoi ra,Bulgaria c mt To n Hnh chnh Ti cao v mt hthng to n qun s.Tng thng Bulgaria l nguyn th quc gia v tng tlnh cc lc lng v trang. ng cng l ch tch Hing T vn An ninh c gia. Tuy khng th a rabt k iu lut no ngoi vic xut sa i Hinphp, Tng thng c th t chi mt iu lut buc nphi quay li tri qua qu trnh tip tc tranh lun, dngh vin c th bc b s ph quyt ca tng thngbng mt a s i biu.Nc ny gia nhp NATO ngy 29 thng 3 nm 2004 v k kt Hi c gia nhp Lin minh chu u ngy 25thng 4 nm 2005.[49][50] Nc ny tr thnh mt thnhvin y ca Lin minh chu u ngy 1 thng 1 nm2007,[51] v c bu 17 thnh vin vo trong Ngh vinchu u.[52]

4 Qun i

9Mt chic MiG-29 ca BAF ti Cn c Khng qun GrafIgnatievo

n i Bulgaria gm ba nhnh chnh lc qun, hiqun v khng qun.Sau mt lot cc cuc ct gim nm 1989, qun ithng trc nc ny cha ti 45.000 ngi (hin ti),gim t gn 200.000 nm 1988. Cc lc lng d trgm 303.000 binh lnh v s quan. Mt s nhnh bnqun s, nh bin phng v qun i xy dng ngst c tn ti v c khong 34.000 ngi. Cc lc lngv trang c cc thit b kh hin i ca Lin X, nhmy bay chin u MiG-29, tn la t i khng SA-6Gainful v SA-10 Grumble v tn la n o tm ngnSS-21 Scarab.

Xe thit gip M1114 ca Bulgaria tun tra trn cc ng phKabul, thng 7 nm 2009

n i Bulgaria tham gia vo nhiu nhim vquc t ti Campuchia, Bosna v Herzegovina, Kosovo,Afghanistan v Iraq. Bn mu: thi im Bulgaria chn 700 nhn vin qun s c trin khai ncngoi, ch yu ti Afghanistan (610 ngi), ti Bosna vHerzegovina (khong 100 ngi) v ti Kosovo (khong50 ngi).Nm 2008 Bulgaria bi b ngha v qun s vi cccng dn ca h. Hi qun v khng qun Bulgaria hon ton chuyn nghip ho nm 2006, v cc lclng lc qun tip ni vo cui nm 2008. Cc lclng c bit tin hnh cc phi v vi SAS, DeltaForce, KSK, v Spetsnaz ca Nga.ng 4 nm 2006 Bulgaria v Hoa K k mt tho

thun hp tc quc phong theo a cc cn ckhng qun ti Bezmer (gn Yambol) v Graf Ignatievo(gn Plovdiv), tri hun luyn Novo Selo (gn Sliven),v mt trung tm hu cn ti Aytos tr thnh c squn s chung. Tp ch Foreign Policymagazine coi Cnc Khng qun Bezmer l mt trong su a im hingoi quan trng nht do USAF s dng.[53]Bn mu: thi im chi tiu qun s chim khong1.98% GDP[cn dn ngun].

5 Cc tnh v khu th

T nm 1987 ti nm 1999 Bulgaria gm chn tnh(oblasti, s t oblast); t nm 1999, nc ny c 29 tnh.Tt c u c tn theo thnh ph th ph:Cc tnh c chia thnh 264 khu th.

6 Kinh t

Quang cnh Khu thng mi Soa. Th to ra phn ln GDPca Bulgaria.

Bulgaria c mt nn kinh t th trng t do m v cng nghip ho, vi mt khu vc t nhn ln v khpht trin cng mt s doanh nghip chin lc thucs hu nh nc. Ngn hng gii xp hng ncny lmt nn kinh t c thu nhp trn trung bnh.[54]Bulgaria c tng trng kinh t nhanh (trong nhngnm gn y), thm ch d nc ny vn b xp hng lquc gia thnh vin c thu nhp thp nht ca EU.eod liu ca Eurostat, GDP theo sc mua tng ngtrn u ngi ca Bulgaria mc 40% mc trung bnhca EU nm 2008.[55] C quan Tnh bo Trung ngM c tnh GDP trn u ngi ca Bulgaria mc$12.900 nm 2008,[56] hay bng mt phn ba mc caB.[57] Nn kinh t da ch yu vo cng nghip v

