Buildings, Grid and Batteries research at LBNL€¦ · research at LBNL Ashok Gadgil Senior...
Transcript of Buildings, Grid and Batteries research at LBNL€¦ · research at LBNL Ashok Gadgil Senior...
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Buildings, Grid and Batteriesresearch at LBNL
Ashok Gadgil
Senior Scientist, and Deputy Div. Director, EETD, LBNL
Professor, CEE, UC Berkeley
LERDWG meeting, April 15, 2009
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Buildings Matter
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U.S. Buildings
Buildings use 72% of nation’s electricity and 55% of its natural gas.
Buildings construction/renovation contributed 9.5% to US GDP and employs
approximately 8 million people. Buildings’ utility bills totaled $370 Billion in 2005.
Source: Buildings Energy Data Book 2007
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Enable transformation of U.S. Commercial buildings sector in 20 years, starting NOW
– Save >4 Quads/y of energy and reduce >400 million tons of CO2/y by 2030
• Goal: Reduction in energy consumption: 90% in new buildings; >50% in retrofits
– Enhance health, comfort, safety/security and water usage while gaining energy efficiency
Berkeley vision for U.S. commercial building stock
China
India
8.5%/yr growth
1 Quad = 1 quadrillion BTUs = ~1 Exajoule = 10^18 J energy
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Designed Performance
Actu
al P
erf
orm
ance Ideal
Current Status
Building Codes are based on designed
performance, NOT measured
performance
LEED Buildings!!
EUI=energy use intensity
Figure Credit: Michael Frankel, NBI, presentation
at ACEEE 2008
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Impact of Measurements
Jiang, Liu, Snell, Helmes, ACEEE (2008)
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Where we could be with
current technologies
Where we would be if all buildings
were built to current code
Where we are today
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What we’ve
proven we
can do
Where we need to be
for net-zero
Potential
Figure Credit: DOE presentation 2008
Commercial Bldg. Initiative. Chicago mtg.
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Reality Check
Figure Credit: Michael Frankel, NBI, presentation
at ACEEE 2008
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Gaps & Opportunities
How widely are they deployed?
How
deep a
re t
he r
eductions in e
nerg
y
consum
ption?
• Incremental and component level research programs are unlikely to “solve”
the problem, i.e. produce the changes in energy use needed.
• Problem too large to be attacked by a single entity
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Roth et al, 2002
Current State: Building value chain
Conceptual
Design
Detailed
Design
Construction
& InstallationCommissioning
.
Operation
Requirements Specifications 5% of new buildings*
95% of new buildings
Specifications
RequirementsRequirements
1-Integration of Process and Communities
Desired State: Building value chain
Conceptual
DesignDetailed
Design
Construction
& Installation
Commissioning.Operation
Requirements
Operation
Commissioning.
Downloads
Enabled by
Virtual Building
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Need better tools for architects andbuilding designers
Windows &
LightingHVAC
Onsite Power
& Heat
Natural Ventilation,
Indoor Environment
Need better ways to operate buildings sodifferent subsystems are integrated and
work in synergy
Building Materials
Appliances
Thermal &
Electrical
Storage
Berkeley vision and differentiationIntegrated Whole Building Approach
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Experience with New York Times HQ
• Construction complete, occupied June 2007
• Automated shading and daylight dimming installed and working
“one of a kind” new building without full-system integration
Experimental Validation
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Experience with New York Times HQJust a start
• Extensive monitoring planned
• Challenge: Adoption by others…
“one of a kind” new building without full-system integration
Dimmable; Addressable; Affordable
Modeling Daylight Distribution
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Gaps between predicted & actual performanceModels over-predict savings by ~20-30%
Source: “The Cost Effectiveness of Commercial Buildings Commissioning,” LBNL, 2005.
Faults in Operation of Buildings
Energy Cost Savings
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9293
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window
middle
wallreturn diff
return duct
Broken Equipment
Cycling Controls
Operational faults waste ~20% energy• HVAC – air distribution
• Operations and control
Many of these faults are invisible.
Hours
Façade
Damage
Gain Changes by factor
of 10!
