Buddhism & Politics by Ashin Uttamananda

8/9/2019 Buddhism & Politics by Ashin Uttamananda

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'dk Ywm0efta&;oHk;yg;'dk Ywm0efta&;oHk;yg;'dk Ywm0efta&;oHk;yg;'dk Ywm0efta&;oHk;yg;'dk Ywm0efta&;oHk;yg;jynfaxmifpk rNyd KuG Ja&; 'dk Yta&;wd kif;&if;om;pnf;vH k;nDñGwfrI rNydKuG Ja&; 'd k Yta&;tcsKyftjcmtmPmwnfwH hcd kifNrJa&; 'd k Yta&;

jynfolYoabmxm;jynfolYoabmxm;jynfolYoabmxm;jynfolYoabmxm;jynfolYoabmxm;jynfytm;ud k;ykqdef½d k; tqd k;jrif0g'Drsm;tm; qef YusifMu/

Ed kifiHawmfwnfNidrfat;csrf;a&;ESif h EdkifiHawmfwd k;wufa&;ud k aES mif h,SufzsufqD;olrsm;tm;

qef YusifMu/Ed kifiHawmf\jynfwGif;a&;ud k 0ifa&mufpGufzuf aES mif h,Sufaom jynfyEdkifiHrsm;tm;

qef YusifMu/jynfwGif;jynfytzsuform;rsm;tm; bH k&efoltjzpf owfrSwfacsrIef;Mu/

EdkifiHa&;OD;wnfcsuf (4) &yfEdkifiHa&;OD;wnfcsuf (4) &yfEdkifiHa&;OD;wnfcsuf (4) &yfEdkifiHa&;OD;wnfcsuf (4) &yfEdkifiHa&;OD;wnfcsuf (4) &yfEd kifiHawmfwnfNidrfa&;? &yf&G mat;csrf;om,ma&;? w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;/

trsKd;om; jyefvnfpnf;vH k;nDñGwfa&;/

cd kifrmonfhzG J Upnf;yHk tajccHOya'opf jzpfay:vma&;/jzpfay:vmonf hzG J Upnf;yH ktajccHOya'opfESif htnD acwfrDzG H UNzd K;wd k;wufaomEdkifiHawmfopfwpf&yf wnfaqmufa&;/

pD;yGm;a&;OD;wnfcsuf (4) &yfpD;yGm;a&;OD;wnfcsuf (4) &yfpD;yGm;a&;OD;wnfcsuf (4) &yfpD;yGm;a&;OD;wnfcsuf (4) &yfpD;yGm;a&;OD;wnfcsuf (4) &yfpd kufysKd;a&;ud k tajccHí tjcm;pD;yG m;a&;u@rsm;ud kvnf; bufpH kzG H UNzdK;wd k;wufatmif

wnfaqmufa&;/aps;uGufpD;yG m;a&;pepf yDjyifpGm jzpfay:vma&;/

jynfwGif;jynfyrS twwfynmESif ht&if;tESD;rsm; zdwfac:í pD;yG m;a&;zGH UNzd K;wd k;wufatmifwnfaqmufa&;/Ed kifiHawmfpD;yG m;a&;wpf&yfvH k;ud k zefwD;Ed kifaompGrf;tm;onf Ed kifiHawmfESif h

wd kif;&if;om;jynfolwd kY\vuf0,fwGif &S da&;/

vlrIa&;OD;wnfcsuf (4)&yfvlrIa&;OD;wnfcsuf (4)&yfvlrIa&;OD;wnfcsuf (4)&yfvlrIa&;OD;wnfcsuf (4)&yfvlrIa&;OD;wnfcsuf (4)&yfwpfrsKd;om;vH k; pdwf"mwfESif htusif hpm&dwåjrif hrm;a&;/

trsKd;*kPf Zmwd*kPfjrif hrm;a&;ESifh ,Ofaus;rItarGtESpfrsm; trsKd;om;a&;vu©Pmrsm;raysmufysufatmif xdef;odrf;apmif ha&S mufa&;/

rsKd;cspfpdwf"mwf &Sifoefxufjrufa&;/wpfrsKd;om;vH k;usef;rmMuh Hcd kifa&;ESif hynm&nfjrif hrm;a&;/


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yxrtBudrf - 2014 ckESpf? rwfv

tkyfa&tkyfa&tkyfa&tkyfa&tkyfa& - 2000

wefzd k;wefzd k;wefzd k;wefzd k;wefzdk; - 1500

xkwfa0olxkwfa0olxkwfa0olxkwfa0olxkwfa0ola':rsKd;rsKd;vwf (a&Tacwfpmay)

trSwf (21) ? 'gevrf;? om,mukef;?r*FvmawmifñGef hNrdKY e,f? &efukefNrdKY /

yH kES dyfolyH kES dyfolyH kES dyfolyH kES dyfolyH kES dyfola':ndKndKwif U (rSwfyHkwiftrSwf - 07115)aqGo[myH kES dyfwd kuf

trSwf (51)? Adkvf&G Jvrf;? 5-&yfuGuf? &efukefNrdKY/

jzef hcs da&;jzef hcs da&;jzef hcs da&;jzef hcs da&;jzef hcs da&;

zdk;vH k; (Smile)? zkef;-09 730 39656

C/P 294-3

t&SifOwÅrmeE´t&SifOwÅrmeE´t&SifOwÅrmeE´t&SifOwÅrmeE´t&SifOwÅrmeE´Ak'¨bmomESif UEd kifiHa&; ^ t&SifOwÅrmeE´/Ak'¨bmomESif UEd kifiHa&; ^ t&SifOwÅrmeE´/Ak'¨bmomESif UEd kifiHa&; ^ t&SifOwÅrmeE´/Ak'¨bmomESif UEd kifiHa&; ^ t&SifOwÅrmeE´/Ak'¨bmomESif UEd kifiHa&; ^ t&SifOwÅrmeE´/ -&efukef / -&efukef / -&efukef / -&efukef / -&efukef /

a&Tacwfpmay? yxrtBudrf? 2014 ckESpf/a&Tacwfpmay? yxrtBudrf? 2014 ckESpf/a&Tacwfpmay? yxrtBudrf? 2014 ckESpf/a&Tacwfpmay? yxrtBudrf? 2014 ckESpf/a&Tacwfpmay? yxrtBudrf? 2014 ckESpf/pmrsufESm - 120 ? (13 .46 _ 20 .98) pifwD/pmrsufESm - 120 ? (13 .46 _ 20 .98) pifwD/pmrsufESm - 120 ? (13 .46 _ 20 .98) pifwD/pmrsufESm - 120 ? (13 .46 _ 20 .98) pifwD/pmrsufESm - 120 ? (13 .46 _ 20 .98) pifwD/Ak'¨bmomESif UEd kifiHa&;Ak'¨bmomESif UEd kifiHa&;Ak'¨bmomESif UEd kifiHa&;Ak'¨bmomESif UEd kifiHa&;Ak'¨bmomESif UEd kifiHa&;


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Ak'¨bmomESifUEdkifiHa&;

jzef Y csda&;

zdk;vHk;

e

(ay&ma'ed,wuúodkvf )

t&SifOwårmeE´


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rmwdum

pma&;ol\ tmoDo

tcef;-1 7

bmoma&;? Ed kifiHa&;wd kh vm&mvm;&m

tcef;-2 15

bezl;od kufwl;olESifU avmutwGuf b0jzpfvdkol

(od k h ),H kMunfcsuftwGuf b0ud k paw;Muolrsm;

tcef;-3 23

e,fy,fjcm;vS sif “pH”xm;&m uJGjym;&rnf

tcef;-4 35

bmoma&;qd konfrS m aygif;ul;wHwm;

tcef;-5 47ork'´&m (od khr[kwf ) euf½Idif;onfwd khxuf euf½d Iif;aom


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tcef;-6 59

bmoma&;ESifU Ed kifiHa&;wd kh xdyfwdkufawGY qH kyJG

tcef;-7 71

&[ef;ESifU Ed kifiHa&;

tcef;-8 81rd k;ud kqGwfí EGHrS mepfol (tyd kif;-1)

tcef;-9 95

rd k;ud kqGwfí EGHrS mepfol (tyd kif;-2)

tcef;-10 105

wm0ef 0wÅ&m;

t&SifOwÅrmeE´ (ay&ma'ed,wuúod kvf )\ xkwfa0NyD; pmpOfrsm;


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pma&;ol\ tmoDo

þpmtkyfESifU ywfoufí -

csD;rGrf;zG,f&m jzpfcJ Uaomf pma&;ol\ aus;Zl;&Sif?

rdb? q&morm;rsm;? oifq&m jrifq&m Mum;q&mrsm;

tm;vH k;udk csD;rGrf;Mu&efjzpf\/uJ h&J Y tjypfwifzG,f&m jzpfcJ Uaomf pma&;oludk

uJh&J YtjypfwifMu&ef jzpf\/

arwÅ mjzif U -

t&SifOwÅrmeE ́(ay&ma'ed,wuúodkvf)

ud kvHbdkNrdKY ? oD&dvuFmEd kifiH/

Thursday, October 10, 2013


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Ak'¨bmomESifUEdkifiHa&;

tcef;-1

bmoma&;? EdkifiHa&;wd khvm&m vm;&m


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Edkif iHa&;rl0g't& &,lEd kif jcif;onf trSefw&m;jzpf í

bmoma&;rl0g't&rlay;qyfEdkifjcif;onf trSefw&m;jzpfonf/

Ed kifiHa&;wGif rsm;rsm; &,lEd kifvQif rsm;rsm; atmif jrif NyD ;

tukef &vQif tukef atmif jrif onf [k

qd konf / bmoma&;t&rl

rsm;rsm;ay;qyfEdkif av rsm;rsm; atmif jrif avjzpf NyD ; tEd Iif;rJU ay;qyf Ed kif vQif

tEdIif ;rJ U atmif jrif jcif ;jzpf onf/

K K

K K


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Ak'¨bmomwd kh\ wpfOD;wnf;aom pHerlem ,l&rnfUoludkjyygqdkvQif

od'¨w¬ud k jy&rnf jzpfonf/ Ak'b̈momwd kh\ ]pH }onf jrefrmvlrsKd;wd kh\ ]pH }

jzpfonf/ pHqd konfrS m wpfrsKd;ru &S dEd kifonf/ ud k,f htBudKuf ol htBudKuf rwlEd kif