10 6 KINH T

Mt cnh ng hoa hng dng ti Dobrudja, mt trong nhngvng mu m nht ca Bulgaria

nng nghip, d khu vc dch v ang ng gp ngycng nhiu hn vo tng trng GDP. Bulgaria snxut mt lng ln hng cht to v nguyn liu thnh st, ng, vng, bismuth, than, in, nhin liu dum tinh lc, cc thit b xe hi, v kh v vt liu xydng.V c tai ting v nn tham nhng cao, v r rng thius kin quyt u tranh vi tnh trng tham nhng cc cp cao, Lin minh chu u cho ng bngmt phn cc khon vn khong 450 triu v c thng bng thm na nu chnh quyn Bulgaria khngth hin quyt tm trong vic u tranh chng thamnhng.[58]Bulgaria ch ng c tnh trng lm pht t cuckhng hong kinh t su nm 19961997, nhng nhngcon s (mi nht) cho thy t l lm pht gia tngln ti 12.5% trong nm 2007. Nn tht nghip gimt hn 17% hi gia thp nin 1990 xung cn gn7% nm 2007, nhng mt s vng nng nghip tl tht nghip vn mc cao. Tnh trng lm pht Bulgaria ng ngha vi vic nc ny c chp nhnvo eurozone s khng th din ra cho ti nm 20132014.[59]Trong cuc khng hong ti chnh ton cu nm 2008-2009, t l tht nghip vn mc kh thp khong 6.3%nm 2008, nhng tng ln ti 8% nm 2009. Tngtrng GDP nm 2008 vn mc cao (6%), nhng hu nh xung mc m nm 2009. Cuc khng hongc du n tiu cc ch yu trn ngnh cng nghip,gim 10% trn ch s sn xut cng nghip quc gia,31% trong cng nghip m, v 60% trong ngnh snxut thp v kim loi.[60] Chnh ph d on mc stgim 2.2% ca GDP trong nm 2010, vi con s thmht ngn sch 0.7%.[61]

6.1 Nng nghip

Cc turbine gi gn mi Kaliakra

Sn lng nng nghip gim v tng th k t nm1989, nhng sn xut gia tng trong (nhng nmgn y), v cng vi cc ngnh cng nghip lin quannh ch bin thc phm n vn ng mt vai tr quantrng trong nn kinh t. Trng cy chim t l ln hnchn nui. it b nng nghip gm hn 150.000 mycy v 10.000 my gt p lin hp, cng mt phi imy bay hng nh ln.Bulgaria l mt trong nhng nh sn xut sn phmnng nghip hng u th gii nh hi (th 6 th gii),ht hng dng (11), mm xi (13), thuc l (15), httiu (18) v si lanh (19).[62]

6.2 Nng lng

D Bulgaria c tr lng nhin liu thin nhin nhdum v kh kh thp, ngnh cng nghip nng lngpht trin cao ca nc ny ng mt vai tr ti quantrng ti vng Balkan. V tr a l chin lc caBulgaria bin n tr thnh mt cng qu cnh v phnphi du m v kh t nhin chnh t Nga ti Ty uv cc quc gia vng Balkan khc. V sn xut intrn u ngi, nc ny xp hng th t ti ng u.Ngoi ra, Bulgaria c mt ngnh cng nghip ht nhnmnh v cc mc ch ho bnh. nh my in ht nhnduy nht ca Bulgaria nm vng ph cn Kozloduy,v c tng cng sut 3.760MW. Vic xy dng nhmyin ht nhn th hai c Bnmu:Vo gn Belene

6.4 Du lch 11

vi cng sut d tnh 2.000 MW. Cc nh my nhitin (TPPs) sn xut mt lng in kh ln, vi huht tp trung ti Khu phc hp Maritsa Iztok.Bn mu:Vo nc ny c mc gia tng sn xutin t cc ngun c th ti to nh in gi, in mttri kh vng chc, d vn phi da ch yu vo ccnh my nhit in v in ht nhn.[63] V s hu rtnhiu rng v t ai nng nghip, biomass c th lmt ngun cung cp in ln. in gi cng c timnng cao, vi cng sut tim nng ln ti 3.400 MW.[64]Bn mu:Vo Bulgaria c hn 70 turbine gi vi tngcng sut 112.6 MW, v c nhng k hoch tng gp baln cng sut ln 300 MW vo nm 2010.[65]

6.3 Cng nghip v m

Elatsite v m ng sn xut khong 13 triu tn qung hngnm, v to ra khong 42.000 tn ng, 1.6 tn vng v 5.5 tnbc.[66]

