BUILDING SCIENCE INTEGRATION PROJECT

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGN

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONS) IN ARCHITECTURE

PROJECT 2: INTEGRATION PROJECT

BUILDING SCIENCE 2 [BLD61303]

NAME : TEOH HUI YU

STUDENT ID : 0313701

LECTURER : MR. AZIM

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BUILDING SCIENCE 2 | PROECT 2: INTEGRATION PROJECT

CONTENT

1.0 INTRODUCTION TO STUDIO

2.0 LIGHTING

2.1 Day Lighting (Children Playing Area)

2.2 Day Lighting (Discussion room)

2.3 Artificial lighting (Children Playing Area)

2.4 Ecotect analysis

2.5 Artificial lighting (Discussion room)

2.6 PSALI (Children Playing Area)

2.7 PSALI (Discussion room)

3.0 ACOUSTIC

3.1 Reverberation Time, RT (Discussion Room)

3.2 Sound Reduction Index, SRI (Children Playing Area)

4.0 REFERENCES

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1.0 INTRODUCTION TO STUDIO

Name of building : Sentul Science Library

Location : Jalan Sultan Azlan Shah, Sentul, KL

Building size : 1800 – 2000 square meter

Figure: Location plan

Aim:

We are required to design an urban contemporary community library within a

dense inner-city street of Sentul, and takes into consideration an understanding of

applicable current legislations, building technologies and cultural imperatives of

the site and its surrounding.

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2.0 LIGHTING

2.1 Day Lighting (Children Playing Area)

According to MS1525, Daylight Factor distribution as below:

Daylight Factor (%) Distribution

>6 Very bright with thermal & glare problem

3-6 Bright

1-3 Average

0-1 Dark

Figure 01: Location of children playing area at first floor.

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The selected space (Children Playing Area) is located at the first floor, with double

volume space. Children Playing Area are basically a “glass block” inside the library.

It is surrounded by aluminum frame and laminated glass panel. The North East

facing area receive high amount of natural daylighting into the space. Minimal

artificial lighting will be required in this space during the day, and required artificial

lighting during the night time.

Figure 02: A zoom in plan showing the direction of sunlight penetrate into the children playing area.

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2.2 Day Lighting (Discussion room)

According to MS1525, Daylight Factor distribution as below:

Daylight Factor (%) Distribution

>6 Very bright with thermal & glare problem

3-6 Bright

1-3 Average

0-1 Dark

Figure 03: Location of discussion room on second floor.

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The selected space (discussion room) is located at second floor in the library. It is

a cantilever room connected to the mezzanine floor. The discussion room is mostly

concrete, with laminated glass panel facing towards the green wall structure, which

allow the sunlight to penetrate into the space. Artitifical lighting is required to make

sure the whole discussion room are achieve the lighting requirement in a space.

Figure 04: the laminated glass panel on the other side of the discussion room allow daylight to penetrate in.

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Task Illuminance(Lux) Example of Applications

Lighting for infrequently used area

20 100 100 100 100 150 100 100 100 100 200 200

Minimum service illuminance Interior walkway and car park Hotel bedroom Lift interior Corridor, passageway, stairs Escalator, travellator Entrance and exit Staff changing room, cleaner room Laboratories, stores Entrance hall, lobbies, waiting room Inquiry desk Gate house

Lighting for working interiors

300-400 300-400 150 200 150-300 150 150 100 100 300-500 200-750 300 500 1000

Infrequent reading and writing General offices, shops and stores Reading and writing Drawing office Restroom Restaurant, canteen, cafeteria Kitchen Lounge Bathroom Toilet Bedroom Class room, Library Shop/ supermarket/ Department store Store

Localized lighting for exacting task

2000 Museum and gallery Proof reading Exacting drawing Detailed and precise work

Table: Recommended average illuminance levels.

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2.3 Artificial lighting (Children Playing Area)

Children playing area located at first floor, which strategy location can allow the

space to receive daylight from day to night. Artificial lighting is still required in the

space especially during night. According to MS 1525, the minimum lighting

required is 200 lux.

