Building Restoration Techniques

8/13/2019 Building Restoration Techniques

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3Dynamic restoration is one of three restoration techniques (see also related article onHow to Restore

Old Buildings). Dynamic restoration utilises the techniques of reconstruction by re-assembling or

refurbishment.

While a static restorationfocuses on repair and protection of the materials and structural components, a

dynamic restoration focuses on restoring the building to its original form, function and design.

Some examples of dynamic restoration techniques are anastylosis, reprogrammed building and land

uses, substitution, relocation and enclosing the structure.

Anastylosis

Anastylosisutilises the techniques of reconstruction, re-assembling and refurbishing. Reconstruction is

done by re-uniting some of the fallen fragments ith the remaining portions still in their original places

hile other scattered fragments are left as is but already ith preser!ati!e treatment.

Reprogrammed Building and Land Uses

Reprogramming buildings and land uses in!ol!e restoring the structure to its original form ith its

character remaining as is. "he technique aims to recapture the ambiance and character of the past that

the building and land uses are reprogrammed to fit these sites to modern times.

"he designs and forms of the building are guided and controlled# some non-existing structures and

features are reconstructed either partially or holly to more clearly pro$ect the original characteristics of

the structure.

Substitution

Substitution is often necessary hen the structural components are beyond repair. %lthough duplication is

against the principles of restoration, it can be an exception in cases here an element of the originalstructure needs to be replaced to protect the structure from further deterioration.

"he preser!ation action i.e replacement, is intended to halt deterioration and maintain the original

structure&s existence, a compromise hich is !alid and $ustifiable. When replacement of some elements

for the structure is una!oidable, the replacement should closely resemble the material being replaced.

Relocation

'n certain situations and as long as the structure is mo!able, relocation can be an alternati!e. Relocation

is recommended hen the structure is threatened ith the danger of damage e.g. construction acti!ity,

!ehicular traffic, floods or atmospheric pollution and there is no other ay to protect it.

Enclosing the Structure

nclosing the structure e.g. glass container, shade structure, fencing, to protect the structure from

damage e.g eather conditions, is another dynamic restoration example.
http://susan-rebano-edwards.suite101.com/how-to-restore-old-houses-a182983http://susan-rebano-edwards.suite101.com/how-to-restore-old-houses-a182983http://susan-rebano-edwards.suite101.com/static-restoration-techniques-for-old-buildings-a186276http://susan-rebano-edwards.suite101.com/static-restoration-techniques-for-old-buildings-a186276http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastylosishttp://susan-rebano-edwards.suite101.com/how-to-restore-old-houses-a182983http://susan-rebano-edwards.suite101.com/how-to-restore-old-houses-a182983http://susan-rebano-edwards.suite101.com/static-restoration-techniques-for-old-buildings-a186276http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastylosis


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Reinforcement

onsolidation or reinforcement of the existing structure, should be achie!ed using the most conser!ati!eapproach that is practicable, although limited reconstruction as existing may be una!oidable but shouldbe limited. "he sur!i!al of !ernacular building techniques such as lath-and-plaster and haired plaster etc.

is !ery important, and their restoration should be in compatible materials and finishes.

"o top"imber Restoration

%ppropriate restoration to timber frames, roof structure, beams, floor $oists and other structural timbers,should be based on a careful and comprehensi!e sur!ey of the existing structure. 'n situ reinforced resinrepairs to structural timbers are not appropriate unless $ustified on the grounds of a!oiding ma$ordisturbance of the historic fabric. 'n general, timber should be made good by splicing a ne section ofmatching timber to replace a rotten portion.

"o topDry Rot

Where!er possible Dry rot eradication and timber preser!ati!e treatments based on an analysis andspecification by an independent consultant, and using non-destructi!e techniques and non-toxicapplications should be used. 't should be noted, that experience has shon that the pro!ision of damp-proof courses and membranes in historic buildings has often only di!erted damp problems elsehere. Dryrot is best eradicated by restoring the building en!elope to pre!ent ater ingress and the rot then left todie naturally.