&um; aemufwpfrsKd; xyfjyyg[k qd kvQif a'0'wÅ jzpfonf/ pHerlemjyonf

taumif;jzpfEdkifovd k tqdk;vnf; jzpfEd kifonf/ ajcmufjypfuif; oJvJpifjzpfEd kifovd k tnpfwumokwf vufckqkwfvnf; jzpfEd kifonf/ od k hqd kvQif ESpfckvH k;onf

b0twGuf ol htwd kif;wmESif Uol? ol hae&mESif Uol r&S drjzpf vd ktyfonf[k a,bk,s

aumufcsufcsEd kifonf/

od'¨w¬onf bmoma&;\ yHk&dyfjzpfonf/ xdktwl a'0'wÅonf

Ed kifiHa&;\ yHk&dyfjzpfonf/ bmoma&; r&Sdaom Ed kifiHa&;onf r&S dEdkifí Ed kifiHa&;r&Sdaom bmoma&;vnf; &SdEd kifrnf r[kwfay/ odk h&mwGif bmoma&;onf

Ed kifiHa&;ESif U wlonf[k aumufcsufqJ GvQif rSm;onf[k w&m;ao ajym&rnfjzpf

onf/ þodk h tjyeftvSef rSwf,l&rnfjzpfonf/ taMumif;rSm ]ajrjzLonf

jzLonf? AsKdif;onf jzLonf/ xdk haMumifU ajrjzLonf AsKdif;jzpf&rnf }qdkonfUaumufcsufrsKd; jzpfaomaMumif U jzpfonf/ t½Iyf&SdrS &Sif;&rnf U oabmjzpfí

½IyfNyD;rS &Sif;vd k h&onfqd konf U oabmw&m;ud k cPvufud kifxm;&rnf jzpfonf/

bmoma&;? Ed kifiHa&;wd khvm&m vm;&m 9


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uydv0w¬Konf ouúwd kif;\ NrdKYawmfjzpfonf/ tiftm;enf;yg;onfU

wd kif;jynfi,fav;jzpfonf/ ,aehacwft&qd kvQif wd kif;jynfwpfckxJu jynfe,f

(State or Division)wpfckrS som jzpfonf/ a'0'[onfvnf; wd kif;jynfi,f

wpfckomjzpfonf/ od k hr[kwf tiftm;enf;yg;aom wdkif;i,fjynfi,frsm;tjzpf

,lqvQifvnf; jzpfEdkifygonf/ 'kwd,enf;u toifUawmfqH k; jzpf[ef&Sdygonf/

ya'o&mZfxHk;pHt& wd kif;i,fjynfi,frsm; vufatmufcHrsm;u tiftm;BuD;Ed kifiHrsm;udk tcGefb@mawmf ESpfpOfqdkovd kjzpfap taMumif;BuD;i,f tm;

avsmfpGmjzpfap qufo&rnfjzpfonf/ rSefonf/ r[maumovrif;BuD;\

aumovwdkif;(EdkifiH )ud k tcGefb@mawmf (od kh ) vufaqmifyPÖm qufo

&onf/ (,lqEdkifonf/ aemufydkif;tcef;rsm;wGif taMumif;tm;avsmfpG m awGY &

rnf )/ xdkaMumifU uydv0w¬KESifU a'0'[onf r*"wd kif;? aumovwdkif;

ponfwdk huJ hod kh wd kif;BuD; jynfBuD;rsm; r[kwfMuyg/

rSefonf/ jrwfpG mbk&m;ESif U trsKd;awmfvd konf U aumovwd kif;rS yaóe'D

aumovrif;onf omuD0ifrif;orD;ud k vufxyfzd k hBuHonf/ xd kaMumifU uydv

0w¬Kud k omuD0ifrif;orD;wpfyg; qufo&ef apvd kufonf/ EdkifiHa&;oabmt&orD;quf? nDrquf ponfoabmw&m;rsm;udk ya'o&mZfEd kifiHa&;avmuwGif

rMumcP awG Y&avU&S donf/

Zmwfwlcsif; rsKd;EG,fwlcsif;om vufxyfavU&S daom omuD0ifrsKd;wd k honf

rdrdrsKd;EG,frif;orD;ud k rsKd;jcm;rif;wpfyg;ud k rqufovd k/ od k h&mwGif vufatmufcH

(odk hr[kwf) tiftm;enf;yg;onfU wd kif;jynfjzpfonf Utwd kif; qufo&rnfjzpf&m

0gobcwÅd,mqdkonfU uRefrud k omuD0ifrif;orD;tjzpf vdrfnmqufovd kuf

10 t&SifOwÅrmeE´ Ak'b̈momESifUEd kifiHa&;-(tcef;-1)


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onf/ aumovrif;onf tvGefEH ktonf Urif;wpfyg;tjzpf pmayrsm;wGif azmfjy

xm;onf/ EdkifiHa&;oabmw&m;t& jyóemwpf&yfudk ajz&Sif;&mwGif enf;rSef

vrf;rSefudk toHk;jyK&rnf jzpfonf/ þBuD;rm;vSaom jypfcsufaMumifUyif

omuD0ifrif;rsKd;wdkh wpfaehaomtcgwGif 0d##Lb\ rsKd;wkH;owfjzwfjcif;

(Genocide) udk cHcJU&jcif; jzpfonf/

od'ẅ¬onf uydv0wf\ od'ẅ¬jzpfovd k a'0'wÅonf a'0'[\a'0'wÅjzpfonf/ uydv0w¬KESifU a'0'[onf wpfajywpf&G m tdrfaxmif&uf

om; usaeonf U nDtud krsm; aqGrsKd;&if;csmrsm; jzpfonf/ trsKd;rS mrl ous

omuD0if rif;rsKd;om jzpfonf/ xd kaMumif U 0rf;uJ GnDtud k awmfpyfMuaom od'ẅ¬

ESif U a'0'wÅwd khonf tcgtm;avsmfpG m qHkjzpfMuonf/ taMumif;tm;avsmfpG m

vnf; vli,fwd kh bmombm0 NydKifbufrsm; jzpfMuonf/

wpfaeh opfawmwpfckwGif avQmufvnfMupOf aumif;uifrSm ysHae

onf U ief;wpfaumifudk a'0'wÅu av;ESif Uypfcsonf/ ief;ud k xdrSefoGm;NyD;

rvSrf;rurf; csKHykwfwpfckqD usoGm;&m nDtudk ESpfa,muf ajy;aumufMu

onf/ od'ẅ¬u t&ifa&mufNyD; jrm;wef;vef;ESif U raoao;onf U ief;ud k aumufNyD; ayGY yd kufum jyKpkaeonf/ xd ktcsdefwGif a'0'wÅa&mufvmNyD; ief;udk jrm;ESif U

ypfonfrS m oljzpfí ol hief;jzpfaMumif; ay;zd k hajym&m aooG m;vQif ypfcwfolyd kifí

&Sifaeao;aomaMumif U olydkifonf[kqd kum od'ẅ¬u ray;Edkif[k jiif;onf/

nDtud kESpfa,muf tjiif;yG m;&if; aemufqH k; vTwfawmfwufNyD; w&m;olBuD;rsm;\

tqH k;jzwfcHzdk h oabmwlvd kufMuonf/

bmoma&;? Ed kifiHa&;wdk hvm&m vm;&m 11


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w&m;olBuD;rsm;u ]toufwpfacsmif;ud k toufu,folom tyd kif

jzpfí owfol ryd kif }[k qH k;jzwfay;vd kufonf/ vTwfawmf\ ta&G;aumufcHjzif U

tkyfcsKyfonfU pepfrsm;udk Ak'äcwfrwd kifrDESif U Ak'äcwfwd khü rZÑdra'o od k hr[kwf

