Building a Hybrid Cloud withBluemix

Learn how Bluemix Public, Dedicated, and Local can be integrated into your

environment with real examples, including architectural overviews.

Executive SummaryTransitioning from traditional IT to cloud IT is not an all-at-once, big bang effort. Rather, the cloud adoption process should be an agile, incremental process. And the first part of that process is understanding the different cloud models. Contrary to popular belief, cloud isn’t necessarily only public cloud, multi-tenant, and hosted in a vendor’s data center. It can also be private cloud, single-tenant, and/or hosted in a corporate data center. Often the best solution is a hybrid combination of these options. This paper will show you the advantages of hybrid cloud applications and explore the considerations you should make to find an optimal solution for your organization.

Taking a Hybrid Approach While the scalability, flexibility, and cost savings of cloud resources attract many organizations, the decision to move to the cloud is not as simple as “go” or “no go.” More often than not, effective cloud adoption involves finding the best combination of tools to achieve strategic objectives—in other words, the best approach to adopting cloud is a hybrid approach that incorporates on-premises IT, private cloud, and public cloud resources based on workload or business requirements. It should come as no surprise that a Gartner Data Center Conference Poll estimates that 74 percent of IT organizations are pursuing this kind of internal hybrid IT strategy.1

According to IDC, “For an entire IT operation, the hybrid structure will be the glue that makes it work. Hybrid will bring all cloud and non-cloud services together, and will enable an organization to manage its IT operations as a service.” With that in mind, IDC believes that most enterprise infrastructure environments will target a hybrid IT model.2

Simply put, you don’t need to deliver all of your IT services from one place. By leveraging a combination of on-premises and cloud resources to suit your applications, those applications can be more efficient and can produce better, faster results. While separating data between services introduces challenges with connecting, accessing, and securing data from those siloed services, most cloud platforms are designed with interoperability in mind to help streamline that process. According to a recent study, 76 percent of respondents expect to be able to migrate applications and data across in-house data centers and multiple cloud providers.3

The hybrid approach is the future of integrated IT service delivery. It is not “optional” or “nice to have,” but instead represents the environment in which all organizations will operate. Thus, it is critical to understand the implications of hybrid and to devise a strategy to facilitate its successful implementation.

• For 85 percent of leading organizations, hybrid cloud is accelerating digital transformation

• 7 in 10 decision makers say they’ll always have a blend of traditional IT and cloud

• 9 in 10 leading organizations say hybrid cloud has a higher ROI than either all-traditional or all-cloud environments5

For an entire IT operation, the hybrid structure will be the glue

that makes it work. 4

Understanding Hybrid CloudIBM defines hybrid cloud as the secure consumption and integration of services from two or more sources, including private cloud, public cloud, or traditional IT. The true value of the hybrid cloud lies not just in rapid delivery of divergent IT services, but also in the exposure of new IT services as microservice APIs for future projects. For example, you may consider strategic investments in select cloud and mobile services, yet given your organization’s significant investment of time and effort in building traditional IT applications, you also want to continue leveraging your traditional IT environment where possible. A hybrid IT approach allows access to data, applications, and services where they are most optimally placed—whether on public cloud, private cloud, or in-house on existing infrastructure.

Hybrid cloud can deliver value in three critical areas:

• Integration of applications, data, and services—A hybrid cloud creates the transparency needed to see and connect data and applications across infrastructures. For example, a hybrid cloud approach can foster integration between internal systems of record, often housed on traditional IT or on a private cloud, and more outward-facing systems of engagement, which are increasingly hosted on a public cloud.

• Composition and management of workloads—An agile, competitive business is increasingly a composable business—one in which processes, applications, services, and data become building blocks that are assembled and re-assembled in the cloud to find new ways to rapidly innovate and engage with customers. A hybrid cloud enhances developer productivity so applications can be integrated, composed, and delivered.

• Portability of data and applications—In a hybrid environment, developers can rapidly connect and compose data and services for enterprise, web, and mobile applications, allowing organizations to act fast. Perhaps you need to make an application available in a new country, or move from a development and test environment to production, or move from primary capacity to scale-out capacity.

As depicted below6, the motivations behind the adoption of hybrid cloud technology have matured over time: While hybrid cloud adoption was once thought of as strictly a cost savings measure, today it’s evolved as a key component of innovation. Simply stated, hybrid drives the rate and pace of change in modern IT organizations.

