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SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE. BUILDING AND DESIGN

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONS) IN ARCHITECTURE

BUILDING SCIENCE 2 (BLD61303) +�.+)*+60)��#%1756+%�2'4(14/#0%'�'8#.7#6+10��&'5+)0�+�

__________________PULP BY PAPA PALHETA @ BANGSAR, KUALA LUMPUR_______________

Angoline Boo Lee Zhuang 0316144

Chong Yee Ching 0316102

Lai Jia Yi 0315957

Muhammad Muzhammil bin Azham 0311446

Ng Ming Hwee 0319511

Kelvin Fong Jia Zheng 0317166

TUTOR: MR MOHAMED RIZAL

CONTENTS PAGE 1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Aim and Objective 1

1.2 Site Information 1-2

1.2.1 Site Introduction 1.2.2 Site Selection Reasons

1.3 Measured Drawings 2-3

1.3.1 Ground Floor Plan 1.3.1 Section A-A’ 1.3.2 Section B-B’

2.0 LIGHTING PERFORMANCE EVALUATION 2.1 Literature Review 4-6

2.1.1 Lighting 2.1.2 Lumen 2.1.3 Illuminance 2.1.4 Brightness & Illuminance 2.1.5 Natural daylighting & Artificial lighting 2.1.6 Daylight factor 2.1.7 Lumen method

2.2 Precedent Studies 7-12 2.2.1 Design Strategies 2.2.2 Existing Light Source 2.2.3 Conclusion

2.3 Research Methodology 13-14

2.3.1 Lighting Data Collection Equipment 2.3.2 Lighting Data Collection Method

2.4 Case Study 15-53

2.4.1 Site Introduction 2.4.2 Zoning

2.4.3 Materials 2.4.4 Light Specifications 2.4.5 Lux Reading and Light Contour Diagram

2.5 Lighting Data Analysis

2.5.1 Zone A (Public Dinning Area) 2.5.2 Zone B (Café Room Divider) 2.5.3 Zone C (Café Room Divider)

2.6 Observation and Discussion

2.7 Conclusion

3.0 ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION 3.1 Literature Review 54-55

3.1.1 Sound 3.1.2 Architecture Acoustic 3.1.3 Sound Pressure Level 3.1.4 Reverberation Level 3.1.5 Sound Reduction Index

3.2 Precedent Studies 56-61 3.2.1 External and Internal Noises 3.2.2 Design Strategies 3.2.3 Conclusion

3.3 Research Methodology 62-63

3.3.1 Acoustic Data Collection Equipment 3.3.2 Acoustic Data Collection Method

3.4 Case Study 64-112

3.5 Existing Noise Sources 3.5.1 External Noise 3.5.2 Internal Noise

3.6 Material and Properties

3.7 Acoustic Tabulation and Analysis

3.7.1 Sound Level Measurement 3.7.2 Reverberation Time 3.7.3 Sound Reflection Index

4.0 BIBLOGRAPHY 113

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1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 AIM AND OBJECTIVE The aim and objective of conducting this study is to understand and explore on day lighting, artificial lighting

performance and characteristics as well as acoustic performance and characteristics in a suggested space.

Through understanding of the site and its surrounding aid in producing a critical and analytical report which

educate students the ways of designing a good lighting and acoustic system.

1.2 SITE INFORMATION

1.2.1 SITE INTRODUCTION

PULP is a new café that located at Jalan Riong which in the Bangsar area. PULP is the single storey building

which rests in between the Riong's Balai Berita building and the head office of the New Straits Times Press.

PULP isn’t just a cafe. Housed in the old paper-cutting space of Art Printing Works, PULP’s interior is

designed to be functional; perhaps in homage to its roots. The site was built in 1965, and The Royal Press

and Art Printing Works were in the process of revamping it when the Papa Palheta came along. There was

enough of a link between the ethos of each business that they decided to collaborate, and, as you may have

already gleaned, the name gives a nod to pulp in both the paper- and coffee-making processes.

Figure 1.2.1.1 Exterior view of the cafe

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1.2.2 SITE SELECTION REASONS The pedigree, experience & expertise of the people behind PULP ensure that it's well worth visiting. This is

a welcoming cafe with a friendly team, easygoing vibe, singular look & clean layout; even with the legion of

coffee bars stirring in the Klang Valley every week, PULP looks to be one of 2014's best bets.

1) The interior of the cafe is well lit with natural lighting during daytime due to the materials used.

2) Double volume space create a sense of openness in the enclosed interior space.

3) Artificial lighting are well used to create comfortable vibe in the café.