Te
mp
. [K
]
Gaps in•Design & modeling•Fault diagnosis and self tuning•Understanding & exploiting dynamics and control incomplex multi-component interacting systems
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Integrated Approach
Building
Design/Performance BasedOptions for Components
ArchitectureBuilding Materials
(Frame/Walls/Insulation/Windows/Glazing)
Heat & CoolingVentilationLightingDaylighting/FacadesOnsite Power & HeatBattery Based StorageThermal StorageControl SystemsSensors & CommunicationAppliances
Systems Analysis
Based Solutions
Systems Control & OptimizationFeedback/Feedforward control to
maintain Occupancy BasedComfort Vector (Temp, Humidity,Lighting, CO2 level,..)
Real-Time Optimization for EnergyConsumption/Cost
Designed Performance
Compare and feedback
Real Performance
Visualize Energy
Analysis & Modeling
Occupancy/Environment BasedEnergy/Exergy Modeling &Analysis
Monitoring & DiagnosticsSensors; Communication
BUILDING
Dyanamic Info• Occupancy• Temperature• Humidity• Air Quality• Light• Appliances
Static Info• Architecture• Floor Plan• Orientation• Structure• Materials
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Game Changing Technological Innovations
• Science and Engineering– Continuous Visualization, Monitoring, Reporting and
Diagnostics (Self Tuning Buildings)
– Tools for Combined Building Design and Operation• Design: Virtual Building (e.g. Boeing 777)
• Operation: Getting sub-systems to cooperate to minimizeenergy consumption
– Components:• Innovations in Heating/Cooling
• Thermal Storage in Building Walls
• Electrical Storage
• Coatings
• Lighting
• Demonstrations and Technology Test Beds– Reconfigurable building
– Energy consumption of federal, state and universitybuildings on Google maps
Silicon Based
Heat Pump,
Refrigerator,
Power Generator
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Develop standards and protocols as open
platform for the whole buildings community
to use worldwide and to allow plug-and-play
environment where subsystems from
different vendors could be integrated
seamlessly.
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Market Fragmentation
Developer• Providing Specs
• Financing
• Operating
Architects &Engineers• Aesthetic &
Technical Design
Construction Firms• Construct the
building
Materials & Systems Supplier• HVAC
• Lighting
• Building Materials
Tenants• Lease space from
Developer or Property
Manager
• Professional firms, retailers,
multinational corps…
Technical Input on Energy
Property Management Firms• Buy Portfolio of
Companies
Market Demand on Energy Efficiency?
Market Demand on
Energy Efficiency?
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Innovations in Policy & Markets• Beyond Title 24
– Building standards based on measured performance, NOT designed performance• Key to corrective action, reduced liability risk, …..
• Make energy consumption visible to everyone– Find out where the leaks are - reduce liability risks
– Sufficient granularity so that tenants and property manager can see the impact oftheir actions. Property managers can use tenant-level energy billing
• Financial– Financial incentives and disincentives (carrots and sticks) for energy savings with
respect to measured standards
– Shared benefits/burdens by designer, builder and user (split incentive problem)
– Allow owner to market space at higher rates for reduced operating costs
– Mechanisms to ensure that efficiency investments are fully recouped at time ofsale of used buildings
– Combine capital cost with operating costs
• Ratings, Public Campaign
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Implementation
• Commercialization– Intellectual property creation and licensing
– Product development, sales & deployment by Industrial Consortium Members
• Demonstration Projects– New building design to reach 90% reduction in energy consumption
– Retrofitting existing buildings to demonstrate >50% reduction in energy savings
• Education & Training
– Science, engineering, architecture research
– Vocational training in smart building operation
– Use National Building Systems Testing Facility for education
• Codes & Standards– Performance based standards
• Serving Global Markets Through Best & Emerging Practice Deployment
Engaging Stakeholders: Utilities, Other State Agencies, Industry Organizations (e.g.,ASHRAE, AIA, SMACNA), Building Construction firms, A& E firms, Building Materials &Equipment Suppliers, Building Owners & Operators, ESCOs, Service Contractors,Community Colleges, Venture Investment Community
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Grid and Buildings
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Presentation Overview
• Demand Response Basics and the DR Research Center
• Open Standards for Automating DR
• Status of Open Auto-DR Implementation
• Linking DR and Energy Efficiency
• Information Systems and Future Directions
Research Leader: Mary Ann Piette
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DRRC Research Areas
• Energy Systems Integration and Strategic Issues– Valuing Demand Response
– Dynamic Tariffs and Rate Design
– Communications Infrastructure
• Buildings– Automation, Communications and Control
– End-Use Control Strategies and Models
– Behavior –response to dynamic tariffs
• Industry– Automation, End-Uses and Controls
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DR Technology NeedsDR Communications Infrastructure Needs
– Create real-time, automated DR infrastructure to respond tochanging contingency and market conditions
– DR infrastructure should coexist with legacy systems, technologyand tariff improvements, with near- and long-term benefits.
