Building Introduction & Thesis

System 4: Central Geothermal

System 1: Industry Standard

System 2: Design System

System 3: Domestic Geothermal

Original Design Critique

Conclusions

“Sustainable HVAC Configurations for Condominiums”

Hoboken, NJ

Jenny Hamp

Mechanical Option

Coconut Building:

15 Million

Silver LEED

Bijou Properties

SHoP Architects

Buro Happold Engineers

Building Introduction & Thesis

System 4: Central Geothermal

System 1: Industry Standard

System 2: Design System

System 3: Domestic Geothermal

Original Design Critique

Conclusions

Thesis Analysis: Impact of Mechanical systems on Condominium building

How much can we improve the total performance of condominiums by changing the mechanical system?

What are the constraints for this kind of building?

e-

Original Design Critique: Cooling

NG

Original Design Critique: Heating

But to Understand why the Design System is LEED rated, we need to look at the standard condominium system

e-

Industry Standard System: Terminal Heat PumpSo why is this the industry

standard for Condominiums?

-Inexpensive, and since the owner sees no payback, it’s the best choice

-Only needs electricity installed to run

-Virtually no responsibility for the owner after installed

Terminal Heat PumpOriginal Design

$4800/yr

$16,000 Initial

4.4 G Btu/yr

$40,000 Initial

$3100/ yr

4.1 G Btu/yr

Maybe we can get the best of both systems.

If a geothermal loop is used to improve the COP of packaged heat pumps, perhaps we can get high efficiency, have better heating distribution, and keep individual control.

Terminal Packaged Geothermal

Packaged Terminal Heat Pump

Original Design

$40,000 Initial

$3100/yr

4.1 G Btu/yr

$40,000 Initial

$2050/yr

1.2 G Btu/yr

-0%

-20%

-40%

-60%

Terminal Packaged Geothermal

Is it possible to have better efficiency if we use a central plant?Packaged geothermal heat pumps are oversized and don’t have as good overall efficiency as central water to water heat pumps. So….

Central Geothermal Heat Pumps

$42,500 Initial

$1830/ yr

1.0 G Btu/yr

-0%

-20%

-40%

-60%

Domestic GeothermalCentral Geothermal

Heat Pumps

$40,000 Initial

$2050/yr

1.2 G Btu/yr

Terminal Heat PumpOriginal Design

$4800/yr

$16,000 Initial

4.4 G Btu/yr

$40,000 Initial

$3100/ yr

4.1 G Btu/yr

$42,500 Initial

$1830/ yr

1.0 G Btu/yr

$40,000 Initial

$2050/yr

1.2 G Btu/yr

Domestic Geothermal Central Geothermal

5.6 G Btu/yr

Source Energy

13.1 G Btu/yr

3.6 G Btu/yr

3.1 G Btu/yr

A better indicator of mechanical system performance…

Total Building Emissions

(Design System With compact fluorescents, CHP and Sensible Wheel)

Conclusions:

Condominiums energy consumption can be significantly changed by investing in efficient mechanical systems.

The need for autonomy and simple mechanical systems for condominiums excludes extensive energy saving measures

Low energy consumption does not mean low emissions

Thank you!

Any Questions?Building Design

Central Geothermal

Domestic Geothermal Base Case

Total Mechanical First Cost

 $1,200,000   $1,292,398   $1,217,545   $485,870

Total Yearly Maintenance Billing Fees

 $11,343   $11,343   $9,843   $5,421

Condominium Mechanical First Cost Range

 $26,400

$69,960

$28,433

$75,347 $26,786 $70,983

$10,689

$28,326

Condo Utility Bill Range

 $2,120

$5,416

$1,283 $3,171 $1,392 $3,609 $3,428 $8,189

Total Pounds of Emissions

 1,346,097   902,395   962,813   2,266,284

Total Mbtu's, Site   4,075,011   1,045,412   1,182,802   4,377,384

Total Mbtu's, Source

 5,643,772   3,100,236   3,548,407   13,132,153

Payback over Base Case

 12 15 8 9 8 9 0 0

Payback over Design System

 0 0 2 2 1 1 - -

Scroll Chiller Unloading Curve

0.00%

20.00%

40.00%

60.00%

80.00%

100.00%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Percent Full Load

Per

cen

t F

ull

Lo

ad C

on

sum

pti

on

Series1

EER 15.1

Modeled as Linear unloading curves:

Water to Water Geothermal, EER 19.8

Water to Air Geothermal, EER ~17.5

BH Designitem Size Quantity Crew Labor

HoursPrice, Mat & Instal

Total Labor Hours

Total Price Location Adjustment

DHWH Gas 550 gpm 2 Q-6 80 44000 160 88000

Multi Stage Scroll Chillers 110 ton 2 Q-7 190 72500 380 145000

Centrifugal Cooling Towers 125 ton 2 Q-7 24.43 19000 48.86 38000

Rooftop AHU 15000 cfm 1 Q-6 61.538 21100 61.538 21100

Exhaust Fan 815 cfm 5 Q-20 4 635 20 3175

Exhaust Fan 1450 cfm 9 Q-20 4.762 790 42.858 7110

Exhaust Fan 2050 cfm 3 Q-20 5 805 15 2415

Fan Coil Unit 1.5 ton 14 Q-5 2.909 1075 40.726 15050

Fan Coil Unit 2 ton 13 Q-5 3.048 1325 39.624 17225

Fan Coil Unit 2.5 ton 22 Q-5 3.2 1875 70.4 41250

Fan Coil Unit 3 ton 6 Q-5 4 2100 24 12600

Fin tube Radiators 1 ft 835 Q-5 0.348 50 290.58 41750

Boiler 1275 MBh 2 Q-7 89.9 18600 179.8 37200

1373.386 469875 516862.5

Central Geothermal

item Size Quantity Crew Labor Hours

Price, Mat & Instal

Total Labor Hours

Total Price Location Adjustment

DHWH 50 gal 30 Q-6 1.6 600 48 18000

Brazed Plate Heat Exchanger 400 gpm 1 Q-6 30 29700 30 29700

Pressure Tank 11

PLUM 2000 0 2000

Rooftop AHU 15000 cfm 1 Q-6 61.538 21100 61.538 21100

Enthalpy Wheel 20000 cfm 1 Q-10 30 17000 30 17000

Additional Duct 20000 cfm 2 Q-10 7 10000 14 20000

Vertical Turbine Pump 500 gpm 1 Q-1 26.23 9075 26.23 9075

Test well 1 B-23 26.49 4375 26.49 4375

Well and Casing and screen 2 B-23 333 76500 666 153000

Humidifyer 200 lb/hr 1 Q-5 261 6550 261 6550

Water to Water Heat Pumps 6 ton 2 Q-7 38.005 7175 76.01 14350

Water to Water Heat Pumps 30 ton 7 Q-7 96.96 17600 678.72 123200

Condensor Loop Pump 3 HP 4 Q-1 8 1584 32 6336

Fan Coil Unit, coil and preheat coil 1.5 ton 14 Q-5 4.3635 1612.5 61.089 22575

Fan Coil Unit, coil and preheat coil 2 ton 13 Q-5 4.572 1987.5 59.436 25837.5

Fan Coil Unit, coil and preheat coil 2.5 ton 22 Q-5 4.8 2812.5 105.6 61875

Fan Coil Unit, coil and preheat coil 3 ton 6 Q-5 6 3150 36 18900

2212.113 553873.5 609260.85

Decentral Geothermal

item Size Quantity Crew Labor Hours

Price, Mat & Instal

Total Labor Hours

Total Price Location Adjustment

DHWH 2 Q-6 80 44000 160 88000

Brazed Plate Heat Exchanger 400 gpm 1 Q-6 30 29700 30 29700

Pressure Tank 11

PLUM 10 2000 10 2000

Rooftop HP 30 ton 2 Q-6 102 23000 204 46000

Rooftop AHU 10000 cfm 2 Q-6 46.154 15600 92.308 31200

Enthalpy Wheel 10000 cfm 2 Q-10 26.7 10000 53.4 20000Additional Duct 20000 cfm 2 Q-10 7 6000 14 12000

