Building and Operating Multi-compartment VIP latrines€¦ · MULTI-COMPARTMENT VIP LATRINES 4...

Building and Operating Multi-compartment VIP latrines

by Peter W. 5. Lochery and Seth T. Adu-Asah

A joint contribution of the Government of Nigeria, The United Nations, · )pment Programme, and The World Bank to the International

Loc.; 2. Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade.

{~\t ~~ ~

UNITED NATIONS 1981 1990

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MULTI-COMPARTMENT VIP LATRINES i

FOREWORD

This manual provides administrators, building engineers, and

technicians with construction, operation, and maintenance procedures for

multi-compartment alternating VIP latrines. It was developed by the Federal

Ministry of Health through a UNDP project of assistance (NIR/85/070) executed

by the World Bank.

The design of the multi-compartment VIP latrine was introduced into

Nigeria in 1983 by the World Bank and promoted by UNICEF in Lagos, Cross

River, and Imo States. It has now been accepted by many government agencies

and non-governmental organizations as an institutional or public latrine for

locations where there is no dependable supply of piped water.

Any comments and suggestions on this manual and, in particular,

recommended improvements in design and information on costs of construction

and operation should be sent to the Chief Consultant, Environmental and

Occupational Health Division, Federal Ministry of Health, 8 Harvey Road, Yaba,

Lagos.

Professor Olikoye Ransome-Kuti

Minister, Federal Ministry of Health

MULTI-COMPARTMENT VIP LATRINES ii

The authors wish to thank UNICEF for the use of their word processor

and David Beckleys for his production of the sketches and figures.

This manual was originally prepared by the authors as an aid to

trainers in latrine construction. Its wider distribution does not imply

endorsement by Federal and State Governments or by the international agencies

that have assisted in its production.

MULTI-COMPARTMENT VIP LATRINES 1

The multi-compartment ventilated improved pit. latrine has been used

successfully in Nigeria as a public latrine at markets, motor parks, and in

urban areas and also in schools, colleges, and health clinics where there is

no dependable supply of piped water.

Part 1 of the manual explains how a multi-compartment alternating VIP

latrine works, where it is appropriate to build, its approximate cost, and its

operation and maintenance.

Part 2 gives detailed instructions on how to build the latrine,

followed by a set of working drawings. Construction of a multi-compartment

VIP latrine requires a sound knowledge of building techniques: decisionmakers

and administrators need to have people with this expertise available before

planning and starting construction.


-\

Compttrfrn#nf (dl!lf«::fion room) -+--il......,._

Gf'OIInd ~I -----------

Five compartment alternating VIP latrine (rear view)


P.AltT 1

1.1 VBAT IS A VIP LATRDE!

Traditional pit latrines have two main disadvantages: they usually

smell bad, and they attract flies and other disease carrying insects

that breed in the pits. In addition, they are often poorly built and

dangerous to use.

A much improved type of latrine called the ventilated improved pit

latrine (or VIP latrine) has been developed, which has none of these

problems. The VIP latrine has three important features that

distinguish it from traditional types of pit latrines:

it has a tall vertical vent pipe or rent stack with a

flyscreen over its top

it is designed to be safe for the user

it has a superstructure that is slightly offset from the pit


------------------------·------------------------------------There are two main types of VIP latrines:

1. Single pit VIP latrines, designed for use in rural areas where

there is space to relocate the latrine when the pit is full.

2. Alternating pit VIP latrines, which are permanent structures

with two or more pits that are used alternately.

1 • 2 HOW DOES THE ALTDNATING VIP WORK?

I I I I I I

Each compartment of the superstructure is built over two pits, but

only one pit is used at a time. When this pit is full, its drop-hole

is closed and the second pit is put into service. When the second

pit is full, the contEmts of the first pit are removed to enable it

to be used again. ThE! following sketch shows the arrangement of the

compartments and pits in a five-compartment latrine.

0

(L_· __ Pit walls INlow ground level Multi- compartment alternating VIP latrine

with five compartments 8 six pits

(Pion view with drop- holes 8 pits in use morlr«f with cross)

MULTI-COMPARTMENT VIP LATRINES

1.3 ~CHOOSE VIP LATRINES?

In public places and institutions such as schools~ colleges, and

health clinics VIP latrines are popular with users because:

they are convenient and afford privacy

they do not smell or attract flies

they are easy to keep clean

they are safe

They are popular with local governments and the managers of

institutions because:

they are relatively inexpensive to build

they require only a small quantity of water for cleaning and

hand washing

they cannot be blocked by anal cleansing materials

they are easy to maintain

they are permanent

5

VIP latrines do not smell because they have a low-cost but effective

system of ventilation. The wind blowing across the top of the vent

pipe causes a flow of air that carries the foul-smelling gases from

the pit up the vent pipe and away from the latrinee


1 • 5 HOW ABE FLIES CONTROLLEJD?