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Automation Goals and Definition
Research Goals• Cost - Develop low-cost, automation infrastructure to improve DR capabilityin California
• Technology - Evaluate “readiness” of buildings to receive signals
• Capability - Evaluate capability of control strategies for current
and future buildings
AutoDR Definition -
• Signaling - Continuous, secure, reliable, 2-way communication with listen
and acknowledge signals
• Industry Standards - Open, interoperable standard communications to
integrate with both common EMCS and other end-use devices that can
receive a relay or similar signals (such XML)
• Timing of Notification - Day ahead and day of signals are provided to facilitate
a diverse set of end-use strategies
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DRAS Clients –
1. Software only (Smart)
2. Software & Hardware(Simple)
DR Automation Server and Client
4 Energy Management Control System (EMCS) and other systems
carry out shed based on pre -programmed strategies .
3 Polling clients request price level and event data every minute
2 Price-Level and DR event signals sent on DRAS
Utility sends DR notification to DRAS1
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DR Automation Server Event Architecture
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Auto-DR System Architecture
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Auto-DR in 130,000 ft2 County OfficeCurrent Practice
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Cumulative Auto-DR Shed on 7/9/08
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CPP MA Baseline
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Automated vs Manual Critical PeakPrice Performance
Average CCP
Peak Load Reduction
8% w/AutoDR-1% w/o AutoDR
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Client-server architecture with
– Single DR Automation Server (DRAS)
– Several client designs• Software (XML)
• Hardware software – Client and Logic with Integrated Relay (CLIR)
LBNL is currently working with over 200 large buildings, and withEPRI, NIST and GridWise to make this a national standard
Commercialization of OpenADR Client
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Linking Energy Efficiency and DR
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Grid
Consortium for Electric ReliabilityTechnology Solutions
Research Overview
Research Leader: Joseph H. Eto
CERTS Program Office
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Consortium for Electric ReliabilityTechnology Solutions
• CERTS was organized in 1999 as a partnership among universities, theprivate sector, and Department of Energy national labs. Consortiumincludes four labs (Lawrence Berkeley, Oak Ridge, Sandia, PacificNorthwest), Power Systems Engineering Research Center (consortium ofuniversities led by Arizona State), and Electric Power Group.
• CERTS Industry Advisory Board includes ISOs, utilities, regulators,generators.
• CERTS research leverages public and private resources, including fundingby the Department of Energy, Office of Electricity Delivery and EnergyReliability, Transmission Reliability Program, and the California EnergyCommission, Public Interest Energy Research Program.
• CERTS research is focused on addressing gaps in tools, technologies,systems, market rules, and management processes needed to manage thereliability of the electric grid and efficient market operations.
