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Transcript of Building a National Science Digital Library Dean Krafft, Cornell University [email protected].
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What is the NSDL?
An NSF-funded $20 million/year program in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) education
A digital library describing over a million carefully selected online STEM resources from over 100 collections (at http://nsdl.org)
A core integration team (Cornell, UCAR, Columbia) working with 9 “pathways” portals and over 200 NSF grantees
A large community of researchers, librarians, content providers, developers, students, and teachers
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NSDL Pathways ProjectsMiddle School Portal for Math and Science: Ohio StateApplied Mathematics and Science Education Repository (AMSER): U of Wisconsin-MadisonThe Computational Science Education Reference Desk (CSERD): Shodor Education FoundationThe Math Gateway: Math Association of AmericaTeachers’ Domain Pathways to Science: Rich Media Resources for K-12 Teachers: WGBH - BostonBioSciEdNet (BEN) Pathway: AAAS, et alComPADRE Pathway: American Physical Society, et alA Comprehensive Pathway for K-Gray Engineering Education: NEEDS Coalition, UC Berkeley, et al.Materials Digital Library (MatDL): Kent State, et al.
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NSDL Publisher Partnerships American Mathematical Society American Physical Society BioOne Blackwell Publishing Cambridge University Press Elsevier Books Houghton Mifflin Company John Wiley and Sons National Academy Press Nature Publishing Group Oxford University Press ― US Book Program Scientific American Tom Snyder Productions ― division of
Scholastic Tool Factory ― educational software
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NSDL History
1996-1999: Papers and workshops on creating a national STEM education digital library
Fall 2000: 6 Core Integration Pilots funded; 13 collection & 9 services grants;
Fall 2001: Unified CI funded; 18 collection & 14 services grants
December 2002: NSDL.org launched; 35 collection & 11 services grants
Fall 2003: 22 collections & 11 services Fall 2004: First 4 Pathways grants
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NSDL 1.0
Create a “union catalog” of Dublin Core metadata records for STEM resources
Harvest those records from collections using OAI-PMH (openarchives.org)
Store records in an Oracle DB and re-serve qualified DC through OAI-PMH
Build a search index using metadata plus full-text of available content pages
Create a web portal at nsdl.org for K-gray access to NSDL resources
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NSDL 1.0 Lessons
Rather than one portal for everyone, support communities with common interests: Pathways now provide discipline and area-specific portals
Metadata is expensive: unlike traditional libraries, e.g. through OCLC, digital collections have very “mixed quality” metadata, with unusual and inconsistent coding
On the good side: Oracle DB and OAI-PMH server scaled successfully to over 1 million catalog records
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NSDL 1.0 Lessons continued OAI-provided collections need 3 types of
expertise: domain (resources & pedagogy), metadata (vocabulary & formatting), and technical (XML schema, UTF8, HTTP, OAI-PMH).
In many cases it took several months from first contact to successful OAI harvest, and the average harvest failure rate has stayed at 25%-50%, with only 23% of that transient failures
Incremental harvesting fundamental to efficient processing, but problematic: issues with persisting deleted records and recovering from partial harvests
Result: some automation, but high people cost
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NSDL 1.0 Summary
Metadata Repository was quick to implement using known technologies, but
Limited model Metadata-centric orientation No content – only metadata Limited relationships – collection/item Limits on context, structure, and access Severe limits on contribution and
collaboration One-way data flow: NSDL → Users
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Going beyond the card catalog Create an NSDL that guides not just resource
discovery, but resource selection, use, and contribution Supports creating “context” for resources Presents resources in context: in a lesson plan; with
ratings; correlated with education standards Supports creating a permanent archive of resources Enables community tools for structuring, evaluation,
annotation, contribution, collaboration
Goal: Create a dynamic, living library
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NSDL 2.0: NSDL Data Repository Goals:
Architecture of participation: service-based, not a monolithic application/single user experience
Remixable data sources and data transformations Harnessing (and capturing) collective intelligence A free market of millions of inter-related resources
(create the “long tail”) Two-way data flow: NSDL ↔ users
Solution: Fedora-based NSDL Data Repository
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Fedora: the NDR middleware A Flexible, Extensible Digital Object
Repository Architecture Open source project with $2.2 million in
Mellon funding 2002-2007 Collaboration of Cornell and Univ. of Virginia Key funded users include:
eSciDoc project (collaboration of the Max Planck Society and FIZ Karlsruhe)
VTLS Corp., Harris Corp., Library of Congress Australian Research Repositories Online to the
World (ARROW) Royal Library Denmark, National Library, and DTU
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What is Fedora? An architecture, toolkit, and implementation:
middleware, not a vertical application DSpace in contrast: a vertical application
with a fixed workflow targeted at users Stores arbitrary internal and external digital
objects, disseminations (transformations and combinations), relationships among objects
Entirely SOAP/REST based, disseminations are URLs
XML data store; RDBMS cache; RDF triplestore supports relationship queries
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Implementing the NDR with Fedora Multiple Object Types: Resources (with local or
