Building Science 2 (BLD 61303 / ARC 3413)

Project 2: Integration Project

NAME: WONG TENG CHUN

ID: 0318538

TUTOR: MR SIVARAMAN KUPPUSAMY

DAYLIGHTINGAccording to MS1525, Daylight Factor distribution is as below.

Daylight Factor (%) Distribution> 6 Very bright with thermal and glare problem3 - 6 Bright1 - 3 Average0 - 1 Dark

The table shown below describe the nearest example to the idea of illuminance range.

Illuminance Example 120,000 lux Brightest sunlight110,000 lux Bright sunlight20,000 lux Shade illuminated by entire clear blue sky, midday1,000 – 2,000 lux Typical overcast day, midday400 lux Sunrise or sunset on a clear day (ambient illumination<200 lux Extreme of darkest storm clouds, midday40 lux Fully overcast, sunset/sunrise<1 lux Extreme of darkest storm clouds, sunset/sunrise

CHILDREN ACTIVITY AREA

Children activity area is located at first floor level. This spaces requires enough illuminance as children are sensitive to brightness. There is a void spaces right next to it and is exposed to direct sunlight penetration.

Floor Area (m2) 43.4Area of façade exposed to sunlight (m2) before adjustment

4.2 x 2 = 8.4

Area of façade exposed to sunlight (m2) after adjustment

7 x 2 = 14

Required Illuminance, Lux from Daylight Factor (3% - 6%) 3% of daylight factor 3%= Ei

20000x100%

Ei = 600 Lux

Illuminance from the space before opening adjustment , Lux

8.443.4

x100%=19.35%

19.35% x 0.1 = 1.935%

1.935%= Ei20000

x100

Ei = 387 Lux

Illuminance from the space after opening adjustment , Lux

1443.4

x100%=32.25%

32.25% x 0.1 = 3.225%

3.225%= Ei20000

x100

Ei = 645 Lux

N

15°

30°

45°

60°

75°

90°

105°

120°

135°

150°

165°

180°

195°

210°

225°

240°

255°

270°

285°

300°

315°

330°

345°

08

09

10

11121314

1516

17

18

19

lux

12000+11610

1122010830

1044010050

96609270

88808490

8100

Daylight AnalysisDaylighting LevelsValue Range: 8100 - 12000 lux© E CO T E CT v 5

The diagram above shows the contour rendering that describe the amount of daylighting penetrate into the space (children activity area). The blue zone appear at the most right side as there is no daylighting that is able to penetrate way into that area. Because the windows are large enough, daylight is able to lighten up the whole spaces.

The initial design of the opening doesn’t have enough illuminance requirement from MS 1525 which is 3%-6%, which the lowest 3% is 600 Lux. Therefore, the opening are adjusted bigger to achieve the optimum illuminance (645 Lux achieved) for the space.

INFORMAL READING AREA

This space is located at second level. It is a double volume space that has opening from the next floor (third floor) as design features. Extra sunlight penetration are enter through the opening at third floor level into the informal reading area.

Floor Area (m2) 86.5Area of façade exposed to sunlight (m2) (9.85 x 2.5) + (13.5 x 2.5) = 58.375Required Illuminance, Lux from Daylight Factor (3% - 6%) 3% of daylight factor 3%= Ei

20000x100%

Ei = 600 Lux

6% of daylight factor

6%= Ei20000

x 100%

Ei = 1200 Lux

Illuminance from the space , Lux 58.37586.5

x100%=65.6%

65.6% x 0.1 = 6.56%

6.56%= Ei20000

x100

Ei = 1312 Lux

lux

12000+11280

105609840

91208400

76806960

62405520

4800

Daylight AnalysisDaylighting LevelsValue Range: 4800 - 12000 lux© E C OT E CT v5

The diagram above shows contour rendering that describe the daylighting penetration into the space (informal reading area). It describe that there is excessive amount of light; which is in bright colour, enter the space and causes glare to the occupant.

MS 1525 recommend that the space to best to have 3% - 6% of daylighting which is ranged 600 Lux to 1200 Lux. The current space illuminate out of 1312 Lux which is more that 6% and can cause glare to the occupants in that space. To solve this issue, adjustable louvered façade is used to control the light penetration to the optimum needs. This adjustable louvered façade has the ability to control the illuminance of the space based on the outdoor weather condition.