1.3 MEASURED DRAWING 1.3.1 GROUND FLOOR PLAN

Figure 1.2.2.1 Interior view during daytime Figure 1.2.2.2 Exterior view during night time

Figure 1.3.1 Ground floor plan

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1.3.2 SECTION A-A’

1.3.3 SECTION B-B’

Figure 1.3.2 Section A-A’

Figure 1.3.3 Section B-B’

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2.0 LIGHTING STUDY

2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1.1 LIGHTING

Lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or aesthetic effect. Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight. Daylighting (using windows, skylights, or light shelves) is sometimes used as the main source of light during daytime in buildings.

2.1.2 LUMEN

The lumen (symbol: lm) is the SI derived unit of luminous flux, a measure of the total quantity of visible light emitted by a source. Luminous flux differs from power (radiant flux) in that radiant flux includes all electromagnetic waves emitted, while luminous flux is weighted according to a model of the human eye's sensitivity to various wavelengths. Lumens are related to lux in that one lux is one lumen per square meter.

2.1.3 ILLUMINANCE

Illuminance is the total luminous flux incident on a surface, per unit area. It is a measure of how much the incident light illuminates the surface, wavelength-weighted by the luminosity function to correlate with human brightness perception.

2.1.4 BRIGHTNESS & ILLUMINANCE

Illuminance was formerly often called brightness, but this leads to confusion with other uses of the word, such as to mean luminance. "Brightness" should never be used for quantitative description, but only for non-quantitative references to physiological sensations and perceptions of light. .

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2.1.5 NATURAL DAYLIGHTING & ELECTRICAL ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING

Natural light is the light generated naturally. The most common source of natural light on Earth is the Sun. We receive natural light throughout our sunlight hours, whether we want it or not. That is, we cannot control the amount, duration and intensity of the natural light. The light we obtain from Sun covers the entire visible spectrum, with violet at one end and red at the other. This light is good for our health and is necessary for plants to carry out photosynthesis. Fire is another source of natural light.

Artificial light is generated by artificial sources, such as incandescent lamps, compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs), LEDs, etc. We can control the quality, quantity and duration of this light by controlling a number of factors. Artificial light is necessary for us to work during hours of low lighting (evening and/or night). The artificial light does not cover the entire light spectrum and is not too conducive to photosynthesis or health of life forms.

2.1.6 DAYLIGHT FACTOR

It is a ratio that represents the amount of illumination available indoors relative to the illumination present outdoors at the same time under overcast skies. Daylight factor is usually to obtain the internal natural lighting levels as perceived on a plane or surface, in order to determine the sufficient of natural lighting for the users in a particular space to conduct their activities. It is also simply known to be the ratio of internal light level to external light level, as shown below:

Daylight Factor, DF

Indoor Illuminance, Ei

Outdoor Illuminance, Eo

Where, Ei = Illuminance due to daylight at a point on the indoor working plances,

Eo = Simultaneous outdoor illuminance on a horizontal plane from an unobstructed hemisphere of overcast sky.

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2.1.7 LUMEN METHOD

Lumen method is used to determine the number of lamps that should be installed in a space. This can be done by calculating the total illuminance of the space based on the number of fixtures and determine whether or not that particular space has enough lighting below:

Where,

x N = Number of lamps required. illuminance level

x E = required (lux)

x A = area at working plane height (m2)

x F = initial luminous flux from each lamp (lm)

x UF = utilization factor, an allowance for the light distribution of the luminaire and the room surfaces.

x MF = maintenance factor, an allowance for reduced light output because of deterioration and dirt

Room Index, RI, is the ratio of room plan area to half wall area between the working and luminaire planes.

Which can be calculated by:

Where, L = Length of room

W = Width of room

Hm = Mounting height, the vertical distance between the working plane and the luminaire

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2.2 LIGHTING PRECEDENT STUDIES OJALA Café

Figure 2.2.1 (Source: http://www.archdaily.com/621388/ojala-andres-jaque)

Ojala Café had Andrés Jaque as the architect designer and it is located in Calle de San Andrés, 1, 28004 Madrid, Madrid, Spain. Collaborating with Sebastian Bech-Ravn, Ljubo Dragomirov, Roberto González García, Senne Meesters, William Mondejar, Jorge Noguera Facuseh, Silvia Rueda Cuellar, Jarc ̌a Slamova, this project was done in 2014 and with the advice of Juan Pablo Prieto (Technical Architect), Miguel de Guzman (Photographer) and Jorge Lopez Conde (Graphic Design). It has a well-planned lighting system that illuminates natural and artificial lighting throughout the building.

Figure 2.2.2 Ground Floor Plan (Source: http://www.archdaily.com/621388/ojala-andres-jaque)

Figure 2.2.3 First Floor Plan (Source: http://www.archdaily.com/621388/ojala-andres-jaque)

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2.2.1 DESIGN STRATEGIES The concept of the café from an architectural response to the social diversity and community of the

locals living in Malasana according to the architect’s point of view. A community or a diversity that manifests itself in everyday life as an accumulation of various ways to talk, meet, eat and drink. The design of the café has an indoor and outdoor relation whereby it creates a continuous space where everyone can be establish and be involved to stay aware of each other’s action. In order to maintain such relationship across spatial boundaries, the café has installed number of glass doors, which can be seen in Figure 1.1.2.2. In addition, shows that a geometric like glass wall is placed connecting the transition spaces between the eating area and the entrance. Where the geometric glass divider mirrors the inexhaustible characteristic light coming in and making an iridescent common lighting impact. Subsequently, clients can appreciate espresso in bistro space, while looking open air and indoor through glass entryways and the geometric glass divider. Furthermore, unique lighting apparatuses are utilized as a part of various spaces of the bistro. Many hued halogen globules and brilliant bulbs are utilized inside the entire bistro to make diverse spatial encounters.

Figure 2.2.4 Section A-A’ (Source: http://www.archdaily.com/621388/ojala-andres-jaque)

Figure 2.2.5 Section D-D’ (Source: http://www.archdaily.com/621388/ojala-andres-jaque)

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Figure 2.2.1.3 (Source: http://www.archdaily.com/621388/ojala-andres-jaque)



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2.2.2 EXISTING LIGHT SOURCE

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2.2.3 CONCLUSION

LIGHT ANALYSIS DIAGRAM

The Ojala Café has a low lighting design and depend more on daylighting to enlighten its spaces. The lux level amid the day-time is around 300 lux which is only decent for a cafe bistro, yet at evening time the lux level is reduced to normal 150 lux due to the lack of daylighting. A few architectural lighting can be spotted in the space, the colored wall and cabinet bulbs to brighten up the spaces and gives the mood for the interior design even with daylight. Other than that, the material utilization and shading gives the lighting a congruous and difference relationship relying upon the separating of space.

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2.3 METHODOLOGY OF LIGHTING RESEARCH 2.3.1 LIGHTING DATA COLLECTION EQUIPMENT (a) Lux Meter

Lux meter is an electronic equipment that measures luminous flux per unit area and illuminance level. The device picks up accurate reading as it is sensitive to illuminance. The lux meter registers brightness with an integrated photodetector. The photodetector is held perpendicular to the light source for optional exposure. Readout are presented via LCD display. The model of lux meter used in this case study is Lux LX-101.

(b) Camera

Camera is used to capture the type of furniture and materials that used on the site. Other than that, it also used to capture the light condition of the place and also capture the lighting appliances.

LCD display

Interface

Tether

Photodetector

Figure 2.3.1.1 Lux Meter

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(c) Laser Measuring Device

It is used to measure the 1.0m and 1.5m height to make sure the lux meter is position at a constant height. The tape also used to measure the dimension of the site and the distance between the light fixtures.

2.3.2 LIGHTING DATA COLLECTION METHOD Lighting measurement were taken on the same day in two different period of time, which is 12-2pm (daytime) and 8-10pm (nighttime) which we able to clearly differentiate the different lighting qualities in both times.

1) Identified the type of light source and indicate on the floor plan.

2) 1.5m x 1.5m gridlines are marked on the floorplan to provide a proper standard for the data collection.

3) Measurement is taken at 1.5m and 1.0m at each intersection point of the gridlines at daytime and nighttime.

4) Procedure 3 is repeated.

Figure 2.3.2.1 Section diagram

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2.4 CASE STUDY 2.4.1 SITE INTRODUCTION

Figure 2.4.1.1 Location of PULP by Papa Palheta

Figure2.4.1.2 Spatial arrangement of PULP at the area

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Figure 2.4.1.3 Exterior view of PULP at daytime

.

Figure 2.4.1.4 Exterior view of PULP at night time

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Pulp by Papa Palheta is a newly open specialty coffee bar, located at Jalan Riong, Bangsar. The store resides within the premises of Art Printing Works, a historical printing plant which still functions since 1965. It is a single storey building, with a modern looking façade, built by mainly glass and steel. It successfully create a sense of openness, blur the boundary within inside and outside.

Figure 2.4.1.5 Glass Facade create sense of openness

The café is where mostly office staff relax after long hours of work during weekdays. While during weekend, the café is almost full house from day to night. Peak hours of PULP is usually from afternoon to evening.

The building itself is situated along the main road, surrounded by several industrial building, but due to its strategic location, which is quite hidden from the city, it will not disturb by transportation noise pollution. Façade of the building allows large amount of natural sunlight to penetrate in during day time, besides being illuminated with artificial lightings.

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Figure 2.4.1.6 Interior space during daytime

Figure 2.4.1.7 Interior space during night time

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2.4.2 ZONING

ZONE A (PUBLIC DINING AREA)

ZONE B (CAFÉ ROOM DIVIDER)

ZONE C (SCULLERY)

Zone A covered the entrances, coffee making

area, and dining area.

A total of 41 intersection points are covered in

Zone A.

Zone B is a café room divider. It was separated

from Zone C, which is the seating area to

provide customers an enclosed space to enjoy

their food and coffee.


Zone B.

Zone C covered the coffee making area, scullery

and storage.


Zone C.

In a nutshell, there are a total of 65 points in

these three zones.

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2.4.3 MATERIALS

Laminated woodblock on solid floor

Laminated wood Kitchen Shelves and wall

Twin wall reinforced plastic panels

Laminated Woodblock Floor

Wood Panel Wall

Reinforced Plastic Panel

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Concrete wall with plaster finish.

Glass as the façade at one side of the café

Wood Frame with Laminated Tops

An antique machine act as table

Silver coffee machine

Concrete wall

Glass

Wood Furniture

Laminated wood panel counter table

Steel

Silver

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Component Material Colour Surface Finish

Reflectance Value (%)

Wall Concrete wall with plaster finish

Dark Grey Matte 20

White Matte 80

Wood Panel

Dark Brown Glossy 20

Ceiling Fibreglass with aluminium foil insulation

Silver Glossy 55

Curtain Wall Aluminium Frame Black Matte 10 Glass

Transparent Glossy 6

Reinforced Plastic Panel

Semi-transparent

Glossy 40

Floor Laminated Woodblock Floor

Brown Glossy 20

Glass Door Aluminium Frame Black Matte 10 Glass

Transparent Glossy 6

Furniture Wood Furniture

Grey

Glossy 10

Café counter table

Brown Glossy 20

Silver grey Glossy 55

Steel Silver Blue Glossy 40

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2.4.4 LIGHT SPECIFICATIONS

Image Light Type Fluid Pendant Light Bulb

Lamp Luminous Flux (lm) 800 lm

Specification Life time approx. 4.000 hours

Rated Colour Temperature 2700K

Colour Rendering Index 100 (very good)

Luminaire Type Decorative pendant Downward

Wattage 60

Placement Ceiling Lamp

Light Type Leadare LED Bulb Lamp Luminous Flux (lm) 400 lm

Specification E27 Life time approx. 25.000 hours



Luminaire Type Built in LED lamps

Wattage 9

Placement Wall Lamp

Light Type Lamp Luminous Flux (lm) 2250 lm

Specification E27 Life time approx. 25.000 hours




Wattage 9

Placement Ceiling Light

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Light Type LED Downlight Lamp Luminous Flux 400 lm





Wattage 40

Placement Ceiling Lamp

Light Type LED Surface Mounted Light Lamp Luminous Flux 740 lm


Rated Colour Temperature 2700 K



Wattage 30

Placement Wall Light

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2.4.5 LUX READING AND LIGHT CONTOUR DIAGRAM

DAYTIME (2-4PM), PEAK HOUR

Figure 2.4.5.1 Daytime lux reading at PULP

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Figure 2.4.5.2 Daytime light contour diagram at PULP

Lux reading as shown shows the lux level during 2pm to 4pm interval, which is the peak hour as PULP is always full house within the time. The artificial lighting were switched on while we were conducting data collection, but due to the translucent wall panel as the main façade for the building, the main source of light during daytime is the sunlight. Referring to diagram shown above, the readings for the inner space (Zone C) are lower as it rarely exposes to sunlight. The highest reading recorded is at the entrance area (Zone A), where the sunlight penetrates in through the glass façade.

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NIGHTTIME (7-9), NON PEAK HOUR

Diagram 2.4.5.3 Daytime lux reading at PULP

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Figure 2.4.5.4 Night time light contour diagram at PULP

According to the diagram shown above. The area rendered with blue and purple area has lower luminance level while red and orange area has higher luminance level. More LED spotlights are installed at Zone C, where the apparatus and machines are kept, to provide brighter environment for the stuff to work and thus exceed standard 200lux. While the luminance level is lower at the walkway towards kitchen. Referring to Figure 2.4.4.4, artificial light provide brightness to only targeted place, but generally the area is still considered as average as the amount of spotlight is high.

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2.5 LIGHTING ANALYSIS

Figure 2.5.1 Floor plan indicating section cut

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2.5.1 ZONE A (Public Dining Area) 2.5.1.1 Indication of light sources and light distribution

Figure 2.5.1.1.1 Floor plan indicating light source and distribution of zone A

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Figure 2.5.1.1.1 Section A-A diagram of Zone A showing light fixtures and light distribution

Zone A is the main area of the café for serving customer purpose. Making coffee counter and dessert display area are located at here as well. Large surface of this zone is covered by the reinforced plastic panel. This semi- transparent material let some of the outside natural light penetrates into this public dining area.

Figure 2.5.1.1.2 Section B-B diagram of Zone A showing light fixtures and light distribution

Some of the part of zone A is covered by the glass wall, it allows the natural light directly penetrates into the space of the dining area. This diagram is also showing the relationship between public dining area (Zone A) and café room divider area (Zone B).