Figure 05: Location of children playing area in first floor plan

Component Material Color Surface finish Reflectance value (%)

Wall Concrete Dark grey Matte 15

Aluminum frame

Black Matte 10

Laminated glass

Transparent Glossy 8

Floor Concrete Dark grey Matte 15

Ceiling Concrete Dark grey Matte 15

Door Glass door Transparent Glossy 8

Aluminum frame

Black Matte 10

Furniture Fabric chair Light green Matte 45

Aluminum table

White Glossy 30

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Light type (LM-X7 LED Downlight)

Application Downlight

Type of light bub

Material of fixture Aluminum

Nominal life (hours) 50,000

Wattage Range (W) 44

CRI 85

Color temperature (K) 3000

Color White

Lumens 3735

Lumen Method Calculation

Location First floor, double volume space

Dimension of space (m) 9 x 8.5

Total Floor Area/ A (m²) 76.5

Type of lighting fixture LED ceiling downlight

Lumens 3735

Height of Luminaire (M) 7.5

Height of work level (M) 0.8

Mounting height 6.7

Assumption Reflection factors Ceiling : 0.3 Floor : 0.3 Wall : 0.5

Room Index 𝑅𝐼 = (

𝐿 𝑥 𝑊

𝐻𝑚 (𝐿 + 𝑊))

𝑅𝐼 = (9 𝑥 8.5

6.7(9 + 8.5))

= 0.65

Utilization factor (UF) 0.46

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Maintenance factor (MF) 0.8

Standard Illuminance 200

Number of light required 𝑁 = (

𝐸𝑥𝐴

𝐹 𝑥 𝑈𝐹 𝑥 𝑀𝐹)

𝑁 = (200𝑥76.5

3735 𝑥 0.46 𝑥 0.8)

= 11 nos

Fitting layout by approximately (m) Smax = 1.0 x Hm = 1.0 x 6.7 = 6.7 m

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2.4 Ecotect Analysis

Figure 06: Daylighting contour diagram

Figure 07: Artificial lighting contour diagram

According to the artificial lighting contour diagram of children playing area, it shows

that the intensity of light is highest in the center of space, where the light bulbs are

allocate. During night, the total amount of 12 light bulbs are on to provide sufficient

lighting to the space. The light intensity are getting lower when far from the location

of light bulbs.

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2.5 Artificial lighting (Discussion room)

There are total of two discussion room which can be found at second floor. For the

selected discussion room, the glass panel are facing outwards which allow natural

daylighting to enter the room. The discussion room are mostly concrete to prevent

undesired glare penetrate into the space, and also for privacy purpose. Based on

MS 1525, the minimum lighting required is 200 lux.

Figure 08: Location of discussion room on second floor plan.

Component Material Color Surface finish Reflectance value (%)

Wall Concrete White Matte 15

Aluminum frame

Black Matte 10

Clear glass Transparent Glossy 8

Floor Concrete Light grey Matte 15

Ceiling Concrete Light grey Matte 15

Door Glass door Transparent Glossy 8

Aluminum frame

Black Matte 10

Furniture Fabric chair Light green Matte 45

Wooden table Brown Matte 30

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Light type (10W E27 LED Pendant Light)

Application Pendant light

Type of light bub

Material of fixture Aluminum

Nominal life (hours) 40,000

Wattage Range (W) 10

CRI 85

Color temperature (K) 2700

Color Warm white

Lumens 810

Lumen Method Calculation

Location Second floor

Dimension of space (m) 4 x 3

Total Floor Area/ A (m²) 12

Type of lighting fixture LED ceiling pendant

Lumens 810

Height of Luminaire (M) 2.5

Height of work level (M) 0.8

Mounting height 1.7

Assumption Reflection factors Ceiling : 0.3 Floor : 0.3 Wall : 0.5

Room Index 𝑅𝐼 = (

𝐿 𝑥 𝑊

𝐻𝑚 (𝐿 + 𝑊))

𝑅𝐼 = (4 𝑥 3

1.7(4 + 3))

