BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONS) IN ARCHITECTURE

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY IPROJECT 1 : INDUSTRIALISED BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

SUBMISSION : 9 OCTOBER 2017

PREPARED BY

TUTOR : MR. RIZAL

NAME ID NUMBER

CHONG CHIN PIN

ERICA CHIN CHING

JACINTA KABRINA MAJALAP

LIEW MIN YEE

LOONG BO LIN

TAN JINGWEI

0319595

0320460

0311339

0324525

0321469

0320137

TABLE OF CONTENT

CONTENT PAGE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 AIM AND OBJECTIVE

1.2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDING SYSTEM (IBS)

1.3 TYPES OF INDUSTRIALISED BUILDING SYSTEM (IBS)

1.4 ADVANTAGES OF INDUSTRIALISED BUILDING SYSTEM (IBS)

1.5 DISADVANTAGES OF INDUSTRIALISED BUILDING SYSTEM (IBS)

2.0 TECHNICAL DRAWINGS

2.1 PLAN

2.2 ELEVATION

2.3 STRUCTURAL PLAN

2.4 SCHEDULE MODULAR COMPONENT

2.5 CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

2.6 ISOMETRIC VIEW

3.0 IBS CONSTRUCTION

3.1 IBS CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCES

3.2 IBS CONSTRUCTION METHOD

3.3 IBS CONSTRUCTION ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

4.0 CALCULATION

4.1 IBS SCORE CALCULATION

4.2 IBS SCORE TABLE

5.0 CONCLUSION

6.0 REFERENCES

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 AIM AND OBJECTIVE

This project which is related to the topic of Industrialised Building System (IBS), is carried out in a group of 5-6 members, each group are required to:

1. Design a 3-storey apartment block using mainly IBS components.

2. Construct a physical model of the apartment block to show the IBS components in detail.

This project is carried out in order to:

1. Develop our understanding in different types of IBS construction method.

2. Build up our capability in applying appropriate IBS construction method in the production of a model for an apartment building.

1.2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDING SYSTEM (IBS)

The concept of IBS where blocks are divided into a manageable sizes for easier and faster transportation was first introduced by UK in early 1600s. In that period, wood panel transportation was happening from England to North America. One of

the well-known project that used IBS system was the Crystal Palace. It tooks only four months to complete using light structure etc : Glass, wood and steels.

In 1963, Malaysian architects from the Public Works Department(PWD) discovered IBS system in Europe when the Ministry of Housing and Local Government in Europe were focusing on improving house development quality. In that period,

Public Works Department(PWD) sent severals Architects to Germany, Denmark and France for exploring new construction techniques in different countries.

After the successful discover on IBS system, government in Malaysia adopted the concept and apply it into several major projects, but all of the projects shares the same objective which IBS can totally provide, time-saving, affordable and can be

build in substantial quality. There are few well-known structural that makes Malaysia iconic such as the Petronas Twin Tower., which only use 6 years to build up to 88 storeys.

However, IBS system can be apply only on simple designs in the early discoversation on this construction technique,to overcome the issues caused by IBS technology, there a different authorities who’s responsible for implementing strategies and

introducing breakthroughs to improve the performance and quality. In the same time, to reduce uses of foreign labour to avoid overwhelming workforce that take over local industry.

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.3 TYPES OF INDUSTRIALISED BUILDING SYSTEM (IBS)

There are generally six main types used in Malaysia to make an employing conventional technology transform to the IBS which is more systematic and mechanized.

1. Precast Concrete Framing

It includes precast concrete walls, slabs, columns, beams, 3D Components such as balconies, staircase, toilets, lift chambers, refuse chamber, lightweight precast concrete, and permanent concrete formworks.

2. Steel Formwork System

The least prefabricated among the IBS. It is made up of tunnel forms, beams and columns moulding forms, and permanent steel formwork. It involves site casting. These products provide a high quality finishes,high quality control and fast

construction with less site labour and demand for materials.

3. Steel Framing System

This system frequently used with precast concrete slabs, steel columns and beams and steel framing systems. Besides, it is popularly used for light steel trusses formed channels and steel portal frame systems as alternatives to the heavier

traditional hot-rolled sections. This system is widely used in fast-track construction of skyscrapers, large factories or exhibition hall that need wide areas.

4. Timber Framing System

It involves prefabricated timber truss, beams, and columns. It is widely used in chalets for resorts based on its high aesthetic values and attractive designs.

