BSCI Index.fm Page 898 Tuesday, March 11, 2003 8:41...
Transcript of BSCI Index.fm Page 898 Tuesday, March 11, 2003 8:41...
BSCI_Index.fm Page 898 Tuesday, March 11, 2003 8:41 AM
I
N
D
E
X
Numerics
32-bit dotted decimal notation, 68
A
ABRs (Area Border Routers), 177, 255LSA summary link entries, 179
access lists, 692–693configuring, 694creating, 696distribute lists, 494extended, 701
configuring, 702–706example, 709–710in distribute lists, 736placement, 711process flow, 701
extensions, backwards compatibility, 693route maps, 590, 646, 736–738
displaying, 599implementing, 592–597match commands, 737–738sequence numbering, 590–591set commands, 737–738
standard, 693
example, 699–700numbering, 693placement, 700
verifying configuration, 713–714vty, 711wildcard masks, 695
implicit, 698
access-class command, 712ACKs (acknowledgements), suppressing, 378active routes, EIGRP, 379active state, EIGRP, 33adding EIGRP to Novell RIP/SAP network, 725addressing, redistribution example, 749–752adjacencies, 107
EIGRP, 356IS-IS, establishing, 272–275
administrative distance, 7–8modifying, 581–582routing protocols, 560static routses, 421
advanced distance vector routing protocolsBGP
appropriate use of, 420
autonomous systems, 415–416CIDR, 442–444creating summary addresses, 448–449default routes, 423example configuration, 451floating static routes, 421–422inappropriate use of, 420message types, 438–439neighbors, 424–425path of last resort, 421path vectors, 424policy-based routing, 426resetting, 450RFCs, 417route selection, 440–441static routes, 421–422synchronization rule, 436–437tables, 425verifying operation, 452
EIGRP, 352
case study, 387–389configuration exercises, 390–397, 409configuring, 368DUAL, 362–367feasible successors, 354going active on a route, 379hello packets, 356hold time, 356load balancing, 372neighbor tables, 354operational characteristics, 353packets, 355query scoping, 379reliability, 355route discovery, 359–360route summarization, 369–372routing process, 353scalability variables, 379–383successors, 354summarization, 353tiered network model, 384–385topology tables, 354, 358verifying operation, 386WAN links, 374–377
advertised distance, 32advertisements, LSA sequence number, 111
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advertisingaggregate routes, 512networks into BGP, 511–512networks into IGPs, 513–514
aggregate addressing, BGP, 442–444aggregate routes, advertising, 512aggregate-address command, 449, 512aggregation, black holes, 512aggregator attribute (BGP), 443aging timers, 115AllSPFRouter address, 103analyzing routing tables, 38–39announcements
periodic, 38triggered updates, 38
APNIC (Asia Pacific-NIC), 416AppleTalk commands (table), 775AppleTalk configuration commands (table), 775application layer (OSI model), 808applying
prefix lists to BGP, 494–499route maps to updates, 740
area default-cost command, 192area routers, 257area stub command, 191, 193areas, 101, 256
configuring, 719–724design guidelines, 177flooding LSUs, 184–186IS-IS, restrictions, 265–266link-state database, 178NSSAs, 716–717
configuring, 717–718
stubby areas, 189–190
configuring, 191–194requirements, 190
totally stubby areas, 189–190
configuring, 191–194requirements, 190
ARIN (American Registry for Internet Numbers), 416
ARP (Address Resolution Protocol), 14ASBRs (autonomous system boundary routers), 178
external route cost, 181LSAs, autonomous system external link
entries, 179AS-path attribute (BGP), 429–430ASes (autonomous systems), 101, 415–416,
641–642boundary routers, 558IGPs, 99multihoming, 502
configuration exercises, 523–527customer and default routes from all
providers, 504default routes from all providers, 503examples, 508–510full routes from all providers, 506local preference, configuring, 507weight, configuring, 507
redistribution, 557–558, 571, 648–649
access lists, 576, 578–581administrative distance, 560advertising networks into BGP, 511–512advertising networks into IGP, 513–514best path selection, 559configuring, 562–564defining default metric, 564–566example configuration, 583–588,
752–753, 755–757guidelines, 559implementing, 649passive interfaces, configuring, 566–567seed metric, 561–562static routes, configuring, 567–575verifying operation, 589
assigned TCP port numbers, 706–707assigned UDP port numbers, 708assigning acccess lists, 578atomic aggregate attribute (BGP), 443attributes, BGP, 427–428
AS-path, 429–430community, 435, 741local preference, 432MED, 433–434next-hop, 430–431optional transitive, 740origin, 434type codes, 429weight, 435
auto-cost command, 129auto-cost reference -bandwidth command, 128automatic generation of prefix lists, 499automatic summarization
classful routing protocols, 16classless routing protocols, 18disabling, 370
autonomous system external link entries (OSPF), 179
autosummarization, 369EIGRP, forcing, 371
advertising
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B
backbone, 250, 275backbone area (OSPF), 186backbone areas, 181backbone routers, 177backwards compatibility, IP access list