,aehtac: tdE´ d,Ed kifiHESifU eDaygEdkifiHwd khwGif awGY &aMumif; ord kif;taxmuf

txm;rsm;t& od&onf/

w&m;olBuD;rsm;\ qH k;jzwfcsufonf a'0'wÅtzd k h &efNidK;aw;oG m;p&mjzpfEd kifonf/ oufwl&G,fwl rif;om;rsm;jzpfí awmf0ifrdom;pkrsm;xHk;pHtwd kif;

t&m&mwGif txufpD;&csif awmfcsifonfrS m "r®wmjzpfonf/ oabmw&m;

t& a'0'wÅonf rdrdtwGuf &,lyd kifqd kifvd kjcif;jzpfNyD; od'¨w¬rS mrl &,ljcif;yif

jzpfapOD; olwpfyg;twGuf jzpfonf/ EdkifiHa&;rl0g't& &,lEdkifjcif;onf trSef

w&m;jzpfí bmoma&;rl0g't&rl ay;qyfEd kifjcif;onf trSefw&m;jzpfonf/

Ed kifiHa&;wGif rsm;rsm; &,lEdkifvQif rsm;rsm; atmifjrifNyD; tukef&vQif tukef

atmifjrifonf[k qd konf/ bmoma&;t&rl rsm;rsm;ay;qyfEd kifav rsm;rsm;

atmifjrifavjzpfNyD; tEdIif;rJU ay;qyfEdkifvQif tEdIif;rJU atmifjrifjcif;jzpfonf/

wpfenf;qd k&aomf vGwfvGwfay;qyfEd kifjcif;onfyif bmoma&;t& ppfrSefaomatmifjrifrIjzpfonf/ EdkifiHa&;t&rl &,lEdkifrIudk atmifjrifaompHtjzpf

owfrSwfonf/

,if;tcsufonf Ed kifiHa&;ESif U bmoma&;wdk h\ wnfUwnf UacsmfaeonfU

yef;wd kifjzpfonf/ yef;wd kifrwlrSjzif U avQmuf&rnf Uvrf;vnf; rnfod k hrS wlEd kifp&m

r&S dygay/



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EdkifiHa&;ESifU bmoma&;onf twlwuG &yfwnfMuaomfvnf;

oD;jcm;pDjzpfonf/ xd ktwl ajcaxmuftm;jzifU twljzpfapumrl b,fbuf

ajcaxmufonf nmbufajcaxmuf r[kwfay/ ta&mifoabmtm;jzif U tjzL-

trJ twlomjzpfonf/ od k h&mwGif tjzLaMumifU trJjzpf&onfum; r[kwf/

tjzLum; tjzL? trJum; trJom jzpfonf/ twljzpfMuaomfvnf; oD;jcm;pD

t"dyÜg,faqmifonf[k qdkvdkonf/ &ifaoG;csif;wlaomfvnf; om;ESifUorD;uJ Govd kjzpfonf[k tvG,frSwfEd kifonf/ od k h&mwGif tjyeftvSef taxmufuljyK

aus;Zl;jyKMuonfud kawmU vufcH&rnf jzpfonf/ tcsif;csif; rS Dcd k &Sifoef&onf[k

t"dyÜ g,fzGif UEd kifonf/ þtcsufud k aemufyd kif;tcef;rsm;wGif taMumif;tm;avsmf

pG m xnfUoGif;aqG;aEG;oGm;rnf jzpfonf/

t"du qd kvd konfrS m bmoma&;ESifU EdkifiHa&;ud k cJGjcm;xm;í rjzpfEd kif

aumif;aomfvnf; xyfwljyKívnf; r&Edkif[lí jzpfonf/ txufyg taMumif;

jycsufrsm;udk MunfUjcif;tm;jzif U bmoma&;wpfck\ t,l0g'onf EdkifiHa&;

oabmw&m;ESifU udkufnDonf[kqd kvQif rSm;,Gif;onf[k qdk&rnfjzpfonf/

þpmtkyfwGif toH k;jyKonf U ]bmoma&;} od k hr[kwf ]bmomw&m;}qd konf U a0g[m&onf Ak'¨bmomudk wdkuf½d kuf&nfnTef;jcif;jzpfaMumif; txl;

ajymp&m vd krnfrxifyg/

vlqd konf U wnf&m|mewpfckwnf;rS myif jzpfaomfvnf; bmoma&;ESif U

EdkifiHa&;wd k honf ]vm}&m rwlMu/ odk htwGufaMumif U ]vm;}&mvnf; wlrnf

r[kwfay/ vrf;csif;rwlí yef;wd kifcsif;rwlonfrS m odomxif&S m;NyD; jzpfygonf/

Thursday, October 10, 2013

bmoma&;? Ed kifiHa&;wdk hvm&m vm;&m 13


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17/124

tcef;-2

bezl;od kufwl;olESifU avmutwGuf b0jzpfvdkol

(od k h ),H kMunfcsuftwGuf b0ud k paw;Muolrsm;


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,H kMunfcsuftwGufb0ud k ay;qyfvdkol jzpfonf/

rsm;rsm;ay;qyfEdkifavrsm;rsm;auseyf&avjzpfonf/

ay;qyf&zd kh tcGif Ua&;ud ktNrJ&S mBuHaeol jzpfonf/

ay;qyfjcif;rSvJ GíbmrSxyfrvd k[k

oabmxm;Muolrsm; jzpfonf/

K K

K K


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od'ẅ¬rif;om;onf a'0'wÅrif;om;\ nDrawmft&if; ,aom"&mESif U

vufxyfNyD; uydv0w¬KxD;eef;udk qufcHonf/ od'ẅ¬ud k arG;uif;puwnf;u

olY acwfynm&Sdrsm;u bk&m;jzpfrnf[k edrdwfzwfMuonf/

od'ẅ¬\ zcifoka'¨ g'eu bk&m;tjzpfud k tvd kr&S d/ xd ktwl omuD0if

wd khuvnf; bk&m;tjzpfud k tvd kr&SdMu/ omuD0ifxJwGif uydv0w¬KjynfESif Ua'0'[jynfrS omuD0ifrsm; tm;vH k;ygonf/ txufwGif ajymcJ UonfUtwd kif;

aumovwdkif;\ vufatmufcHrsm;tjzpfud k olwd kh rESpfoufMu/ xd kaMumif U

rif;BudKufpd k;BudKuf vd kufwwfaom ynm&Sifac: tBuHay;tcsKd Y \ od'¨w¬onf

pMum0aw;rif; jzpfEd kifonfqd kjcif;ud k olwd k h vufcHvd konf/ od k hrSom twd kif;wd kif;

tjynfjynfrS armfMunf U&aom Ed kifiHa&;t& MoZmtvTrf;rd k;Ed kifqH k;jzpfaom od'ẅ¬\pMum0aw;rif;tjzpfonfom olwdk h vdktifud k jynfUapEd kifayrnf/

xd kaMumif U od'ẅ¬rif;om; pMum0aw;rif; jzpfEd kifa&;ud k 0d kif;0ef;vH k;yrf;

Mujcif; jzpfonf/ rdrdta&;udk y"mexm; (Bigotry)NyD; olwpfyg;ta&;

(Fairness)

udk aemufwef;xm;jcif;onf EdkifiHa&;\ aysmhuGufwpfckjzpfonf/omuD0ifwdk honf MoZmvTrf;rdk;Edkifa&;ud k tm;wufoa&m BudK;yrf;oavmuf

od'¨w¬\udk,fa&;udk,fwmudk arhxm;onf/ rdrdwdkhtwÅ (Selfish) tay:

bezl;odkufwl;olESif U --------- b0udk paw;Muolrsm; 17


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tajccHNyD; wpfud k,faumif;qef vkyfcJUjcif;aMumifU qdk;usKd;&v'frsm;ud kom rvJ G

raoG &vmrnfjzpfonf/

urÇ mhEd kifiHa&;ZmwfcH kud k Munf Uvd kufvQif at'D 18-&mpkaES mif;yd kif;txd

Ed kifiHa&;oabmw&m;rsm;rSm trsm;tm;jzifU oufOD;qHydkifpepf? ya'o&mZfpepf?

tmPm&Sifpepfwd k hom jzpfonf/ Ak'¨yGif UawmfrrlcifESifU Ak'ÿGifUawmfrlNyD; bDpD 6-

&mpk0ef;usifumvonf ya'o&mZfacwfom jzpfonfqd konfrS m odomvSonf/pmayrsm;wGif uydv0w¬K? rvvwdkif;? 0ZÆDwdkif;wdkhonf 'Drdkua&pD oabm

w&m;qefaom tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfrsm; usif UoHk;cJ UaMumif; azmfjyxm;onf/ od k h&m

wGif toufq,h fajcmufESpfom &S dao;onf U od'¨w¬rif;om;ud k wdkif;jynftBuD;

tuJ &Sifbk&iftjzpf wifajrmufonfrSm pOf;pm;p&mjzpfonf/

'Drdkua&pDoabmt& trsm;a&G;cs,frIjzif U &Sifbk&ifjzpf&aom uydv

0w¬KwGif od'ẅ¬rif;om;ud k rnfonU ftwGuf touft&G,fi,fi,fjzif U &Sifbk&if

wifajr§ muf&ygoenf;/ &Sif;ygonf/ txufwGif ajymcJ Uonf Utwd kif; od'ẅ¬onf

pMum0aw;rif; jzpfrnfqd konfudk eef;awmftod kif;0dkif;omru jynfolrsm;uyg

,H kMunfMuaomaMumifU jzpfonf/od'ẅ¬ud k a&G;cs,fvd kufjcif;jzif U twd kif;wd kif; tjynfjynfud k Ed kifiHa&;t&