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More Than ComputeThe simplest view of a hybrid cloud environment is an apples-to-apples deployment of the same resource, like a server, in different deployment models. One server may be installed in an on-premises data center, one could be deployed in a hosted private cloud off-premises, and a third could be deployed in a public cloud environment. Even at this level, the flexibility benefits of the hybrid cloud model are present, but physical location of compute and storage hardware isn’t the only differentiation when taking a hybrid approach to IT resources.

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) companies deliver the equivalent of on-premises IT infrastructure in a cloud environment, but a hybrid approach to IT architecture can leverage providers all the way through the cloud stack depending on a workload’s needs. Often, hybrid organizations employ a combination of IaaS, Software as a Service (SaaS), and Platform as a Service (PaaS) to find the best mix of levels of abstraction for a given application. Similar to IaaS, the SaaS segment is fairly self-explanatory, but PaaS is often misunderstood. PaaS providers deliver a service catalog of offerings and various runtime platforms that can be provisioned in a single, unified environment to seamlessly integrate distinct compute, storage, network, and security resources. For environments leveraging multiple disparate services, a platform’s service catalog is a vital tool for maintaining operational visibility and control across all workloads. To meet the diverse needs of businesses approaching the decision to incorporate a hybrid cloud approach in their IT strategies, IBM Bluemix was launched to provide a rich set of infrastructure, platform, and software services for building, running, and managing applications.

In Bluemix, developers have direct access to hundreds of IBM and third-party services for compute, storage, integration, security, analytics, and other key functions, while IT administrators control and manage service availability and access across an entire organization. And to allow for further flexibility, Bluemix environments can be deployed in the public cloud (Bluemix Public), in a single-tenant public cloud environment (Bluemix Dedicated), or private on-premises in a customer data center (Bluemix Local).

Seamless Experience

Regardless of which combination you choose,

you can expect a single, seamless experience.

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Everything is dedicated and connected to you — agility of public cloud, yet feels like home.

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Behind the firewall for the most sensitive workloads.

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Public, Dedicated, and Local Deployment ModelsTo understand which Bluemix deployment model (or combination of deployment models) best meets your application needs, it’s important to understand the distinctions between the three. Often, the deciding factors when selecting a deployment model are:

• Your application’s performance, location or privacy requirements• Your preference for a shared or private environment• The level of infrastructure abstraction your team desires

Bluemix PublicIn Bluemix Public, the platform’s complete service catalog is available in a public cloud environment, hosted by IBM in multiple locations, or regions, around the world. This public deployment of Bluemix can be securely accessed by users around the world over the Internet, and this availability allows developers to become productive quickly by creating an account to access the runtimes, services, and cloud resources they need to start developing and deploying applications.

Apps and service instances can be provisioned in different geographical regions from the Bluemix portal. Select the regions geographically closest to your customers and deploy your apps to those regions to minimize network latency, or choose a combination of regions for security, disaster recovery, or resiliency purposes.

Access to and execution of applications on a shared, public platform (in one or multiple regions) are isolated from other users and their applications.

The figure below shows how users access Bluemix applications for public platforms:

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End users accessing Bluemix public from the public internet.

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Bluemix DedicatedFor organizations with more demanding performance requirements or more sophisticated security, location, or compliance requirements, Bluemix Dedicated is deployed in a single-tenant server environment that can securely connect to Bluemix Public and your own network through a virtual private network (VPN) or a direct network connection. This single-tenant Bluemix environment can be provisioned in your choice of more than 30 IBM Cloud data centers around the world.

In a Bluemix Dedicated environment, IBM manages the hardware, platform, runtimes, and services on your behalf, so your team can maintain uninterrupted focus on building custom applications for your workloads. The Bluemix Dedicated service catalog includes runtimes, messaging, caching, data, and auto-scaling services, and because Bluemix Dedicated can securely link to Bluemix Public, the Bluemix service catalog can be accessed seamlessly from a single portal.