Cng nghip ng mt vai tr quan trng trong nnkinh t. D Bulgaria khng c tr lng ln v du mv kh t nhin, nc ny sn xut ramt s lng ngk khong cht, kim loi v in.Bulgaria l nh sn xut du m hng thp (th 97 trnth gii) vi tng sn lng 3.520 bbl/ngy.[67] Cc nhthm d pht hin ra ging du u tin ca Bulgariagn Tyulenovo nm 1951. Tr lng c chng minhkhong 15.000.000 bbl. Sn xut kh t nhin stgim mnh hi cui thp nin 1990. Tr lng kh tnhin c chng minh khong 5.663 bln. cu m.[68]Khai m l mt ngun thu xut khu ch yu, v tr thnh yu t ch cht ca nn kinh t Bulgaria.Nc ny l nh sn xut than ng hng 19 th gii,[69]ng th 9 v sn xut bismuth,[70] ng th 19 v snxut ng,[71] v 26 v km.[72] Luyn kim st cngc tm quan trng ln. Hu ht sn lng thp vgang c t Kremikovtsi v Pernik, vi mt c s luynkim th ba ti Debelt. V sn xut thp v sn lngthp trn u ngi nc ny ng u vng Balkan.Cc nh my tinh luyn ch v km ln nht nm ti

Plovdiv (nh my tinh luyn ln nht gia v dyni Ural), Kardzhali v Novi Iskar; ng ti Pirdop vEliseina (defunct Bn mu:Vo); nhm ti Shumen. Vsn lng nhiu loi kim loi trn u ngi, nh kmv st, Bulgaria ng hng nht ng u.Khong 14% tng sn lng cng nghip lin quan tich to my v 20% nhn lc trong lnh vc ny.[73]Tm quan trng ca n gim bt k t nm 1989.

6.4 Du lch

Quang cnh ni Rila

Nm 2007 tng s 5.200.000 du khch ti Bulgaria,bin nc ny tr thnh a im thu ht du khchhng th 39 th gii.[74] Du khch t Hy Lp, Romaniav c chim 40%.[75] Mt s lng ln du khch Anh(+300.000), Nga (+200.000), Serbia (+150.000), Ba Lan(+130.000) v an Mch (+100.000) ti thm Bulgaria.Hu ht trong s h u b li cun bi cc phong cnhti p v a dng, cc di sn vn ho v lch s cbo tn tt, v s tnh lng ca cc vng nng thn vmin ni.[cn dn ngun]Cc a im du lch chnh gm th Soa, cc khuresort ven bin nh Albena, Sozopol, Bi ct Vngv Bi bin Nng; v cc khu resort ma ng nhPamporovo, Chepelare, Borovetz v Bansko. Cc aim du lch vng thn qu nh Arbanasi v Bozhentsil ni c cc truyn thng sc tc c bo tn tt. Cca im thu ht du khch khc gm Tu vin Rila tth k th 10 v lu i Euxinograd th k 19.

7 Khoa hc, cng ngh v vinthng

Bulgaria ch chi 0.4% GDP cho nghin cu khoa hc,[76]hay khong $ 376 triu nm 2008. Nc ny c truynthng mnh trong ton hc, thin vn hc, vt l v

12 9 VN TI

cng ngh ht nhn v gio dc nh hng khoa hc,v c kinh nghim kh ln trong nghin cu dc. VinHn lm Khoa hc Bulgaria (BAS), c quan khoa hchng u ca t nc, t tp hu ht cc nh nghincu ca Bulgaria lm vic trong rt nhiu c s ca n.

Thp cha knh thin vn 200cm ti i thin vn Rozhen, ithin vn ln nht ng Nam u.

Cc nh khoa hc Bulgaria c nhiu pht minh vsng to quan trng mang tnh cch mng trn bnhdin th gii. my tnh in t s u tin ca thgii, do nh khoa hc ngi Bulgaria-M John VincentAtanaso thit k; ng h in t s u tin (PeterPetro), chic my bay nm bom u tin (i uSimeon Petrov); l thuyt ng lc phn t v hnhthnh tinh th v pht trin tinh th (ca Ivan Stranski)v photoelectrets (Georgi Nadjakov), y l mt bcquan trng trong vic pht trin my photocopy utin. Bulgaria cng l quc gia th 6 trn th gii cnh du hnh i vo v tr. iu tng Georgi Ivanovtrn tu Soyuz 33 (1979), tip l trung t AlexanderAlexandrov trn tu Soyuz TM-5 (1988).[77]Cng ngh thng tin l mt trong s cc nhnh khoahc pht trin nht ca Bulgaria[cn dn ngun], v vonhng nm 1980 nc ny c gi l unglng Silicon ca Khi ng u.[78] eo bo co caBrainbench Global IT, Bulgaria xp th nht chu uv s chuyn gia IT trn u ngi[79] v ng th 8 thgii v tng s chuyn gia ICT, vt xa mt s nc cquy m dn s ln hn nhiu.[80] Ngoi ra, Bulgariacng l nc c siu my tnh mnh nht ng u(mt trong top 100 trn th gii Bnmu:Vo), mt IBMBlue Gene/P, i vo hot ng thng 9 nm 2008 ti Cquan Cng ngh ng tin Nh nc.[81] Nhng nmsau 2000 chng kin mt s gia tng mnh s lngngi s dng Internet: nm 2000, c 430.000 ngi,nm 2004 1.545.100, v nm 2006 2.2 triu ngi.[82]