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Industry Leaders Council
• RICK SERGELCEONorth American Electric ReliabilityCouncil
• TERRY BOSTON
CEOPJM Interconnection
• TERRY M. WINTERVice PresidentAmerican Superconductor
• STEVE WHITLEYPresident and CEONew York Independent SystemOperator
• PETE IVEYVice PresidentSouthern Company
• CRAIG RHOADESVice PresidentAmerican Electric Power
• DAVID ZIEGNERCommissioner, Indiana PUC
• JOSE DELGADOPresident and CEOAmerican Transmission Company
• RICK A. BOWENCorporate Senior Vice President andPresident of GenerationPeabody Energy
• PAUL BARBERBarber Energy/NERC Board
• DON TENCHVice PresidentIndependent Electricity Market Operator
• CHARLES JENKINSVice PresidentOncor
• MICHAEL KORMOSVice President OperationsPJM Interconnection
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Grid Solutions Framework andCERTS Research Focus
Low
Investment
High
High
Time
Transformers
Substations
Capacitors
Automation
New Lines
New ROW
New Technologies
Operations
Reliability
Markets
Security
FACTS Technologies
Power Electronics
Advanced Conductors
Storage Technologies
Grid Upgrades New Grid Infrastructure
Grid Upgrades
Grid Monitoring andControl Technologies
Grid Management &Technology Integration
Market Design
Demand Response
Customer Generation
Grid Solutions Framework
CERTSRESEARCH
FOCUS
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Mapping CERTS Research Experience andCapabilities To Areas of Needed Grid Research
Congestion
Management
Local10-50 km
Regional100-1,000 km
Grid
Stability
Seconds Sec. to Min. Min. to Hrs. Hrs. to Day(s) Years
Adequacy ofPower
Adequacy
of Grid
System-wide1,000-5,000 km Interconnection
FrequencyControl
ReducedEmissions
TransmissionEfficiency
Power
Quality
VoltageManagement
Markets
Secondary
Reserves
Time Scale
SynchrophasorMonitoring &Applications
Planning &Analysis
Integration /Test Beds
Reliability &Markets
CERTS ResearchAreas
DistributionEfficiency
Reliability Metrics& ComplianceMonitoring
Hydro/ThermalEfficiency
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Reliability Research Accomplishments
• North American SynchroPhasor Initiative (NASPI) – Time SynchronizedData, State Estimation, Wide Area Visibility -- Real-Time Dynamics
Monitoring System™ (RTDMS)
• NERC Real-Time Performance Monitoring, New Metrics, and StandardsCompliance
• SuperOPF Evaluation of Transmission Expansion to AccommodateIntermittent Renewable Electricity Generation
• Real-Time Market Monitoring Tool Evaluation with PJM
• California Phasor, Voltage Security Assessment, and Load ModelingProjects with CAISO and WECC
• Full-scale DER/Microgrid Test Bed with AEP
• Demand Response Spinning Reserve Demonstration with SCE
• Renewables Operational Integration Issues and Metrics for CAISO
• Transmission Project Benefit Quantification and Cost Allocation forCalifornia Energy Commission
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Research Focus 1:
Reliability Metrics and Compliance MonitoringTools
Common Wide-Area, Real TimeMonitoringPlatform –StandardsCompliance, KeyMetrics forReliabilityIntelligentAlarms, Reports,and EventAnalysis SituationAwarenessVisualizationDashboards forNERC, DOE, andFERC
GOAL
INFRASTRUCTUREDESIGN
WIDE-AREAMONITORING
FORENSICANALYSIS
COMPLIANCEMONITORING
PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
VISUAL-IZATION
• 1999 LowFrequencyEvents onEasternInterconnection
• DecliningSystemPerformance
• FrequencyExcursions
Wide-area visualization infrastructure
• Relational time-series database
Wide-area real time ACE-Frequency monitoring tool
• Suppliers performance for AGC and frequency response
InterchangeError (AIE)Monitoring
• Wide-areaInadvertentMonitoring
Performance standards research, validation, field trials• Resources adequacy load- generation analysis and assessment
CPS-BAAL monitoring and
analysis
• Research for
situational
awareness for
resource
adequacy
Visualization, Compliance, Monitoring, Infrastructure, Real Time Wide-Area Standards Compliance and Situational Awareness
Layer 3 – Wide -Area Real Time Monitoring Applications – Risk, Probabilistic Based
Real-Time
ACE-Frequency,
CPS-BAAL, AIE