All dedicated deployments of Bluemix include the following benefits and features:

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VPN (or other direct link) thatenables secure access for:

· Developers to push or debug apps· Applications to involve enterprise services· Configurate and use of corporate LDAP

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• Virtual private network (VPN)• Private virtual local area network (VLAN)• Firewall• Connectivity with your LDAP servers• Performance capacity is entirely under your

control, with no “noisy neighbor” concerns of a shared server

• Ability to effectively use existing on-premises databases and applications on your existing systems of record

• Always available onsite security• Dedicated compute hardware• Standard support

Bluemix LocalBluemix Local is designed for enterprises with specific deployment needs. Bluemix Local environments are provisioned on-premises, inside an organization’s data center facility. In these local deployments, organizations get the benefits of the Bluemix platform without moving any data outside their firewalls. Bluemix Local is delivered as a fully managed service, and it brings cloud agility to even the most sensitive workloads.

Bluemix Local can be provisioned on OpenStack- or VMware-driven infrastructure, or it can be deployed on a Bluemix appliance. Like Bluemix Dedicated, Bluemix Local features a service catalog of the Bluemix services that IBM customers want to keep private, and all local deployments are securely connected to Bluemix Public for access to the full Bluemix service catalog.

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Secure connection for PublicCatalog Syndication.

Secure connectivity through an open, outbound SSL,VPN tunnel that allows:

· IBM to deliver automatic and consistent updates.· A stable, up-to-date, and secure system

End user access iscontrolled by thecustomer’s currentinfrastructure, rulesand permission.

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Relay is a secure pipeline thatenables collaborative operationsbetween Bluemix and your IT team.

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Adopting Hybrid Cloud: Solution ExamplesYou understand the value of a hybrid cloud strategy in theory, and you have a clear picture of the Bluemix options available for your hybrid environment, but what does a hybrid cloud approach look like in practice? How can you actually start executing on your hybrid strategy?

Too often, organizations stumble into creating an unplanned hybrid environment in response to unprecedented pressure to meet accelerating and dynamic requirements by adopting uncoordinated technical solutions with disparate interfaces and disjointed management processes. This approach uses an assortment of service providers for uncoordinated purposes, and it can be unwieldy to maintain.

To avoid such an outcome, consider the nature of the projects you’re looking to start or move into the cloud:

• What are your motivations for running the workload in a hybrid environment? Scalability? Access to innovative services? More consistent, streamlined development process?

• Do security, compliance, or regulatory restrictions for the application or its data prevent it from being placed in a public cloud environment? Would the enhanced security and performance characteristics of a Bluemix Dedicated or Bluemix Local cloud environment be better suited to your applications?

• Are there transactional dependencies within the workload or across other systems that could be unacceptably impacted by added network access and latency? Locating servers with transactional dependencies on-premises or co-locating them in specific Bluemix regions may be necessary.

The following four scenarios demonstrate how a hybrid cloud infrastructure was applied to address one or more of factors above. Each scenario includes an overview of the solution, how the new application functionality appears to the end user, and an overview diagram of the systems involved.

Note: Each of the scenarios below has footnote links where you can learn more about the architecture and implementation. Some of the solutions also include code hosted on GitHub that you can review.

SCENARIO 1: CLOUD-BASED SYSTEMS OF ENGAGEMENT ACCESSING SYSTEMS OF RECORDHybridBlueBank: Example of innovative system of engagement accessing system of record

It wasn’t long ago that cloud computing was considered a new technology whose main potential was driving down costs and speeding application delivery. Today, for most companies, cloud computing as part of an overall IT strategy has moved from “if” to “when and how far.”

This example, HybridBlueBank, represents a typical Minimum Viable Product (MVP)8. And Bluemix is a great proving ground for the development methodology and technology of MVPs. As implied by the “minimum” in MVP, this means the smallest thing that can be built that is meaningful to the user and that tests the assumptions made by the business. It typically begins with an application that elicits “wow!” or “neat!” reactions from users and includes meaningful integration with existing infrastructure that assures developers and architects of the viability of the technology and methodology behind Bluemix.

More than 65 percent of enterprise IT organizations will commit to hybrid cloud

technologies before 2016, vastly driving the rate and pace of change in IT organizations. 7

For those experimenting with hybrid cloud solutions, the scenario presented by HybridBlueBank is a canonical example, a veritable “Hello, World!” of leveraging the speed of deployment and innovation offerings on Bluemix. In this scenario, HybridBlueBank decided to use Bluemix, spanning its Public, Dedicated, and on-premises Local cloud, so their developers could build innovative solutions across each deployment model. Janice, HybridBlueBank’s mobile developer, uses Bluemix Public and the Bluemix Mobile Banking Services like push, data, security, and quality assurance to quickly create a mobile application to help customers manage their loyalty points.