Flies are attracted by the faecal odours coming out of the vent :pipe

and not to the interior of the latrine compartment, which does n1:>t

smell if kept clean. They cannot get in through the vent becausil~ of

the flyscreen. As a result, fly infestation of the pit is kept to

very low levels.

The few flies that do f:ind their way in through the squat hole a1rtd

lay their eggs in the pit are prevented from leaving by the fly

screen. Flies are attracted toward the light, and, provided that the

inside of the latrine c1ompartment is kept shaded, they will fly illp

the vent pipe, which will be the brightest source of light enter:Lng

the pit. They cannot escape, however, because of the flyscreen, and

they eventually fall ba,ck and die in the pit.

1 • 6 IS REMOVAL OF THE PIT CONTENTS A SMELLY Mm DANGEROUS TASK?

The latrines are design1ed so that the pits are emptied when the

contents are at least t 1wo years old. Fresh excreta is transform1ed in

two years to harmless humus, which does not smell and presents no

health risks. The humu:s can be removed manually or by specially

designed vacuum tankers and spread safely on agricultural land o:r

gardens or tipped with refuse.

MULTI-COMPARTMENT,VIP LATRINES 7

1.7 HOV MANY PEOPLE CAN USE A VIP?

Most people think that a pit latrine fills very quickly when used by

a large family or a group of people. In fact, excreta only

accumulates in the pit at the rate of about 1.1 cu.ft. (0.03 cu.m.)

per person per year, which is less than four bucket-fulls per person

per year. If each pit takes at least two years to fill, the maximum

number of people who can use a latrine is:

number of pits in use x capacity of each pit

1.1 cu.ft x 2 years

The maximum number* of people has been calculated for two-, three-,

and five-compartment latrines below:

Number of Number of Capacitl of Maximum number compartments Pits pits in use of people

(cu.ft.)

2 3 88 40

3 4 165 75

5 6 254 115

*For schools and out-patient health clinics, etc., where people return home each day, it can be assumed that only 75 percent use the latrine. For example, a day school with 100 pupils would require a latrine for (100 x 0.75) = 75 people. A further reduction can be made for school holidayse For example, if the pupils attend for 42 weeks per year, the effective number of people using the latrine = 42 X 75 = 61

E


Do construct a latrine ~,rhere it is convenient for the use1rs e

VIP latrines do not smell or attract flies so they can be built

close to houses and roads.

Do site a latrine at least 50 ft. and preferably downhill from

shallow well::h (This rule applies where there is at least 6 ft.

of sand or silt between the base of the pits and the groundwater

table. If not, seek specialist advice.)

Do check that the site is clear of underground cables and pipes.

Do ensure that there is adequate access for removing material

from the pits.

Don w t site the latrine where the tops of the vent pipes a~re

sheltered. The wind blowing across the tops of the pipes. draws

foul air out of the pits.

Don't build a latrine where the pits cannot be constructE!d above

the groundwater table. If necessary the pits can be built

partly above ground level and the ground around the latrtne

raised by filling.

Don 9 t build a latrine where it will be engulfed by flood,!fater

during a storm~


Three typical arrangements for public latrines are shown on the

following page. The dimensions given are the minimum recommended for

one five~compartment block for men and one five-compartment block for

women: the dimensions allow for each block to have two utility

rooms.


, I

Typical arrangements

of public VIP latrines

10

•'- o" 1., .__.:____ ___ -,-ArranQement

I _j

53'- o"


1. 9 HOW MUCH WILL CONSTRUCTION COST?

This will vary from place to place as material and labour costs and

site conditions vary. Where in-house supervision and daily paid

labour are used together with direct purchase of materials, a rule of

thumb is Naira 1200 per compartment plus Naira 600 per utility room

at 1986 prices. This does not include the cost of land. (Utility

rooms are provided for attendants and/or the storage of cleaning

materials.)

This rule is designed to give you an idea of cost, but wherever

possible check material and labour costs in your area and use the

quantities given in Part 2 and the labour required to estimate the

cost of the proposed latrines.

If construction is let to a contractor, its cost will be higher and

supervision will still be required.

1 .10 HOW LONG WILL CONSTRUCTION TAKE?