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2.5.1.2 Existing Light Fixture

SYMBOL PICTURE LIGHT TYPE UNIT LIGHT DISTRIBUTION

Spotlight (multilightbar)

30

LED- PAR16 (spotlight)

2

LED spotlight

6

Leadare LED wall lamp

1

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2.5.1.3 Daylight Factor Calculation

Zone A: Public Dining Area

Time Weather Luminance at 1m height

Average Luminance at 1.5m height

Average

2pm -4pm Clear Sky 60- 4040 1128.5 lux 60- 3700 1242.9 lux Table 1 Lux Reading at Zone A

Average Lux Reading 2pm- 4pm 1m 1128.5 1.5m 1242.9 Average lux value 1185.7 lux

Table 2 Average Lux Value at Zone A

Luminance Level Example 120,000 lux Brightest sunlight 110,000 lux Bright sunlight 20,000 lux Shade illuminated by entire clear blue sky, midday 1000 – 2000 lux Typical over cast day, midday 400 lux Sunrise or sunset on clear day(ambient illumination) <200 lux Extreme of darkest storm clouds, midday 40 lux Fully overcast, sunset/ sunrise < 1 lux Extreme of darkest storm cloud, sunset/ rise

Table 3 Daylight intensity at different condition

Date and Time 2pm- 4pm (1 October 2016) Average lux value reading (E internal) 1186 lux Daylight Factor Calculation Formula

𝐷𝐹 =𝐸 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙𝐸 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙

× 100% Standard direct sunlight (E external) 20,000 lux Calculation 𝐷𝐹 =

118620,000

× 100% = 5.93%

DF. % Distribution >6 Very Bright With thermal and glare problem 3-6 Bright 1-3 Average 0-1 Dark

Table 4 Daylight Factor, DF

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According to table provided in MS1525, the 5.9% daylight factor of public dining area is categorized under the bright category. That is because the public dining area is mostly covered by the reinforced plastic panel and glass wall. Therefore, the natural lighting are allowed to penetrate through the transparent and semi- transparent material into the space. Daylight play an important role in public dining area because it act as a main gathering space for the customer. At the same time, the lighting is sufficient for the working purpose of the café counter at Zone A. The use of the reinforced plastic panel is perfectly controlling the exposure of the sunlight and provide the warm feeling in the space.

2.5.1.4 Calculation of luminance level in Zone A (Public Dining Area)

Dimension of room (m)

(5.27 x 12.36) + (3.84 x 1.2) + (1.78 x 3.27)

Total floor area /m2 75.54 m2 Type of lighting fixtures

Wall and ceiling light

Type of lighting Spotlight 1 Spotlight 2 Spotlight 3 Wall lamp Number of lighting fixtures/ N

30 6 2 1

Lumen of lighting fixtures

800 740 400 2250

Height of luminaire (m)

3.6 2.3

Work level (m) 0.8 Mounting height/ H (hm)

2.8 1.5

Assumption of reflectance value

Ceiling 0.5

Wall 0.4

Floor 0.2

Room Index/ RI (K) K= ( 𝐿 𝑥 𝑊

(𝐿+𝑀)ℎ𝑚)

=( 10.89 𝑥 16.83

(10.89+16.83)2.8)

= 2.36

=( 10.89 𝑥 16.83

(10.89+16.83)1.5)

= 4.41

Utilization factor/ UF 0.57 0.63 Maintenance Factor 0.8 (standard) Standard Luminance (lux)

200

Illuminance Level (lux) E= (𝑁(𝐹 𝑥 𝑈𝐹 𝑥 𝑀𝐹)

𝐴)

30 x 800 x 0.57 x 0.875.54

=144.88 lux

6 𝑥 740 𝑥 0.57 𝑥 0.875.54

=26.8 lux

2 𝑥 400 𝑥 0.63 𝑥 0.875.54

= 5.34 lux

1 𝑥 2250 𝑥 0.63 𝑥 0.875.54

= 15.01 lux

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According to the MS1525, the standard luminance for a dining area should be 200 lux. While the calculation shows that zone A has almost reach the standard, which is 192.03. 2 lamps needed in order to reach the standard. However, the overall environment of zone A at night is already good enough to provide a warm and friendly ambience.

Number of lighting fixture required to reach the required illuminance

144.88 + 26.8 + 5.34 + 15.01 = 192.03 200- 192.03 =7.97 lux 7.97 more lux is required to fulfil the MS1525

𝑁 = 𝐸 𝑥 𝐴

𝐹 𝑥 𝑈𝐹 𝑥 𝑀𝐹

N = 7.97 𝑙𝑢𝑥 (75.54)

800 𝑥 0.57 𝑥 0.8

N = 1.63 N = 2 lamps

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2.5.2 ZONE B (Café room divider) 2.5.2.1 Indication of light sources and light distribution

Figure 2.5.2.1.1 Floor plan indicating light source and distribution of zone B

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Section B - B

Sections showing Zone B from both directions. As you can see, Zone B is separated from the public area, the height of the light fixtures mounted is lower compared to Zone A, it provides a brighter environment at night but during daytime, the reading for both of the zone is almost the same. LED up light installed to shine upward casting pools of light on the surface above.