extensions, 693bandwidth command, 128BDRs (backup designated routers), 106–108
election, 107exchange state, 111extstart state, 110
believability of routing protocols, 560best paths, 6, 559
BGP, selecting, 440–441metrics, 6OSPF, selecting, 111
BGP (Border Gateway Protocol), 500administrative distance, modifying, 582aggregator attribute, 443appropriate use of, 420AS-path attribute, 429–430atomic aggregate attribute, 443attributes, 427–428
type codes, 429
autonomous systems, 415–416characteristics, 642CIDR, 442, 444communities, 435, 739community lists, creating, 742configuration commands, syntax, 445configuration exercises, 315, 457–464default routes, 423distribute lists, 494, 647, 734
extended access lists, 736
example configuration, 451, 731–734floating static routes, 421–422inappropriate use of, 420incomplete origin attribute, 513keepalive messages, 439learned routes, 643–644local-preference attribute, 432MED attribute, 433–434message types, 438multihoming, 644
case study, 514–516default routes from all providers, 503–504examples, 508–510full routes from all providers, 506local preference, configuring, 507weight, configuring, 507
neighbors, 424–425
loopback interfaces, 446
next-hop attribute, 430–431
modifying, 448
notification messages, 439open message, 438–439optional transitive attributes, 740origin attribute, 434path of last resort, 421path vectors, 424, 643peer groups
configuring, 444, 745–746disabling, 446example, 746–748
policy-based routing, 426preferred routes, 644prefix lists
announcing to Internet, 502characteristics, 495configuring, 496–499exact matches, 497sequence numbers, 499verifying, 501
prefixes, applying, 494redistribution, 511–514resetting, 450RFCs, 417route maps, 736–738route selection, 440–441scalability, comparing to other routing protocols, 419sessions, resetting, 508split horizon, 485–486static routes, 421
administrative distance, 421example, 422
synchronization, disabling, 448synchronization rule, 436–437tables, 425
creating summary address, 448–449
TCP, 424TTL, configuring, 446update messages, 439verifying operation, 452weight attribute, 435
bgp always-compare-med command, 434, 644bgp bestpath missing-as-worst command, 440bgp cluster-id command, 492bidirectional communication, 566binary numbering, decimal-to-binary conversion chart,
682–683black holes, 512boundary routers, 558
RIP, configuring, 573–574
boundary routers
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broadcast modeneighborship, 124OSPF, configuring, 132
broadcast multiaccess topologies, 102OSPF, 103–106
DRs, 106–107
broadcast physical links, 268broadcast storms, 86broadcasts, helper addresses, 86–87
configuring, 88–89example, 89–91forwarding to multiple servers, 90–91server placement, 87
building IP forwarding tables (Integrated IS-IS), 287–288
C
calculatingEIGRP metric
composite metric, 34variables, 360–361
IGRP metric, 11–12subnet masks, 687–689VLSMs, 73
capabilities (EIGRP), for IPX, 725cells, 809characteristics
BGP, 642
prefix lists, 495
OSI model, 800CIDR (Classless Interdomain Routing), 83–84,
638–640BGP, 442–444
Cisco IOS Release 10.3IP access list extensions, backwards compatibility,
693Class D multicast addresses, 69classes (IP addresses), 686
First Octet Rule, 68classful addressing, 686
subnet masks, 687classful routing, 15–16, 635–637
route summarization, 80subnets, 17
classless routingautomatic summarization, 18subnetting, 19VLSMs, 638
clear access-list counters command, 781clear ip bgp command, 450, 508clear ip bgp peer-group command, 746clear ip route command, 38, 138clear isis command, 297clear logging command, 781
client route reflectors, 488verifying, 494
CLNS (Connectionless Network Service), 23, 251static routes, 254troubleshooting commands, 280
show clns route, 281, 284show ip route, 282show isis route, 281, 284–285show isis topology, 280, 283which route, 281, 285–286
clns host command, 291clns router isis command, 289cluster IDs, 488
configuring, 492cluster lists, 488clusters, 488
designing, 491CMNS (Connection-Mode Network Service), 251commands
access-class, 712aggregate-address, 449, 512AppleTalk (table), 775AppleTalk configuration (table), 775area default-cost, 192area stub, 191–93auto-cost, 129auto-cost reference-bandwidth, 128bandwidth, 128bgp always-compare-med, 434, 644bgp bestpath missing-as-worst, 440bgp cluster-id, 492clear access-list counters, 781clear ip bgp, 450, 508clear ip bgp peer-group, 746clear ip route, 38, 138clear isis, 297clear logging, 781clns host, 291clns router isis, 289configure terminal, 781copy running-config startup-config, 781debug, 781debug eigrp neighbors, 781debug eigrp packets, 386, 781debug igrp transactions, 30–32
debug ip bgp updates, example output, 455debug ip policy, 599debug ip routing, 30default-information originate, 195default-information originate always, 423dialer map, 117distance, example, 583–584, 586–588distance bgp, 582
broadcast mode
