WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION

SOURCES OF WATER

QUALITY OF WATER

SANITARY FITTINGS

TYPES OF DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

Presentation By- Ar. Roopa Chikkalgi

SOURCES OF WATER• Water is vital resource which forms the basis of all life. Thus, sustainability of a

civilization depends upon supply of good quality of water.

• Water as a natural resource should be conserved and effectively used in orderto prevent shortage of water.

Sub Surface Sources

• An aquifer is an underground layer ofwater-bearing permeable rock orunconsolidated materials from whichgroundwater can be usefullyextracted using a water well.

Sub Surface Sources

• The yield of the open well is limited as the well can be excavated up to a very limited depth.

• These can be used as a source of water for small communities or aa small village.

QUALITY OF WATERWHOLESOME WATER

• Water which is fit for drinking, cooking and otherpurposes.

• The term wholesome water is used to indicate the waterwhich is not chemically pure, but does not containanything harmful to the human body i.e no pathogenicbacteria, no toxic substances and no excessive organicmatter.

• The impurities in water are to be removed to certainextent only so that it does not prove harmful to thepublic health.

QUALITY OF WATERPALATABLE WATER

• The water which is tasteful for drinking andaesthetically pure is palatable water.

• It is however not essential to have chemicallypure water. Some minerals in water is requiredto give some taste to the water i.e. to make itpalatable.

• It is difficult, time consuming and costly tohave complete purification of the water.

• The impurities in water are to be removed tocertain extent only so that it does not proveharmful to the public health.

QUALITY OF WATER

POTABLE WATER

• The water which is suitable for PublicWater Supply is known as potable water.

• Water which has both the characteristicsof “wholesome Water” and “palatablewater” is known as potable water.

Properties of Potable Water

• It should be clear, transparent, odorless and colorless.

• It should be free from harmful and disease producing organisms.

• It should be fresh and temperature should be between 10 Degree C- 25 Degree C

• It should be aesthetically pure and it should be tasty.

• It should not cause corrosion to the pipes and other fittings.

Domestic Use-

• Water required for domestic consumption should possess a high degree of purity and itshould be free from suspended impurities, bacteria etc.

• A tolerance of small degree of hardness is however permissible.

• Water used in the food industry and some other industries must meet the higheststandard of purity.

Civic Use-

• For this purpose a large quantity of water is required to fulfil various civic purposes, suchas washing roads, cleaning sewers, watering public gardens etc,.

• The nature of use of water is such that any degree of impurity is tolerated.

Industrial Use-

• Water required for this purpose should be chemically pure. The various chemicalprocesses involved in the production make it essential to use chemically purewater.

Parameters for determining quality of water can be divided into

Physical

Chemical

Microbiological

Physical Parameter includes turbidity, taste, colour, odour, temperature.

Chemical Parameter includes hardness, chlorides, pH value, Nitrates, Metals.

Microbiological Parameter includes bacteria, virus, protozoa, pathogenic, Non pathogenic.

Sanitation

Sanitation• The drainage of a locality is broadly divided into 2

categories; public and private.

• The sewers are laid across public roads to serve thearea on either side.

• The private plot holders construct the sewer line intheir own land and its final point is then joined to thepublic sewer.

• A building is provided with a drainage system todischarge efficiently the sewage of the building intothe public sewer.

• Domestic sewage or sewage from a building includeshuman excreta as well as discharge from bathrooms,kitchens, lavatories, etc and is collected by buildingsewers and finally discharged into the public sewer.

TWO PIPE SYSTEM :

• This is the traditional system of removing the discharge from sanitary fitting wherein the foul matter from w.c and urinals is discharged into one pipe (known as soil pipe or stack )and the waste water from kitchen, bath, wash basin , floor traps etc.(other than w.c. and urinals) is discharged into another pipe (known as waste pipe or stack )

• The soil pipe is directly connected to the building drain whereas the waste pipe is connected to the building drain through a gulley trap provided at the foot of the waste

• Separate ventilation pipe is connected with each stack. thus four pipes are necessary in this system.

Types of drainage Systems

Types of drainage Systems

This system works out to be economical in case of multi storeyedbuildings where the baths, toilets , kitchens etc are placed near one another on each floor and they are placed above one another on different floors around proper shafts.

Sanitary fittings• In the buildings various types of sanitary fittings are required for

supply of water and to collect the waste water.

• These fittings can be broadly classified as Ablution fittings and Soil fittings

Ablution fittings

• Wash Basins

• Sinks

• Bath Tubs

• Flushing Cisterns

• Drinking Fountains

Soil fittings

• Water Closets

• Urinals

Sanitary fittings

• All types of sanitary fittings should be fixed against external walls, so that wastes from them can be easily drained.

• House drainage should be preferable laid by side ofthe building to facilitate easy repair and bettermaintenance.

• The sewage or sullage should flow under the force of gravity.

• The house sewer should always be straight.

• The entire sewage system should be well ventilated from start to the end.

• Where ever there is change in direction of sewer line in premises, provideinspection chamber at the junction.

Sanitary fittings

Wash Basins All wash basins should be of one piece construction It should have slotted overflow hole It may have single or double tap holes The internal angles are designed to facilitate cleaning For holding water in the bowl these are provided with rubber plugs , which can be

fitted in the outlet, this plug is fixed to a chain secured by a stay

Sanitary fittings

Sinks These are suitable for kitchens or laboratory It is also a one piece construction , provided with or without a rim The floor of the sink is given a slope towards the waste outlet The sinks are provided with circular waste hole All the kitchen sinks are provided with a drain board which is fixed on

the right of the user. The sinks ‘ height from the finished floor level should be 90 cm

Size Shape Support Material

600 x 450 x 150 600 x 450 x 250 750 x 450 x 250

Rectangular Fixed to wall , with additional supports

Usually on granite counter tops if steel

Stone Ware Glazed Earthenware Steel

Sanitary fittingsBath Tub The bath tub may taper or be parallel in the sides, the former

type being popular It is provided with one outlet of and one inlet pipe for filling it. Two taps are provided one for hot water and cold water supply The bath should also be provided with one over flow pipe to

take excessive water The waster pipe od bath is provided with a trap to prevent foul

gases from entering in the bath roomSize Shape Material

Length = 170 cm -185 cm

Depth near waste pipe side = 43 cm – 45 cm

Overall height = 50 cm to 60 cm

Various shape most common being rectangular

Enameled iron Plastic Cast iron Porcelain enamelled cast

iron Fibre glass Fire clay Vitreous enamelled

pressed steel