= 1.0

Utilization factor (UF) 0.46

Maintenance factor (MF) 0.8

Standard Illuminance 200

Number of light required 𝑁 = (

𝐸𝑥𝐴

𝐹 𝑥 𝑈𝐹 𝑥 𝑀𝐹)

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𝑁 = (200𝑥12

810 𝑥 0.46𝑥 0.8)

= 8nos

Fitting layout by approximately (m) Smax = 1.0 x Hm = 1.0 x 1.7 = 1.7m

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2.6 PSALI (Children Playing Area)

Figure 09: Lighting arrangement in children playing area

Diagram above showing the lighting arrangement in children playing area. Children

playing area receive high amount of natural lighting as it is surrounded by

laminated glass wall panel and its double volume space allow more daylight to

penetrate into the area. According to MS 1525, children playing area required 200

lux. From the calculation, 12 nos of lights are required in the space. The lighting

arrangement are divided into 4 x 3 rows. It can be control by 3 switches.

Section

Figure 10: Day time Figure 11: Night time

During daytime, more than half of the children area receive natural daylighting. The

artificial lights are only required at the inner side of the children playing area. During

night time, the space will needed all artificial lighting to function to support the

lighting in that area. The lighting arrangement can reduce the amount of artificial

lighting used during the day, and also ensure the sufficiency of lighting during the

night.

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2.7PSALI (Discussion room)

Figure 12: Lighting arrangement in discussion room

Diagram above showing the lighting arrangement in Discussion room. One side of

discussion room are glass wall which allow daylighting to penetrate in, while the

other side of space required artificial lighting to fulfill the lighting requirement.

According to MS 1525, discussion room required total of 200 lux. Based on the

calculation, there are 8 nos of lights required in the space. The lights are divided

into two switches, which are easier to control the light amount required according

to the occupants need.

Section

Figure 13: Day time Figure 14: Night time

During the day, only 4 nos of artificial light need to switch on, which is the inner

side of the room. During the night, all the artificial light need to be switched on.

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3.0 ACOUSTIC

3.1 Reverberation Time, RT (Discussion Room)

Materials Absorption Coefficient at 500 Hz during non-peak hour

Component Material Absorption coefficient (500Hz), s

Area, A (m²) Sound Absorption (SA)

Wall Concrete 0.05 17.5 0.875

Aluminum frame 0.25 1.2 0.3

Clear glass 0.1 12.5 1.25

Floor Concrete 0.05 12 0.6

Ceiling Concrete 0.05 12 0.6

Door Glass door 0.1 2 0.2


Furniture Fabric chair 0.2 2.4 0.48

Wooden table 0.1 3.2 0.32

Occupants (non-peak)

0.46 4 1.84

Total Absorption 6.54

Volume of space, V= 4 x 3 x 2.5

= 30 m²

𝑅𝑇 = 0.16 𝑥 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒

𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎

𝑅𝑇 = 0.16 𝑥 30

6.54

RT = 0.73s

Conclusion

During non-peak hour, discussion room has the reverberation time of 0.73 seconds,

which fall on the standard comfortable reverberation between 0.6 to 0.8s. Hence,

the reverberation time for discussion room has meet the standard requirement and

thus provide a comfortable speech environment for the occupants.

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Materials Absorption Coefficient at 500 Hz during peak hour





Clear glass 0.1 12.5 1.25








0.46 6 2.76


Volumne of space, V= 4 x 3 x 2.5

= 30 m²



𝑅𝑇 = 0.16 𝑥 30

7.46

RT = 0.64s

Conclusion

During peak hour, the reverberation time for discussion room is 0.64s. With the

total 6 occupants, the reverberation time still falls within the comfort reverberation

time between 0.6 to 0.8s. This has shown that the acoustic absorption of

discussion room is sufficient.