Monitoring
Real-Time
Suppliers
Performance
For AGC and FR
Voltage Security
Monitoring and
Assessment
Real Time
Dynamics
Monitoring
System (RTDMS)
RESEARCH FOR
FUTURE
SITUATIONAL
AWARENESS
APPLICATIONS
Layer 1 – Relational Memory Based Database with Time Series Capability
Layer 1 - Data Communications .NET, COM+, OPC, Web Based and Data Conversion (API)
Layer 4 – Wide -Area Visualization Solutions
Geo-Graphic Multi -View Multi -Layer RESEARCH FOR HIGH LEVEL VISUAL SOLUTIONSDashboards
Long Term Archiving Database
With PI -Type Tagging
Characteristics for Historical
Data Analysis and Assessment
Layer 2 – Common Archiving, Event, Alarms and Logging Monitoring Services
Real Time Intelligent Alarm,Event and Disturbance Processor
and Services
Real Time Data Quality and
Performance Metrics
Reporting and Notification
Layer 3 – Wide -Area Real Time Monitoring Applications – Risk, Probabilistic Based
Real-Time
ACE-Frequency,
CPS-BAAL, AIE
Monitoring
Real-Time
Suppliers
Performance
For AGC and FR
Voltage Security
Monitoring and
Assessment
Real Time
Dynamics
Monitoring
System (RTDMS)
RESEARCH FOR
FUTURE
SITUATIONAL
AWARENESS
APPLICATIONS
Layer 1 – Relational Memory Based Database with Time Series Capability
Layer 1 - Data Communications .NET, COM+, OPC, Web Based and Data Conversion (API)
Layer 4 – Wide -Area Visualization Solutions
Geo-Graphic Multi -View Multi -Layer RESEARCH FOR HIGH LEVEL VISUAL SOLUTIONSDashboards
Layer 4 – Wide -Area Visualization Solutions
Geo-Graphic Multi -View Multi -Layer RESEARCH FOR HIGH LEVEL VISUAL SOLUTIONSDashboards
Long Term Archiving Database
With PI -Type Tagging
Characteristics for Historical
Data Analysis and Assessment
Layer 2 – Common Archiving, Event, Alarms and Logging Monitoring Services
Real Time Intelligent Alarm,Event and Disturbance Processor
and Services
Real Time Data Quality and
Performance Metrics
Reporting and Notification
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Research Focus 2:
North American SynchroPhasor Initiative
IndustryApproach toPhasorTechnologyResearch andApplications:
Visualization
State Estimation
ModeMonitoring
Alarming
Real TimeControls
GOAL
INFRASTRUCTUREDEVELOPMENT
FORENSIC ANALYSIS/
BASELINING APPLICATIONSINDUSTRYADOPTION
PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
VISUALIZATIONFOR WIDE-AREA
SITUATIONALAWARENESS
• 1996 WesternInterconnectionBlackouts
• 2003 NortheastBlackout
TVA SuperPDC
IEEE 37.118
NISTSynchroLab
• Real TimeDynamicsMonitoringSystem
• CAISOOperatingEngineersWorkstation
• BaseliningStatic Anglesin East
• Small SignalStabilityMonitoringIntelligentAlarmingStateEstimationAdaptiveIslands
EIPP ->
NASPI
WECCWAMTF
ResearchRoadmap
Phasor Measurements, Real Time Wide-Area Situational Awareness,Visualization, Infrastructure, Monitoring, Alarming, and Control
Cleveland
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Research Focus 3:
Science-Based Analysis of Market Designsand Real-Time Market Monitoring Tools
A CompleteNetworkOptimization Toolfor OrganizedMarkets, andSupporting Real-Time MarketMonitoring Toolsfor MarketOperators andFERC0
GOAL
MARKETANALYSIS
INFRASTRUCTURE
INCORPORATINGNETWORK
PROPERTIES
MARKETMONITORING
TOOLS
COMPLETE OPTIMI-ZATION OF MARKET
DESIGNPROBLEM
IDENTIFICATION
MARKETDESIGN
EVALUATION
• Eastern ISOPrice Spikes1999
• Western MarketMeltdown 2000-2001
Experimentaleconomicspower systemmarketsimulationplatform
Auction designevaluations
Effects ofdemandresponse
VAR and realpower markets
Co-optimization ofreal andreserve powermarkets
Revenuesensitivity
Real-timemarketmonitoringprototype tool
Super OPFdesign studies
Engineering Design Tools, Market Simulation, Real-Time MarketMonitoring Tools
Tools that
optimally
dispatch and
correctly price:
• Real energy
• VArs
• Real power
reserves
• Dynamic
reactive
reserves
• Voltage
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Research Focus 4:
Demand Response or Load As A Resource
MeaningfulDemand-SideParticipation inCompetitiveWholesaleMarkets forEnergy andAncillary Services
GOAL
• Price Spikes
• SupplierMarket Power
• InelasticDemand
NERC Policy 10revisions to allowfor demandresponse
WECC CMOPSand MORCWGpolicy changes