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distribute list-out, 579distribute-list in, 578erase startup config, 781interface configuration (table), 771, 785interface serial, 120IP (table), 772ip access group, 697ip classless, 573ip community list, 742ip default network, 571ip default-gateway, 571ip default-network, 570–571ip forward-protocol, 89–90ip helper address, 88ip helper-address, 90ip ospf cost, 127–128ip ospf network, 129ip ospf network non-broadcast, 131ip prefix-lists, 496
options, 497–499
ip route, parameters, 422ip subnet zero, 67ip summary address eigrp, 370ip unnumbered, 84isis circuit type, 290isis metric, 291isis route, 296is-type, 290line vty, 712match community, 743match length, 593maximum paths, 9, 113maximum-paths, 441neighbor, 130neighbor distribute list, 736neighbor distribute-list, 734neighbor peer-group, 746neighbor prefix list, 497neighbor route-reflector-client, 493neighbor send-community, 741, 744neighbor weight, 507network, 447network area, 127no synchronization, 513passive interface, 566–567ping, 599, 782redistribute, 719reload, 782route map, 590–591router is-is, 289set community, 740set default interface, 595–596set ip default next-hop, 595set ip next-hop, 594
set ip precedence, 596setup, 782show access lists, 782show CDP neighbors, 782show CDP neighbors detail, 782show clns, 301show clns interface, 299–300show clns is-neighbors, 301–302show clns neighbors, 294, 299show clns protocol, 298–299show clns route, 281, 284, 296show controller, 782show interfaces, 361, 782show ip bgp, example output, 453show ip bgp neighbors, 494
example output, 454–455
show ip bgp summary, example output, 454show ip eigrp, 387show ip eigrp neighbors, 356–358, 386show ip eigrp topology, 358, 386show ip eigrp traffic, 386show ip ospf database, 721show ip ospf interface, 127, 134show ip ospf neighbor, 135–136show ip policy, 599show ip prefix-list, 501show ip prefix-list detail, 501show ip protocols, 133, 297, 300–301, 386show ip route, 9, 38–39, 133, 282, 297show ip route eigrp, 386show ip route ospf, 134show isis database, 296show isis route, 281, 284–285show isis spf-log, 302show isis topology, 280, 283show lines, 782show logging, 782show route-maps, 782show running-config, 782show starup-config, 782show version, 782summary address, 291telnet, 782traceroute, 589, 599, 782traffic-share, 373variance 2, 374variance 4, 374WAN configuration (table), 777–778which route, 281, 285–286
communication protocols, 801communities, 739community attribute (BGP), 435, 740community lists (BGP), creating, 742comparing
comparing
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configuration file commands, 769, 783link-state routing protocols, 23OSPF routing tables, 182
composite metrics, 11EIGRP, calculating, 34
composite values (metrics), 9configuration commands
IP-related, 788–795WAN-related, 795–796
configuration file commands, comparing, 769, 783configuration register, 762–763configure terminal command, 781configuring
access lists, 694
verification, 713–714
BGP
command syntax, 445communities, 739examples, 731–734loopback interfaces, 446peer groups, 444, 745–746prefix lists, 496–499summary addresses, 448–449TTL, 446
EIGRP, 368
examples, 727–730exercises, 390–397, 409link utilization, 374–377multipoint interfaces, 374summarization, 370–372
extended IP access lists, 702–706helper addresses, 88–89Integrated IS-IS
dialup, 304in NBMA WANs, 305–312
Integrated IS-IS routers, 288–294IP access lists, standard, 696–697IS-IS
multiarea networks, 314–349point-to-point WANs, 303switched WANs, 304
multihoming
connections, 502examples, 509–510exercises, 523–527local preference, 507weight, 507
OSPF
areas, 719–721broadcast mode, 132in single area, 125–129link cost, 127
multiarea components, 188–189multiple areas, 721–724NBMA mode, 129–131NSSAs, 717–718point-to-multipoint mode, 131–132point-to-point mode, 132–133router ID, 126stub areas, 191–194summarization, 199–202virtual links, 202–203
policy routing, fast-switched, 597prefix list commands, 496redistribution, 561–563
access lists, 576–581examples, 752–757into EIGRP, 564into OSPF, 563passive interfaces, 566–567
RIP, boundary routers, 573–574route reflectors, 492
exercises, 517–523restrictions, 493
static routing, 567–575
guidelines, 569–570ip default-network command, 571
subnet zero, 67confreg utility, 760connectionless services, 249connection-oriented services, 249connections, multihoming, 502, 644
configuration exercises, 523–527customer and default routes from all
providers, 504default routes from all providers, 503examples, 508–510full routes from all providers, 506local preference, configuring, 507weight, configuring, 507
conserving IP addresses, 637–638CIDR, 640summarization, 639VLSMs, 638
control information, OSI model, 803controlling
EIGRP queries, 380routing updates, 645vty access, 711
convergence, 24EIGRP, 32–35
testing, 33–35
IGRP, 29–32
testing, 30
composite metrics
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OSPF, 35–36, 99
testing, 36
RIP, 25–26, 28
testing, 26