Figure 2.5.2.1.1 Section B– B diagram of Zone B showing light fixtures and light distribution

Figure 2.5.2.1.2 Section C- C. Diagram of Zone C showing light fixtures and light distribution

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2

Fluid Pendant Ceiling Lamp

1

Page | 39

2.5.2.3 Calculation of daylight factor

Zone B: Café Room Divider



Average

2pm -4pm Clear Sky 220 - 1500 504.4lux 310 - 2860 748.9lux Table 5 Lux Reading at Zone B

Average Lux Reading 2pm- 4pm 1m 504.4 1.5m 748.9 Average lux value 626.65 lux

Table 6 Average Lux Value at Zone B



Date and Time 2pm- 4pm (1 October 2016) Average lux value reading (E internal) 626.65 lux Daylight Factor Calculation Formula


× 100% Standard direct sunlight (E external) 20,000 lux Calculation

𝐷𝐹 =626.6520,000

× 100% = 3.1%



According to table provided in MS1525, the 3.1% daylight factor of café room divider is categorized under the bright category. This zone is located at the east of the café, one opening face to the east side let the natural light brighten up the room. This café room divider has sufficient light for the dining purpose.

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2.5.2.4 Calculation of illuminance level in Zone B (Café room divider)


3.85 x 3.29

Total floor area /m2 12.67 Type of lighting fixtures Ceilingl light Type of lighting Spotlight 1 Pendant lamp Number of lighting fixtures/ N

6 1


800 400

Height of luminaire (m) 2.3 Work level (m) 1 Mounting height/ H (hm) 1.3 Assumption of reflectance value

Ceiling 0.5

Wall 0.4

Floor 0.2

Room Index/ RI (K) K= ( 𝐿 𝑥 𝑀

(𝐿+𝑀)ℎ𝑚)

=( 3.85 𝑥 3.29

(3.85+3.29)1.3)

= 1.37

Utilization factor/ UF 0.48 Maintenance Factor 0.8 (standard) Standard Luminance (lux)

200


𝐴)

6 x 800 x 0.48 x 0.812.67

= 145.48 lux

1 x 400 x 0.48 x 0.812.67

= 12.12 lux


145.48 + 12.12 = 157.6 200- 157.6 = 42.4 lux 42.4 more lux is required to fulfil the MS1525

𝑁 = 𝐸 𝑥 𝐴

𝐹 𝑥 𝑈𝐹 𝑥 𝑀𝐹

N = 42.4 𝑙𝑢𝑥 (12.67)

800 𝑥 0.48 𝑥 0.8

N = 1.75 N = 2 lamps

Same goes to Zone B, which is also a dining area, the required standard luminance is 200 lux, the lighting provided is 157.6, 2 more lamps are needed in order to reach the standard luminance.

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2.5.3 ZONE C (Café room divider) 2.5.3.1 Indication of light sources and light distribution

Figure 2.5.3.1.1 Section C - C diagram of Zone C showing light fixtures and light distribution

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While for Zone C, it function as two purposes, which is a workplace for food preparation while the room beside act as a storage. The amount of LED lights is high because it requires a brighter view to provide better work environment, as Zone C is separated from exterior as well. This zone has a highest reading at night but lowest at daytime.




4

Fluid Pendant Ceiling Lamp

1

LED- PAR16 (spotlight)

13

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Zone C: Scullery



Average

2pm -4pm Clear Sky 190 - 520 280 lux 180 - 490 346.7 lux Table 9 Lux Reading at Zone C

Average Lux Reading 2pm- 4pm 1m 280 1.5m 346.7 Average lux value 313.35 lux

Table 10 Average Lux Value at Zone C



Date and Time 2pm- 4pm (1 October 2016) Average lux value reading (E internal) 313.35 lux Daylight Factor Calculation Formula


× 100% Standard direct sunlight (E external) 20,000 lux Calculation

𝐷𝐹 =313.3520,000

× 100% = 1.57%



According to table provided in MS1525, the 1.57% daylight factor of scullery is categorized under the average category. Here is darker than the other zone as it is located at the middle of the cafe. Therefore, the artificial light is needed during the daytime. Even though the daylight factor is lower, it is sufficient for the working purpose and storage use as here is not a serving purpose area and public use.