The connectivity from the new system of engagement, the Customer Loyalty App, to the system of record, BlueBank Internal Application, relies on the IBM Secure Gateway as depicted below.

Because the Customer Loyalty App is deployed in the development environment that is identical to the production system, Janice can confidently test that the app behaves as expected prior to its official rollout. Deployment-specific details like authentication credentials are isolated from her application and contained in a separate administrator-controlled service that is bound at runtime.

Freed from deployment details, developers can focus on application innovations, which in this case includes a Watson-based language tone analysis service that interprets customer online feedback in real-time prior to a service agent deciding the appropriate response based on the customer’s perceived sentiment (anger, frustration, satisfaction), prior service contacts, historical interactions, and so on.

Reference: Source code is available in project IBM-Bluemix/HybridBanking-Android on GitHub9 and discussed in this webinar10. More details are available in IBM Garage Method: Delivering a first-class mobile experience11.

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SCENARIO 2: SYSTEM OF RECORDS AS MICROSERVICES AND/OR PRIVATE CATALOGComposable applications written in your language and environment of choice

Modern e-commerce applications have many software requirements that compel us to thoroughly consider the architectural design and plan development accordingly. Users are expecting an interactive experience with the website, and they expect to access it from a wide variety of devices. If you’re developing an application like this, it needs to be able to scale on demand so that it can react to dynamic shopping behavior patterns.

In this example, an application might need to roll out constant updates to react to changes in browsers, devices, APIs, security, and so on, and developers need to be able to deploy updates in minutes or hours, not days. These types of continuous delivery demands require you to design your application differently than in the past. Microservice architecture aims to address this requirement.

Modern tech companies are using microservices for a number of reasons, including: • Agility—Small cross-functional teams are typically responsible for the end-to-end definition and delivery of

a service. Through the use of bounded contexts, API gateways, and consistent versioning, teams can deliver updates to their service without the complex release coordination of traditional monolithic applications. Everyone deploys when they are ready to deploy.

• Scalability—In traditional monolithic applications, if one area of the application is struggling with load, the entire application must be scaled up or down. Microservices architectures facilitate simple and precise scaling because, in contrast to a traditional monolith, memory, CPU, and IO are never balanced between modules. In addition, because microservices are small in nature, new instance creation—the backbone of horizontal scale—is much faster.

• Flexibility—Monolithic applications require a long-term commitment to a single technology stack. Microservices eliminate this concern through the focus on small components that are abstracted from the rest of the platform through APIs.

• Efficiency—Microservice architectures promote much more granular and efficient resource utilization; with each service designed end-to-end with the right set of languages, runtimes, and data models.

When internal architecture becomes aligned around APIs and services, it puts the company in a strong position to respond quickly to changes in the digital and physical worlds, externalize APIs, and build developer ecosystems around them.

In this scenario, you create a mock online store application with some basic functionality to demonstrate microservice concepts. The store is a web application that neatly shows a catalog of items to an online shopper. The shopper is able to pick an item and place an order. We apply microservice patterns to decompose this application into multiple smaller microservice applications.

As a polyglot platform, Bluemix enables you to deploy your application code written in many different languages, and have it up and running in around a minute. Bluemix enables developers to choose from many different languages and run times. This flexibility ultimately enables you to optimize each microservice app, because you are not restricted to the language or runtime of the other microservices. To demonstrate this point, consider the three microservices depicted above:

• User Interface—Written in PHP, it interfaces with the Orders and Catalog services using a programming language neutral REST API.

• Orders—Written in the organization’s programming language of choice, Java, the Orders service delivers historical order data.

• Catalog—Written in Node.js and scalable across multiple runtime instances, this service does the heavy lifting of searching the catalog. The consumers of the service are blissfully ignorant of the programming language of the service or that the instance servicing their request may change from invocation to invocation.

This gives the application developer the ability to choose the programming language and runtime that is best suited for each microservice. For example, the best technology stack for building a slick responsive UI might not be the same stack that is optimal for creating a highly secure, synchronous order processing service that must handle a large volume of transactions.