5. Blockwork System

This system includes of interlocking of masonry units (CMU) and lightweight concrete blocks. It is mainly used for non-structural walls as an alternative to conventional brick and plaster.

6. Innovative System

This is the latest IBS type which incorporates various “green” elements. Therefore, new materials are being introduced at the fabrication stage such as gypsum, wood wool, polymer, fiberglass and aluminum-based IBS components. For

example, it mixes polystyrene and concrete to produce IBS components of a wall which has better heat insulation properties.

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.4 ADVANTAGES OF INDUSTRIALISED BUILDING SYSTEM (IBS)

According to CIDB (2003), the IBS has more advantages compared to conventional construction method:

1. Less construction time.

IBS requires less construction time because casting of precast element at factory and foundation work at site can occur simultaneously and the work at site is only the erection of IBS components.

2. Considerable cost savings.

The formwork of IBS components are made of materials that allows for repetitive use.

3. Saving in labour.

When the IBS components are produced in factory, higher degree of utilisation of machine is permitted and the use of labour will be reduced.

4. Less labour at site.

The use of IBS will reduce the construction process at site and consequently reduce the number of labour required at site.

5. Reduce material wastage.

The utilisation of machine during the production of IBS components lead to higher degree of precision and accuracy in the production.

6. Higher quality and better finishes due to careful selection of materials, use of advanced technology.

Production in factory is under sheltered environment produced better and strict quality assurance control.

7. Faster project completion due to rapid all weather construction.

The effects of weather on construction operation are less due to the fabrication of IBS components is done in factory while at site is only erection of the components.

8. Flexibility.

IBS provides flexibility in the design of precast element so that different systems may produce their own unique prefabrication construction methods.

9. Increase site safety.

Utilisation of IBS components leads to less construction process especially wet work at site. This will lead to the neater site condition and increase safety.

10. Environmental friendly.

The use of IBS will decrease the using of timber formwork on construction projects.

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1.5 DISADVANTAGES OF INDUSTRIALISED BUILDING SYSTEM (IBS)

1. High initial capital costs

At the initial stage, it involves all costs from the construction of factories, the casting of beds and the acquisition of support machinery.

2. Jointing problems between components

Malaysia is a country with an equatorial climate, often experience heavy rainfall and this may leads the leakage problems. When a leakage manifests, it may other problems such as dampness and corrosion.

3. Site Accessibility

Site facility and accessibility is one of the most important factors in the implementation of the IBS. IBS requires enough access to transport all the components from the factory to the construction sites. If delay due to transportation

process, the installation of the components also will be affected and this result in a delay in the overall construction.

4. Large Working Area

Construction projects involve IBS require large work areas for the plants, trailers, tower cranes and storage for the IBS components. However, most construction sites especially those in cities are often crowded and cannot provide the

required area.

1.0 INTRODUCTION

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2.0 TECHNICAL DRAWINGS

3.0 IBS CONSTRUCTION

3.0 IBS CONSTRUCTION

3.1 IBS CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCES

Excavate site platform

Piling and set up foundation

Install the hollow core floor slab

Erect the concrete wall

Set-out door and window frame

Erect the roof trusses

Fix roof cladding

Install external windows, plumbing and electrical

Finish internal and external walls

Internal fit out, including services

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3.0 IBS CONSTRUCTION

1. Setting out

Set reference line and offset line to ensure the alignment and level of the beam during installation.

2. Lifting and installation

Temporary props are put to support the precast beam elements. Lift and rig elements with the use of

wire ropes then place the precast members to the final position. Concrete beams will have erection

marks painted or stamped on them to show where each beam is to placed.

3. Casting of joints

Place and lap the rebars for components. The formwork for the casting of the joint is set to carry out

the concrete casting. The forms will be removed after sufficient concrete strength has been achieved.

Set reference line

Lift and place the beam to the final position

Concrete casting

3.1 IBS CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE

3.1.1 PRE-CAST CONCRETE SYSTEMS

3.1.1.1 BEAM

1. Casting of concrete shell

Assembly of the mould, mould cleaning and fix of rebars or cast in items for preparation of

concreting.

2. Curing of concrete

After the concrete is placed and compacted, bleeding of water occurs and rises through the

surface of concrete due to the settlement of concrete. Curing to maintain the Demoulding

after curing. Then, a final inspection will take place before transfer to the storage yard.

3. Transport to the site

Beams transported on flat-bed trailers secured to the trailer with the help of latching

chains or belts.

Assembly of mould

Curing

Transporting beam to site

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3.0 IBS CONSTRUCTION

4. Setting out

Set reference line and offset line to ensure the alignment and level of the beam or slab during

installation.

5. Lifting and installation

Lift the hollow core slab near the end of the slab. Using erection clamp with safety stings for

hollow core slab that is width 4’. Next, put the hollow core slab sling to the adjacent erected slab

and the location of slab joints on the bearing area will be mark. After erected the slab, the worker

will pull the lifting clamps clear of the grout key after the crane are slacked. Therefore, a platform

was formed by hollow core slab.

6. Casting of joints

The formwork for the casting of the joint is set to carry out the concrete casting. Concrete is poured

in the end of the slabs to integrate them with support. The forms will be removed after sufficient

concrete strength has been achieved.

Set reference line

Hollow core slabs are installed on the beams

Once the installation is completed a 5 cm screed concrete is poured above the slabs

3.1 IBS CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE

3.1.1 PRE-CAST CONCRETE SYSTEMS

3.1.1.2 HOLLOW CORE SLAB

1. Casting of concrete shell

Base mould cleaning and prestressing strand hauling and tensioning. Then, start

concreting. Use a clamp-on vibrator to provide good compaction..

2. Curing of concrete

After the concrete is placed and compacted, bleeding of water occurs and rises through the

surface of concrete due to the settlement of concrete. After curing, the precast elements

will then send to detensioning of strands and transfer to the storage yard.

3. Transport to the site

Transport is done by flat trailers with Hollowcore slabs stacked horizontally supported by

timber planks and well secured to avoid transport damage.

Mould cleaning

Curing

Hollowcore stack together and transport using flat trailers

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3.1 IBS CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE

3.1.1 PRE-CAST CONCRETE SYSTEMS

3.1.1.3 COLUMNS

1. Casting of concrete shell

Assembly of the mould, mould cleaning and fix of rebars or cast in items for preparation of

concreting.

2. Curing of concrete

After the concrete is placed and compacted, bleeding of water occurs and rises through the

surface of concrete due to the settlement of concrete. Curing to maintain the Demoulding

after curing. Then, a final inspection will take place before transfer to the storage yard.

3. Transport to the site

Column transported on flat-bed trailers secured to the trailer with the help of latching

chains or belts. The precast column will be unloaded by mobile crane of adequate capacity

at the site.

3.0 IBS CONSTRUCTION

4. Setting out

Column shall be provided with 1 anchor on hole on top for handling and for erection.

5. Lifting and installation

The column tilted with crane and lifted vertically in order to bring it to its exact location onto the footing.

Aligned the column at tail end to match the axis. Wooden wedges fixed at the sides between the face of

the neck column and the inner face of the footing to keep the column in place.

6. Grouting

The bottom of the column grouted in the footing.

Hole on top of the column

Aligned the column at tail end

Wooden wedges to keep the column in place

Pouring the concrete for grouting

Check the squareness of the mould form

Curing

Unload columns by mobile crane

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3.0 IBS CONSTRUCTION

3.1 IBS CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE

3.1.1 PRE-CAST CONCRETE SYSTEMS

3.1.1.4 WALLS

1. Casting of concrete shell

Base mould cleaning and prestressing strand hauling and tensioning. Then, start

concreting. Use a clamp-on vibrator to provide good compaction.

2. Curing of concrete

After the concrete is placed and compacted, bleeding of water occurs and rises through

the surface of concrete due to the settlement of concrete.After curing, the precast

elements will then send to detensioning of strands and transfer to the storage yard.

3. Transport to the site

Wall panel transported using A-Frame type trailer in upright position.

4. Setting Out

Set reference line and offset line to determine the position of the precast elements to be installed.

Level pads are used to set the level of the elements. The compressible form or backer rod will be

fixed on the outer perimeters of the precast wall.

5. Lifting and installation

Lift and rig the panel to its location with wire ropes then install and secure it with diagonal

props.

Set reference line Set the level pads in position using non-shrink mortal

Fix the backer rod on the outer wall

Hoisting the precast elements

Adjust the panel to position and secure it

Prestressing strand hauling and tensioning

Curing

Wall panel on the way to site

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3.1 IBS CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE

3.1.1 PRE-CAST CONCRETE SYSTEMS

3.1.1.4 WALLS

6. Grouting work

Apply non-shrink mortar to seal the gaps along the bottom edge of the inner side of the panel. For corrugated pipe

sleeve or splice sleeve connection, non-shrink or proprietary grout are poured into pipe inlets provided. Keep the

installed panels undisturbed for at least 24 hours.

7. Joint casting and sealing

Joint rebars are installed for panels with cast in-situ joints. The concrete casting start carries out. Forms remove after

sufficient concrete strength has been achieved. Sealant and grout will be installed for joints between facade walls or

between external columns with beams or walls elements. Place the connection plate and welded the connection.

3.0 IBS CONSTRUCTION

Sealing the gap Pour grout into pipe inlets

Consistent joint gap to for proper sealant or grout installation

Sealant application

Backer rod

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4. Lifting

After the preparation of installation is done, the crane lift up the precast concrete stairs to specific

level.

5. Installation

The staircase is connected to the floor and secured. Steel brackets are bolted to the foundation using

concrete anchors. These will be used to catch the legs at the back of the stairs.

3.0 IBS CONSTRUCTION

3.1 IBS CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE

3.1.1 PRE-CAST CONCRETE SYSTEMS

3.1.1.5 STAIRS

1. Formwork

The staircase mould is guarded by two timber frames. Rebar is placed into the mould

before pouring concrete.

2. Curing of concrete

Concrete are then poured into the mould and shape. After the concrete is dry and ready to

transport to the site.

3. Transportation

The staircases are transported to the site to prepare for installation.

Formwork of staircase is done using timber boards.

Rebars are placed

Curing of concrete

Preparation Lifting

Installation into location Installation into location

Transportation of the staircase to site

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4. Completing the unit

After the waterproofing system is applied to the wall and floor, tiling and finishes are installed. Fittings of

sanitary wares, such as basin and water closet are installed.

5. Transport to the site

The completed units are transport to the site with trailer truck.

6. Hoisting and Installation

After the units are delivered to the site, they are hoisted. After the preparation of receiving the units are done,

the units are to be hoisted into the location. Final adjustments are carried out and the installation are

completed.

3.0 IBS CONSTRUCTION

3.1 IBS CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE

3.1.1 PRE-CAST CONCRETE SYSTEMS

3.1.1.6 FULLY PRECAST CONCRETE VOLUMETRIC PREFABRICATED BATHROOM UNIT (PBU)

1. Casting of concrete shell

The casting of concrete shell is installed in order to carry out the curing of the concrete.

2. Curing of concrete and storage

After the concrete shell are casted, the curing of concrete is carried out and stored.

3. Application of waterproofing system

The application of waterproofing system to the walls and the floor is carried out. Before the

finishes of the walls and floor are installed, water ponding test is done.

Casting of concrete shell

Curing of concrete and storage

Application of waterproofing system

Tiling and installation of finishes

Prepare to receive PBUs Hoisting PBUs into location Final adjustment

PBUs delivered to site

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3.0 IBS CONSTRUCTION

3.1 IBS CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE

3.1.2 TIMBER FRAMING SYSTEMS

3.1.2..1 PREFABRICATED WINDOWS AND DOOR FRAME

1. Manufacture and Milling

The lumber will be machined to begin shaping the various components of the door/

window frame after selection.

.

2. Assembly

Assembly all the components of the door/ window frame.

3. Transport to the site

The door/ window frame will transport to site by trailer.

4. Installing

Align the door/ window frame or sub-frame against the setting outlines. Secure the frame

temporarily using timber wedges. After verifying the alignment of the frame, fasten the frame in

position.

5. Grouting

Grout the gap between the wall and door/ window frame. Then apply bonding agent evenly over the

main frame and install onto sub-frame. Secure the frames with wave nails.

6. Installing door panel/ window and architrave

Install door panel or window. Lockset is install for door panel. Bonding agent is apply to install the

architrave.

Fasten the frame in position

Apply bonding agent

Manufacturing

Assembly

Putting frames onto truck before send to site Installing architrave

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3.0 IBS CONSTRUCTION

3.1 IBS CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE

3.1.2 TIMBER FRAMING SYSTEMS

3.1.2..2 PREFABRICATED TIMBER ROOF TRUSS

1. Manufacture

After the process of design, the pieces have been cut and arranged using template. Then,

the identical truss plates are placed on opposing faces at the joints.

2. Pressing

The truss plated pressed into the lumber using hydraulic presses or rollers. After

completed, the trusses are checked for plate tooth penetration before store.