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2.5.3.3 Calculation of illuminance level in Zone C (Scullery)


3.85 x 7.26

Total floor area /m2 27.95 Type of lighting fixtures Ceiling light Type of lighting Spotlight 1 Spotlight 2 Pendant Lamp Number of lighting fixtures/ N

6 13 1


800 740 400

Height of luminaire (m) 2.3 Work level (m) 0.9 Mounting height/ H (hm)

1.4

Assumption of reflectance value

Ceiling 0.5

Wall 0.4

Floor 0.2

Room Index/ RI (K) K= ( 𝐿 𝑥 𝑀

(𝐿+𝑀)ℎ𝑚)

=( 3.85 𝑥 7.26(3.85+7.26)1.4

) = 1.8

Utilization factor/ UF 0.53 Maintenance Factor 0.8 (standard) Standard Luminance (lux)

200


𝐴)

6 x 800 x 0.53 x 0.827.95

= 72.82 lux

13 x 740 x 0.53 x 0.827.95

= 145.93 lux

1 x 400 x 0.53 x 0.827.95

= 6.07 lux


72.82 + 145.93 + 6.07 = 224.82 224.82 – 200 = 24.82 lux 24.82 lux is exceed to fulfil the MS1525

As for Zone C, the standard luminance required is 200 but the lighting provided is 224.82, which is already exceed the requirement. Compared with the other two zones, this zone is the brightest due to its function as a place to keep apparatus and machines, and act as a workplace for the stuff to prepare food. Besides, there is no opening connected from this Zone to exterior, so extra lighting is needed for this zone especially during day time.

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2.6 OBSERVATIONS AND DISCUSSIONS

2.6.1 Zone A (Public Dining Area)

Figure 2.6.1.1 Panoramic view of zone A

Observation

Zone A is the biggest area, function as a place to serve customers, make coffee and for customers to have their meal. At day, readings are higher at the perimeter along the translucent façade where daylight could penetrate in; while at night, the readings are various depending on the position of light fixture.

Discussion

Figure 2.6.1.2 Dining area located right in front of the entrance

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Figure 2.6.1.3 Wall lamp located right above the decorative element

Figure 2.6.1.4 Furniture of the dining area of Zone A

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Figure 2.6.1.5 Pastry displayed in glass box

Figure 2.6.1.6 Counter to serve customer and to make coffee

Discussion

Zone A consists of three different light fixtures, to create different ambience at the area base on different functions. There is no much different during daytime where the readings are almost the same, the readings are higher only when it is closed to the translucent plastic panel along the parameter. At night, the counter area is brighter as it act as a space to serve customer, in order to provide a clearer vision for customer to look at the menu, while the lighting effect of the other dining area is depends on the position of the light fixture.

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2.6.2 Zone B

Figure 2.6.2.1 Panoramic view of Zone B

Observation

Zone B is one of the eating areas in PULP. Furniture provided for this zone is different with other zones as well as the lighting effect. The readings collected at this zone are lower at morning and higher at night due to the openings and also type of lighting provided.

Discussion

Figure 2.6.2.2 Furniture provided at Zone B

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Figure 2.6.2.3 Openings at Zone B during day and night

Figure 2.6.2.4 Romantic ambience creating by lighting effect at Zone B at night

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Figure 2.6.2.5 Light Fixtures at Zone B

At night, the space is brighter as the LED multilightbar is right above the seatings, and the light reflecting from ceiling and glasses successfully brighten up this zone. The lighting condition is already perfect as it provide sufficient daylight during daytime while at night, it also create a warm ambience for customer to enjoy the atmosphere. It is more suitable for a closer interaction.

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2.6.3 Zone C

Figure 2.6.3.1 Panoramic View of Zone C

Observation

Zone C is an area where all the apparatus and machines are kept. The reading for this zone is the highest at night and the lowest during day time.

Discussion

Figure 2.6.3.2 large quantity of LED down light at Zone C

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Figure 2.6.3.3 Apparatus and machines placed at Zone C

Figure 2.6.3.4 Laminated wood shelves at Zone C

At Zone C, the reason of light readings is the lowest at day because it does not have any openings direct to outdoor. Sandwiched by zone B and the store room, zone C is the darkest zone at day; while at night, large amount of down lights located right on top the apparatus and machines, light reflects and it bright up the whole space. This zone need to be the brightest as zone C is a working space where the stuff need to go in and out to prepare food and beverages.

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2.7 Conclusion

In a conclusion, PULP has more than average daylight due to the selection of material which is

glass, and translucent wall panel as main façade. While for the interior, the use of fiberglass with aluminium as material for ceiling successfully reflects light to bright up the interior. The café receives sufficient day lighting focuses on certain area with the aid of glass wall at the entrance. While at night, the use of artificial light is about to reach the standard, but the overall environment is warm to provide a very calm ambience for the customer. The use of dim light bulb has become a trend in many cafes.