Reference: Chapter 7, “Scenario 2: Microservices built on Bluemix,” Microservices from Theory to Practice: Creating Applications in IBM Bluemix Using the Microservices Approach12.

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SCENARIO 3: AUGMENTING SYSTEMS OF RECORD WITH CLOUD-BASED SERVICESDataWorks and Watson Analytics: Discover and augment value of existing system with cloud resources

This example shows how to ingest data from system of record databases hosted by on-premises servers into the Watson Analytics service hosted by the IBM Cloud. In this scenario, selected data from a retailer’s transaction database (SOR) is excerpted using the DataWorks service and passed to Watson Analytics to discover patterns of high selling products from its stores. To facilitate the transfer of data from the SOR database to a system of engagement database in the cloud, the Secure Gateway is used to create secure data transfer tunnel for Watson Analytics.

As in the previous HybridBlueBank example, this scenario similarly relies on IBM Secure Gateway to provide secure connectivity between the on-premises system and the cloud-based system. But rather than focus on a new application like HybridBlueBank’s Customer Loyalty App, the purpose of this solution is gaining insights from “dark data.”

Gartner defines dark data as “the information assets organizations collect, process and store during regular business activities, but generally fail to use for other purposes (for example, analytics, business relationships, and direct monetizing). Similar to dark matter in physics, dark data often comprises most organizations’ universe of information assets.”13 While some dark data is retained simply for compliance purposes and has little post-creation analytical value, other dark data is simply left unanalyzed due to lack of computing resources or ability to readily explore the data’s potential value. By combining the data improvement capabilities of DataWorks and insight capabilities of Watson Analytics, the Data Analyst depicted above can discover customer spending patterns that would otherwise be overlooked.

For your business and customers, what data could you capture and analyze to gain insight into their behaviors?

Companies like Alpha Modus are already exploiting unstructured data14 to deliver value to their investors. One of the key technologies available in the Alpha Modus marketplace is the Early Look Imbalance Meter, which aims to predict the direction of the NYSE into the closing auction. It gathers and analyzes early imbalance data–excesses of buy or sell orders to be executed at the close of trading—from floor brokers, collected through voice recognition. Talk about dark data, Alpha Modus figured out how to make sense of all the yelling!

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With the power of analytics at scale and your imagination, what otherwise lost data might you learn from? Need ideas or more inspiration? Contact our cloud experts or schedule a workshop at the IBM Garage.

Reference: Chapter 8, “Watson Analytics in hybrid cloud using Secure Gateway and DataWorks,” Hybrid Cloud Data and API Integration15 and video demonstration.16

SCENARIO 4: SCALABILITY AND RESILIENCY TO DELIVER PREDICTABLE, CONTINUOUS SERVICEAustralian Open: Hybrid cloud delivers massively scalable/resilient system.17

In sharp contrast to simply connecting a net-new public cloud system of engagement to a private system of record, cloud architectures like that of the Australian Open Social Sentiment Application17 demonstrate the power of scale and system resiliency applied to a challenging problem: How to analyze and summarize, in real time, the sentiment of millions of tweets for a live event?

The purpose of this application is not specifically an attempt to capture the so-called wisdom of crowds, but rather how observers feel about a live event. Even so, it is interesting to note that in the stream above, after Federer’s defeat, social sentiment seemed to indicate the crowd expected Djokovic to maintain his winning posture with a slight yet steady increase of positive tweets for each subsequent match. The crowd was indeed proven correct when Novak Djokovic went on to win the men’s tournament.

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Throughout the tournament, the social sentiment application provided a real time Twitter gauge for each player. Hundreds of thousands of tweets were processed and correlated to each player while running on multiple cloud platforms. The hybrid cloud that spanned Bluemix Public, IBM Cloud storage, and Bluemix Local (private cloud) provided distributed microservices, network bandwidth, containers, and platforms to process large volumes of data.

The systems diagram below captures the essential flow of data between the publicly accessible application and the processing systems on Bluemix Dedicated and Bluemix Local (private) cloud resources. To offload work and assure a more reliable, performant stable application, critical cached data was stored in geographically dispersed persistent object storage.

While the above diagram may initially appear complicated, its elegance is revealed in the simplicity of the individual systems that operated independently of each other. Self-discovery via each system’s Bluemix Registry allowed IBM administrators to bring additional compute resources online as needed to handle increased load and then acquiesce these systems once the backlog was processed.