3. Transport to the site

Brought to the construction site by big truck for installation.

4. Installation

Groups of trusses assembled in the ground and lifted together into their final position.

5. Bracing

Permanent bracing to provide lateral support to compression web and chord members and prevents

overall lateral displacement of the roof assembly.

Lifting the truss to its position

Bracing trusses

Assemble the truss

Pressing

Roof trusses strapped up and transporting to the site

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3.0 IBS CONSTRUCTION

3.2 IBS CONSTRUCTION METHOD

3.2.1 FOUNDATION

1. Excavation is done according to plan drawing detail. The placement of footing is crucial in precast construction. A layer of lean concrete is poured into the excavated plot.

2. Formwork is built. Spacer are added before the reinforcement is constructed. Reinforcement main and transverse rebar are laid then reinforcement for stump is erected and more ties is added to the formwork.

3. Concrete is poured into the cast. When the concrete gain sufficient strength, formwork is dismantled.

4. For column stump, formwork is built and step 3 are repeated.

Column

Column stirrups

FootingFooting’s neck

Stirrups in the joint area

Reinforcement bar

Hook Spacer for securing the cover depth

Footing

Column

1270 12/100

300 12/100

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3.0 IBS CONSTRUCTION

3.2 IBS CONSTRUCTION METHOD

3.2.2 FOUNDATION TO COLUMN CONNECTION

ANCHOR BOLT CONNECTION

The method of connection to the foundation and to the column is via a base plate connected to the

column that are subsequently filled with grout.

Column to foundation connections has threaded rods joined with a bolt connector and concrete

cast round to the dimensions of the cross-section of the column.

Fixing concrete columns by connecting embedded parts of columns (“shoes”) with foundation

anchor bolts shown in diagram 3.2.2

Foundation anchor bolt

Column base steel plate connector Example of a foundation to column connector

Erected column with connector

Diagram 3.2.2 Foundation to column connection (Source from http://oberbeton.ua/en/project-department)

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3.0 IBS CONSTRUCTION

3.2 IBS CONSTRUCTION METHOD

3.2.3 BEAM TO COLUMN CONNECTION

The I beams are made of high-performance concrete pre-cast into multi-section metal formworks, vibrated at high frequency and quickly cured by an appropriate thermal cycle. Concerning pre-stressed beams, the prestressing process is

performed by stretching each single-strand and then anchoring the latter on the stretching heads. When the necessary concrete resistance is achieved, strands are released and then cut. The whole production cycle is complete within one

day. Post-stressed beams or sliding-cables beams, before casting concrete into the formworks, standard reinforcement and sheaths is arrange.

These latter serve as accommodation for pre-stressing cables which carry special anchorages at their edges. The concrete is compacted by high frequency vibration. Once also the curing process is complete, the cables are inserted into

the sheaths and the stressing is performed by specific stressing machinery.

Precast I beams have length of 500mm, height from 610mm, casting thickness from 170 mm; prestressing up to 1.800 ton. The beams when assembled can be positioned side by side or spaced. They are joined together by an on-site

additional casting forming a slab to better distributes loads crosswise. The beams are set on bearing pads on column corbels. Steel angles are welded to metal plate cast into the beam and columns and the joint is grouted solid

Mesh &Reinforcing bar

Hollow coreslab

Concrete I Beam

Column

Metal plate connector bolt & welded

Reinforcing bar

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3.0 IBS CONSTRUCTION

3.2 IBS CONSTRUCTION METHOD

3.2.4 COLUMN TO COLUMN CONNECTION

Precast concrete columns are connected together through bolting, the top of a

lower-floor column contains threaded bolts projecting out, while the bottom of an

upper-floor column has an embedded base plate containing holes to engage the

bolts. The block-outs in the column above the holes are grouted after the

connection has been made to protect it from corrosion.

The entire joint

are dry-packed

with grout after

alignment.

GroutedAssembledBefore Assemble

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3.0 IBS CONSTRUCTION

3.2 IBS CONSTRUCTION METHOD

3.2.5 SLAB TO BEAM CONNECTION

Grout

Untopped Hollow Core Slab

Welded Angle Connector

Bearing Pad

Grouted reinforcing bar Ties between slab

Connections between hollow-core slabs and supporting members are made using

site-cast concrete fill and reinforcing steel. In addition to the concrete fill used for

connections, a site-cast concrete topping is used over the slabs.