Programdesign andevaluations forleading ISOdemandresponseprogram(NYISO, ISONE, PJM)
Provision ofspinningreserve withaggregateddemand-sideresources
Quantify uniquesystem values ofDemandResponse –speed ofresponse,geographictargetingMarket powermitigation
Capability Building, Demonstrations, Policy Changes, Enhanced Values
TECHNOLOGYREQUIREMENTS
DEMON-STRATIONS
EFFICIENTDEMAND-SIDE
MARKETPARTICIPATION
PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
TECHNICAL SUPPORT/
CAPABILITY BUILDING
INSTITUTIONALCHANGE
Technologyreview
Ancillaryservicesreview
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Research Focus 5:
Distributed Energy Resource Microgrids
A Peer-to-Peer,Plug-and-PlayDesign ThatMinimizesCustomEngineering andPresents Clustersof DER to Grid asControllableLoads – Goodand ModelCitizens of theGrid
GOAL
CONCEPTUALDESIGN
FULL-SCALETEST BED
PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
PROOF OF CONCEPT
Tool Development, Simulation, Bench-Scale Testing, Full-Scale Test Bed, and Value Engineering
STANDARDIZEDENGINEERING
DESIGNS
ANALYTICTOOL
DEVELOPMENT
• Customerdemand forreliability andpower quality
• Grid integrationconcerns
MicrogridConcept
muGrid
DER-CustomerAdoptionModel
AmericanElectric PowerTest Bed
IEEE 1547.4
Lower cost ofkey components
Simulationanalysis
Laboratorybench-scaletests
Test beddesign
DR
DR
DR
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Research Focus 6:
Reliability Technology Issues and NeedsAssessment
GOAL
Science-based,technicalanalysis ofreliabilitytechnologyand policyissues toinformdecision-makers
Technology Scoping, Analytical Studies, DOE Analysis Support
• Blackouts,DecliningReliability
• IncreasedTransmissionCongestion
• InadequateTransmissionInvestment
•Grid of theFuture WhitePapers
•Real-time toolsassessment
•Grid metrics
•Cost of powerinterruptions toUS
•Review of UScongestioncosts
•Transmissioncost allocation
• 2002 NationalTransmissionGrid Study
• 2006 DOECongestionStudy
• 1999 PowerOutage StudyTeam
• 2003 BlackoutInvestigation
• Renewableoperationalintegration
•Transmissionplanning R&Dneeds
• Eventreporting
BLACKOUT INVESTIGATION
ECONOMICASSESSMENT
PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
NATIONALPOLICY STUDIES
TECHNOLOGYSCOPING
TECHNICALASSESSMENT
Residential
2%
Commercial
72%
Industrial
26%$1.5 Billion
$20.4 Billion
$56.8 Billion
U.S. Total:
$79 Billion
Momentary
Interruptions
67%
Sustained
Interruptions
33%
U.S. Total:
$79 Billion
$52.3 Billion
$26.3 Billion
Renewable Resource Production
Summer Day 2010
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
1 3 5 7 9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23 Hours
Pro
du
ctio
n (G
W)
Geothermal Biomass Small Hydro Solar Wind
50
BATTERIES
51
DOE Battery Research Programs
BATT
Program
Basic Energy
Science
The BATT Program is the Linchpin
from Very Basic Research to Applied
Applied Battery
Research
Developers
DOE EERE PortfolioDOE OS Portfolio
Spin-off
Companies
ANL
BNL
INL
LBNL
SNL
A123
Enerdel
LGChem/CPI
JC-S
Nat. Labs
Universities
FundamentalMaterials
FundamentalMaterial interactions
AppliedMaterial interactions
AppliedSystems
Research Leader: John Newman
52
BATT Program Mission
• The BATT program ($12M/year) performs fundamental research in support of
the DOE/EERE FreedomCAR and Vehicle Technologies Program to
develop batteries for vehicular applications (EV, HEV, and Plug-in hybrid)
• Presently, the focus is on lithium-based systems (Li-ion and Li-metal)
• Consists of 28 PIs from various universities, national labs, and one company
• Program lead: Prof. John Newman, UC-Berkeley
Critical Challenges• Cost
• Life
• Abuse tolerance
• Performance (low-temperature operation, energy, and power)
Choice of application decides the critical problems to be solved:
• EV: Need double the energy density of presently available Li batteries
• HEV: low-T operation, cost, and abuse tolerance
• Plug-in hybrid: life (especially calendar life), cost (related to energy)
53
Material Synthesis/
Modifications
Electrode/Battery
Fabrication
Structural
Diagnostics
Structural Modeling Electrode Modeling
Electrochemical
Diagnostics
Electrode
Diagnostics
Electrochemical