converting decimal-to-binary numbering, 682–683copy running-config startup-config command, 781cost metric, 101
IS-IS, 271OSPF external routes, 181OSPF summary routes, 181
CRC (cyclical redundancy check), 14creating
access lists, 696BGP community lists, 742subinterfaces, 120summary addresses (BGP), 448–449summary routes, 370
criteriafor prefix list permission/denial, 495for stub areas, 190
CSNPs, link-state database synchronization (IS-IS), 276
D
data link layer (OSI model), 805–806frames, 809
data units, 809–810databases, OSPF link-state, 178datagrams, 809DBDs (database description packets), 111dead interval, 35
OSPF, 118debug command, 781debug eigrp neighbors command, 781debug eigrp packets command, 386, 781debug igrp transactions command, 30–32debug ip bgp updates command, example
output, 455debug ip eigrp command, 387debug ip policy command, 599debug ip routing command, 30decimal-to-binary conversion chart, 682–683default metric
defining for redistribution, 564–566redistribution, configuration example, 754–755
default routes, 423OSPF, generating, 194–195
default-information originate always command, 423default-information originate command, 195
definingBGP prefix lists, 494–495route maps, 590–591
delay metric (IS-IS), 271denying
prefix lists, criteria, 495vty access, 711
depleting IP addresses, solutions for, 637–638designing
OSPF, 177route reflectors, 488
example, 489–490faulty, 490
dialer map command, 117dialup, Integrated IS-IS configuration, 304diameter limit, EIGRP for IPX, 725Diffusing Update Algorithm.
See
DUALDijkstra algorithm, 23, 113, 261disabling
automatic summarization, 370BGP peer groups, 446BGP synchronization, 448prefix lists, automatic generation, 499
discontiguous networks, route summarization, 80discontinuity, backbone routers, 187discovery process (OSPF), 110–111displaying
route maps, 599summary routes, 9
distance bgp command, 582distance command, example, 583–588distance vector routing protocols, 20–22.
See also
advanced distance vector routing protocols
BGP
characteristics, 642learned routes, 643–644
IGRP, convergence, 29–32RIP
convergence, 25–26, 28holddown time, 26
distribute lists, 494, 645–647, 734extended access lists, 736
distribute-list in command, 578distribute-list out command, 579domains, 249
IS-IS, 279–280don’t care bits, 695dotted decimal notation, 68Drothers, 107
Drothers
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DRs (designated routers), 35, 106elections, 107exchange state, 111exstart state, 110
DUAL (Diffusing Update Algorithm), 21, 351, 362–367
dual mode IS-IS, 254dynamic IGP routes, redistributing into BGP, 512
E
EBGP (external BGP), 426EGPs (Exterior Gateway Protocols), 415–417,
641–642BGP
aggregator attribute, 443appropriate use of, 420AS-path attribute, 429–430ASes, 415–416atomic aggregate attribute, 443attribute type codes, 429attributes, 427–428CIDR, 442–444community attribute, 435configuration exercises, 315, 457–464creating summary addresses, 448–449default routes, 423example configuration, 451floating static routes, 421–422inappropriate use of, 420local preference attribute, 432MED attribute, 433–434message types, 438–439neighbors, 424–425next-hop attribute, 430–431origin attribute, 434path of last resort, 421path vectors, 424peer group configuration, 444policy-based routing, 426resetting, 450RFCs, 417route selection, 440–441static routes, 421–422synchronization rule, 436–437tables, 425verifying operation, 452weight attribute, 435
EIGRP (Enhanced IGRP)ACKs, suppressing, 378autosummarization, forcing, 371case study, 387–389composite metric, calculating, 34configuration exercises, 390–397, 409configuring, 368
examples, 727–730
convergence, 32–35
testing, 33–35
default metric, defining, 565feasible routes, 372feasible successors, 354for AppleTalk, 726
metrics, 726redistribution, 726route selection, 726
for IPX, 725
diameter limit, 725metrics, 725redistribution, 725route selection, 725
going active on a route, 379hold time, 356, 358K-values, 357link utilization, configuring, 374–375, 377load balancing, 372
example, 373–374
metric, 352
K-values, 361variables, 360–361
multipoint interfaces, configuring, 374neighbor relationships
FD, 362route discovery, 359–360route selection, 360–361Seq number, 358split horizon, 360uptime, 358
neighbor table, 354, 357
H (handle), 358RTO, 358SRTT, 358
operational characteristics, 353packets, 355
hello, 356Init bit, 360
query scoping, 379reachability, 33redistribution, 558, 562
configuration exercises, 607–611, 622
DRs (designated routers)
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configuring, 564
route summarization, 353, 369
configuring, 370–372
routing process, 353routing table, DUAL, 362–367scalability, variables, 379–383successors, 354tiered network model, 384–385topology table, 354, 358verifying operation, 386WAN links, configuring, 374–377
eigrp log-neighbor-changes command, 379elections, DRs/BDRs, 107enabling route summarization, 79–80encapsulation, 6, 804Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol.