The hollow core keyways can be

grouted at the same time as the

columns and beams when using

a grouting bucket.

This method can also avoid

the use of a concrete pump

truck.

The grout will only go inside the

hollow core slabs a few centimeters.

The hollow core slabs are provided

with plugs at the end of the cores to

prevent grout from flowing inside.

Hollow core slabs are set on bearing pads on

precast I beam. Steel reinforcing bars are inserted

into slab keyways to span the joint then grouted

solid. Precast hollow core slabs connected at their

ends to a “I” precast beam by steel ties.

Grouting

The topping provides structural integration of slab units and increases the floor’s

fire resistance and sound insulation. It also functions as a leveling bed, particularly

with units with uneven camber. Topping, used is about 2 inches thick and

reinforced with welded wire reinforcement

3.2.6 SLAB TO SLAB CONNECTION

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3.2.5 WALL TO SLAB CONNECTION

3.0 IBS CONSTRUCTION

3.2 IBS CONSTRUCTION METHOD

Bolted Connections

Bolted connections simplify and speed-up the erection operation, because the connection is positive immediately. Final alignment and adjustment can be made

later without tying up crane time. Bolting is in accordance with the erection drawings.

Welded Connections

Welded connections is used in the erection of precast concrete. These connections are structurally efficient and adjust easily to varying field conditions. The

connections are made by placing a loose plate between two structural steel plates that are embedded both in the cast-in-place or the precast concrete panel

and welded together. Welded connections is installed exactly as shown on the erection drawings and details.

Precast panels are connected to each others or to floor and roof elements by using metal plates and angels, they are fastened by welding or bolting. Connections may be projected or recessed to provide flush finishing

surface.

Temporary bracing for tilt-up panels

For the bracing and quick, secure adjustment of precast concrete elements and wall and column formwork. Each element must be supported by at least two push-pull props.

Panel to panel connection

Solid steel square bar shaft with one or

more steel helical plates welded onto

the shaft at predetermined spacing

The panel erection crew using pry bars

to position the panel into the proper

location on the footing.

The panel erection crew using an

extendable level to check plumb of the

wall panel

Erected wall panels braced to the slab

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3.0 IBS CONSTRUCTION

3.3 IBS CONSTRUCTION ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

3.3.1 PRE-CAST CONCRETE SYSTEMS

3.3.1.1 ADVANTAGES:

1. Precasting is great for producing large numbers of identical components.

2. The construction is done on the ground rather than at a height.

3. It can be done inside a climate-controlled structure, eliminating problems of rain, dust, cold, or heat.

4. Specialised formwork (moulds) can be built for doing many repetitions of the same component. Specialised equipment can be used to make, move, and pour the liquid concrete.

5. Curing of the concrete can be done in a controlled environment.

6. The quality of precast components can be very high.

7. Construction can be very quick since the components can be made beforehand.

3.3.1.2 DISADVANTAGES:

1. Since each piece is made separately, the structural frame or system is not monolithic or continuous like regular concrete construction. The joints between pieces create structural discontinuity. The forces of the building

will pass through these joints, so they have to be designed to transfer these forces safely and properly. Note that precast concrete can be used for non-structural members too.

2. As the building is made of discrete components, the joints between adjacent members have to be sealed with special sealants to make them waterproof.

3. Each precast component is usually large and heavy. This means that cranes are required to lift them in position; these cranes are required to operate over the entire building volume. Since there will only be a few cranes at

site, the time taken by the cranes to pick up a piece and shift it to its final position becomes critical in determining the building schedule.

3.3.2 TIMBER FRAMING SYSTEMS

3.3.2.1 ADVANTAGES:

1. It is light, and allows quick construction with no heavy tools or equipment. Every component can easily be carried by hand - a house essentially becomes a large carpentry job. The main tool is a handheld nail gun.

2. It is able to adapt itself to any geometric shape, and can be clad with a variety of materials.

3. There are a huge variety of products and systems tailored to this type of construction.

4. Timber framed construction allows for the use of semi skilled labour for the manufacture in factory controlled conditions.

5. Rapid completion on site is easily achieved with less wet trades involved.

6. The occupier of a timber framed dwelling benefits from the higher insulation which can easily be achieved. The use of low thermal capacity linings absorbs less heat than masonry walls making it is easier to reach the

required comfort temperature more quickly.