8 Gio dc

Khoa ho ca trng i hc Soa

Gio dc ti Bulgaria thuc quyn qun l ca B giodc v khoa hc. Gio dc ton b thi gian l btbuc vi mi tr em trong tui 7 ti 16. Tr 16 tuic th gi tn vo cc trng hc theo nh hng cacha m. Gio dc ti cc trng nh nc l min ph,ngoi tr ti cc c s cao hc, trng cao ng v ihc. Chng trnh da ch yu tm mn chnh: tingBulgaria v vn hc, ngoi gn, ton hc, cng nghthng tin, hoa hc x hi v dn s, khoa hc t nhinv sinh thi, m nhc v ngh thut, gio dc th chtv th thao.Nm 2003, t l bit ch c tnh mc 98.6%, xp xtng ng c hai gii tnh. Cc tiu chun gio dctruyn thng ca Bulgaria rt cao.[83]

9 Vn ti

Bulgaria c v tr a l chin lc c tm quan trngc nht. T nhng thi c i, nc ny l ng tng chnh gia chu u, chu v chu Phi. Nmtrong s mi Hnh lang xuyn chu u chy qua lnhth nc ny, tng chiu di ng b ca Bulgarial 102.016 km, trong c 93.855 km tri nha v 441km l ng cao tc. Nc ny c nhiu k hoch xydng ng cao tc, ang c tin hnh hay xydng mt phn: ng cao tc Trakiya, ng cao tcHemus, ng cao tc Cherno More, ng cao tcStruma, ng cao tcMaritza v ng cao tc Lyulin.Bulgaria cng c 6500 km ng st, hn 60% cin kh ho. C mt d n tr gi 360.000.000 triu hin i ho v in kh ho tuyn ng st PlovdivKapitan Andreevo. Tuyn ng st cao tc duy nhttrong vng, gia Soa v Vidin, s i vo hot ngnm 2017, vi chi ph 3.000.000.000.[84]Giao thng ng khng pht trin kh ton din.Bulgaria c su sn bay quc t chnh ti Soa,Burgas, Varna, Plovdiv, Rousse v Gorna Oryahovitsa.

13

ng cao tc Trakiya

Mt chic Boeing 737-300 ca Bulgaria Air

Sau khi ch ngha cng sn sp nm 1989, hu htcc sn bay ni a nh u b b hoang khng s dngkhi cc chuyn bay ni a gim st. Nc ny duy trnhiu sn bay qun s v nng nghip. 128 trong tngs 213 sn bay Bulgaria c ng bng cng.Cc cng quan trng nht v c lng vn ti hng holn nht l Varna v Burgas. Burgas, Sozopol, Nesebarv Pomorie l nhng cng h tr cho cc i tu nhc. Cc cng ln trn sng Donau gm Rousse v Lom(phc v cho th ).

10 Nhn khu

eo cuc iu tra dn s nm 2001,[85] dn s Bulgariagm ch yu sc tc Bulgaria (83,9%), vi hai cng ngthiu s chnh, ngi (9,4%) v Roma (4,7%).[86]Trong s 2.0% cn li, 0.9% gm khong 40 cng ngthiu s nh hn, ch yu l ngi Nga, ngi Armenia,ngi Rp, ngi Vlach, ngi Do i, ngi TatarKrym v Sarakatsani (v mt lch s cng c gi lngi Karakachan). 1,1% dn s khng tuyn b sc tctrong cuc iu tra nm 2001.Cuc iu tra nm 2001 nh ngha mt nhm sc tc

l mt cng ng ngi, lin quan ti nhau bi ngungc v ngn ng, v ging nhau v cch thc sng vvn ho"; v ting m ca mt ngi l ting mtngi ni tt nht v thng c s dng trao itrong gia nh (h)".[87]Trong nhng nm (gn y) Bulgaria l mt trongnhng nc c t l tng dn s thp nht th gii.Tng trng dn s m din ra t u thp nin1990,[88] v sp kinh t v di c cao. Nm 1989 dns nc ny c 9.009.018 ngi, gim dn xung cn7.950.000 nm 2001 v 7.606.000 nm 2009.[89] (Tnh n2009) Dn s c t l sinh 1.48 tr em trn ph n nm2008. T l sinh cn t mc 2.2 ti lp mc tng dns t nhin.

