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Building material is any [ material|material]] whc is used for aconstructionpurpose. Many

naturally occurring substances, such asclay,sand,woodand rocks, even twigs and leaves havebeen used to construct buildings. Apart from naturally occurring materials, many man-made

products are in use, some more and some lesssynthetic. The manufacture of building materials is

an established industry in many countries and the use of these materials is typically segmented

into specific specialty trades, such ascarpentry,plumbing,roofingandinsulationwork. Thisreference deals withhabitatsandstructuresincluding homes.

Building materials can be generally categorized into two sources, natural and synthetic. Natural

building materials are those that are unprocessed or minimally processed byindustry, such as

lumber or glass.Syntheticmaterials are made inindustrialsettings after much humanmanipulations, such as plastics andpetroleumbasedpaints. Both have their uses.

Mud, stone, and fibrous plants are the most basic building materials, aside fromtentsmade of

flexible materials such as cloth orskins. People all over the world have used these threematerials together to create homes to suit their localweatherconditions. In general stone and/or

brush are used as basicstructuralcomponents in these buildings, while mud is used to fill in thespace between, acting as a type of concrete and insulation.

A basic example iswattle and daubmostly used as permanent housing in tropical countries or as

summer structures by ancient northern peoples.

[edit] Fabric

The tent used to be the home of choice among nomadic groups the world over. Two well known

types include the conicalteepeeand the circularyurt. It has been revived as a major construction

technique with the development oftensile architectureand synthetic fabrics. Modern buildings

can be made of flexible material such asfabricmembranes, and supported by a system of steelcables or internal (air pressure.)

[edit] Mud and clay

Sod buildings in Iceland

The amount of each material used leads to different styles of buildings. The deciding factor is

usually connected with the quality of thesoilbeing used. Larger amounts ofclayusually mean

using thecob/adobestyle, while low clay soil is usually associated withsodbuilding. The othermain ingredients include more or lesssand/gravelandstraw/grasses.Rammed earthis both an

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old and newer take on creating walls, once made by compacting clay soils betweenplanksby

hand, nowformsandmechanicalpneumaticcompressors are used.

Soil and especially clay is goodthermal mass; it is very good at keeping temperatures at a

constant level. Homes built with earth tend to be naturally cool in the summer heat and warm in

cold weather. Clay holds heat or cold, releasing it over a period of time like stone. Earthen wallschange temperature slowly, so artificially raising or lowering the temperature can use more

resources than in say a wood built house, but the heat/coolness stays longer.

Peoples building with mostly dirt and clay, such as cob, sod, and adobe, resulted in homes that

have been built for centuries in western and northernEuropeas well as the rest of the world, andcontinue to be built, though on a smaller scale. Some of these buildings have remained habitable

for hundreds of years.

[edit] Rock

Mont Saint Michel

Rock structures have existed for as long as history can recall. It is the longest lasting buildingmaterial available, and is usually readily available. There are many types of rock through out the

world all with differing attributes that make them better or worse for particular uses. Rock is a

very dense material so it gives a lot of protection too, its main draw-back as a material is itsweight and awkwardness. Itsenergy densityis also considered a big draw-back, as stone is hard

to keep warm without using large amounts of heating resources.

Dry-stone wallshave been built for as long as humans have put one stone on top of another.Eventually different forms ofmortarwere used to hold the stones together, cement being the

most commonplace now.

Thegranite-strewn uplands ofDartmoorNational Park, United Kingdom, for example, provided

ample resources for early settlers. Circular huts were constructed from loose granite rocks

throughout theNeolithicand earlyBronze Age, and the remains of an estimated 5,000 can stillbe seen today. Granite continued to be used throughout theMedievalperiod (seeDartmoor

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longhouse) and into modern times.Slateis another stone type, commonly used asroofing

material in theUnited Kingdomand other parts of the world where it is found.

Mostlystonebuildings can be seen in most major cities, some civilizations built entirely with

stone such as thePyramidsin Egypt, theAztecpyramids and the remains of theIncacivilization.