Louvered facade

ARTIFICIAL LIGHTINGADMINISTRATIVE OFFICE

Administrative office is located at the back first floor level. There is presence of daylighting but is insufficient. Therefore, artificial lighting is vital for this space.

Function Material Colour Surface Type Reflectance Value

Ceiling Concrete finish Grey Absorptive 0.3

Wall Concrete with paint finishing

White Reflective 0.33

Window Glass Transparent Reflective 0.06

Type of luminaire used as showed below:

Type of fixture Mount fixingType of light bulb

Fluorescent tube Wattage Range (W) 150 WColour rendering Index (CRI) 82Colour Temperature (K) 4100 K Colour Designation Cool WhiteLumens 2650 lm

Location Administrative office at first floor levelDimension of room (m) Length (L) = 9.8m

Width (W) = 7.5m Height (H) = 3.5m

Total Floor Area, A (m²) 73.5 m²Type of Lighting Fixture Ceiling mounted Height of luminaries (m) 3.5Height of work level (m) 0.8Mounting height (m) 2.7Reflection factors Ceiling: 0.7

Wall: 0.5

Room Index, RI (K)

RI= LxW(L+W ) x H

RI= 9.8 x7.5(9.8+7.5 ) x 2.7

= 1.57

Utilization factor, UF 0.39Maintenance factor, MF 0.8Number of light required

N= E x A(F xUF xMF )

MS1525 recommended administrative office to have illumination level – 400 Lux

N= E x A(F xUF xMF )

= 400 x 73.5

(2650 x0.39 x 0.8) = 36 lamps

lux

790+720

650580

510

440

370300

230160

90

Lighting AnalysisElectric Light LevelsValue Range: 90 - 790 lux© E C OT E CT v 5

The diagram above shows the lighting layout. It was distributed 7 x 5 so that the space have an evenly distributed artificial lighting throughout the space.

MEETING ROOM

Meeting room is located at second floor level. Although natural light can be acquired but it is insufficient. Hence, artificial lighting is vital for the space. According to MS 1525, the minimum illuminance required for meeting room is 400 Lux.

Function Material Colour Surface Type Reflectance Value

Ceiling Concrete finish Grey Absorptive 0.3

Wall Concrete with paint finishing

White Reflective 0.33

Window Glass Transparent Reflective 0.06

Type of luminaire used as showed below:

Type of fixture Mount fixingType of light bulb

Fluorescent tube Wattage Range (W) 150 WColour rendering Index (CRI) 82Colour Temperature (K) 4100 K

Colour Designation Cool WhiteLumens 2650 lm

Lumen method and calculation for meeting room (from 1.5m height)

Location Meeting room at second floor levelDimension of room (m) Length (L) = 3.8m

Width (W) = 4.05m Height (H) = 3.5m

Total Floor Area, A (m²) 14.5 m²Type of Lighting Fixture Ceiling mounted Height of luminaries (m) 3.5Height of work level (m) 0.8Mounting height (m) 2.7Reflection factors Ceiling: 0.7

Wall: 0.5

Room Index, RI (K)

RI= LxW(L+W ) x H

RI= 3.8 x 4.05(3.8+4.05 ) x2.7

= 0.73

Utilization factor, UF 0.48Maintenance factor, MFNumber of light required

N= E x A(F xUF xMF )

MS1525 recommended meeting room to have illumination level – 400 Lux

N= E x A(F xUF xMF )

= 400 x 14.5

(2650 x0.48 x 0.8) = 6 lamps

lux

400+

360

320

280

240200

160120

80

40

0

Lighting AnalysisElectric Light LevelsValue Range: 0 - 400 lux© E C OT E CT v5

PERMANENT SUPPPLEMENTRAY ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING OF INTERIORS (PSALI) CHILDREN ACTIVITY AREA

Daylight factor calculation are calculated, please refer to daylighting section. The space has achieved the optimum daylight factor for its function space, 645 Lux. However, that is to be assumed that it has a clear sky present at that time. Therefore, artificial lighting take place here as well to ensure that the space has constantly achieving the optimum daylighting.