3.3.2.2 DISADVANTAGES:

1. It is not highly fireproof, as it is made of wood.

2. It is not strong enough to resist major wind events such as tornadoes and hurricanes.

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4.0 CALCULATION

4.0 CALCULATION

4.1 IBS SCORE CALCULATION

1. Construction area

i. Construction area ground floor = 303.2m²

ii. Construction area 1st floor = 303.2m²

iii. Construction area 2nd floor = 303.2m²

iv. Roof Area = 303.2m²

Total construction area = 1212.8m²

2. Structural Systems

i. Beams : Precast concrete beams

ii. Columns : Precast concrete columns

iii. Floor Slab : Precast hollow core floor slab

iv. Roof truss : Prefabricated timber roof truss

3. Wall System

i. Internal wall : Precast concrete panel wall

ii. External wall : Precast concrete panel wall

4. Other simplified construction solutions

i. Beams : 41% complies to MS 1064 Part 10: 2001

Columns : 100% complies to MS 1064 Part 10: 2001

Walls : 100% complies to MS 1064 Part 10: 2001

Slabs : 27% complies to MS 1064 Part 10: 2001

Doors : 86% complies to MS 1064 Part 4: 2001

Windows : 100% complies to MS 1064 Part 5: 2001

ii. Repetition of floor to floor height : 100%

Vertical repetition of structural floor layout : 100%

Horizontal repetition of structural floor layout : 100%

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4.0 CALCULATION

4.2 IBS SCORE TABLE

ELEMENTS AREA (m²) FACTOR COVERAGE IBS SCORE

PART I : STRUCTURE ELEMENTS

1. Pre-Cast construction system (Precast Beam/Column/Hollow Core Slab)2. - Area of construction for all three floors of the apartment

2. Pre-fab Timber Roof Trusses3. - Area of construction of roof area

TOTAL PART I

909.6m²

303.2m²

1212.8m²

1.0

1.0

909.6/1212.8 = 0.75

303.2/1212.8 = 0.25

1.0

0.75 x 1.0 x 50 = 37.5

0.25 x 1.0 x 50 = 12.5

50

PART II : WALL ELEMENTS

1. Pre-Cast External Wall2. - Area of external precast wall panel

2. Pre-Cast Internal Wall3. - Area of internal precast wall panel

TOTAL PART II

210.2m

287.4m

497.9m

1.0

1.0

214.2/497.9 = 0.43

287.4/497.9 = 0.57

1.0

0.43 x1.0 x 20 = 8.6

0.57 x 1.0 x 20 = 11.4

20

PART III : OTHER SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION SOLUTIONS

1. Column Sizes Based on MS 1064 Part 10

2. Beam Sizes Based on MS 1064 Part 10

3. Slab Sizes Based on MS 1064 Part 10

4. Wall Sizes Based on MS 1064 Part 10

5. Door Sizes Based on MS 1064 Part 4

6. Window Sizes Based on MS 1064 Part 5

7. Repetition of Floor to Floor Height

8. Repetition of Vertical Structural Floor Layout

9. Repetition of Horizontal Structural Floor Layout

TOTAL PART III

100%

41%

27%

51%

86%

100%

100%

100%

100%

4

2

2

2

4

4

2

2

2

24

IBS CONTENTS SCORE OF PROJECT (PART I + PART II + PART III) 94

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5.0 CONCLUSION

5.0 CONCLUSION

In this project, we were able to identify and collected relevant research data relating to Industrialised building system (IBS) construction. For project 1, we were required to do a thorough report on the construction process using IBS

and develops our knowledge in the different varieties of IBS available in the current market. A set of architectural and documentation of an apartment is clearly explained in the report where IBS is used. By constructing an

apartment, with most of its materials prefabricated, we demonstrated our comprehensive understanding on IBS through model making that includes the related basic structural elements and structural documentation. It also enable

us to access and understand the method of calculating IBS score.

Through this module, we have understand and incorporate Industrialized building systems in our building where we learn that IBS requires less construction time because casting of precast element at factory and foundation work at

site can occur simultaneously and the work at site is only the erection of IBS components. This leads to earlier completion of the building. Less labour on site due to precast component done off site will reduce the construction

process on site and consequently reduce the number of labour required at site dramatically. We were able to fully optimised the use of material due to the utilisation of machine during the production of IBS components and

ultimately lead to a higher degree of precision and accuracy in the production and consequently reduce material wastage thus offer a much higher quality and better finishes. Other than that, the formwork of IBS components are

made of steel, aluminium or other materials that allows for repetitive use and this leads to considerable cost savings.