"o top
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Damp-*roofing

Damp-proofing by traditional methods but only here damp is causing structural damage to the buildingshould be considered# damp-eradication measures, such as impro!ed drainage, the introduction of+rench Ditch, +rench Drains, imecrete +loor or the loering of ground le!els, are preferable herepracticable. *ost-application damp proof coursing or a damp proof membrane often causes further dampproblems in historic buildings.

"o topRoofing

Stripping of roof materials should be carried out carefully to ensure that all sound existing slates or tilesremain undamaged so that they can be re-used. %ll saring must be !apour permeable. Replacementbattens or laths should be pre-treated against fungal attac. "hey should be fixed to rafters ith stainlesssteel nails# gal!anised steel has a shorter life.

Re-slating or re-tiling should be carried out using sound slates or tiles sal!aged from the roof, ith anydeficiencies made up ith ne or sound second-hand materials. "he use of second-hand materials,matching the existing ones in type, sie, thicness, colour and texture are eligible. "he selection ofexisting slates or tiles for re-use should be carried out ith care to ensure a significant life in relation toany ne material to a!oid repetition of the same problem in /0 years.

Substitute materials such as artificial slates made of fibre resin, artificial stone, concrete tiles etc. are notappropriate. 'f the existing slates or tiles are themsel!es an inappropriate earlier replacement, it may be

appropriate to reinstate the original material pro!ided that accurate e!idence of the original material isa!ailable.

+ixing nails for slates and tiles should preferably be stout copper. Stainless steel nails are a possiblealternati!e but it should be noted that they might be difficult to remo!e hen repairs are necessary. 1nlynails ith large diameter shans should be considered.

ead soaers and flashings should be pro!ided at abutments of roofs ith gables, chimneystacs, etc.,although in some cases other locally traditional details should be retained here they exist.

Where !ery old lead sur!i!es, this should be regarded as a !aluable part of the fabric of the building.2aing good rather than complete replacement should be considered. 3e lead or should be specifiedcorrectly in respect of sies of sheet and thicness, falls and details of $oints and fixing. "he or must becarried out in accordance ith the guidelines and recommendations from the ead Sheet %ssociation."he specification of ors should include details of any proposed lead or.himneystacs

"hese are !ulnerable to decay. Where decay is confined to indi!idual stones or brics these should be cutout and replaced to match. Where a chimneystac, hich is important to the design of a building, hasearlier been reduced in height it should be reinstated in its original form. 'f fractured, !aluable earlierceramic pots or fine decorati!e ones should be restored by 4stitching5 across the fracture. Demolition andrebuilding stacs, e!en if using reclaimed materials, is not encouraged. 't can only be considered herethere is structural failure and should not be done merely to insert a lead tray.

"o topRainater goods
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raced or broen cast iron gutters and don pipes should be replaced in matching material and section,e.g. half round, box or ogee gutters and round or rectangular section don pipes. Substitute materialssuch as *6 or extruded aluminium are not appropriate. Where the gutter forms part of the architecture,such as part of a cornice detail, any replacement sections must be exact.

Sound existing lengths of cast iron should be re-used after de-rusting. Don pipes should be fixed onspacers far enough from the all that if a lea occurred ater ould run don the bac of the pipe and

not the all."o topStoneor

Stones should only be replaced here they ha!e lost their structural integrity due to deep erosion, orserious fracture or spalling, or here eatherings are no longer performing the function of throing ateroff surfaces belo. 'f erosion or spalling is only superficial, it should be accepted and loose ater-holding

material lightly and carefully brushed off. "he redressing of surfaces is not appropriate in most cases.Where moulded or car!ed stone needs to be replaced, the details of the original should be matched asexactly as possible. Replacement stones should match the original sie, shape, colour, texture, qualitiesof durability and surface finish e.g.# rubble, tooled for ashlar. 't is important to ensure that bed $oints arecorrectly finished.