Calculation for artificial lighting shown as below.

Type of luminaire used as showed below:

Type of fixture Mount fixingType of light bulb

Fluorescent tube Wattage Range (W) 150 WColour rendering Index (CRI) 82Colour Temperature (K) 4100 K Colour Designation Cool WhiteLumens 2650 lm

Location Children activity areaDimension of room (m) Length (L) = 5.925m

Width (W) = 7.5m Height (H) = 3.5m

Total Floor Area, A (m²) 43.5 m²Type of Lighting Fixture Ceiling mounted Height of luminaries (m) 3.5Height of work level (m) 0.8Mounting height (m) 2.7Reflection factors Ceiling: 0.7

Wall: 0.5

Room Index, RI (K)

RI= LxW(L+W ) x H

RI= 5.925 x7.5(5.925+7.5 ) x 2.7

= 1.23

Utilization factor, UF 0.56Maintenance factor, MF 0.8

Number of light required

N= E x A(F xUF xMF )

MS1525 recommended children activity area to have illumination level at minimum – 300 Lux

N= E x A(F xUF xMF )

= 300 x 43.5

(2650 x0.56 x 0.8) = 11 lamps

The diagram above show the layout for the artificial lighting placement. This is to show there are evenly distributed lighting throughout the space.

As this space, children activity area, is an essential space of a library, it should to be keep having it on optimum brightness all the time. One way to make the lighting system more effective is to install daylight sensor to the space. This sensor detect the light intensity of the space and take action of turning on the light when there is not enough daylight penetration. The diagram above shows an example of daylight sensor that can be install inside the building.

ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICE

Daylight factor calculation

Floor Area (m2) 70.5Area of façade exposed to sunlight (m2) 6.875 x 2.5 = 13.75Illuminance from the space , Lux 13.75

70.5x100%=19.5%

19.5% x 0.1 = 1.95%

1.95%= Ei20000

x100

Ei = 390 Lux

MS 1525 recommend that an office should have a minimum illumination level of 300 – 400 Lux and the space had achieved it. However it only to be assumed that it is on a clear day on daytime. Therefore, artificial lighting is present to compensate the loss of daylighting when on cloudy or dark day.

The diagram above shows the arrangement of artificial lighting. The calculation please refer to artificial lighting section. However, not all the time people are present in administrative office. So, sometimes it is unnecessary to have sensor to detect just only the intensity of the illumination of the room. To make it more effective, motion sensor is installed. Motion sensor senses human activity and switch on light sensor. The motion sensor on Grid A to Grid D only connected to daylight sensor as light at Grid E to Grid G need constant artificial lighting.

REVERBERATION TIME ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICE

According to MS 1525, the ideal reverberation time for an office is between 0.8 – 1.2s.

Component

Material Surface area/ m², S

Absorption coefficient (500 Hz), a

Sound Absorption (500Hz) , Sa

Absorption coefficient (2000 Hz), a

Sound Absorption (2000Hz), Sa

Wall Concrete wall with plaster finish

65.1 0.02 1.302 0.03 1.953

Floor Carpet on concrete

71.6 0.3 21.48 0.5 35.8

Ceiling Concrete 71.6 0.02 1.432 0.03 2.148Window Glass 24.5 0.04 0.98 0.03 0.735Furniture Fabric

Cushion2.1 0.28 0.588 0.28 0.588

Table 11.04 0.22 2.4288 0.38 4.1952Bookshelves

4.5 0.22 0.99 0.38 1.71

People 8 people 0.46 3.68 0.51 4.08Total Absorption (A) 32.88 51.23

500 Hz,

RT=0.16 x VA

¿ 0.16 x250.632.88

= 1.2 s

2000 Hz,

RT=0.16 x VA

¿ 0.16 x250.651.23

= 0.78 s

Based on the standard requirement for reverberation time for an office, the specification in that specific room has achieve the requirement.

MEETING ROOM

According to MS 1525, the ideal reverberation time for meeting room is between 0.8 – 1.2s.