MoZmoufa&mufrI vTrf;rd k;Ed kifrIud k &rnfjzpfonf/ teD;em; ywf0ef;usifudk

owdjyKvQif xd ktcsufrS m xif&S m;ygonf/ Oyrm a'0'wÅonfvnf; od'¨w¬ESifU

touft&G,ftm;jzifU rwdrf;r,drf;om &Sd&rnf/ taMumif;rS m ol\nDrjzpfol

,aom"&monf od'ẅ¬ESif U toufwljzpfaomaMumif U jzpfonf/ uydv0w¬KwGif

od'¨w¬rif;om; &Sifbk&ifjzpfcsdefwGif omuD0ifrif;rsKd;vnf;jzpf tdrfeD;csif;vnf;

jzpfaom a'0'[wGif a'0'wÅonf &Sifbk&if rjzpfcJ U/ xdktwl touf



21/124

q,f hajcmufESpft&G,f&S d tZmwowfrif;om;onf i,fi,f&G,f&G,fESif U &Sifbk&if

rjzpfEd kifrSef;odí tazud kowfcJ Uonf/

Ed kifiHa&;oabmt& EdkifvQif trSefjzpfonf/ rnfonf Uenf;vrf;jzif U

Ed kifEdkif Ed kifzd k hu t"dujzpfonf/ þoabmud k tZmwowfrif;\ jzpf&yfu

oufaojyonf/ at'Dwpf&mpkrSpí acwfopfEd kifiHa&;avmudk Munf Uvd kufvQif

þoabmw&m;rsm;rS m xif&S m;onf/ ta&S Y taemuf EdkifiHrsm;tm;vH k;eD;yg;wGifawGY &onf/ bDpD 5-&mpkcefhu a&mrEdkifiHwGif 'Drd kua&pD oabmw&m;qefaom

tkyfcsKyfa&;rsm; &S dcJ Uonf[k qdkaomfvnf; trsm;pku vufrcHcJ UonfrS m xif&Sm;

onf/ trsm;BudKuf EdkifiHa&; oabmw&m; topfjzpfaom 'Drkdua&pDonf

at'D 19-&mpk 0ef;usifrSom ododomom awG Y jrifvm&onf/ wcsKd Y uvnf;

at'D 16-&mpk0ef;usifu pwifonf[k qdkMuonf/

bDpD 6-&mpk\ EdkifiHa&;e,fy,fwGif oufOD;qHydkifbk&ifrsm;onf

rsm;aomtm;jzifU pwkw¬t&G,fa&mufrSom wdkif;jynf\tBuD;tuJ&mxl;rsm;

odk hr[kwf &Sifbk&iftjzpfud k pGef havU&S dMuonf/ a0'ynma&;oabmt& yxr

t&G,frS m ynm&Sm&onf/ 'kwd,t&G,fESifU wwd,t&G,frSm pD;yGm;&Smjcif;tdrfaxmif&ufom;jyKjcif; vkyf&onf/ pwkw¬t&G,fa&mufrS avmuDvlrI

udpörsm;pGef Y um w&m;&S mavU&S dMuonf/ Zmwfawmfrsm;wGifvnf; þoabmw&m;

rsm;udk rMumcPawG Y&onf/ t&G,fav;rsKd;ud k yd kif;&mwGif a,bk,stm;jzifU

ESpfq,f Uig;ESpf owfrSwfonf/ odk hqd kvQif pwkw¬t&G,f toufckESpfq,fausmf

&Spfq,fem;eD;rS xD;eef;pGef hrnfU zcifud k tZmwowfvkyfBuHonfrS m EdkifiHa&;

aMumif U qd konfrS m odomonf Utcsuf jzpfonf/



22/124

txufygtaMumif;rsm;ud k jyefoH k;oyf&aomf od'ẅ¬rif;om;ud k i,fi,f

&G,f&G,fjzif U &Sifbk&ifwifajr§ mufonf U uydv0w¬K\ 'Drd kua&pDqefaom Ed kifiHa&;

oabm&m;onf MoZmvTrf;rdk;vd krIjzpfonf/ EdkifiHa&;oabmt& wd kif;jynfwdkif;

wGif acwfNydKifyk*¾ dKvfrsm; od k hr[kwf tpOftvmBuD;olrsm; &S daernfrSmvnf;

oHo,jzpfp&m r&Sdonf Utcsuf jzpfonf/ xd kolrsm;ud kausmfNyD; od'ẅ¬rif;om;

i,fu &Sifbk&ifjzpf&onfrS mvnf; Ed kifiHa&;t& MoZmvTrf;rd k;EdkifrIyif jzpfonf/,aehacwfrS mvnf; tjcm;ygwDwpfbufrS t&S defMoZm&S dolwpfa,mufa,mufud k

tmPm&ygwDu &mxl;BuD;ay;NyD; ol hvlud k,f Ubufom; vkyfjcif;rsKd; urÇ mhEd kifiHa&;

ZmwfcH krsm;wGif txif;om;awG Y &onf/

Ed kifiHa&;oabmw&m;t& vkyfief;wd kif;onf trsm;ud k A[k dvf (Focus)

jyKonf/ bmoma&;onf wpfOD;csif;pD (Individual) \ csrf;omrIudk tav;

xm;onf/ xif&S m;onf UtcsufrS m rJay;a&G;aumufjcif;qd kif&mESif U wpfOD;wnf;

aeNyD; vGwfajrmufrIud k &S mazGjcif; jzpfonf/ bmoma&;t& wpfOD;csif;pD csrf;omrI

qd konfrS m vltm;vH k;udk&nfñTef;aMumif; xif&S m;onf/ Ed kifiHa&;t& trsm;pkud k

tav;xm;í vlenf;pkudk uk d,fpm;rjyKonfrSmvnf; xif&S m;onf/rnfod k hyifjzpfap od'ẅ¬rif;om;\ tkyfcsKyfa&; umvwpfavQmuf

onf Nidrf;csrf;onf/ tpd k;&bufuomru jynfolrsm;\ axmufcHrIbufud k

vnf; tjynf Ut0&onf/ Ed kifiHa&;ord kif;wpfavQmufxGif xl;jcm;aom atmif

jrifrI jzpfonf/ rdom;pkta&;wGifvnf; tvm;wlyif atmifjrifonf/ od k h&mwGif

b0\ trSefwu,f vGwfajrmufrIESif U ppfrSefaom Nidrf;csrf;rIudk ay;Ed kifonfrSm

bmoma&;om jzpfonf[k od'¨w¬u ,H kMunfonf/



23/124

Ed kifiHa&;onf ½HI;edrf UrIud k vufpm;acsvd kNyD; tEd kif&rI atmifEd kifrIwd k hjzif U

*kPfodu©mudk tzwfq,fvdkonf/ od'¨w¬rif;om; awmxGuf&mwGif om;

wpfa,mufrdcif ,aom"&mrif;orD; usef&pfcJ Uonf/ od'ẅ¬u ,aom"&mud k

aemuftdrfaxmif jyKvd ku jyK&ef? rdbtdrfjyefvd ku jyef&ef cGif Uay;cJ Uonf/ od'ẅ¬

enf;wl uydv0wfwd kif;jynfuvnf; qE&́S dcJUonf/

,aom"&mrS m omrefrdef;rom;wpfa,muf r[kwfay/ ]rdef;raumif;yef;aumif;wpfyGif Uyef }qd konf UxH k;ud k ESvH k;yd kufxm;ol jzpfonf/ twdus vd kufem

Ed kifolvnf;jzpfonf/ ,aom"&m\ oabmxm;rS m od'¨w¬ESif U wpfom;wnf;

usonf/ ,H kMunfcsuftwGuf b0ud k ay;qyfvd kol jzpfonf/ rsm;rsm;ay;qyf

Ed kifav rsm;rsm;auseyf&avjzpfonf/ ay;qyf&zd kh tcGif Ua&;udk tNrJ&S mBuHaeol

jzpfonf/ ay;qyfjcif;rSvJ Gí bmrSxyfrvdk[k oabmxm;Muolrsm; jzpfonf/

od'ẅ¬uJ Uod k hyif ay;qyfjcif;jzif U b0ud k jynf UpH kol auseyfoltjzpf cH,lxm;onf/

toGifwlvd kh tdrfoljzpfvmol[k qdk&rnf jzpfonf/

wpfbufu rauseyfEdkifoluvnf; &Sdaeonf/ a'0'wÅrif;om;

jzpfonf/ vli,fb0rS ma&m tkyfcsKyfa&; avmurS myg od'ẅ¬tay: r,SOfEd kifjcif;ud k a'0'wÅu rauseyf/ ,ck rdrdnDrESif U wljzpfoludk xm;cJ UNyD; od'ẅ¬rif;om;

awmxGufoG m;onfU owif;udk vufcH&csdefwGif a'0'[uae uydv0w¬Kud k

okwfajcwifonf/ ,aom"&mud k vufxyfNyD; wpfoufwmvH k; apmif Ua&S mufzdk h

ajymonf/ taMumif;jycsufu aumif;onf/ zwqd k;om;av; rsufES mri,f

&atmif? a,musfm;ypfcH&onf U rdef;rwpfa,muftjzpf rodrfi,f&atmif jzpf

onf/ ,aom"&mu cg;cg;oD;oD; jiif;onf/ e*d kuwnf;u apwem rrSefbJ



24/124

½I H;edrfUrIud k tzwfqnfvd konf U a'0'wÅrS m rsufES mr& ajcaxmuf&udef; qd kuf

oGm;onf/ od'¨w¬tay: emMunf;oxuf emMunf;oG m;onf/

omuD0ifwdk h xH k;wrf;tpOfvmt& nDrt&if;ud k vufxyfonfrSm

xl;qef;onf U jzpf&yfr[kwfaomfvnf; a'0'wÅu ol hnDrud k vufxyfcGif Uawmif;

onfrS m xl;qef;aeonf/ ,aom"&mrS m wjcm;rif;orD;rsm;ESifUrwl/ om; wpf

a,muf rdcifjzpfonf/ rnfrQyif vSonfqdkapOD;awmU om;wpfa,mufrdcifud krif;om;wpfyg;u vufxyfcGif Uawmif;onfrS m r&S doavmuf &S m;onf/ trSefwu,f

apmif Ua&Smufvd konf jzpfcJUaomf e*d kuyif nDrt&if;jzpfí rlvtwd kif;yif apmif U

a&S mufcGif U&S dygonf/ tpuwnf;uvnf; ol hvufckyfxJu a&jzpfcJ Uonf/ Ed kifiHa&;

t& tjrwfxkwfcsifí od'ẅ¬ud k ay;tyfcJ UonfrS m xif&S m;cJ Uonf Utcsuf jzpfonf/

,aom"&m\ tajzu &Sif;onf/ od'ẅ¬uvJ G&if usefolud k zJ GqefuJ G

yif jzpfonf/ tpuwnf;u apwem rrSefuef? od'ẅ¬\ Ed kifiHa&;atmifjrifrI

(Political Impact) udk wpfbufvSnfUjzpf 0if,lvdkaom a'0'wÅrSm

,aom"&m tajzaMumif U t½I dufud k vufoD;eJ h xd k;cH&ovd k jzpfonf/ emMunf;rI

rS m txG#fxdyfa&mufcJU&onf/ tNidK;taw;tm;vHk;rS m rauseyfcsuf "mwfcH&S donfU od'ẅ¬tay: usa&mufoG m;onf/

tm;vH k;uawmU ay;qyfolrsm; jzpfonf/ od k h&mwGif vrf;aMumif;csif;rwl/

xd kaMumif U yef;wdkifcsif;vnf; wlp&mtaMumif; r&Sd/ bmoma&;vrf;aMumif;t&

ay;qyfolrsm;ESif U Ed kifiHa&;vrf;aMumif;ay:u ay;qyfolwd k h\ wnU fwnf UvJ Gaeonf U