See
EIGRPequipment requirements for configuration exercises, 847–
850erase startup config command, 781error checking, 807error metric (IS-IS), 271error recovery, 807ES (end system), 250ES-IS protocol, 252establishing BGP sessions, 508exact matches (prefix lists), 497examples
BGP
configuring, 731–734peer groups, 746–748
CIDR, 83EIGRP
configuring, 727–730load balancing, 373–374
extended access lists, 709–710IP helper addresses, 89–91multihoming, 508–510of NSAPs, 264–265OSPF
multiple-area configuration, 721–724single-area configuration, 719–721
PBR, 598–599prefix lists, 500–501redistribution, 749–752
configuring, 752–757distance command, 583–588
route reflector design, 489–490route reflectors, 493standard IP access lists, 699–700static route filtering, 580–581wildcard masks, 695–696
exchange process (OSPF), 109
exchange state, 111EXEC commands
IP-related, 785–788WAN interface-related, 795
expense metric (IS-IS), 271exstart state (DRs/BDRs), 110extended access lists, 593, 701
configuring, 702–706example, 709–710in distribute lists, 736placement, 711process flow, 701
extended IP access lists, wildcard masks, 695extending IP addresses
CIDR, 83–84classful addresses, 687job aids, 681–684route summarization, 75–76
discontiguous networks, 80–82octets, 77
subnetting, 67external routes
EIGRP, 360OSPF, cost, 181summarization, 197
F
fast-switched policy routing, 597faulty design, route reflectors, 490FD (feasible distance), 362feasible routes, EIGRP, 372feasible successors
EIGRP, 32, 354requirements, 362
fields of LSPs, 269filtering
access lists, route maps, 646BGP, distribute lists, 734packets, access lists, 692–693routes
access lists, 576, 578–581route maps, 590–597static routes, example, 580–581
with prefix lists, 495
matches, 497
First Octet Rule, 68flapping links, 76
troubleshooting, 113flapping routes, 25flash updates, 25floating static routes, 421–422
floating static routes
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flooding, 22–23LSAs, 38, 114–115LSUs in multiarea environment, 184–186
flow control, 806–807forcing EIGRP autosummarization, 371forwarding database, 101Frame Relay
EIGRP configuration, 374–377full-mesh topology, 118star topologies, 118
frames, 809full-mesh topologies, calculating PVC
requirements, 118
G
general configuration commands, 770–771general interface configuration commands, 771generating OSPF default routes, 194–195going active on a route, 379group addresses (multicast), 69guidelines
for redistribution, 559, 649for static routing configuration, 569–570
H
H (Handle), EIGRP, 358headers, 803, 809
IP, TTL field, 15OSPF packet fields, 105–106
hello intervalsEIGRP, 356OSPF, 118
hello messages (IS-IS), 271adjacency establishment, 272–275
hello packets, 35, 104EIGRP, 355–356
Hello protocol, 101–103helper addresses, 86–87
configuring, 88–89example, 89–91server placement, 87
hierarchical addressing, 637benefits of, 70–71planning, 69summary numbers, 70
hierarchical routing, 253–254IS-IS, 258–260link-state protocols, 22–23OSPF, 176
comparing routing tables, 182default route generation, 194–195design guidelines, 177
link-state database, 178LSAs, 178–180multiarea operation, 184–188multiarea operation, configuring, 188–189router types, 177–178summarization, 195, 198–202summary routes, cost, 181unnumbered interfaces, 187–188virtual links, 186
history of IS-IS, 248hold time, EIGRP, 356–358holddown timers, 24
RIP, 26hop count, 10
TTL, 15hop-by-hop routing paradigm, 426hosts per class (IP addresses), 686hub-and-spoke topologies, 118hybrid routing protocols, EIGRP, 351–352
case study, 387–389configuration exercises, 390–397, 409configuring, 368DUAL, 362–367feasible successors, 354going active on a route, 379hello packets, 356hold time, 356load balancing, 372neighbor tables, 354operational characteristics, 353packets, 355query scoping, 379reliability, 355route discovery, 359–360route summarization, 369–372routing process, 353scalability variables, 379–383successors, 354summarization, 353tiered network models, 384–385topology tables, 354, 358verifying operation, 386WAN links, 374–377
I
IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority), 416IBGP (internal BGP), 426ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) messages, 694IGPs (Interior Gateway Protocols), 99, 415,
641–642redistribution, 511, 513–514
dynamic routes, 512
flooding
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static routes, 512
IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)convergence, 29–32default metric, defining, 565load balancing, 11metric, 11–12poison reverse, 29redistribution, 558
configuration example, 752–753
illegal addresses, 637implementing
IS-IS, 249redistribution, guidelines, 559, 649route summarization, 78
implicit denies, prefix lists, 496implicit deny any entries (access lists), 694implicit wildcard masks, 698incomplete origins, show ip bgp command
output, 513information exchange process, OSI model, 803, 805information formats, 809Init bit (EIGRP packets), 360injecting default routes into areas (OSPF), 195Integrated IS-IS
building IP forwarding table, 287–288CLNS troubleshooting commands, 280–286, 294–
302dialup, configuring, 304IP routing, 277
IS-IS domains, 279–280OSI routing process, 278–279
NBMA WAN configuration, 305–308
detecting mismatched interfaces, 311–312multipoint interfaces, 308–311point-to-point subinterfaces, 306–308
NSAPs, 260
address structure, 261–263examples of, 264–265NETs, 263–264
point-to-point WANs, configuring, 303router configuration, 288–294switched WANs, configuring, 304two-area coniguration, 293–294versus OSPF, 255–256
interarea routing, 176summarization, 197virtual links, configuring, 202–203
interface configuration commands (table), 771, 785interface serial command, 120interfaces, 101
loopback, 85unnumbered, 84–85
internal routes, 177EIGRP, 360RIP, configuring, 573
internetworks, nonscalable, 383ip access group command, 697IP access lists, 692–693
backwards compatibility, 693configuring, 713–714creating, 696extended
example, 709–710in distribute lists, 736
route maps, 736–738standard, 693
configuring, 694, 696–697example, 699–700numbering, 693processing, 694
wildcard masks, 695
implicit, 698
IP addressingCIDR, 83–84
BGP, 442, 444
classes, 686classful, subnet masks, 687conserving, 637–638
CIDR, 640summarization, 639VLSMs, 638
dotted decimal notation, 68EXEC commands (table), 772exhaustion of, reasons for, 65extending, job aids, 681–684First Octet Rule, 68helper addresses, 86–87
configuring, 88–89example, 89–91server placement, 87
hierarchical
benefits, 70–71planning, 69summary numbers, 70
job aids, 681multicast, OSPF, 104redistribution, 749–752route summarization, 75–76
classful routing protocols, 80discontiguous networks, 80implementing, 78octets, 77VLSM-designed networks, 78
IP addressing
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shortage of, 65–66subnet masking, 66subnet masks, 16
calculating, 687–689prefixes, 690
subnetting, 67–69unnumbered interfaces, 84–85VLSMs, 71–72
calculating, 73example, 74
ip classless command, 573ip community list command, 742IP configuration commands (table), 772–773ip default network command, 571ip default-gateway command, 571ip default-network command, 570–571ip eigrp hello-interval command, 357IP forwarding table (Integrated IS-IS), building, 287–288ip forward-protocol command, 89–90ip helper-address command, 88, 90ip ospf cost command, 127–128ip ospf network command, 129ip ospf network non-broadcast command, 131ip prefix-list command, 496
options, 497–499ip route command, parameters, 422IP routing, classful, 635–637ip subnet zero command, 67ip summary address eigrp command, 370ip summary-address command, 381ip unnumbered command, 84IP-related EXEC commands (table), 785–788IPv6, 65IPX configuration commands, 774–775IS (intermediate system), 250IS-IS (Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System), 23,
247areas, 256
restrictions, 265–266
hierarchical routing, 258–260history of, 248implementations, 249link-state database synchronization, 275–276metrics, 271multiarea networks, configuring, 314–349NSAPs, NETs, 266PDUs, 267
hellos, 271–275LSPs, 268–270
SNPA, 266system IDs, restrictions, 265–266
isis circuit-type command, 290isis metric command, 291
ISO (International Organization for Standardization), 247–248
NSAP addressing, 262ISPs (Internet service providers), 417
multihoming, 502, 644
configuration exercises, 523–527customer and default routes from all
providers, 503–504default routes from all providers, 503examples, 508–510full routes from all providers, 506local preference, configuring, 507weight configuration, 507
redistribution into IGP, 513–514is-type command, 290
J-K
JKLCorporation case study, 40job aids
decimal-to-binary conversion chart, 682–683IP addresses, 681subnetting, 681
keepalive messagesm, BGP, 439K-values, 357
EIGRP, 361
L
LAN protocols, 801layers of OSI reference model, 249