A typical latrine construction team is made up of:

1 leading artisan

2 masons

1 carpenter

4 labourers


With this team the following schedules for construcing two- 9 three-,

or five-compartment latrines are normal:

Schedule 1

Number of compartments 2 3 5

Set out and excavate pits, pour slabs 3 days 4 days 6 days

Construct foundations 1 day 1 day 2 days

Build pit linings and compartment footings 3 days 4 days 6 days

Build compartments 5 days 6 days 10 days

Total 12 days 15 days 24 days

loll 'WHAT BOUT OPERATION MID MAII!fTI:NAMCK'l

VIP latrines are very easy to maintain and, apart from daily clE!aning

and occasional painting and repairs, need little attention until the

pits are nearly full.

Bleach, disinfectant, or other chemicals should not be put directly

into the pits because they interfere with the important biologic:al

digestion of the excreta; they also cause the pits to fill up mc~re

quickly.

The doors have bolts on the inside and outside: it is important to

check regularly that the doors can be closed and the bolts oper~ated.

The flyscreen at the top of the vent should be examined periodic:ally

and replaced quickly if it has any holes in it.


When the waste in the pits in use reaches 1.5 ft. below the cover

slab~, the squat slabs in the compartments should be interchanged

with the seal slabs so that the full pits are closed and the empty

set of pits is opened. When the second set of pits becomes full, the

first set should be emptied and returned to use. When the first set

becomes full again, the second set should be emptied and returned to

use. This way the two pits are used alternately and indefinitely.

The full pits must be rested for two years for the waste to be

stabilized and free from health risks. It can then be safely removed

by hand and spread on agricultural land or gardens as a soil

conditioner or tipped with refuse.

Public latrines should have a fulltime attendant to keep the latrines

clean and to ensure that they are not vandalised. In Lagos a charge

of 10 kobo per use has been accepted by the users and is sufficient

to recover the costs of the attendant, toilet paper, soap and water

for hand washing, and cleaning materials. Operation and maintenance

of latrines by contractors has been tried but has not proved to be

very successful.

MULTI-COr~ARTMENT VIP LATRINES 14

PART 2

2 • 1 WHAT l'..ATERIALS ARE REQUIRED?

The following materials are required for two-, three-, and fiv'e-

compartment alternating VIP latrines:

Schedule II

Materials Unit Quantity

2 comp. 3 comp. 5 comp.

9 in. X 9.1n, X 18 in. blocks no. 270 320 520

6 in. X 9 in. X 18 in. blocks no. 140 170 260

4 in. X 9 in. X 18 in. blocks no. 190 240 350

Cement bags 35 50 85

Sand - sharp and smooth cu. yd. 10 15 20

Aggregate (3/8 x 3/4 in.) cu. yd. 2 3 5

Steel reinforcing bars (30 ft. x 3/8 in. dia.) no. 12 17 25

Formwork

3 in. x 2 in. X 12 ft, softwood for precast slabs no. 15 20 23

6 in. x l in. X 1'2 ft, softwood for foundation and

in-situ slab no. 7 8 12

Roof timbers

4 in. x 2. in. X 12 ft, softwood for rafters no. 2 2 3

3 in. x 2 in. X 12 ft • softwood for purlins no. 3 3 6

6 in. x I in. x 12 ft. planed softwood for fascia board no. 2

Nails (assorted, including roofing) lb. wt, 10 13 20

Aluminum or stainless steel mosquito-proof netting sq • ft. 3 4 6


(Schedule II cont.)


2 comp. 3 comp. 5 comp.

Corrugated iron, asbestos, or aluminum sheets (6 ft. X 2 ft. 3 in.) no. 5 7

Hinges with screws pairs 2 3

Padlock staples with screws no. 2 3

Barrel bolts with screws no. 4 6

Doors complete with frames no. 2 3

Emulsion paint gal. 3 4

Gloss paint gal. 1 1 .5

So lignum-type wood preservative gal. 0.5 1

Turpentine gal. 0.25 0.5

Allow 10 percent additional costs for water, binding wire, steel strips for securing rafters, and timber for pegs, profiles, scaffolding, etc.

12

5

5

10

5

6

2

1

1


(Schedule II cont.)