A[k dvfcsufr jzpfonf/ tav;eufxm; xnf UoGif;pOf;pm;&rnf U tjcm;tcsufwpfck

rS m bmoma&;ESif U Ed kifiHa&;oabmw&m;rsm;onf vlESif Urqd kif? tay:,Ht0wfpm;ESif U

rqd kif/ cH,lcsufjzif Uom oufqdkifonf? rlESifUom oufqdkifonfqdkonfUtcsuf

jzpfonf/ Wednesday, November 06, 2013



25/124

tcef;-3

e,fy,fjcm;vSsif “pH”xm;&m uJ Gjym;&rnf


26/124

txl;owdjyK&rnf UtcsufrSmvlrsm;wd kif;

axmufcHrIrsm;rsm;&wdkif;taumif;oabm roufa&mufyg/

taumif;rsm;rsm;

axmufcHrSomvQifaumif;rnf jzpfygonf/xdkaMumif U Ak'b̈momuoifjyonfUtwd kif;tajccHtm;jzif U

wpfOD;csif;aumif;zdk h vd kygonf/

K K

K K


27/124

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tajymif;tvJrsm;aMumifU e,fy,frsKd;pH k? ynm&yfrsKd;pH kud k vG,fvifUwul xdawG Y

cGif U&vmonf/ vG,fvif Uwul toHk;jyKvmMuonf/ woD;wjcm; pnf;om;xm;

onfrsm;udkvnf; vufwpfurf;rS myif ,lvdk h&vmonf/ od k hjzif U ud k,fBudKufonf U

ae&mrS jzwf,lí udk,fvd kovd k t"dyÜ g,f zGif Uqd kvmMuonf/ t&m0w¬Kwpfck

ynm&yfwpfrsKd;tay:wGif udk,fUtjrifeJhudk,f jrifcGifU&SdMuonfum; rSefonf/ud k,fjrifonf Utwd kif; trSefjzpfonf? xd ktwd kif;yif wpfao0rwdrf; rSefuefonf

[kum; ajymvd k hr&Ed kifay/ vd kufem&rnf Upnf; aumuf,l&rnf Uenf;awG &S daeonf

ud k owdjyK&ygrnf/ vd kufem&rnf U usif U0wfrsm;ud k rsufuG,fjyKvmMuonf[k

vnf; tcsKd Y u qd kMuonf/

oabmtm;jzif U a'0'wfonf ouFef;0wfESif U jzpfonf/ oH Cmqd konf Uta&wGufü yg0ifonf/ xd kaMumif U a'0'wfonf oHCmjzpfonf[k qdkonf/

a'0'wfonf oH Cmqd konf UtxJwGif yg0ifonfum; rSefygonf/ odk h&mwGif

a'0'wfonf ]oHCmjzpfonf} qd k&mwGifrl rS m;onf/ taMumif;rSm ]oHCm}

qd konfrS m wpfOD;wpfa,mufwnf;ud k qd kvd konfr[kwf/ tzJ G Y tpnf;? tpktaygif;ud k qd kjcif;jzpfonf/ tenf;qHk; ta&wGuftm;jzifU av;a,muf od khr[kwf

av;yg;&SdrS oH Cm[k ac:onf/

e,fy,fjcm;vSsif “pH”xm;&m uJGjym;&rnf 25


28/124

aemufwpfcsufrS mvnf; rnfonU foH Cm trsKd;tpm;wGif yg0ifygovJ/

oDv&S donfU oHCmxJrSm ygovm;/ od khr[kwf oDvr&S donfU oHCmxJrSm yg0if

ovm;/ od khwnf;r[kwf wdw¬d*d kPf;tkyfpk oH CmawGxJrS m ygovm; ponfjzif U

cJ Gjcm;&rnf jzpfonf/ ighpum; EGm;& pum;rsKd;? 0g;vH k;&Snfjzif U odrf;½dkufonf U

oabmrsKd;ud k a&SmifMuOf&rnfjzpfonf/

&wemyH kacwf rif;wkef;rif;vufxufwGif xif&Sm;cJ UonfU tjzpfysufwpfck &SdcJ honf/ wpfaehwGif rif;wkef;&Sifbk&ifonf eef;awmfod k h oHCmawmf

rsm;udk yifUzdwfNyD; qGrf;qufuyf&ef jyifqifcdkif;onf/ xdkoHCmpm&if;wGif

emrnfBuD;q&mawmf wpfyg;jzpfol Aef;armfq&mawmf ryg0if/ taMumif;rSm

tqdkygq&mawmfonf tajctae tcsdefcgrMunfU rsufESmBuD;i,fraxmuf

qd kqH k;rwwfaomaMumif U jzpfygonf/

rif;wkef;&Sifbk&ifvnf; cH&aygif;rsm;vSí xdkaehqGrf;uyfudk

Aef;armfq&mawmf ryg0if&avatmif pDrHcd kif;jcif;jzpfonf/ od kh&mwGif Aef;armf

q&mawmfonf rdzk&m;acgifBuD;\ &[ef;jzpfonfuwpfaMumif;? ynm awmf

vSonfu wpfaMumif; paomtaMumif;rsm;aMumifU eef;awmfod kh tcsdefra&G;


29/124

txufyg jzpf&yfwGif Aef;armfq&mawmfu ]igvnf; oHCmxJrS m

ygwmyJ}[kom ajymjcif;jzpfonf/ odkh&mwGif ]ig oHCmjzpfw,f}[kum;

rajymay/

udk;um;jcif;ESif U vd k&mpJG toH k;csjcif;udk cJ Gjcm;em;vnf&rnf jzpfonf/

rl&if;ud k rl&if;twd kif;xm;NyD; ,if;tay: rdrdem;vnfonf vufcHonfud k em;vnf

onf Utwd kif; vufcHonU ftwd kif; cJ GcJ Gjcm;jcm; uJ GuJ Gjym;jym; &S d&rnf/ wifjycGif Uvnf;&S donf/ odk h&mwGif jzpfvmrnf U aumif;usKd; qd k;jypfud k wm0ef,l&rnf jzpfonf/

rdrdodjrifonf Utwdkif; rl&if;u wxpfcs qdkvdkonf rSefonf[k ajymqdkjcif;

onf BuD;rm;aom vJ GrSm;rIjzpfonf/

wpfbufrSmvnf; ,aehtcsdefcgonf Ak'¨pmayrsm;udk vIdifvdIif

toH k;csvmMuonf/ Ak'¨pmayvm tqH k;trrsm;onf vlwd k h\ aehpOf vkyfief;

aqmifwmrsm;ESif U ruif;onfjzpf&um; aumif;vSayonf[k tjyKoabmaqmif

um awG;&ygonf/ od k haomfjim;vnf; tcsKd Y csKd Y wd k hrS mrl txufwGif wifjycJ Uonf U

twdkif; vdk&mud kqJ GNyD; xifjrifonfUtwd kif; t"dyÜ g,fzGifUqdkMuonf/ olhtjrif

twd kif;ud kyif bk&m;&Sifu trSefwu,fqdkvdkaMumif; twdtvif; qdkjyefonf/tjyKoabmaqmifonfxuf tjypf&Smvd konf UoabmjzifU toH k;jyKonfu rsm;

onf[k trsm;pku oH k;oyfMuonf/

om"u wpfckudk MunfUyg/ umvmrokwfac: auorkwÅ dokwfonf

'Drd kua&pDESifU nDnGwfonf[k qdkvmonf/ nDnGwf&if b,fvdk nDnGwfygovJ/

bmaMumifU nDnGwfygovJ/ vlwd kh\ pdwfBudKufa&G;cs,fcGif Uud k ay;aomaMumifU

vGyfvyfonf/ xd kaMumif U 'Drd kua&pD oabmw&m;ESif U nDñGwfonf[k jzef;qdkyg



30/124

onf/ odk hqd kaomf ud k,f UpdwfBudKuf vkyfcGifU&jcif;onf 'Drdkua&pDpepf jzpfyg

ovm;[k ar;p&m&Sdvmonf/

trSeftm;jzif U 'Drdkua&pD qd konfrS m tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfwpfckom jzpf

onf/ jynfolrsm;u pdwfBudKuf a&G;aumuf wifajr§ mufvd kufonf U ud k,fpm;vS,f

rsm;jzif U tkyfcsKyfaompepfud k 'Drd kua&pD[k ac:jcif;omjzpfonf/ þoabmw&m;

t& vlwpfcsif;pD\ qEx́uf od khr[kwf vl hwpfa,muftBudKufxuf trsm;tBudKufaqmifaom oabmw&m;wpfck jzpfonfrS m xif&S m;onf/ a&S Ytcef;

rsm;wGif aqG;aEG;cJ Uonf Utwd kif; Ak'b̈mom od k hr[kwf Ak'p̈mayrsm;onf wpfOD;csif;