network layer, 251
CMNS versus CONP, 252ES-IS, 252hierarchical routing, 253–254
learned routes, BGP, 643–644Level 1 areas (IS-IS), 256Level 1 routers (IS-IS), 257Level 1-2 routers (IS-IS), 257Level 2 areas (IS-IS), 256Level 2 routers (IS-IS), 257limitations of route reflectors, 493limiting vty access, 711line vty command, 712links
cost, 101EIGRP utilization, configuring, 374–377flapping, 113multiaccess, flooding, 114OSPF cost, configuring, 127
link-state protocols, 22–23Integrated IS-IS
ip classless command
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IP routing, 277–286NSAPs, 260–265OSI routing process, 278–279router configuration, 288–294
IS-ISarea restrictions, 265–266hello messages, 271–275link-state database synchronization,
275–276LSPs, 268–270metrics, 271NETs, 266PDUs, 267system ID restrictions, 265–266
OSPF comparing routing tables, 182convergence, 35–36, 99default route generation, 194–195design guidelines, 177LSAs, 178–180multiarea operation, 184–189NSSAs, 716–718redistribution, 563router types, 177–178summarization, 195, 198–202summary routes, cost, 181unnumbered interfaces, 187–188versus Integrated IS-IS, 255–256virtual links, 186
topology database, 101LLC (Logical Link Control), 806load balancing, 6, 9
EIGRP, 372–374IGRP, 11OSPF, 113
loading state, 111local loopback address, 68local preference (multihomed routes),
configuring, 507local preference attribute (BGP), 432loopback interfaces, 85
BGP, 446OSPF, configuring, 127
lost passwords, recovering, 760–763lower layers of OSI model, 800LSAs (link-state advertisements), 22–23, 178–180
aging timers, 115flooding, 38, 114–115router link, 116sequence number, 111type 7, 716–717
LSPs (link state packets), 268fields, 269LAN representations, 269–270variables, 270
LSUs (OSPF), flooding in multiarea environment, 184–186
MMAC (Media Access Control), 806manual summarization, 372match commands, route maps, 737–738match community command, 743match length command, 593matches (prefix lists), 497maximum-paths command, 9, 113, 441measuring convergence time, 24MED attribute (BGP), 433–434messages, 809
BGP, 438–439ICMP, 694
metrics, 6, 9EIGRP, 352
composite metric, calculating, 34feasible distance, 32for AppleTalk, 726for IPX, 725K-values, 361maximum, 33variables, 360–361
hop count, TTL, 15IGRP, 11–12IS-IS, 271RIP, 10
migrating to route reflectors, 490modifying
administrative distance, 581–582BGP next-hop attribute, 448weights in multihomed routes, 510
multiaccess networksEIGRP hold time, 356links, flooding, 114
multiarea operation, OSPFcase study, 204, 206–207configuring, 188–189NBMA, 195verifying, 204
multicast addresses, 69OSPF, 104
multicast addresses
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multihoming, 484, 502BGP, 644case study, 514, 516configuring, 523–527customer and default routes from all providers, 503–
504default routes from all providers, 503full routes from all providers, 506local preference, configuring, 507weight, configuring, 507
multiple OSPF areas, 175configuring, 721–724
multiplexing, 807multipoint EIGRP interfaces, configuring, 374
NNAT (network address translation), 637NBMA (non-broadcast multiaccess) networks
OSPF, 117–119configuring, 129–131neighbor relationship, 121–123multiarea operation, 195
topologies, 102, 117–119WANS, Integrated IS-IS configuration,
305–308detecting mismatched interfaces, 311–312multipoint interfaces, 308–311point-to-point subinterfaces, 306–308
neighbor command, 130neighbor distribute-list command, 734, 736neighbor peer-group command, 746neighbor prefix list command, 497neighbor relationships, 13
EIGRP, 356DUAL, 362–367FD, 362route discovery, 359–360route selection, 360–361Seq number, 358split horizon, 360uptime, 358
neighbor route-reflector-client command, 493neighbor send-community command, 741, 744neighbor table (EIGRP), 354, 357
H (handle), 358RTO, 358SRTT, 358
neighbor weight command, 507neighbors, 101
BGP, 424–425loopback interfaces, 446peer group configuration, 444
peer groups, configuring, 745–746EIGRP feasible successors, 354OSPF, NBMA mode, 121–123peer groups, 746–748two-way state, 109
NETs (network entity titles), 249, 263–264examples of, 266
network area command, 127network command, 447network layer (OSI reference model), 251, 806
CMNS versus CONP, 252ES-IS, 252hierarchical routing, 253–254packets, 809
network link entries (OSPF), 179network protocols, 801network services, connection-oriented versus