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Materials Absorption Coefficient at 2000 Hz during non-peak hour





Clear glass 0.07 12.5 0.875








0.51 4 2.04



= 30 m²



𝑅𝑇 = 0.16 𝑥 30

6.305

RT = 0.76s

Conclusion

During non-peak hour at 2000Hz, with four person occupying the space,

discussion room has the reverberation time of 0.76 seconds, which fall on the

standard comfortable reverberation between range of 0.6 to 0.8s. Hence, the

reverberation time for discussion room has meet the standard requirement and

thus provide a comfortable speech environment for the occupants.

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Materials Absorption Coefficient at 2000 Hz during peak hour





Clear glass 0.07 12.5 0.875








0.51 6 3.06



= 30 m²



𝑅𝑇 = 0.16 𝑥 30

7.325

RT = 0.66s

Conclusion

During peak hour at 2000Hz, with total of six person occupying the space,

discussion room has the reverberation time of 0.66 seconds, falls within the

comfort reverberation time between 0.6 to 0.8s. Hence, we can conclude that

acoustic absorption of discussion room is sufficient.

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3.2 Sound Reduction Index, SRI (Children Playing Area)

Sound Reduction Index (SRI) is used to measure the sound insulation of the

materials such as wall, window, door and etc. The sound insulation of a material

can aid in reduce the sound level transmit from space into another space.

Figure 15: Relationship between children playing area and adjacent spaces.

Transmission Coefficient of material:

Component Material Surface Area, m² SRI , dB

Wall Concrete 34 42

Laminated glass 211.5 26

Aluminum frame 10 44

Door Glass door 4 26

Aluminum frame 0.5 44

Formula:

𝑆𝑅𝐼 = 10 log (1

𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡)

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For concrete wall,



42 = 10 log (1

𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙)

Transmission of wall = 6.31 x 10−5

For laminated glass,



26 = 10 log (1



For aluminum frame,



44 = 10 log (1



For glass door,



26 = 10 log (1


Transmission of wall = 2.51x 10−3

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For aluminum frame,



44 = 10 log (1



Calculation for children playing area’s SRI:

Material Surface Area, m²

SRI (dB) Transmission coefficient (T)

ST

Concrete 34 42 6.31 x 10−5 2.14 x 10−3

Laminated glass 211.5 26 2.51 x 10−3 0.53

Aluminum frame 10 44 3.98 x 10−5 3.98 x 10−4

Glass door 4 26 2.51x 10−3 0.01

Aluminum frame 0.5 44 3.98 x 10−5 1.99 x 10−5

Total surface area 260

Total sound reduction index,

𝑇𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 = (Sn ∗ Tn

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎)

𝑇𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 = (2.14 x 10−3 + 0.53 + 3.98 x 10−4 + 0.01 + 1.99 x 10−5

260)

= 2.09 x 10−3




2.09 x 10−3)

= 26.8dB

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STC Rating

STC Rating Speech heard through wall or floor

Noise control level

25 Normal speech understandable

poor

30 Loud speech understandable

Marginal

40 Loud speech audible as murmur but unintelligible

Good

50 Loud speech barely audible

Very good

55 and above Loud speech not heard Excellent

Conclusion

Based on calculation, the overall Sound Reduction Index for children playing area

is 26.8dB. According to the general sound environment, the values that

categorized less than 35dB are meaning normal speech can be understood quite

easily and distinctly through the walls and transmit the sound to adjacent spaces.

The reason why the SRI value are low is because of the double volume laminated

glass wall. To further reduce the sound transmit into other space, few steps will be

taken. For example are the choice chosen on fabric furniture, the use of

soundproof glass panel, use carpet to cover the concrete flooring or using sound

proofing flooring materials, and also may consider the use of acoustical wall panel

for sound absorption.

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4.0 REFERENCES

Architects’ Data. (2012). Chicester: John Wiley and Sons.

Noise: Building Acoustic and Reverberation Time. (n.d.) Retrived July 2, 2016,

from http;//www.noisenet.org/Noise_Room_Acoustic_Reverb.htm

Reverberation Time. (n.d.). Retrieved July 2, 2016, from

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/acoustic/revtim.html

Sound Absorption Coefficients of architectural acoustical materials. (1957). New

York.

BUILDING SCIENCE INTEGRATION PROJECT

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