Component

Material Surface area/ m² (A)

Absorption coefficient (500 Hz), a

Sound Absorption (500Hz) , Sa

Absorption coefficient (2000 Hz), a

Sound Absorption (2000Hz), Sa

Wall Concrete wall with plaster finish

41 0.02 0.82 0.03 1.23

Floor Timber 14.3 0.1 0.0Ceiling Concrete 14.3 0.02 0.286 0.03 0.43Window Glass 7.02 0.04 0.28 0.03 0.21Furniture Table 3.66 0.22 0.81 0.38 1.39

Chair 1.2 0.33 0.396 0.37 0.444People 6 people 0.46 2.76 0.51 3.06Total Absorption (A) 6.78 8.04

500 Hz,

RT=0.16 x VA

¿ 0.16 x50.056.78

= 1.18 s

2000 Hz,

RT=0.16 x VA

¿ 0.16 x50.058.04

= 0.99 s

Based on the standard requirement for reverberation time for a meeting room, the specification in that specific room has achieve the requirement.

TRANSMISSION LOSS (TL)ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICE

The space is located at first floor level of the building. The administrative office and children activity area are divided by a single wall. According to MS 1525 standard, the required sound pressure level is around 45 – 55 dB for an office space.

Component

Material Colour Finish Surface Area, S/m2

SRI Transmission Coefficient, T

ST

Wall Concrete with plaster finish

White Matte 25.60 42 6.3 x 10⁻⁵ 1.6128 x 10⁻³

Total 25.60 1.6128 x 10⁻³

T= 1

antilog ( SRI10

)

Tᴀᴠ= S1T 1+S2T 2+SnTnTotal Surface Area

¿1.6128 x 10⁻ ³

25.60

= 6.3 x 10⁻⁵

SRI=10 log 1T

¿10 log 16.3 x 10⁻ ⁵

The highest noise can be produce by the children is about 80dB.

Noise level in Administrative office = 70 dB – 42dB

= 28 dB

The transmission loss from the children area through the wall is 42dB. This proved that the wall is able to reduce the sound level of 70dB to 28dB. The standard requirement by MS 1525 is 45 – 55 dB. Therefore, it has achieved the requirement.

= 42 dB

QUIET READING AREA

The quiet reading area is located next to outdoor reading area whereby people are allowed to have a normal conversation loudness. According to MS 1525, the quiet reading space is 30 dB.

Component

Material Colour Finish Surface Area, S/m2

SRI Transmission Coefficient, T

ST

Wall Concrete with plaster finish

White Matte 25.65 42 6.28 x 10⁻⁵ 1.6128 x 10⁻³

Total 25.65 1.6128 x 10⁻³

T= 1

antilog ( SRI10

)

Tᴀᴠ= S1T 1+S2T 2+SnTnTotal Surface Area

¿1.6128 x 10⁻ ³

25.65

= 6.28 x 10⁻⁵

SRI=10 log 1T

¿10 log 16.28 x 10⁻ ⁵

= 42 dB

The highest noise can be produce by the human is about 60dB.

Noise level in Administrative office = 60 dB – 42dB

= 18 dB

The transmission loss from the outdoor reading area through the wall is 42dB. This proved that the wall is able to reduce the sound level of 70dB to 18dB. The standard requirement by MS 1525 is 30dB. Therefore, it has achieved the requirement.

EXTERNAL NOISELOBBY AND CAFÉ

The café and lobby is located at entrance of the building. Although, it is located in the middle but the sitting area for the user facing directly at the roadside and getting external noises. The traffic can produce noises up to 80dB when there is traffic jam.

MEETING ROOM

Outside the meeting room has an interaction spaces where it can be noisy when it became event spaces or market (design features). Further away, it is a busy road whereby it often have traffic jam and produce noises.

To solve the issue of external noise, buffer zone is added in order to lose the noise transmission before it reaches the space. For each doubled distance, noise will decrease by 6 dB. Aside from that, there are presence of trees and furniture that can act as sound absorption and reflector.

BUFFER ZONE

BUFFER ZONE

PUBLIC SPACE

Meeting room is being pushed backwards and that creates a buffer zone to reduce the noise intensity. However, there is a public space for interaction purpose and will cause noise reaching to the meeting room space. Double glazing glass is used and a thicker wall is used to reduce the permeability.