The combination of active and standby sites in multiple regions means application services are continuously available with no cumulative planned or unplanned outage. From the visitors’ viewpoint, the notion of a “planned outage” simply doesn’t exist because given the multi-instance and multi-region deployment, the administrator has the option of activating a standby Bluemix site if another site is scheduled for a planned outage. Moreover, to ensure continuous operation, each component of the social sentiment service over the hybrid cloud is monitored. For example, a monitoring microservice ensures that the stream’s microservice is running and the RESTful interfaces are accessible. If any of the monitoring states fail, an alert is sent through Internet Relay Chat (IRC) for both automatic and manual failover intervention.

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IBM’s Social Sentiment Application for the Australian Open demonstrates how loosely coupled services hosted on cloud platforms distributed across the globe can collectively accomplish computing tasks at amazing speed and scale. For your business and customers, consider what data could you capture and analyze to gain insight into their behaviors? The same computing and cognitive capacity is available to you today from Bluemix. Interested in learning together what’s possible? Contact IBM cloud experts.

Reference: Australian Open 2016: Hybrid cloud architecture of Bluemix Social Sentiment Application17, Bluemix Blog

As you can see from the examples above, hybrid cloud is becoming the standard approach for integrated IT service delivery. While no two organizations will have the exact same approach to hybrid, it’s imperative to create a strategy that addresses the ramifications of hybrid for your business and facilitates its successful implementation.

If you’re ready to execute your hybrid strategy and have a clear vision of the applications and workloads you’d like to move into the cloud, contact an IBM Cloud Advisor and begin building the Bluemix environment that best fits your needs.

ibm.co/CloudAdvisor

ibm.co/GarageAdvisor

Contact a Bluemix Cloud Advisor

Contact a Bluemix Garage Expert

If you need help pinpointing the projects or applications that can pioneer your organization’s hybrid cloud implementation, an IBM Garage engagement can guide you through the process of shaping your hybrid strategy. Bluemix Garage is a consultancy with a startup DNA empowering companies, large and small, to design and build engaging applications using a proven methodology. Based on your existing infrastructure and business needs, IBM cloud experts will help you choose the best cloud-based deployment model.

References1 IDC. “IDC MarketScape: Canadian Hybrid Cloud Services 2015.” IDC #CA10SSC15.2 Gartner Webinar. “Hybrid Clouds and Hybrid IT: The Next Frontier.” October 1, 2014.3 IDC. “IDC Link: The Future of Cloud is Hybrid.” IDC #lcUK25369415. Jamie Snowdon. January 8, 20154 IDC. “Hybrid Cloud Strategies Create Management Challenges” IDC #252655. December 3, 2014.5 IDC. “IDC Link: The Future of Cloud is Hybrid.” IDC #lcUK25369415. Jamie Snowdon. January 8, 2015.6 IDC. “IDC Futurescape: Worldwide Cloud 2016 Predictions — Mastering the Raw Material of Digital Transformation. IDC #259840. November 2015.7 IBM Center for Applied Insights. “Growing up hybrid: Accelerating digital transformation.” February 2016.8 IBM Bluemix Garage Method. Article: “Minimum Viable Product (MVP)”9 GitHub. Overview and code: “Hybrid Banking Demo - Interaction of Customer on Mobile Device with Banking Service Center”10 Bluemix blog. Webinar Q&A: “Centering Private Cloud Innovation on Customer Needs”11 IBM Bluemix Garage Method. Mobile reference site: “Delivering a first-class mobile experience”12 IBM Redbooks. Application integration: “Microservices from Theory to Practice: Creating Applications in IBM Bluemix Using the Microservices Approach”13 Gartner. IT Glossary: “Dark Data”

14 Bluemix blog. Blog post: “Alpha Modus Restructuring How Investment Advice Is Priced With Cognitive Insights”

15 IBM Redbooks. Application integration: “Hybrid Cloud Data and API Integration: Integrate Your Enterprise and Cloud with Bluemix Integration Services”16 YouTube. IBM Redbooks channel: “Watson Analytics in Hybrid Cloud using IBM Bluemix Secure Gateway and Data Works”17 Bluemix blog. Blog post: “Australian Open 2016: Streaming Social Sentiment with Bluemix’s Hybrid Cloud”

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