Analysis
Material Synthesis, Diagnosticsand Modeling Across Length Scales
ImprovedChemistry
100 μm-300μm
Length Scales
Cathode:
e.g., LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2
Anode:
e.g., Graphite
ee
Li+
New/Improved
Material
10 nm-10 μm
54
Future Strategy of Battery R&DFuture Strategy of Battery R&D
Concerted R&D approach to fundamental problems
in material sciences, and system engineering
challenges must be undertaken
We still need to:
• better understand the nature of processes in micro- or
nano-scale and their implications for battery performance
• offer remedies to existing problems and suggest directions
of future efforts
• help battery manufacturers with technology development
55
BATT Research Focus Areas in FY09-10
Cross-cutting
research
themes
Intermediate-term
exploratory
research
Long-term
exploratory
research
Size control
• Olivine cathodes
• Alloy anodes
Interface control
• SEI on alloys
• Cathode/electrolyte
interface
Electrolyte
•High voltage electrolytes
• Additives for SEI formation
and overcharge protection
Electrodes
•Structured anodes and
cathodes
• New anodes and cathodes
New systems (Li-S,
Li-air)
New cell designs
(bipolar cells)
1-3 years 3-5 years 5-10 years
56
National Center for Energy Storage (NCES)Future Battery R&D in LBNL
ManufacturingNew proposal
BATExtension of
BATT
program
Proposal sent
to DOE Office
of Science
EFRC
Energy Frontiers Research Center (EFRC)
will focus on fundamental understanding of
the processes in batteries and explore novel
battery chemistries.
Batteries for Advanced Technologies
(BAT), to study battery systems for
different applications e.g., transportation,
grid, buildings, military, portable
electronics.
Battery manufacturing facility will build
and test large-scale battery cells. It will
benefit from accomplishments of BAT and
EFRC.
NCES
57
Material Synthesis Across Length Scales
G. Ceder (MIT)
T. Richardson and G. Chen (LBNL)
Low conductivity of lithium iron
phosphate necessitates the synthesis of
nanoparticles to allow material to
operate at high rates.
Micron-sized lithium iron phosphate
particles provide an elegant means of
studying mechanism of lithium intercalation
and may hold the key to high-energy
batteries
5 μm
500 nm
58
Material Modifications on the Nanoscale
Low conductivity of lithium iron phosphate
necessitates the use of a thin carbon coating
on the particle to enhance conduction on the
particle-scale.
LiFePO4
Carbon
In situ growth of carbon nanotubes while
synthesizing lithium iron phosphate allows
good particle-to-particle conduction.
100 nm
5 nm
H. Gabrisch ( U. New Orleans), M. M.
Doeff (LBNL)
M. M. Doeff (LBNL)
LiFePO4Carbon
59
Spectroscopic DiagnosticsAcross Length Scales
c
a
10 μm
c
a
c
a
c
a
LiFePO4
FePO4
Detailed TEM analysis allows for
identification of evolution of phases in
the nanoscale during battery cycling
Raman maps on the
particle-scale show the
anisotropy of the process
FePO4LiFePO4T. Richardson and G. Chen (LBNL)
R. Kostecki, T. Richardson, G. Chen (LBNL)
10 μm
60
Computer SimulationsAcross Length Scales
500 1000 150020
40
60
80
100
Avai
lable
Ener
gy (
Wh/k
g)
Discharge Power (W/kg)
Gr./LiMn2O4
Gr./LiMnPO4
Gr./LiFePO4
Gr./NMC
PHEV-10
Gr./NMC
-Less
carbon/
binder
P/E=13
Pulse power (W/kg)
Monte Carlo simulations allows
prediction of solubility limits of Li
in LiFePO4
Continuum modeling allows
correlation of material properties to
performance. Simulations allow for
accessing ability of materials to
satisfy vehicular applications
G. CederJ. Newman ,
V. Srinivasan,
61
Electrochemical Analysis
Experiments on test cells allow for
identification of ideal formulation to
meet requirements.
Thin-film electrodes allow detailed
investigation of the active material
without complexity of the porous
network
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0
Capacity (As)
Vo
ltag
e (
V)
vs.
Li
co
un
ter
V. Srinivasan
600 nm silicon film
8 h charge/discharge
100
1000
10000
100 1000 10000
Power density (W/l)
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
2 hr rate
0.5 hr rate
V. Battaglia and G. Liu
62
63
64
65
End of Presentation
66
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