'deally, stone should come from the same quarry as the original, pro!ided the durability of the stonecurrently a!ailable is considered to be adequate. 'f this cannot be matched, geologically compatible stoneshould be used. ast stone ill seldom be acceptable. Replacement stones should normally be set to theoriginal face line.

*lastic in situ resin-based mortar repairs to bricor and stoneor are not normally acceptable.

"o top7ricor

%s ith stoneor, damage is most often the result of ater penetration, so exposed features such ascornices, string courses, copings and plinth offsets are the most liely to be affected. "he number ofbrics that are sufficiently decayed to be in need of replacement should be accurately identified. 1nlybrics that are beyond retention on structural grounds should be reneed. "his is particularly the caseith early bricor.

"he method of cutting out should cause the minimum of disturbance to the surrounding bric, bric slipsshould only be used for indi!idual brics and it should be remembered that there ould be an inherentstructural eaness. Replacement brics should replace the existing ones in dimensions, strength anddurability, texture of finish and colour. "hey should be laid in the same bond and idth of $oint. "heappearance of the all can be seriously impaired by different $oint idths for areas of replacement
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bricor. 'n the case of an example of early bricor that may be ept to the absolute minimum, it maybe $ustifiable to carry out limited special minor repairs (plastic repairs).Re-pointing of stoneor and bricor

Re-pointing should only be undertaen here mortar has eathered out, lea!ing open or deeply recessed$oints !ulnerable to ater penetration or here the mortar is !ery soft or loose. oose pointing should becarefully raed out manually, using hand tools, 31" mechanically. omprehensi!e (total) repointing is not

recommended. Repointing should be confined to open $oints only.

xamples of 8ood *ointing

"he general principle is that the mortar should be slightly eaer than the stone or bric, therefore limemortar is preferable. 2ortar hich is harder, for example cement, ill pre!ent moisture from e!aporatingout through $oints. "he strength of the mix also needs to be related to the degree of exposure. xistingmortar can be sent for analysis so as to produce an exact match.

xample of *oor *ointing
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xample of *oor *ointing

"he mortar should be paced firmly into the $oint using a pointing iron after all loose material has beenflushed out. "he $oint should be finished in accordance ith the original form, here there is e!idence ofit. "his is particularly applicable here $oints are finished ith special treatments, e.g.# an incised line inthe centre of each $oint, 4bea5 pointing, tuc pointed bricor, finely finished masonry, ashlar stone, or

$oint filled ith screened lime. +or $oints, hich are not specially treated, a flushed finish, fractionallyrecessed, is usually appropriate.

*ointing at it orst and poor mortar match

Relati!ely recent forms of $oint finish, such as 4strap5 or 4ribbon5 pointing raised abo!e the surface, 4bucethandle5, 4eather-struc5, etc, are !ery unsuitable for historic building or.

"o top

Restoration of "erracotta
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"erracotta usually performs ell if ater can be pre!ented from penetrating. 1ne of the most seriousresults of ater penetration is the rusting of iron or steel members used to fix the terracotta to theunderlying structure. Rusted fittings, hich are causing structural failure, should be dealt ith by carefullyremo!ing the terracotta units and de-rusting and treating the fixings. Where replacement is necessary,fixings should be stainless steel or non-ferrous metal. 7roen units of terracotta, should be restored andfixed bac in place by doelling and bonding ith epoxy resin. Small-scale restoration to indi!idual blocsmay be carried out ith a special mortar to match the terracotta, using techniques similar to those forplastic repairs to stoneor and bricor and taing care to a!oid feather edging.

olour matching of such mortars should be achie!ed by choice of aggregate, not the use of pigments,hich usually leach out in time.