Bn trong mt nh th ti Bratsigovo

a s ngi Bulgaria (82,6%) thuc, t nht v danhngha, Gio hi Chnh thng Bulgaria. c thnh lpnm 870 thuc Ta ng ph Constantinople (nic Tng gim mc, tng l v cc bn kinh t y),Gio hi Chnh thng ny c v th c lp t nm 927.Cc tn gio ln khc gm Hi gio (12,2%), cc giophi Tin lnh (0,8%) v Cng gio La M (0,5%); vi ccgio phi khc, v thn v khng tuyn b chim xp x4,1%.[90] Bulgaria chnh thc l mt nh nc th tc vHin php m bo quyn t do tn ngng nhng coiChnh thng l mt tn gio chnh thc. Trong cuciu tra dn s nm 2001, 82,6% ngi dn tuyn bmnh l tn Chnh ng gio, 12,2% Hi gio, 1.2%cc gio phi Kit gio khc, 4% cc tn gio khc (Phtgio, o gio, n gio, Do i gio).Hi gio ti nc ny vo cui th k 14 sau cucchinh phc ca ngi Ooman. th k 16 v 17, ccnh truyn gio t Rma truyn o ti Pauliciansthuc cc qun Plovdiv v Svishtov khin ni ny cthm nhiu tn hu Gio hi Cng gio Rma. Nm2009, cng ng Doi ti Bulgaria, tng l mt trongnhng cng ng ln nht chu u, c cha ti 2.000ngi.

14 12 TH THAO

11 Vn ho

Bo tng Ngh thut Nc ngoi Quc gia, ni lu gia nhiutc phm ngh thut chu u, chu v chu Phi, gm c cc tcsphm ca Rembrandt, Albrecht Drer, Salvador Dali v nhiungi khc.

Mt ch nga c trang tr, chun b cho mt cuc ua. Cccuc ua nga din ra hng nm k nim Todorovden (NgyThnh Theodore).

Mt s nn vn minh c, ng ch nht l ca ngirace, Hy Lp, La M, Slav, v Bulgar, li du

n trong vn ho, lch s v di sn ca Bulgaria. Cc to tc race gm nhiu ngi m v vng bc,trong khi ngi Bulgar c li du vt ca h trongvn ho v kin trc s k. C ch Bulgaria th nhtv th hai u l nhng umi ca chuu Slav tronghu ht thi Trung C, li nh hng ng ch vvn ho v vn hc trong th gii Slav Chnh thngpha ng qua cc trng phi Preslav v Trng phiVn hc Ohrid. Bng ch ci Cyrill, c s dng trongnhiu ngn ng ng u v chu , c ngun gc thai trng phi ny th k 10 Cng Nguyn.Ngy nay Bulgaria c chn a im di sn th giica UNESCO bc chm ni u thi k TrungC Madara Rider, hai lng m race (ti Sveshtari vKazanlak), Nh th Boyana, Tu vin Rila v Cc Nhth Ivanovo, Vn c gia Pirin v Khu D trin nhin Srebarna, cng nh thnh ph c Nesebar.Mt to tc lch s quan trng khc l kho tng vngch tc c nht th gii, c nin i t thin nin k th5 trc Cng Nguyn, t Ngha trang Varna.[91]Nc ny c mt truyn thng m nhc lu di, btngun t u thi k Trung C. Mt trong nhngnh son nhc ni ting sm nht c bit Chuu Trung C l Yoan Kukuzel (khong 12801360).m nhc dn gian quc gia c c trng ring bitv s dng nhiu nhc c truyn thng, nh gudulka(), gaida () kn ti, kaval () vtupan (). Bulgaria cng c mt di sn ngh thutth gic giu c, c bit trong tranh tng, mural vcc biu tng, nhiu tc phm trong s ny l tcphm ca Trng phi ngh thut Tarnovo.[92]Ru Bulgaria c xut khu i khp th gii, v tinm 1990 nc ny vn ng th hai th gii v tnglng xut khu ru ng chai. thi im nm 2007,nc ny sn xut 200.000 tn ru hng nm,[93] xphng 20 th gii.[94] Bulgaria cng sn xut mt lngln bia v rakia (ch yu sn xut ti nh). Lukanka,banitsa, shopska salad, lyutenitsa, sirene v kozunakv nhng mn c trng ca m thc Bulgaria.