tcGif Uta&;ud k tav;teufxm;aMumif; xd krS tqif UqifUwufum rdom;pk

tcGif Uta&;? aqGrsKd;tcGif Uta&;? &yf&G m wd kif;jynf wpfurÇ mvH k;ESif U ouf&S davmu

wpfckvHk;txd us,fjyefY oG m;onf/

udk,fvkyfcsifwd kif; vkyfcGif U&wmudk 'Drd kua&pDac:onf[k r,lqtyf/

oDcsif;BudKufvd kh oDcsif;em;axmifcGifU&S donf/ ywf0ef;usif taES muft,Sufjzpf

atmif atmfBuD;[pfus,f zGifUwmrsKd;ud krl a&S mif&rnf jzpfonf/ ud k,f UpdwfBudKuf

em;axmifcGif U&Sdaomfvnf; ywf0ef;usifud k rnfonf Uenf;ESifUrQ taESmuft,Sufrjzpfap&/ AdkvfcsKyfajymouJ hodk h vGwfvyfa&;&NyDqd kNyD; vrf;ray: pyg;wufvSef;

wmrsKd; rvkyf&ay/ þoabmw&m;rsm;udk 'Drdkua&pDpepf usifUoHk;aeonfU

xd kxd kEd kifiHrsm;wGif aexd kifolrsm;? oGm;a&mufzl;olrsm;? pmayA[kokw&S dolrsm;

aumif;pGmodMuayvdrh frnf/

rnfod k hqd kap taemufwk dif;wGif atmifjrifaeonf U pepfwpfckonf

ta&SY wdkif;wGifvnf; tvm;wl atmifjrif&rnf[k yH kaoum;csyf rrSwf,lEd kifyg/



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udk,fUywf0ef;usif udk,fU,Ofaus;rIrsm; tpOfvmrsm;udk xnfUwGuf&ygrnf/

taMumif;rS m a&S Y aqmif;yg;rsm;wGif aqG;aEG;cJ Uovd k ta&S Y ESif U taemufqdkonfrSm

ajzmifUajzmifUBuD; qefhusifaeonf r[kwfygvm;/ ,Ofaus;rIcsif;rwl tpOf

tvmcsif; rwlonf U ywf0ef;usifrS m usif UoH k;&rnf U pepfrS mvnf; rwlEd kifonfud k

txl;tav;xm;&rnfom/ þoabmw&m;rsm;udk pd kufysKd;a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif

vkyfud kifolrsm; tuRrf;w0if odonf/ ydkNyD; em;vnfonf/ wjcm;t&yfrS matmifjrif jzpfxGef;onfU oD;ES Hrsm;udk rdrda'orSmpdkufvdkh atmifjrif&rnf[k

owfrSwfr&yg/ a&cH ajrcHESif U &moDOwkud k xnf UwGuf&rnf jzpfonf/

'Drdkua&pDESifUnDñGwfvSygonf qdkonfU auorkwÅdokwfudk jyefvnf

oHk;oyfMunf Uzdk h vdkvmygonf/ ,if;okwfwGif t"dutm;jzif U tcsuf 10-csuf

yg0ifonfud k awGY &onf/ ,if; 10-csuft& t,ltq od k hr[kwf 0g'wpfckud k-

(1) wpfqif UMum;pum;rQjzifU [kwfNyD rSefNyD[k tvsifpvd k vufrcHoif U/

(2) bd k;ab;pOfquf qif;oufvmaom rd½d k;zvm 0g'jzpfívnf; tvsif

pvd k vufrcHoifU/

(3) a&S;u 'Dvd kjzpfbl;cJ Uw,f qd k½H krQESif Uvnf; tvsifpvdk vufrcHoif U/(4) rdrdavUvmaeonf U pmayusrf;*efrsm;ESifU nDnGwfaomaMumifUvnf;

tvsifpvdk vufrcHoifU/

(5) ,kwÅ daA'(Logic) enf;us awG;ac:xm;ojzif U trSef[k tvsifpvdk

vufrcHoif U/

(6) enf;rS D ud k;um; ,lxm;jcif;rQjzifUvnf; tvsifpvd k vufrcHoifU/



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(7) tjcif;t&mud k BuHpnfaomtm;jzif Uvnf; t,ltqwpfckud k tvsif

pvd k vufrcHoifU/

(8) rdrdBuHpnfpdwful;xm;onfrsm;ESifU wdkufqd kif nDnGwfonf[lívnf;

tvsifpvdk vufrcHoif U/

(9) rdrdwd k h ,H kMunfvufcHxm;onf U yk*¾KdvfwpfOD; wpfa,muf\ t,ltq

jzpfaomaMumif Uvnf; tvsifpvd k vufrcHoif U/(10) rdrdwd khq&m&[ef;\ t,l0g'jzpfaomaMumifUvnf; tvsifpvd k vuf

rcHoif U/

txufyg rm 10-csufud k ud k;um;NyD; auorkwÅ dokwfonf 'Drd kua&pD

ESif U nDonf[k qk d[ef&S dygonf/ tcsKd Yuvnf; aemufqH k;tcsufud k MunfUNyD;

]igbk&m;&J Y pum;ud kawmif trSefvd k h vufrcHeJ h }vd k h ajymifajymifwif;wif; ajymvm

Muygonf/ rl&if; ygVdawmfrS m ]rm oraPm aem *½lwd} jzpfygonf/ ]igwdk h

ud k;uG,fxm; tav;tjrwfxm;onf U q&m&[ef;\ t,l0g' od k hr[kwf pum;

jzpfvd k h trSef }[k a0zefpdppfjcif;r&S dbJ tvsifpvd k vufrcH&ef qd kxm;jcif;jzpfonf/

orP-qd konf U a0g[m&ud k omreftm;jzif U &[ef;-[kyif qd k&ygonf/xd ktoHk;tEIef;onf bk&m;&Sif ryGih fawmfrlrDuyif &SdaecJ hygonf/ jrwfpG mbk&m;\

wynfUoH Cmawmfrsm;ud k &nfñTef;onf[k þae&mwGif wdkuf½dkuftm;jzif U rqdk

vd kay/

taMumif;wpfcsufrS mvnf; auorkwÅ dokwfud k a[m&jcif;\ aemufcH

taMumif;&if; (Background Story) ud k odxm;zdk Y vnf; vdkayao;onf/

odk hr[kwfygvQif em;vnfrI vJ GEdkifygonf/



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jrwfpGmbk&m;onf þokwfudk auorkwÅded*Hk;ü aexdkifMuonfU

umvmrrif;om;wdkhud k a[mMum;awmfrlygonf/ xdkaMumifU auorkwÅdokwf?

umvmrokwf[k trnfESpfrsKd;jzif U ac:Mujcif;jzpfygonf/ auorkwÅ ded*H k;onf

aumovwdkif;twGif;&Sd &GmBuD;wpf&Gm\trnfjzpfonf/ awmtkyfBuD;wpfck

teD;em;wGif wnf&SdNyD; xd kawmtkyfBuD;ud k jzwfoef;oGm;vmolwd kh tpma&pm

&du© mponfrsm; BudKwifpkaqmif; jyifqif&m c&D;wpfaxmufcs&m &GmBuD;wpf&G mvnf; jzpfonf/

xdkaMumifU auorkwÅ d&G mod k h vlrsKd;pH ka&mufzl;onf/ auorkwÅ d&Gmom;

wd khonf xk dxk dyk*¾ dKvfrsm;xHrS t,lqrsKd;pH k Mum;&zl;onf/ em&zl;onf/ t"du

tm;jzif U jrwfpG mbk&m;rwd kifrD a&mufvmcJUMuonf U bmoma&;q&m *d kPf;q&m

toD;oD;wd k hu t,l0g'a&;&mrsm; a[majym&mwGif rdrd0g'omrSefí tjcm;olrsm;\

t,ltq 0g'rsm; rS m;,Gif;aMumif;ud kom a[majymMuonf/ xd kolrsm;ud k ]orP}

odk hr[kwf ]jA[®P} qdkonfU a0g[m&rsm;jzifU &nfñTef;onf/

od k hESif U a&mufvmwdkif;aom bmoma&;orm;rsm;u ]olrsm; raumif;

aMumif;? ud k,faumif;aMumif;}rsm;ud kom ajymqd kMuonfjzpfí auorkwÅ d&G mom;umvrtrsKd;om;wd k honf trSef trS m; ra0cJ GEd kifMubJ &S daeMuygonf/ xd ktcsdef

wGif bk&m;&SifESif U aemufygoHCmawmfrsm;


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tajctaeud k &dyfpm;rdaom jrwfpG mbk&m;u txufyg 10-csufudk

rlwnfNyD; umvmrwd k hud k w&m;a[mygonf/ od k h&mwGif txufyg 10-csufrQjzif U

&yfroG m;yg/ xk d 10-csufonf umvmrrif;wk dh\ txifrS m;rIpdwftm½Hkudk trSef

a&mufatmif qJ G,lvd kufonf U ed'gef;rQom jzpfygao;onf/ trSefwu,ftm;jzif U

auorkwÅdokwfonf jrwfpG mbk&m;\ tjcm;jcm; w&m;awmfrsm;twd kif; edAÁ mef

a&mufonf Uwd kifatmif yd khaqmifay;onf U okwfjzpfygonf/oabmtm;jzif U avmb? a'go? arm[ w&m;rsm; vlwpfa,mufrS m

jzpfae&mwGif xd kw&m;rsm; aumif; raumif;ud k ud k,fwdkifodatmif BudK;pm;

&rnf jzpfonf/ raumif;onf[k ud k,fwdkif odjrif&onfUtcg xd kw&m;rsm;ud k

y,f&S m;&efjzpfonf/ ,if;wd kh\ qef husifbuf avmbr&S djcif;? pdwfrqdk;jcif;?