[edit] Thatch

Thatchis one of the oldest of building materials known; grass is a good insulator and easily

harvested. ManyAfricantribes have lived in homes made completely of grasses year round. In

Europe, thatch roofs on homes were once prevalent but the material fell out of favour asindustrialization and improved transport increased the availability of other materials. Today,

though, the practice is undergoing a revival. In the Netherlands, for instance, many of new builds

too have thatched roofs with special ridge tiles on top.

[edit] Brush

Toda tribe hut

Brushstructures are built entirely from plant parts and are generally found in tropical and sub-tropical areas, such asrainforests, where very large leaves can be used in the building. Native

Americans often built brush structures for resting and living in, too. These are built mostly with

branches, twigs and leaves, and bark, similar to abeaver's lodge. These were variously namedwikiups, lean-tos, and so forth.

[edit] Ice

Ice was used by theInuitforigloos, but has also been used forice hotelsas atourist attractionin

northern areas that might not otherwise see many winter tourists.

[edit] Wood

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Modernlaminatedlumber

Woodis a product of trees, and sometimes otherfibrousplants, used for construction purposes

when cut or pressed into lumber and timber, such as boards, planks and similar materials. It is a

generic building material and is used in building just about any type of structure in mostclimates. Wood can be very flexible under loads, keeping strength while bending, and is

incredibly strong when compressed vertically. There are many differing qualities to the different

types of wood, even among same tree species. This means specific species are better for various

uses than others. Andgrowingconditions are important for deciding quality.

Historically, wood for building large structures was used in its unprocessed form as logs. Thetrees were just cut to the needed length, sometimes stripped of bark, and then notched or lashedinto place.

In earlier times, and in some parts of the world, many country homes or communities had a

personal wood-lot from which the family or community would grow and harvest trees to build

with. These lots would be tended to like a garden.

With the invention of mechanizingsawscame the mass production of dimensionallumber. This

made buildings quicker to put up and more uniform. Thus the modernwesternstyle home wasmade.

[edit] Concrete

Falkirk Wheel

Concreteis acompositebuilding material made from the combination ofaggregate (composite)

and a binder such ascement. The most common form of concrete is Portland cement concrete,

which consists of mineral aggregate (generallygravelandsand),portland cementandwater.After mixing, the cementhydratesand eventually hardens into a stone-like material. When used

in the generic sense, this is the material referred to by the term concrete.

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For a concrete construction of any size, as concrete has a rather lowtensile strength, it is

generally strengthened using steel rods or bars (known asrebars). This strengthened concrete isthen referred to asreinforced concrete. In order to minimise any air bubbles, that would weaken

the structure, a vibrator is used to eliminate any air that has been entrained when the liquid

concrete mix is poured around the ironwork. Concrete has been the predominant building

material in this modern age due to its longevity, formability, and ease of transport.

[edit] Metal

MITStata Center

Metalis used as structural framework for larger buildings such asskyscrapers, or as an externalsurface covering. There are many types of metals used for building.Steelis a metalalloywhosemajor component isiron, and is the usual choice for metal structural building materials. It is

strong, flexible, and if refined well and/ortreatedlasts a long time.Corrosionis metal's prime

enemy when it comes to longevity.

The lowerdensityand bettercorrosionresistance ofaluminiumalloys andtinsometimes

overcome their greatercost.Brasswas more common in the past, but is usually restricted to

specific uses or specialty items today.

Metal figures quite prominently inprefabricatedstructures such as theQuonset hut, and can beseen used in most cosmopolitan cities. It requires a great deal of human labor to produce metal,

especially in the large amounts needed for the building industries.

Other metals used includetitanium,chrome,gold,silver. Titanium can be used for structural

purposes, but it is much more expensive than steel. Chrome, gold, and silver are used as

decoration, because these materials are expensive and lack structural qualities such as tensilestrength or hardness.

[edit] Glass

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British Museum Great Court

Glassmakingis considered an art form as well as an industrial process or material.

Clearwindowshave been used since the invention of glass to cover small openings in a building.They provided humans with the ability to both let light into rooms while at the same time

keeping inclement weather outside. Glass is generally made from mixtures of sand and silicates,

in a very hot fire stove called akilnand is very brittle. Very oftenadditivesare added to themixture when making to produce glass with shades of colors or various characteristics (such as

bullet proof glass, orlight emittance).