12 Th thao

Bulgaria c thnh tch cao ti cc mn th thao nhbng chuyn, vt, c t, bn sng, th dc, c vua, vgn y l vt sumo v tennis. i tuyn bng chuynnam quc gia Bulgaria l mt trong nhng i tuynhng u chu u v th gii, xp hng 4 th gii theobng xp hng nm 2009 ca FIVB.[95]Bng l mn th thao c a chung nht trongnc. Dimitar Berbatov ( ) l mttrong nhng cu th bng Bulgaria ni ting nhtth k 21. Cc cu lc b ni ting trong nc gmPFC CSKA Soa (c coi l cu lc b hng u t

15

Vn ng vin Sumo Kotosh (Kaloyan Mahlyanov), ngichu u u tin c nhn CpHong (thng 5 nm 2008).

nc)[96][97] v PFC Levski Soa, l cu lc b bng Bulgaria u tin tham gia UEFA Champions Leaguehin i nm 2006/2007. i tuyn quc gia thnh cngnht ti k World Cup l ti World Cup 94' khi h voti bn kt v ch b loi bi i tuyn vi mt c pca Roberto Baggio. Bulgaria thua trn vi t s 2-1 vcui cng ginh v tr th 4 sau trn thua 4-0 khi tranhgii 3, 4 trc u in.Bulgaria tham gia vo c Olympicma h vma ng,v ln u tin h xut hin trongmt k Olympic hini l vo nm 1896, khi vn ng vin th dc ngiu S Charles Champaud i din cho nc ny. T Bulgaria tham gia vo hu ht cc k Olympicma h, v ti nm 2008 h ginh c tng cng212 huy chng: 51 vng v 84 bc cng 77 ng.

13 Xem thm Danh sch cc th trn v thnh ph kt ngha Bulgaria

Danh sch vng triu Bulgaria Lch s Bulgaria Cng sn Phong tro khng chin Bulgaria trong chinII

14 Ghi ch[1] 2011 census, p. 3

[2] Human Development Report 2014 SustainingHuman Progress: ReducingVulnerabilities and BuildingResilience". HDRO (Human Development Report

Oce) United Nations Development Programme. Truycp ngy 25 thng 7 nm 2014.

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[31] Crampton, R.J. Bulgaria 1878-1918, p.2. EastEuropean Monographs, 1983. ISBN 0-88033-029-5.Bn mu:Request quotation

[32] Hunter, Shireen: Islam, Europes second religion: thenew social, cultural, and political landscape 2002,pp.177

[33] Poulton, Hugh: Muslim identity and the Balkan State1997, pp.33

[34] Dennis P. Hupchick: e Balkans: from Constantinopleto Communism, 2002

[35] Dillon, Emile Joseph (February nm 1920) [1920]. XV.e Inside Story of the Peace Conference. New York:Harper. Truy cp ngy 15 thng 6 nm 2009. eterritorial changes the Prussia of the Balkans wascondemned to undergo are neither very considerablenor unjust. b qua vn bn trans_chapter (trgip)

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[45] Library of Congress Federal Research Division(October nm 2006). Country Prole: Bulgaria (PDF).Library of Congress. tr. 18, 23. Bn gc lu tr ngy 17thng 7 nm 2005. Truy cp ngy 4 thng 9 nm 2009.Truyn thng: Nm 2006 bo in v truyn thng tiBulgaria ni chung c coi l khng c tr ngi, dchnh ph thng tr truyn thng qua knh Truyn hnhc gia Bulgaria (BNT) nh nc v i pht thanhBulgaria (BNR) thuc s hu v cc n bn bo chthng qua c quan bo ch ln nht, C quan in boBulgaria. []Nhn quyn: Nhng nm u thp nin2000, Bulgaria ni chung c xp hng cao v nhnquyn. Tuy nhin, mt s ngoi l vn tn ti. D truynthng c t do a tin, vic thiu mt c cu php lchuyn bit bo v truyn thng khi s can thipca nh nc ti Bulgaria vn l mt s yu km v lthuyt.

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Commiee on Antarctic Research (SCAR).[49] NATO Update: Seven new members join NATO. 29

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of Accession of Bulgaria and Romania. 25 thng 4 nm2005. Truy cp ngy 2 thng 11 nm 2008.

[51] Bos, Stefan (01 thng 1 nm 2007). Bulgaria, RomaniaJoin European Union. VOA News (Voice of America).Truy cp 2 thng 1 nm 2009.

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[54] World Bank: Data and Statistics: Country Groups.eWorld Bank Group. 2008. Truy cp ngy 27 thng 7 nm2008.