t&m&mud k aumif;raumif; a0cJ GEd kifpGrf;&S djcif; ponf Uw&m;rsm;udkvnf; trSef

wu,f aumif; raumif; ud k,fwd kifud k,fus odatmif BudK;pm;&rnf/ aumif;onf

[k ud k,fwd kifodjrif&onf Utcg xdkw&m;rsm;udk vd kufem&ef usif UoH k;&ef jzpfonf/

þrQavmufjzif Uyif Ak'b̈mom\ oabmw&m;rsm;udk em;vnfEd kifyg

onf/ wpfOD;csif; vGwfajrmufrI Nidrf;csrf;rIuae owÅavmuwpfckvH k; vGwfajrmufrI Nidrf;csrf;rIud k OD;wnfaom Ak'b̈momESif U trsm;\ oabmtwdkif;

vd kuf&aom rsm;&mud k OD;pm;ay;&aom 'Drd kua&pDoabm Ed kifiHa&;oabmonf

ta&SY ESifU taemuf ajzmif UajzmifUyif qefhusifygonf/

txl;owdjyK&rnfUtcsufrS m vlrsm;wdkif; axmufcHrIrsm;rsm;&wdkif;

taumif;oabm roufa&mufyg/ taumif;rsm;rsm; axmufcHrSomvQif

aumif;rnf jzpfygonf/ xd kaMumif U Ak'b̈momu oifjyonf Utwd kif; tajccHtm;jzif U



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wpfOD;csif;aumif;zd k h vd kygonf/ wpfurÇ mvH k;rSm &Sdonf U tjzpfysufrsm;ud kxm;OD;

tdrfeD;csif;Ed kifiHrsm;rS ocFef;pmrsm;ESif U rdrdwd k h\ vuf&S djzpfpOfrsm;ud k Munf UvQifyif

txift&Sm; awG Y jrifae&ygonf/

rnfodk hyifjzpfap Ak'¨bmomvm tqHk;trrsm; w&m;awmfrsm;onf

vlwdk h\ aehpOfb0rS vGwfuif;aeonfum; r[kwf/ woD;wjcm;vnf; r[kwf/

vdkufavsmnDaxGjzpfatmif toHk;csEdkifonfom jzpfavonf/ toHk;cszdkh&efa[mMum; ñTefjyxm;onfrsm;vnf; jzpfonf/ rvJ GraoG toHk;csoif Uonfom

vnf; jzpfayonf/ txl;owdjyK&efrSm rdrdvd kvQif vd kovdk? rvk dvQif rvd kovd k

wvJ Gt"dyÜ g,f (Misuse or Misunderstand) raumufMu&efom jzpfygonf/

Ed kifiHa&;qd konfrS m vkyfyd kifcGif U tmPm&&S datmif tm;xkwfjcif; wpfrsKd;

yif jzpfonf/ &&S dvmonf U tcGif Uta&; od k hr[kwf tmPmud k wpfOD;wpfa,muf

oabmESifU trsm;qE´ tkyfcsKyfonfom jcm;em;onf/ wpfOD;wpfa,muf\

tvdktwdkif; tkyfcsKyfjcif;onf oufOD;qHydkifpepf? tmPm&Sif pepfjzpfNyD;

trsm;qEÉSifUtnD tkyfcsKyfjcif;onf 'Drdkua&pDac: ,aeh vlBudKufrsm;aeonf U

pepfwpfckjzpfonf/ xk dEd kifiHa&;oabmw&m;t& &mxl;ESif UnDrQaom vkyfyd kifcGif Uud k&&Sdonf/ yef;wd kifrS m pnf;pdrfOpö mrsm; wpfpwpfp wd k;yGm;a&; ½kyf0w¬Kypönf;

jynf UpHkrIjzif U oufaomif Uoufom aexkdifEdkifa&; rsufarSmufynmjzifU vufawG Y

avmutusKd;rsm;udk cHpm;Edkifa&; ponfwdk hjzpfonf/

bmoma&;onf ½kyf0w¬K zG H Y NzdK;wd k;wufrIrsm;aemufud k rvd kufbJ ,if;

½kyf0w¬K zGHYNzdK;wdk;wufrIudk jzpfapaom ynm&yfrsm;udk t"durxm;aom

oabmw&m;jzpfonf/ pnf;pdrfOpöm *kPfyumoe &mxl;XmeEå& vkyfyd kifcGif U



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tmPm ponfrsm;tay: wyfrufonf U avmbw&m;? vdkcsifwmr& jzpfcsifwm

rjzpf&ESif U pdwfESif Uroif Uwd kif; jzpf&onf U a'gow&m;? ,if;ESpfyg;\ taMumif;&if;

jzpfonfU trSefud k trSeftwd kif; t&Sdudk t&S dtwd kif; rodjrifEdkifrI arm[w&m;

rsm;udk wpfpwpfpESifU yg;yg;oG m;atmif wpf&pfcsif; y,fowfjcif; jzpfonf/

tqH k;owftm;jzif U xd k avmb a'go arm[paom tukod kvfw&m;rsm;uif;&m

edAÁ mefud k &&Sda&;yifjzpfonf/ wpfcku wd k;yG m;atmif vkyfjcif;jzpfí wpfckuavsmhyg;atmif jyKvkyfjcif; jzpfonf/

ed*Hk;csKyf&aomf auorkwÅ dokwfvm vrf;ñTefcsufrsm;ud k rdrdwdk h aehpOf

b0wGif toH k;csvd kh &ygonf/ toH k;vnf; csoifUygonf/ od kh&mwGif 'Drd kua&pD

ESif U xyfwlusonf nDonf[kum; rqd koifUay/ 'Drd kua&pDESifUnDvQif Ed kifiHa&;

oabmw&m;jzpfygonf/ avmb? a'go? arm[ paom tukod kvfw&m;rsm;

uif;í edAÁmefa&mufatmif ñTefjyxm;aom auorkwÅ dokwfonf bmoma&;

ppfppfom jzpfonf/ xkdaMumifU wpfOD;csif; vGwfajrmufrIuae trsm;

vGwfajrmufrIudk ñTefjyxm;jcif;vnf; jzpfonf/ trsm;tusKd;udk MunfUNyD;

wpfOD;wpfa,muftusKd;ud k riJ huGufaom 'Drdkua&pD oabmw&m; od khwnf;r[kwf EdkifiHa&;qdkonfU oabmw&m;ESifU xyfwlusEd kifp&m r&S dygay/

wpfOD;csif; trSefw&m;ud k tajccHaom bmoma&;ESif U trsm;oabmxm;

trSefay: tajccHonf U Ed kifiHa&; oabmw&mrsm;ud k &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; odjrifoif U

ayonf/ txufwGifqd kcJ honf Utwd kif; rsm;wd kif;raumif;bJ? taumif;rsm;ygrSom

tppfrSef aumif;rnf jzpfygonf/ xd ktwGufvnf; wpfOD;csif;aumif;zd kh t&if

vd ktyfygonf/

Tuesday, December 03, 2013



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tcef;-4

bmoma&;qdkonfrS m aygif;ul;wHwm;


38/124

txufESifUatmuf

od k hr[kwftpdk;&ESif Ujynfol od khr[kwftkyfcsKyfol ESif U ttkyfcsKyfcH

vlwef;pm;wd khonfoD;jcm;pDjzpfMuí

wd kuf½kdufqefhusifMuonf/tqifajyzdk h&eftwGufoabmw&m;wpfckjzifUaygif;ul;ay;&onf/

,if;rSmbmomw&m;yif jzpfonf/

K K

K K


39/124

bmoma&;ESif U Ed kifiHa&;onf wpfoD;wjcm;pDjzpfaMumif;? od khjzpfjim;

aomfvnf; tjyeftvSef rS Dcd kum &yfwnf&aMumif; a&S;tcef;rsm;wGif wifjycJ UNyD;

jzpfonf/ tjyeftvSef az;rEd kifMu? az;rMuaomfvnf; oD;jcm;pD &yfwnfjcif;

onfom bmoma&;ESif U Ed kifiHa&;wd k h\ rSefuefaom atmifjrifrIjzpfonf/ cE¨ mud k,f

wpfckwnf;rSm wnf&S dapumrl rsufpdonf Munf Ujcif; jrifjcif; tvkyfrsm;ud kvkyfí? em;onf Mum;jcif; tvkyfrsm;udkom vkyfonf/ rsufpduvnf; rsufpd

tvkyf? em;uvnf; em;tvkyfud k vkyfonf/

xdktwl tjcm;udk,ft*Fg tpdwftydkif;rsm;onfvnf; cE¨mudk,f

wpfckwnf;wGif wnf&S daeí tjyeftvSef tusKd;jyKapumrl ud k,f Utvkyfud k,fom

vkyfMuygonf/ ud k,f Utvkyfud k vkyfMuaomfvnf; tjyeftvSeftaejzif U trS Dtcd k ruif;Mu/ od k h&mwGif ta&mtaES mr&S d oD;jcm;pDaejcif;aMumif Uyif ud k,f Uwm0ef

ud k,f ausonf[k qd k&rnf jzpfonf/ xk dtwl oDjcm;pDaejcif;ud kom atmifjrif

aom bmoma&; atmifjrifaom EdkifiHa&;[k qdk&rnfvnf; jzpfonf/

odkhqdkygvSsif tjyeftvSef rSDcdkMuonf[kqdk&m wpfae&mwnf;rSmod k hr[kwf t&m0w¬Kwpfckwnf;rS m wpfoD;wjcm;pD &SifoefaMumif; xif&S m;onf/

rSefygonf/ bmoma&;ESif U Ed kifiHa&;qd konfrS m ud k,fpm;jyK a0g[m&rsm;jzpfMuonf/

bmoma&;qd konfrS m aygif;ul;wHwm; 37


40/124

wpfckwnf;ud kom ud k,fpm;jyKygonf/ xd kaMumif U 4if;wd k hwnf&mrS m vd k&if;tm;jzif U

]vl }jzpfygonf/ udk,fpm;jyKonfUt&mrS mvnf; ]vl }yifjzpfavonf/

]vl}[kqd k&mwGif a,bk,stm;jzifU toGifo³mefud k ,l&ygrnf/

okdh&mwGif tESpfom&tm;jzifU tppftrSeftm;jzifUrl tay:,HtoGifxuf

twGif;yd kif;oabmw&m; pdwfydkif;qdkif&mcH,lcsufESifU ,if;tay:wGif jzpfwnf

vmonf U vkyfaqmifrI trlt&mrsm;udk ,l&rnf jzpfygonf/ tay:,HtjrifESifUt0wftpm;rsm;tay:Munf UNyD; qH k;jzwfMuaomaMumifU bmoma&;ESif U Ed kifiHa&;

qd kif&m zGif Uqd kcsufrsm; t"dyÜ g,fowfrSwfcsufrsm; rSefuefonf Utajzud kr&bJ yd kí

yd kíom ½IyfaxG;vmaeygonf/ þtcsufud k txl;tav;*½kjyK&ef vd ktyfygonf/

omoemhordkif;wpfavSsmufwGif bk&m;&SifESifU wdkif;BuD;jynfUocif

&Sifbk&ifwd k h qufqHa&;ud k owdjyK&ygrnf/ bk&m;&Sifenf;rS Dí omoemhOaoS smif

tquftqufjzpfaom t&Sifr[muóy t&Sifr[marm*¾vdykwÅwdó

rax&fjrwfwdk h tZmwowfrif; oD&d"r® maomurif;wd k hESif U qufqHa&;rsm;udk

*½kjyK&ygrnf/ jrefrmhord kif;wGif &[ef;jrwf &Sift&[HESif U rif;jrwftaemf&xmwd k h\

bmomESif U vlrsKd; omoemESif U wd kif;usKd;jynfjyKvkyfief;rsm;twGuf bmoma&;ESif Uwd kif;a&;jynf&mrsm;ud k aygif;ul;wHwm;ozG,f csufrSwfusif UoHk;oGm;onfrsm;ud k

erlem ,l&ygrnf/

wcsKd Yu bk&m;&Sifudk,fwdkifyif EdkifiHa&;rS m yg0ifywfoufcJ holtjzpf

a&;om; wifjyMuonf/ jrwfpG mbk&m;\ aqGrsKd;rsm;jzpfMuonf U uydv0wfjynf

om;rsm;ESif U aumvd,jynfom;wd khonf a&ud ktaMumif;jyKí ppfwd kufzd kh jyifMu



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onf/ omuD0ifrif;rsKd;wdk h ppfrjzpfMu&ef bk&m;&Sifu 0ifa&muf wm;jrpfum

Nidrf;csrf;a&;w&m; a[mMum;awmfrlonf/ xd ktcsufud kaxmufí bk&m;&Sifonf

Ed kifiHa&;wGif yg0ifywfoufcJUonf[k apmaMumMuonf/

"r®y' t|uxmwGif yg0ifaom tqd kygZmwfvrf;ud k jyefvnfoH k;oyf

Munf UMuygpd k h/ uydv0wfjynfom;rsm;ESif U aumvd,jynfom;wd k honf ESpfjynfaxmif

tMum;&Sd a&m[deDjrpfrS a&udk,lum pd kufysKd;a&;vkyfief;rsm; vkyfudkifMu&&ma&m[deDjrpfonf 4if;wdkh\ toufaoG;aMumyrm jzpfonf/ jrefrmEdkifiH\

toufvdkjzpfaom ajrmufrSawmifodk h pD;qif;aeonfU {&m0wDjrpfuJ Uodk h jzpf[ef

&Sdonf/ ukefoG,fa&;t&aum pdkufysKd;a&;t&yg toufaoG;aMumozG,f

jzpfygonf/

wcsKd Y pmayrsm;wGif aumvd,rif;ESifU omuD0ifrif;wdk h ppfjzpf&jcif;

taMumif;&if;ud k wpfrsKd;azmfjyxm;onf/ aumvd,ESif U uydv0wfNrdKY om;wd kh\

tapcH rdef;uav;rsm; a&m[dPDjrpfod k h a&cyfoG m;MupOf a&td k;wGif cH&Guf&onf U

acgif;ck vJGrS m;rIud k taMumif;jyKum wpfa,mufESif Uwpfa,muf cdkuf&efjzpfyG m;

Muonf/ wpfpwpfpESif U BuD;us,fvm&m wpfjynfESif U wpfjynf ppfcif;vm&onftxd jzpfonf[k qd kMuonf/ ax&0g'pmayrsm;wGifrl a&vkyJ Gud ktaMumif;jyKí

ppfwdkufzdkhjzpfvm&onf[k azmfjyxm;onf/ rnfodkhyifjzpfap ]trdIufuçp

jyóm'frD;avmif } qdkovd k jzpf&jcif; jzpfonf/

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wwfonf U pdwfxm;? rdrdatmifjrifrItwGuf t&m&mud k cseif;&Jonf U ,kwfrmaom

pdwfxm;rsm;udk a&S mifMuOf&rnf jzpfonf/

bmoma&;udk apmifUa&Smuf&ef &[ef;awmfrsm;bufu "r®pufjzifU

wm0ef&S dí EdkifiHa&;yd kif;u tmPmpufjzif U wm0ef&S donf[k rif;aumif;rif;jrwf

xH k;rsm; ajymqdk&mwGif rMumcPygavU&Sdygonf/ xd ktwlyif &[ef;awmfrsm;udk



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vnf; tkyfcsKyfol vlwef;pm;rsm;ESif U vd ktyfonfxuf ta&mw0if (&mZ0vvb)

jzpfjcif;rsm;udk bmoma&;u tm;ray;cJUygay/ tpdk;&ESif U jynfoloabmvdk

txufatmuf qufqHa&;r[kwfaom q&m-'um qufqHa&;wGif &mZ0vvb

rjzpfrIonfyif &[ef;awmfrsm;\ BuD;jrwfaom *kPfodu© mwpf&yfjzpfaMumif;ud k

omoempOfquf awG Y&ygonf/

ud k,f Uvrf;pOfESif Uud k,f rSefrSefuefuef &yfwnfMuzd k h jzpfygonf/ rdzk&m;r,fEk ao'PfuscH&&mwGif aemufqHk;taeeJ Y q&mawmfOD;Ak'fud k zl;arQmfvdk

aMumif; cGif Uawmif;ygonf/ rif;uvnf; cGif UjyKygonf/ taMumif;rS m oleef;pOf

wpfavQmuf twuftus jzpfaecsdefwGif emrnfausmf OD;Ak'fq&mawmfonf

EIwfqdwfaecJ UNyD; ol h&[ef;'umrjzpfol rdzk&m;r,fEk ao'PfusrS toufab;

csrf;om&m&a&; awmif;qd kvQif q&mawmfOD;Ak'fud kyg wygwnf;owf&ef BuH

xm;aomaMumifU jzpfygonf/ xdkaMumifUvnf; rif;udkvnf; &efolrsKd;ig;yg;wGif

wpfyg;tjzpf azmfjyxm;jcif; jzpf[ef&S dygonf/

ausmif;ud ka&mufawmU r,fEku ]t&Sifbk&m; … wynfUawmfr

ao'PfuscHxm;&ygw,f/ 'gaMumif U t&Sifbk&m;ud k aemufqH k;tBudrf vma&mufzl;arQmfwmyg bk&m;}[k avQmufxm;onf/ xd ktcg q&mawmfu ]tif; …

olhta


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u rsm;pGm auseyfygonf/ q&mawmfOD;Ak'fonf pmayord kif;wGif ]Ak'f -p? Ak'f -

v,f? Ak'f-qHk;}[k bk&m;tjzpf wifpm;cH&onfU aemufqHk; Ak'fjzpfygonf/

omoemawmftwGuf pmayusrf;*ef ajrmufrsm;pGmudk jyKpkawmfrlcJ UNyD;

0denf;awmfESif UtnD aexdkifoG m;ygonf/ &Sifbk&ifudk,fwd kif


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tcsdefwGif omoemenf;rus &mZ0vvbjzpfMuNyD; rif;ESifU&if;ES D;MuonfU q&m

awmfrsm;rSm xdkta&;wGuf cyfa0;a0;aeMuygonf/ odk h&mwGif omoemydkif

q&mawmf jzpfawmfrlonf U yxr a&Tusifq&mawmfonf omoemUta&; oH Cmh

ta&; tjypfrJ hol vl&Sif&[ef;wd k h\ ta&;twGuf rif;ab;raMumuf eef;awmf

a&mufatmif


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tcef;-7

&[ef;ESif U Ed kifiHa&;


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avmutjrift& Munf UMunf U"r®tjrift& MunfUMunfU

rnfonfU½IaxmifUuae MunfUapumrl

bDvl;pnf; vl hpnf;qd kouJ hodk hud k,fhpnf;eJhud k,f &S dae&rnfrS mxif&Sm;ygonf/ tpd k;&ESif Ujynfol?tkyfcsKyfolESifU ttkyfcsKyfcH?

tvkyf&SifESifU tvkyform; ponfwd khuJUod k h

Buddhism & Politics by Ashin Uttamananda

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Transcript of Buddhism & Politics by Ashin Uttamananda