Vertical Turbine Pump 500 gpm 1 Q-1 26.23 9075 26.23 9075

Test well 1 B-23 26.49 4375 26.49 4375

Well and Casing and screen 2 B-23 333 76500 666 153000

Humidifyer 200 lb/hr 1 Q-5 261 6550 261 6550

Water to air HP 1.5 ton 20 Q-5 8.89 1900 177.8 38000

Water to air HP 2 ton 19 Q-5 9.412 1975 178.828 37525

Water to air HP 2.5 ton 4 Q-5 10 2100 40 8400

1940.056 485825 534407.5

Packaged Terminal Heat Pumps

item Size Quantity Crew Labor Hours

Price, Mat & Instal

Total Labor Hours

Total Price Location Adjustment

Packaged Terminal Air Conditioner 12000 Btuh 90 Q-5 4 1400 360 126000

Split system rooftop unit 50 ton 1 Q-7 213 111000 213 111000

OA supply ducts 20000 cfm 2 Q-10 15 9000 30 18000

Exhaust Fan 815 cfm 5 Q-20 4 635 20 3175

Exhaust Fan 1450 cfm 9 Q-20 4.762 790 42.858 7110

Exhaust Fan 2050 cfm 3 Q-20 5 805 15 2415

Exhaust Ducts and Vents 815 cfm 5 Q-10 18 9000 90 45000

Exhaust Ducts and Vents 1450 cfm 9 Q-10 19 10000 171 90000

Exhaust Ducts and Vents 2050 cfm 3 Q-10 20 13000 60 39000

1001.858 441700 485870

Per Apartment Average

1,200,000 41,379

1,292,398 44,565

1,217,545 41,984

485,870 16,754Packaged Unitary Mechanical Cost

Decentral Geothermal Mechanical Cost

Central Geothermal Mechanical Cost

Original Design Mechanical Cost

Central Geothermal January February March April May June July August September October November December Totalswith EW kwhr 18,111 16,200 18,430 12,645 8,052 4,463 4,428 4,315 4,712 10,422 14,088 18,389 134,255

29 29 29 24 17 11 12 14 12 19 24 29 29monthly $ 1,055 944 1,074 737 469 321 318 310 339 608 821 1,072 8,066first cost 58100

without kwhr 34,513 29,326 35,105 17,868 10,533 5,066 5,017 4,758 5,498 17,085 23,063 39,363 227,19652 51 54 35 24 13 16 18 16 35 43 64 64

monthly $ 2,010 1,708 2,045 1,041 614 364 361 342 395 996 1,345 2,295 13,515 5,449 7first cost 21100

Decentral Geothermalwith EW kwhr 15,287 13,663 15,579 10,329 6,615 4,352 4,907 4,731 4,083 8,256 11,648 15,543 114,993

25 25 25 20 14 12 16 18 10 16 20 25 25monthly $ 890 796 908 602 385 313 353 340 293 481 679 906 6,946first cost 109200

without kwhr 30,274 25,661 30,809 15,113 8,149 3,455 4,427 4,233 3,774 11,611 17,299 32,070 186,87545 45 48 30 20 15 23 26 13 23 31 50 50

monthly $ 1,763 1,495 1,795 880 475 248 318 304 271 677 1,009 1,870 11,105 4,159 18first cost 36000

Central Geothermal January February March April May June July August September October November December Totalswith EW kwhr 18,111 16,200 18,430 12,645 8,052 4,463 4,428 4,315 4,712 10,422 14,088 18,389 134,255

29 29 29 24 17 11 12 14 12 19 24 29 29monthly $ 1,055 944 1,074 737 469 321 318 310 339 608 821 1,072 8,066first cost 58100

without kwhr 34,513 29,326 35,105 17,868 10,533 5,066 5,017 4,758 5,498 17,085 23,063 39,363 227,19652 51 54 35 24 13 16 18 16 35 43 64 64

monthly $ 2,010 1,708 2,045 1,041 614 364 361 342 395 996 1,345 2,295 13,515 5,449 7first cost 21100

Decentral Geothermalwith EW kwhr 15,287 13,663 15,579 10,329 6,615 4,352 4,907 4,731 4,083 8,256 11,648 15,543 114,993

25 25 25 20 14 12 16 18 10 16 20 25 25monthly $ 890 796 908 602 385 313 353 340 293 481 679 906 6,946first cost 109200

without kwhr 30,274 25,661 30,809 15,113 8,149 3,455 4,427 4,233 3,774 11,611 17,299 32,070 186,87545 45 48 30 20 15 23 26 13 23 31 50 50

monthly $ 1,763 1,495 1,795 880 475 248 318 304 271 677 1,009 1,870 11,105 4,159 18first cost 36000

Yearly Savings

Payback Period