If a utility room is required for housing an attendant Gf storing

cleaning equipment and materials, the following additional materials will be

needed for each utility room:


6 in. X 9 in. x 18 in. blocks no. 24

4 in. X 9 in. X 18 in. blocks no. 61

Cement bags 7

Sand-sharp and smooth cu. yd. 1

Roof timbers

4 in. X 2 in. X 12 ft. softwood for rafters no. o.s

3 in. X 2 in. X 12 ft. softwood for purl ins no. 1

6 in. x 1 in. X 12. ft planed softwood for fascia board no. 1

Nails (assorted, including roofing nails) lb. wt. 3

Corregated roofing sheets no. 3

Hinges with screws pair 1

Padlock staple with screws no. 1

Door complete with frame no. 1

Emulsion paint gal. 1

Gloss paint gal. o.s

MULTI~COMPARTMENT VIP LATRINES 17

A. The building team

Successful results have been obtained using labour employed on a

daily basis, supervised by a higher technical officer or leading

artisan. It is best to agree on a price for the excavation with the

labourers so that there is an incentive to complete this stage as

quickly as possible.

The performance of contractors in latrine construction has been

poor. If it is necessary to use contractors, ensure that:

the contract includes a brief but adequate specification of

materials and workmanship

the contractor does not underestimate the job

the work is supervised by an engineer or technician, who will

understand the drawings.

B. Getting started

Setting out should be as simple as possible. Begin by using ordinary

wooden pegs set back from the sides of the excavation and then string

lines to demarcate the excavation. Excavated material should be

thrown as far as possible from the pit to create a good working space

around the pit.


When the excavation is complete, the setting out can be transfE!rred

to the base of the excavation. Six-inch deep trenches are then cut

in the base of the excavation for the concrete foundations, and pegs

are set in the trenches using a spirit or water level to ensure that

the tops of the foundations are level.

The foundations are constructed using concrete with l : 3 : 6 ntix

(one part by volume of cement : three parts sand : six parts

aggregate) and just enough water to make the concrete workablee The

aggregate (stones, gravel) should be clean and free from stones

larger than 1.5 in. diameter. Do not throw the concrete from ground

level into the pit. Labourers should be in the pit to receive and

pour the concrete, which should be well rammed into position.

c. Precasting the slabs

The slabs should be cast while the excavation is in progress, or

earlier, so that they have at least seven days to gain strength

before they are built into the latrine structure. The area used for

casting should be level and preferably screeded with 2 to 3 in. of

concrete. Never cast slabs on bare earth or concrete and alway:; lay

the formwork on plastic sheeting or used cement bags.

The formwork should be carefully fabricated so that it can be easily

dismantled to release the slabs and be reused.


Good precast concrete slabs require clean aggregates and a 1

mix. The following procedure should be used for casting:

(a) Clear the casting area of all debris.

(b) Spread plastic or paper sheeting on the area.

2

(c) Place the formwork on the sheeted area and oil or grease the

inside faces of the formwork.

4

(d) Fix the reinforcing steel in position ensuring that there is at

least 1/2 in. between the base of the slab and the steel.

(e) Mix the concrete to the correct proportions, place in the

formwork, and compact and level with a wooden float. Ensure

that the steel reinforcement is not dislodged from its correct

position.

(f) When the concrete begins to set, use a steel float to achieve a

smooth finish.

(g) For squatting, sitting, and vent slabs make sure that the

formwork around the holes is carefully finished before the

concrete sets.

(h) Leave the concrete covered and preferably kept damp for twenty

four hours before carefully removing the formwork.

(i) Keep the slabs covered and damp for six more days before

installing them.


D. The pit lining

Two sizes of blocks are used for the pit lining, 9 in. and 6 in0

thick, and their arrangement should conform to the drawings at the

back of this manual. All partition walls in the pit are solidly

built with all joints sealed. In the outside walls some of the

joints in the second, third, fourth, and fifth courses should be left

open to allow for seepage of liquid waste into the surrounding soilg

The top of the pit lining should have a fall of about 2 in. from the

front to the rear wall of the pits. This slope should be formed with

a 1 4 cement sand mortar. This allows for rainwater to run off the

pit cover slabs.

Before the last two courses of the pit lining are complete, the

foundation to the latrine compartments is excavated and the concrete

foundation placed to the top level of the fifth course of the pit

lining. This facilitates a good joint between the top two courses of

the pit lining and the first two courses of the footings to the

latrine compartments§

E. Install in~ the vent slabs

The vent slabs are fixed using 1 : 4 cement sand mortar, taking care

that the slope on the top of the pit lining is maintained. The vent

slabs become permanent features of the structure because they support

the rear wall of the latrine compartments.


F0 The floor slab

After the vent slabs are installed, the footings to the latrine

compartments are completed by laying one further course and back

filling with selected excavated material (that is, material which is

readily compacted) to the underside of the floor slab. Formwork for

the 3 in. thick floor slab is then fixed and the slab poured, using

l ~ 3 : 6 mix concrete.