remote content), Metadata, Aggregations (collections), Metadata Providers (branding), Agents, and Relationships: Structural (part of), Equivalence, Annotation, with arbitrary graph queries
Web services: disseminations are arbitrary recombinations and transformations of content
Authentication/Authorization: Collections and services can manage their own repository content
Network overlay architecture: A lens for viewing science content on the net, whether content is local, remote, or archived – it all has a repository-based URL
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Network Overlay View
User View
API/UI
Repository View with Relations & Annotations
Resources on the Web
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How should we use the NDR? The NDR provides powerful capabilities
for: Creating context around resources Enabling the NSDL community to directly
contribute resources and context Representing a web of relationships among
science resources and information about those resources
How do we use it? Here’s one specific example …
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Issues in STEM Education
Issue: Need to support scientific inquiry
Issue: Students need a better understanding of the processes of scientific research
Issue: Teachers are often under-prepared to teach science and math
Issue: Scientists need tools to make science and math research more available
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Addressing the Needs In Response: NSDL is building an
educational tool that…
Models scientific inquiry and exposes the processes of scientific research
Promotes and facilitates conversations between research and education communities
Brings content expertise into the classroom to support under-prepared teachers
Allows scientists, teachers, and media specialists to collaboratively develop instructional context around NSDL resources
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ExpertVoices
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What is Expert Voices? A system using blogging technology to:
Support STEM conversations among scientists, teachers and students
Tie NSDL resources to real-world science news Create context for resources to enhance
discovery, selection and use Enable NSDL community members to become
NSDL contributors: of resources, questions, reviews, annotations, and metadata
Expert Voices ≠ LiveJournal Contributors are carefully selected,
contributions are about science, the process of science, and education
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Expert Voices As An Educational Tool
Topic-based discussion (e.g. tsunamis) with pointers to related resources
Research outreach (Criterion 2) – explaining and documenting NSF-funded research
Experts can add resources with topical context to the NSDL
Resources can be reviewed and annotated Question/answer and discussion forum:
scientist ↔ teacher ↔ student ↔ librarian
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Broadening Participation: An Expert Voices Learning Scenario
“Hurricane Season Blog” run by a National Weather Service hurricane expert, an Earth Science teacher, and a school media specialist familiar with NSDL resources
Expert creates an entry for Hurricane Gertrude “On track to hit Ft. Lauderdale in 72 hours” “Currently undergoing eyewall replacement cycle” “Expecting 15 foot storm surge”
Media specialist adds links to NSDL resources: Hurricane Hunters site, latest satellite photos, and USGS flooding and flood plain site (storm surge context)
Teacher makes connections to relevant standards and appropriate pedagogy for use by other teachers
Students experience engaging real-time, real-world applications of science lessons
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Broadening Participation: An Expert Voices Outreach Scenario
NSF grantee: Bioluminescence researcher wants to make research K-12 accessible
Creates an Expert Voices conversation Enables his students and researchers to
document process and results – how science really works
Writes about publications and educational resources (e.g. www.photobiology.info) Adds these to the NSDL, creating audience-
level metadata Entries serve as annotations that create K-
12 context for the college-level research
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But Expert Voices is just the beginning…
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Other applications in development Educational Standards integration with
Content Alignment Tool (Syracuse) and ASN standards database (JES & Co.)
OnRamp: an NDR-integrated multi-user, multi-project content management system
Instructional Architect: Create a lesson plan around NSDL resources (Utah State)
iVia-based Expert-Guided crawl: Tool for Pathways and others to turn websites into resource collections (UC Riverside)
MyNSDL: Bookmark and tag STEM education resources within and outside the NSDL
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What does this mean for the user?
All these applications situate resources in context, aiding both discovery and use
Users become contributors, adding new resources, ratings, annotations, and organizational structure – frequently as a side effect of using the library
Specialized portals, tagging, and powerful relationship queries and filtering support user-specific “views” into the library
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Summary
NSDL 1.0 created a large, production digital library of STEM resources for education.
NSDL 2.0 and its tools allow scientists, mathematicians, teachers, engineers, librarians, and students to create a unique web of context, contribution, and collaboration around the high-quality STEM education resources at the core of the NSDL.
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Acknowledgements
NSDL NSF Program Officers Lee Zia David McArthur
NSDL Core Integration Team UCAR: Kaye Howe, PI and Executive Director Cornell: Dean Krafft, PI Columbia: Kate Wittenberg, PI
Fedora Development Team Cornell: Sandy Payette & Carl Lagoze Univ. of Virginia: Thornton Staples
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 2.5 License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/2.5/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 543 Howard Street, 5th Floor, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA.