Bubonic plague is one of the deadliest pandemics in human history. It killed 30-60% of Europe’s population between 1348-1350 and took 150 years for Europe's population to recover.

Since AIDS was first recognized in 1981, it has led to the deaths of more than 25 million people, making it one of the most destructive diseases in recorded history.

Dairy product produced by fermentation of milk. People have been making and eating yogurt for atleast 5,500 years!

Global outbreak that began in Mexico, approximately 600,000 people infected world-wide.

Humulin was the first medication produced using modern genetic engineering techniques in which actual human DNA is inserted into a host cell. The host cells are then allowed to grow and reproduce normally, and due to the inserted human DNA, they produce a synthetic version of human insulin. Humulin can be used as a treatment for diabetes.

•Infectious Disease: any change, other than injury, that disrupts the homeostasis of the body. There are different agents of disease, the most common being: bacteria, protists, fungi, and some animals.

•Homeostasis- the process by which organisms keep conditions relatively constant internally, even when external conditions do not remain constant.

• Physical contact•Infected food or water•Vectors- animals that carry pathogens from person to person

• Fights infection 2 different ways: 1. Nonspecific Defenses

•First Line of Defense: skin and mucus!•Second Line of Defense: inflammation! Inflammation is when your white blood cells go to your infected tissue and causes it to become red and swollen. This can also raise your temperature and cause a fever.

2. Specific Defenses•The immune system reacts and attacks a specific pathogen. The defenses are called an immune response. The trigger is called an antigen.•There are two types of cells that recognize specific threats: B cells and T cells.

•Characteristics of Living Things1. Made up of cells2. Reproduce (sexual or asexual)3. Have DNA4. Grow and Develop5. Obtain materials and energy6. Respond to their environment7. Change over time

Viruses and Living CellsCharacteristic Virus Cell

Made up of cells

Reproduction

Have DNA

Grow and Development

Obtain and Use Energy

Respond to the Environment

Change Over Time

No

Must have a host

Yes

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

Sexual or asexual

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

• A non-living parasite• Must use living cells to reproduce. All

viruses enter and take over host cells to produce more viruses.

Nucleic Acid- DNA or RNA in the inner core containing information to make copies of the virus.

Capsid- Outer protein coat that surrounds the DNA or RNA. This makes them very specific to what they infect. The ‘spikes’ sticking out fit like a puzzle piece to trick cells into letting them in.

The virus attaches to the host cell , enters it and takes over. Only then can the virus replicate.

http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbi3a1/Bacvirus/Virusrep.htm

A typical lytic cycle takes about 30 minutes and produces about 200 new viruses.

The virus enters the cell, copies itself, and causes the cell to burst.

The virus enters the cell and instead of immediately taking over the host’s genetic material, the viral DNA is combined into the host cell’s chromosome.

This type of infection can stay as a permanent fixture in the hosts DNA reappearing as a viral outbreak at different times throughout the hosts life (like herpes-caused by the herpes simplex I Virus).

A virus recognizes and attaches to a host cell when one of its proteins interlocks with a molecular shape that is the receptor site on the host cell’s plasma membrane.

The recognition and attachment process is like two pieces of a jigsaw puzzle fitting together.

Rhinoviruses cause the common cold HPV (Human papillomavirus) can

cause cervical cancer in women Herpes simplex viruses cause mouth

and/or genital sores, lesions, and ulcers.

Influenza viruses cause the flu HIV (Human Immunodeficiency

Virus) causes AIDS and weakens the immune system

Alive Capable of reproducing on its own Capable of growing and developing

during its ‘life’ cycle

Antibiotics DO NOT work on viruses. Most human viral infections can be

fought off by the immune system—boost the immune system with lots of water and rest.

Vaccines are preventative!!! (Vaccines will not cure you if you are already sick. They stimulate the immune system to create an immune response that recognize a certain virus. These antibodies patrol your body and if they recognize that virus…they call in reinforcements and your immune system goes into battle!)

DNA viruses: herpes simplex virus (HSV)

Varicella zoster virus (VZV)

•Chickenpox•Shingles- Re-activation of latent infection

Ebola hemorrhagic fever (Ebola HF) is a severe, often-fatal disease in humans and nonhuman primates

Appeared sporadically since its initial recognition in 1976.

Transmission arthropod bites.

No known treatment.

The first virus to be identified was a plant virus, called tobacco mosaic virus

400 identified viruses that infect plants with 1000 different diseases

Cause stunted growth and crop losses

• Prokaryotic (no nucleus)• Unicellular• Autotrophs or heterotrophs• Aerobic (uses oxygen) or anaerobic

• Can be motile using pili or flagella

Bacteria come in a wide range of shapes, sizes and colors!

Bacillus Bordetella Clostridium Escherichia

Spirulina StaphylococcusStreptococcus Salmonella

1. Binary Fission- bacteria doubles their size and DNA, then divide in half to produce two identical daughter cells.

2. Conjugation- a hollow bridge forms between two bacteria and they exchange DNA.

3. Spore Formation- some bacteria grow spores when conditions are unfavorable. An endospore is formed when bacteria produce a thick internal wall that closes off all the DNA and small portion of the cytoplasm. Spores can remain dormant for long periods of time.Allows bacteria to survive extreme heat, dryness, or lack of nutrients that might otherwise kill them.

1 bacterium1 bacteriumcan becomecan become1/2 million in1/2 million in6-7 hours6-7 hours

BinaryFission Conjugation Draw

these!

• Digestion- Escherichia coli is in our gut and aides in digestion. Other bacteria in the digestive tract provide us with different vitamins we need.

• Food- Lactobacillus bulgaricus is found in cheese and yogurt!• Decomposers- help break down dead and decaying stuff.• Nitrogen-fixation- turns the nitrogen in the air into a usable form

that plants need.• Industry- can digest petroleum, which aides in oil spills.• Water treatment- removes waste and poisons from the water.

• Staphylococcus aureus-food poisoning when toxins are ingested

• Streptococcus pyogenes-causes strep throat—red spots on your throat are red blood cells the bacteria have destroyed

• Clostridium botulinum-produces toxins that cause paralysis for 4-6 months (botox injections are made of these toxins!!!)

• Pasteurization is used to remove bacteria from food

• Antiseptics can kill bacteria on tissues • Antibiotics are used to kill bacteria

that have entered the body (penicillin, amoxicillin, tetracycline, ciproflaxin)

• Vaccines can prevent bacterial infections by stimulating the immune system

• Also- cook and refrigerate your food properly, and wash hands frequently!

NOT classified because THEY ARE NOT ALIVE

Classified into the Kingdom Eubacteria or Archeabacteria

Non-living parasite Living

Cannot reproduce on their own (uses a host cell)

Can reproduce sexually or asexually

Contain DNA or RNA inside a protective coating

(capsid)

Contain circular DNA inside a cell membrane and cell

wall

Always pathogenic Can be helpful or pathogenic

Bacteria vs. Virus

Characteristic Bacteria VirusNumber of Cells

Does it reproduce on its own?Type of Nucleic Acid

Form of Nutrition

Is it living?

Does it cause disease?

Can it be helpful?

Can antibiotics kill it?

Can it move on its own?

What does it look like?

Use the following words: o Aliveo Float/Don’t move on owno Blows up cellso Eat sugar and O2

o Not aliveo Swimo Cellso Built by host cell

o Don’t need to eat

o Reproduceo Can’t reproduce

on owno DNA/RNAo Makes waste

that kills cells