In order to create a pleasing working environment, additional lightings should be add on at certain area, for example Zone C, for a better environment to work. Different arrangement can be applied with the combination of several types of luminaires in the spaces. Florescent light can be added to create equal luminance throughout the space as beam angle spreads. The sharp angle of the light catches any variation in the surface it shines upon, creating sharp shadows that give the walls life and dimension. White or gently warm LED light can be added so that foods and people look better under white light than they do under intense color.

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3.1 LITERATURE REVIEW 3.1.1 SOUND

The sensation stimulated in the organs of hearing by mechanical radiant energy transmitted as longitudinal pressure waves through the air or other medium.

3.1.2 ARCHITECTURE ACOUSTIC

Architecture acoustic is the science of controlling sound in a space which might include the design of spaces, structures and mechanical system that meet the hearing needs for instance concert hall, classroom and etc. Building acoustic is vital in attaining sound quality that is appropriate for a space. Pleasing sound quality and safe sound level are very important for creating suitable mood and safety in a space but it is hard to be achieved without proper design effort. The acoustic mood created in a space is highly affected by the buffer from the building exterior outdoor noise and building interior design and indoor noise.

3.1.3 SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL

Sound pressure is the difference between the pressure produced by a sound wave and the barometric (ambient) pressure at the same point in space, symbol p or p. Sound pressure level are used in measuring the magnitude of sound in decibel (dB).

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3.1.4 REVERBERATION TIME

Reverberation, in acoustics, is the persistence of sound after a sound is produced. A reverberation, or reverb,

is created when a sound or signal is reflected causing a large number of reflections to build up and then

decay as the sound is absorbed by the surfaces of objects in the space – which could include furniture,

people, and air. This is most noticeable when the sound source stops but the reflections continue, decreasing

in amplitude, until they reach zero amplitude.

The time it takes for a signal to drop by 60 dB is the reverberation time. Reverberation time (RT) is an

important index for describing the acoustical quality of an enclosure.

where: RT = reverberation time (sec)

V = volume of the room (cu.m)

A = total absorption of room surfaces (sq.m sabins)

3.1.5 SOUND REDUCTION INDEX

Sound pressure is the difference, in a given medium, between average local pressure and the pressure in

the sound wave. The Sound Reduction Index SRI or Transmission Loss TL of a partition measure the

number of decibels lost when a sound of a given frequency is transmitted through the partition.

Where TL= transmission loss

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3.2 ACOUSTIC PRECEDENT STUDIES CAVE RESTAURANT BY KOICHI TAKADA

Figure 3.2.1. (Source: http://architectureau.com/articles/ocean-room-and-cave/#img=2) The Cave Restaurant was planned by Koichi Takada Architects with the acoustics built in. It is located

in Sydney, Australia. Initially, the design theme originated from a reality that the planners needed an eatery which considered an acoustic as the principle centered component. Timber ribs are the fundamental materials utilized as a part of this place. “My work is often concerned with the invisible,” says Koichi Takada. We are standing under his forty-thousand-piece balsa chandelier at the Ocean Room in Sydney Harbour. “In every project I try to respond to a central idea that affects the senses, but in a subtle, indiscernible way. Sound, shadow, light and texture - these are ideas that really excite me,” he explains. It’s an idea that Takada has pushed to the limit in another of his latest projects, a Sushi Train franchise restaurant in Maroubra which he has dubbed “The Cave.” “It was my umpteenth restaurant interior for the client,” he explains. “I felt that, based on the brief and our history, it was time to push the boundaries. My first instinct was to address the issue of acoustics – most popular establishments are really noisy. It is important to me that my design results in a comfortable and pleasant place to eat.” Through an intensive process of experimentation with various materials and their acoustic properties, Takada generated the idea of a cave-like shape, composed of

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laminated plywood pieces, forming the walls and ceiling of the space. Each curved shape, various bread

jointed fragments, was then cut utilizing refined three-dimensional programming instruments before being

physically fitted together on location. The outcome is amazing - a muted decibel level, notwithstanding when

the eatery is at limit. It's a comparative ordeal to remaining in the Ocean Room where the sound-retentive

characteristics of the timber keeps the foundation buzz to a base.

Figure 3.2.2 (Source: https://www.google.com/maps/place/Sushi+Train+Maroubra/@-

33.9043549,151.1958412,12z/data=!4m8!1m2!2m1!1scave+restaurant+sydney!3m4!1s0x6b12b3d15bd51425:0xd6f11c457ebc0

ae8!8m2!3d-33.943486!4d151.240306)

3.2.1 EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL NOISES

In this case, the timbers were arranged at regular intervals down the length of the space, absorbing

sound and promoting a good dining noises as well as acting to divide individual seating into their own

acoustical zones. Once the visitors entered this restaurant, they were totally screened off from the clamor of

the city outside. The timber ribs additionally veil a current ventilation conduit that runs corner to corner over

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