"o top'ronor

7oth rought and cast iron possess generally good anti-corrosion properties but here they are liely tobe exposed to ater and air it is essential that they are properly protected by a traditional 9 coat oil paintsystem. 1n no account should rust be o!er-painted. Rust should be remo!ed by simple scrapers, irebrushes and sand papers, or by a roto-stripper or abrasi!e heel, hoe!er this is not suitable for detailedareas.
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Where restoration is carried out to indos, only those sections that are decayed sufficiently seriouslyshould be replaced# holesale reneal for the sae of con!enience or economy should alays bea!oided. "he profiles of decayed sections of glaing bars, etc# hich need splicing should be copiedexactly and be precisely married into the existing or. When the complete replacement of a badlydecayed indo is necessary, the existing design should be reproduced exactly.examples of good scarfing

examples of poor scarfing and replacement
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"o topRestoration of 8lass


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"he external cleaning of stoneor and bricor is onlyneccessary here there is such a build-up ofdirt, paint or resin coatings on the surface that it must be remo!ed in order to assess the extent ofnecessary restoration, or here the surface build-up is damaging the fabric of the building throughchemical action. leaning for cosmetic reasons is notappropriate. %ny cleaning must be undertaen to asuitable specification and carried out by specialist conser!ation contractors.

"o top*aint

% lime ash or microsilicate paint finish (e.g. >eim) is suitable for all ne render. 7rilliant hite is amodern colour and is seldom appropriate for historic buildings. 1paque microporous paint finishes arerecommended for $oinery. ead paint may be used on grade '' buildings, sub$ect to an appropriate licencebeing obtained. "ransparent stains are only appropriate here there is e!idence of a pre!ious !arnishfinish.
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Energy efficiency in architecture: An overview of

design concepts and architectural interventions

buildings, as they are designed and used today, contribute to serious en!ironmental problems because of

excessi!e consumption of energy and other natural resources. "he close connection beteen energy use

in buildings and en!ironmental damage arises because energy intensi!e solutions sought to construct a

building ? meet its demands for heating, cooling, !entilation ? lighting cause se!ere depletion of

in!aluable en!ironmental resources.


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andscaping=

andscaping is an important element in altering the microclimate of a place.

*roper landscaping reduces direct sun from striing and heating up of building surfaces. 't pre!entsreflected light carrying heat into a building from the ground or other surfaces. andscaping creates

different airflo patterns and can be used to direct or di!ert the ind ad!antageously by causing a

pressure difference. %dditionally, the shade created by trees and the effect of grass and shrubs reduce air

temperatures ad$oining the building and pro!ide e!aporati!e cooling. *roperly designed roof gardens help

to reduce heat loads in a building. % study shos that the ambient air under a tree ad$acent to the all is

about / A to /.B A loer than that for unshaded areas, hich reduces heat gain by conduction.

"rees are the primary elements of an energy-conser!ing landscape. limatic requirements go!ern the

type of trees to be planted. *lanting deciduous trees on the southern side of a building is beneficial in a

composite climate. Deciduous plants such as mulberry or hampa cut off direct sunduring summer, andas these trees shed lea!es in inter, they allo the sunto heat the buildings in inter.

7uilding form ;surface-to-!olume ratio=

"he !olume of space inside a building that needs to be heated or cooled andits relationship ith the area

of the en!elope enclosing the !olume affects thethermal performance of the building. "his parameter,

non as the S;6(surface-to-!olume) ratio, is determined by the building form. +or any gi!enbuilding

!olume, the more compact the shape, the less asteful it is in gaining;losing heat.


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south), as this exposes the unit to more morning than afternoon sun and enables the house to begin to

heat during the day."his has been amply demonstrated in the 2% hostel building at Shimla.Similarly,

ind can be desirable or undesirable. uite often, a compromise is required beteen sun and ind

orientations. With careful design, shading and deflecting de!ices can be incorporated to exclude the sun

or redirect it into the building, $ust as ind can be di!erted or directed to the extend desired.

7uilding en!elope and fenestration=

"he building en!elope and its components are ey determinants of theamount of heat gain and loss and

ind that enters inside. "he primary elements affecting the performance of a building en!elope are

(a) 2aterials and construction techniques,

(b) Roof,

(c) Walls,

(d) +enestration and shading, and

(e) +inishes.

Building Restoration Techniques

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