In conclusion, IBS construction is an efficient and cost effective construction system.

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6.0 REFERENCES

6.0 REFERENCES

MS 1064 part 10 (reinforced concrete)

1. http://stg.jsm.gov.my/documents/372014/372056/MS+1064+PART+10+2001-GUIDE+TO+MODULAR+COORDINATION+IN+BUILDINGS+PART+10+COORDINATING+SIZES+AND+PREFERRED+SIZES+FOR+REINFORCED+CONCRETE+COMPONENTS-7098

79.pdf/14adcf78-0d9a-434a-a797-d78a3faf4dab?version=1.0&previewFileIndex=

MS 1064 part 5 (windows)

2. http://stg.jsm.gov.my/documents/372014/372056/MS+1064+PART+52001+(CONFIRMED2009)%20GUIDE+TO+MODULAR+COORDINATION+IN+BUILDINGS++PART+5++COORDINATING+SIZES+AND+PREFERRED+SIZES+FOR+WINDOWSETS-709918.

pdf/15383f8e-2f33-427f-a42e-b00111b35ec9?version=1.0&previewFileIndex=

MS part 4 (doors)

3. http://stg.jsm.gov.my/documents/372014/372056/MS+1508++2000+SPECIFICATION+FOR+WOODEN+DOOR+FRAME-660588.pdf/db61fd1c-99fc-4bb1-a6af-2dff774af807?version=1.0&previewFileIndex=

MS 544 part 8(truss connection)

4. http://www.jsm.gov.my/documents/10180/470457/3+DMS+544+Part+8_Clause+11+to+13.pdf/3881b8c9-a7bf-4c3d-a9d9-f57458d643a8

MS 544 part 3

5. https://www.slideshare.net/norlatifahcheawang/ms-544-part32001permissible-stress-design-of-glued-laminated-timber

6. https://www.slideshare.net/norlatifahcheawang/ms-544-part32001permissible-stress-design-of-glued-laminated-timber

7. http://www.workspacetraining.com.au/timberplustoolbox/toolbox13_05/unit8_laying_up_roof_trusses/section1_principles/lesson6_nail_plates.htm

8. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275628961_Numerical_Investigation_on_Roof_Truss_with_Cold-formed_Steel_Sections

9. https://www.matec-conferences.org/articles/matecconf/pdf/2014/01/matecconf_bust2013_01002.pdf

10. http://www.midf.com.my/images/Downloads/Research/EqStrategy/SpecialReports/Construction-IBS_MIDF_140214.pdf

11. http://eprints.utm.my/11242/1/AhmadRazinZainalMFKA2007.pdf

12. https://www.forestry.gov.uk/pdf/Timber-frame-buildings-a-guide-to-the-construction-process_D496.pdf/$file/Timber-frame-buildings-a-guide-to-the-construction-process_D496.pdf

13. http://mummyku.weebly.com/uploads/5/2/5/4/52547687/ibs_topic_1.pdf

14. https://www.slideshare.net/faizalkottiyam/prefabricated-structures-32925185

15. http://www.understandconstruction.com/precast-concrete-construction.html

16. https://www.bca.gov.sg/Professionals/IQUAS/others/precastinstallation.pdf

17. http://www.woodspec.ie/media/woodspec/content/Woodspec%20Final%20-%20Section%20B.pdf

18. https://www.huduser.gov/portal/publications/residential.pdf

19. https://bwk.kuleuven.be/mat/publications/masterthesis/2008-magnus-msc.pdf

20. http://orakprecast.com/4900.html

21. https://www.bca.gov.sg/Publications/BuildabilitySeries/others/prefab_bathroom_unit.pdf

22. https://www.qualityengineersguide.com/method-statement-for-pre-cast-boundary-wall-works

23. https://www.bca.gov.sg/Professionals/IQUAS/others/precastfabrication.pdf

24. https://theconstructor.org/concrete/concrete-curing-time-duration/11119/

25. http://www.gulfprecast.ae/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Gulf-Precast-Hollowcore-brochure.pdf

26. http://www.canadawood.cn/downloads/pdf/trusses/trusses_english.pdf

27. https://www.bca.gov.sg/Professionals/IQUAS/others/doorinstallation.pdf

28. http://eprints.utm.my/11242/1/AhmadRazinZainalMFKA2007.pdff

29. http://www.aaddesign.com.au/images/FAQS/ConstructionSequencing.pdf

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