G. The latrine compartments

The compartments should be set out carefully on the floor slab to

ensure that they are uniform and the dimensions adequate to

accommodate the squatting and sealing slabs. The 4 in. or 4.5 in.

blockwork should be laid flush with the outside edge of the floor

slab to form the exterior walls and the 9 in. blocks forming the vent

pipes should be keyed into the rear wall. These 9 in. blocks should

be laid with the opening in each block tapering downwards and the

internal joints carefully pointed and clear of loose mortar.

Door frames should be made up from 2 in. x 4 in. planed softwood and

primed before they are fixed. Where possible the door frames should

be positioned first and the blockwork built up around them.

The compartments are built with eight courses of blockwork in the

front wall and nine in the rear. The roof falls to the front and

this prevents rainwater being discharged onto the pit covers.


The doors are made from 1 ins thick planed softwood boards,

preferably tongued and grooved or rebated, and battened with 4 in. x

1 in. softwood. The battens should take account of which way the!

door is to be hung: an incorrectly battened door will distort and

sag. Hinges should be fixed using screws and not nails. Gaps of

6 in. above and 4 in. below the doors are provided for ventilation.

H. The roof

The materials normally used for roof construction are:

4 in. x 3 in. rafters

3 in. x 2 in. purlins

6 in. x 1 in. fascia boards

corrugated iron, asbestos, or aluminum sheets

The roof construction should be as simple as possible. The rafters

are partially built into the front and back walls and strapped to

each cross wall with steel strips nailed to the wall. The purlinu

are nailed to the rafters and the roof sheets to the rafters ensuring

that there is at least a 6 in. overlap between sheets. The fascia

board should be fixed tight against the side and rear walls but 3 in.

clear of the front wall to keep rainwater draining from the roof off

the front wall.


I. Fixing the squattins and seal slabs

Inside the compartments the concrete floor screed is laid first,

using 4 in. thick blocks to form a rebate to receive the squatting

and seal slabs. The gaps between the slabs and the walls, between

the two slabs and a gap of 2 in. width at the front of the slabs,

should be packed with sand and finished off with 1/2 in. depth of

1 : 4 cement sand mortar. This is to facilitate the interchange of

the squatting and seal slabs when a pit is full.

Some institutions may prefer a seat to a squatting slab. This can be

arranged by replacing the squatting and seal slabs by a single

sitting slab resting on a 15.5 in. high lockwork upstand. The

sitting slab has two holes in it: one is closed with a wooden cover

and the other is equipped with a wooden seat.

The pit cover slabs are laid on a bed of 1 : 10 cement sand mortar

and the joints between them carefully sealed with the same weak

mortar to facilitate removal of the slabs for emptying the pits. It

is important that these joints are sealed, otherwise flies will use

the joints to enter and leave the pits.

J. Ventilated pipes and screens

Vent pipes can be made from plastic or asbestos pipe or from 9 in. x

9 in. x 18 in. blocks. The blocks are preferred because they are

cheaper and less likely to be damaged after installation. If plastic


or asbestos pipes are used, the vent pipe at each end is 4 in$

diameter while the pipes in between are 6 in. diameter. The pipes

should be fixed with concrete at the base and strapped to either the

wall or fascia at the top.

Aluminum or stainless steel mesh is recommended for the flyscreens

since plastic screens deteriorate rapidly in strong sunlight and

galvanized mesh quickly loses its protective zinc coating and

corrodes. The holes in the mesh should not be larger than 1.5 ·m.

If the holes are too small ventilation will be obstructed.

On blockwork vent pipes the flyscreen is fixed in position using a

hardwood frame that simply fits over the top of the vent pipe. This

arrangement keeps the area of mesh to a minimum and facilitates

replacement of the mesh. On PVC or asbestos vent pipes the mesltl. is

held in position by a wire tied around the pipe.

K. Finishes

A well-finished latrine advertises the skill of the builders and may

encourage people to maintain it.

The internal and external walls of the latrine compartments and the

exposed tops of the pit walls and footings to the compartments l~re

normally rendered with a 1/2 in. thick coat of 1 : 4 cement sand

plaster, although at least one local government has tiled the

internal walls of its latrines. The rendering is. painted inside and


1.2/04/87

outside with two coats of emulsion paint. The roof timbers are

simply treated with solignum wood preservative while the fascia

board, doors, and frames are primed and painted with two coats of

gloss paint. Colour schemes vary, but external and internal walls

are typically painted grey, the fascia board and the exposed tops of

the pit walls black, and the doors grey or cream. In one case light

pink paint was used to good effect on the external walls.

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