[55] GDP per capita in PPS. Eurostat. Truy cp ngy 25thng 6 nm 2009.

[56] CIA, Bulgaria entry[57] CIA, Belgium entry[58] AFP News Briefs (28 thng 3 nm 2008). Barroso slams

Bulgarias rampant corruption. France 24. AFP. Truycp ngy 15 thng 10 nm 2008. "am nhng cp cao v ti c c t chc khng c ch Lin minhchu u v khng th c khoan dung, Barroso ni sau nhng cuc m phn vi tng SergeyStanishev Barroso ti trong chuyn thmmt ngyti Soa vo th 6 gia mt scandal tham nhng cp cao lm rung chuyn chnh ph trung t caStanishev Bulgaria gia nhp Lin minh chu unm 2007 nhng tip tc phi i mt vi nhng chtrch mnh m ca Brussels v vic khng th tiu dittham nhng cp cao v a nhng ng trm kinh

17

doanh ti phm ni ting vo sau song st. Nhng longi v tham nhng cng khin Brussels gn y chong bng mt phn cc khon tr cp c gi tr t nht450 triu euro dnh cho nhng nc mi gia nhp chuu.

[59] Koinova, Elena (12 thng 5 nm 2008). Bulgaria toadopt the euro in 2013-2014, UniCredit says. SoaEcho (Soa Echo Media Ltd). Truy cp ngy 1 thng9 nm 2008. Bulgaria v Romania dng nh s gianhp eurozone nm 2013-2014, phng phn tch caUniCredit Group ni trong bo co gn nht ca h cta ng Euro i v pha ng.

[60] Economist: nancial crisis brewed by U.S. marketfundamentalism , Xinhua, 12 thng 3 nm 2009

[61] 2010 ,news.expert.bg

[62] FAO - Bulgaria country rank[63] EU Energy factsheet about Bulgaria[64] Bulgaria Renewable Energy Fact Sheet (EU)[65] 2010 .: 300

, prot.bg, 28 thng 6 nm 2009[66] - , Geotechmin group[67] Oil producing countries rank table, CIA[68] Natural gas producing countries rank table, CIA[69] Xem Danh sch quc gia theo sn lng than.[70] Xem Danh sch quc gia theo sn lng bismuth[71] Xem Danh sch quc gia theo sn lng ng[72] Xem Danh sch quc gia theo sn lng km[73] Geography of machine building in Bulgaria Factsheet[74] Xem Xp hng du lch th gii[75] Statistics from the Bulgarian Tourism Agency[76] 2008 ., .[77] Xem Biu thi gian i vo v tr theo quc tch[78] IT Services: Rila Establishes Bulgarian Beachhead in

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Bulgarians (Geschichte der Bulgaren) (bng tingc). Frankfurt: Textor Verlag GmbH, digitalfacsimile of the book published in Prague, 1878.tr. 587 pages. ISBN 3-938402-11-3.

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15.1 Trc nm 1939 Monroe, W. S. "Bulgaria and her people, with anaccount of the Balkan wars, Macedonia, and theMacedonian Bulgars (1914)"

Fox, Frank, Sir Bulgaria (1915) London: A. and C.Black, Ltd., book scanned by Project Gutenberg

Hall, Richard C. Bulgarias Road to the First WorldWar (1996) New York: Columbia University PressISBN 0-88033-357-X

MacDermo, Mercia (1962). A History of Bulgaria,1393-1885. London: Allen & Unwin.

Perry, Duncan M. Stefan Stambolov and theEmergence of Modern Bulgaria, 1870-1895 (1993)Durham: Duke University Press ISBN 0-8223-1313-8

Runciman, Steven (1930). A History of the FirstBulgarian Empire. G. Bell & Sons, London.

Zlatarski, Vasil N. (1934). Prof. Dr.. MedievalHistory of the Bulgarian State (bng Bulgarian).Royal Printing House, Soa. Truy cp ngy 5thng 8 nm 2007. (. , , II, II ., , 1970)

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Heroic Rescue of Bulgarias Jews Groue, Stephane Crown of orns: e Reign of

King Boris III of Bulgaria, 19181943 Todorov, Tzvetan e fragility of goodness: why

Bulgarias Jews survived the Holocaust: a collectionof texts with commentary (2001) Princeton:Princeton University Press ISBN 0-691-08832-2

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Death in Communist Bulgaria Dimitrova, Alexenia e Iron Fist Inside the

Bulgarian secret archives

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Politics, Economics, Society, and Culture aerCommunism. Westview. ISBN 978-0-8133-9010-9

Ghodsee, Kristen.e Red Riviera: Gender, Tourismand Postsocialism on the Black Sea. Durham: DukeUniversity Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-3662-4.