The use of glass in architectural buildings has become very popular in the modern culture. Glass"curtain walls" can be used to cover the entire facade of a building, or it can be used to span over

a wide roof structure in a "space frame". These uses though require some sort of frame to hold

sections of glass together, as glass by its self is too brittle and would require an overly large kilnto be used to span such large areas by itself.

[edit] Ceramics

Ceramicsused to be just a specialized form ofclay-potteryfiring in kilns, but it has evolved into

more technical areas though kiln firing is still usually a major step in its creation. Ceramics tendto be more water resistant and heat resistant than other types of pottery, due to its high firing

temperature.

Ceramics often are used to make such things astiles,fixtures, etc. Ceramics are mostly used asfixtures, ceramic floors, walls, counter-tops, even ceilings. Many countries use ceramic roofing

tiles to cover many buildings.

Other uses of ceramics include internationalspace programs, which have used ceramic tiles to

cover the undersides of space craft such as theSpace Shuttle program; high temperature engines,

anddental implantsand syntheticbones.

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[edit] Plastic

Plasticpipespenetrating aconcretefloor in aCanadianhighrise apartment building

The term plastics covers a range of synthetic or semi-syntheticorganiccondensationor

polymerizationproducts that can be molded or extruded into objects orfilmsorfibers. Their

name is derived from the fact that in their semi-liquid state they are malleable, or have theproperty ofplasticity. Plastics vary immensely in heat tolerance, hardness, and resiliency.

Combined with this adaptability, the general uniformity of composition and lightness of plastics

ensures their use in almost all industrial applications today.

[edit] Foam

Foamed plastic sheet to be used as backing forfirestop mortarat CIBC bank inToronto.

More recently syntheticpolystyreneorpolyurethanefoam has been used on a limited scale. It is

light weight, easily shaped and an excellent insulator. It is usually used as part of a structuralinsulated panelwhere the foam is sandwiched between wood or cement.

[edit] Cement composites

Cement bonded composites are an important class of building materials. These products are

made of hydrated cement paste that binds wood or alike particles or fibers to make pre-cast

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building components. Various fiberous materials includingpaperand fiberglass have been used

as binders.

Wood and natural fibres are composed of various soluble organic compounds like carbohydrates,

glycosides and phenolics. These compounds are known to retard cement setting. Therefore,

before using a wood in making cement boned composites, its compatibility with cement isassessed.

Wood-cement compatibility is the ratio of a parameter related to the property of a wood-cement

composite to that of a neat cement paste. The compatibility is often expressed as a percentage

value. To determine wood-cement compatibility, methods based on different properties are used,such as, hydration characteristics, strength, interfacial bond and morphology. Various methods

are used by researchers such as the measurement of hydration characteristics of a cement-

aggregate mix [1-3]; the comparison of the mechanical properties of cement-aggregate mixes [4-

5] and the visual assessment of microstructural properties of the wood-cement mixes [6]. It hasbeen found that the hydration test by measuring the change in hydration temperature with time is

the most convenient method. Recently, Karade et al. [7] have reviewed these methods ofcompatibility assessment and suggested a method based on the maturity concept i.e. taking inconsideration both time and temperature of cement hydration reaction.

[edit] Modern Industry

Modern building is a multibillion dollarindustry, and the production and harvesting of raw

materials for building purposes is on a world wide scale. Often being a primary governmental

andtradekeypoint between nations.Environmentalconcerns are also becoming a major worldtopic concerning the availability andsustainabilityof certain materials, and the extraction of such

large quantities needed for the humanhabitat.

[edit] Virtual materials

Main article:Materiality (architecture)

Certain materials likephotographs,images,textmay be considered virtual. While, they usuallyexist on asubstrateof natural material themselves, they acquire a different quality ofsaliencetonatural materials through the process ofrepresentation.

[edit] Building Products

In themarket placethe termBuilding products often refers to the ready-made particles/sections,

made from various materials, that are fitted in architectural hardware and decorative hardware

parts of a building. The list of building products exclusively exclude the building materials,which are used to construct the building architecture and supporting fixtures like windows,

doors, cabinets, etc. Building products do not make any part of a building rather they support and

make them working in amodularfashion.

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It also can refer to items used to put such hardware together such asglues,caulking, paint, and

anything else bought for the purpose of constructing a building.

Classification of Building Products

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