Ghodsee, Kristen. Muslim Lives in Eastern Europe:Gender, Ethnicity and the Transformation of Islamin Postsocialist Bulgaria. Princeton: PrincetonUniversity Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13955-5.

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Bulgaria Peifer, James Blue Guide: Bulgaria Timothy Rice Music of Bulgaria Jonathan Bouseld e Rough Guide To Bulgaria

16 Lin kt ngoiChnh ph

Ocial governmental site President of e Republic of Bulgaria National Assembly of the Republic of Bulgaria Chief of State and Cabinet Members

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Mc Bulgaria trn trang ca CIA WorldFactbook.

Bulgaria information from the United StatesDepartment of State

Portals to the World from the United StatesLibrary of Congress

Article Eco Friendly Bulgaria Bulgaria at UCB Libraries GovPubs Bulgaria ti DMOZ (trang ngh)

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Bulgaria Gazee

Du lch

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19

Image Gallery of Bulgaria Large Image Gallery of Bulgaria

Ngh thut

Bulgarian ne arts: online gallery Catalog of modern Bulgarian artists

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20 17 NGUN, NGI NG GP, V GIY PHP CHO VN BN V HNH NH

17 Ngun, ngi ng gp, v giy php cho vn bn v hnh nh17.1 Vn bn

Bulgaria Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria?oldid=21042053 Ngi ng gp: Robbot, Mekong Bluesman, Chobot, YurikBot,Lu Ly, Apple, Newone, DHN-bot, CarlKenner, NTT, Apcbg, Trn Vinh, Escarbot, TuvicBot, JAnDbot, ijs!bot, uantla,CommonsDelinker, Rungbachduong, VolkovBot, TXiKiBoT, Jorunn, Synthebot, BotMultichill, AlleborgoBot, SieBot, Tower, TVT-bot, PipepBot, Loveless, DragonBot, Idioma-bot, Qbot, OKBot, Marvao~viwiki, Alexbot, Purbo T, Jushin1993, Ti2008, robot,MelancholieBot, Y Kpia Mlo, FiriBot, Tourbillon, Vuhoangsonhn, Ess, Pq, Amirobot, SilvonenBot, Moeng, HerculeBot, ArthurBot,Xqbot, Almabot, GhalyBot, Minh Tm-T41-BCA, Volga, TobeBot, Tch Lan nhn, Pinus, MastiBot, TjBot, TuHan-Bot, EmausBot,ZroBot, Kietlennon, JackieBot, Famtrungkien, CNBH, FoxBot, Cheers!, ChuispastonBot, WikitanvirBot, Mjbmrbot, Movses-bot,Cheers!-bot, CocuBot, MerlIwBot, AvocatoBot, Demon Witch, Kirov Airship, TuanUt, NXL1997, Hoang Dat, Treluong, AlphamaBot,Rotlink, K7L, Earthshaker, Addbot, OctraBot, TuanUt-Bot!, Gaconnhanhnhen, itxongkhoiAWB, GcnnAWB, TuanminhBot, n bcAWB v 14 ngi v danh

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Giy php: CC BY 2.0 Ngi ng gp: Ngh s u tin: Klearchos Kapoutsis from Paleo Faliro, Athens, Greece. Tp_tin:Balkan_topo_en.jpg Ngun: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Balkan_topo_en.jpg Giy php: CC-BY-

SA-3.0 Ngi ng gp: ? Ngh s u tin: ? Tp_tin:Bratsigovo-church-St-John-Precursor-dome-inside.jpg Ngun: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/

Bratsigovo-church-St-John-Precursor-dome-inside.jpg Giy php: CC BY-SA 3.0 Ngi ng gp: Tc phm do chnh ngi ti lnto ra Ngh s u tin: Vassia Atanassova - Spiritia

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Tp_tin:Bulgarian_M1114_HMMWV_in_Kabul.JPG Ngun: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Bulgarian_M1114_HMMWV_in_Kabul.JPG Giy php: Public domain Ngi ng gp: http://www.defenseimagery.mil/imagery.html#a=search&s=bulgaria&guid=f4ab86d1cdc22ef6203178d5a286cd71df5f95dd Ngh s u tin: SGT Teddy Wade

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17.2 Hnh nh 21

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Tp_tin:Flag_of_Georgia.svg Ngun: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg Giy php: Publicdomain Ngi ng gp: Tc phm do chnh ngi ti ln to ra based on File:Brdzanebuleba 31.pdf Ngh s u tin: User:SKopp

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SVG: 2010Ngh s u tin:

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