connectionless, 249networks per class (IP addresses), 686next-generation IP, 65next-hop attribute (BGP), 430–431
modifying, 448no synchronization command, 513nonbroadcast physical links, 268nonclients (route reflectors), 488nonscalable internetworks, 383notification messages (BGP), 439NSAP (network service access point) addresses, 249, 260
address structure, 261–265NETs, 263–266
NSEL (N-selector), 262NSSA autonomous system external link entry, 179NSSAs (not-so-stubby areas), 182, 189–190,
716–718numbering standard IP access lists, 693
Oobtaining VLSM calculators, 74octets, route summarization, 77operational characteristics of EIGRP, 353optional attributes (BGP), 428
nontransitive, MED, 433–434transitive
aggregator, 443community, 435, 740
optionsip prefix-list, 497–499neighbor prefix list commands, 497
origin attribute (BGP), 434
multihoming
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OSI (Open System Interconnection) reference model, 6, 247–248
application layer, 808backbone, 250characteristics, 800communication between layers, 802control information, 803data link layer, 805–806distance vector routing, 21domains, 249ES (end system), 250information exchange process, 803–805IS (intermediate system), 250layer services, 802–803lower layers, 800mapping protocols to layers of OSI reference model,
250network layer, 251, 806
CMNS versus CONP, 252ES-IS, 252hierarchical routing, 253–254
physical layer, 805presentation layer, 807protocols, 801session layer, 807transport layer, 807upper layers, 800
OSI protocol suite, versus OSI reference model, 250OSI routing, CLNS troubleshooting commands, 280–286OSPF (Open Shortest Path First), 116–119
ABRs, 255adjacencies, 107areas, 101, 175, 256
configuring, 191–194stub, 189–190totally stubby, 189–190types of, 181
backbone, 275BDRs, 106–108broadcast mode, configuring, 132broadcast multiaccess topology, 103–106
DRs, 106–107configuration execises, 142, 144–146, 148–151configuring in single area, 125–129convergence, 35–36, 99dead intervals, defaults, 118default route generation, 194–195default static routes, 423design guidelines, 177Dijkstra algorithm, 23DRs, 106
elections, 107flapping links, troubleshooting, 113hello intervals, defaults, 118hello packets, 104Hello protocol, 101–103hierarchical topology, 176interfaces, 101link cost, configuring, 101, 127link state, 101link-state database, 178load balancing, 113LSAs, 178–180
flooding, 114–115router link, 116
multiarea operationcase study, 204–207configuration exercise, 207–244flooding LSUs, 184–186NBMA, 195verifying, 204
multicast addressing, 104multiple-area configuration, example, 721– 724NBMA mode
configuring, 129–131neighbors relationships, 121–123subinterfaces, 120
neighbors, two-way state, 109NSSAs, 716–718packets, header fields, 105–106path selection, 100point-to-multipoint mode, configuring,
131–132point-to-point mode, configuring, 132–133reachability, 100redistribution, configuring, 563
example, 753exercises, 607–611, 622
route selection, 111–113router IDs, configuring, 126router types, 177–178routing tables, comparing, 182single-area configuration, example, 719–721startup, 109–110
exchange process, 109route discovery, 110–111
summarization, 195configuring, 199–202
OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)
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VLSM, 198summary routes, cost, 181topologies, 102unnumbered interfaces, 188verifying operation, 133–138versus Integrated IS-IS, 255–256virtual links, 186
configuring, 202–203VLSMs, 99
Ppacket filtering, access lists, 692–693
configuring, 694extensions, backwards compatibility, 693standard, 693, 696–697
packets, 6, 809EIGRP, 355
ACKs, suppressing, 378hello, 356Init bit, 360queries, 380reliability, 355
encapsulation, 6hello, 35, 104OSPF header fields, 105–106TTL field, 15
parameters for ip route command, 422partial updates, EIGRP, 351passive interface command, 566–567password recovery, 760, 762–763path of last resort, 421path selection, OSPF, 100path vectors, 419, 424, 643PBR
examples, 598–599fast-switched, 597route maps, 590
implementing, 592–597sequence numbering, 590–591
standard access lists, placement, 700verifying, 599
PDUs (protocol data units), 267hello messages, 271
adjacency establishment, 272–275IS-IS
CSNPs, 275–276PSNPs, 275–276
LSPs, 268fields, 269LAN representation, 269–270variables, 270
peer groupsBGP
configuring, 444disabling, 446
compatibility with route reflectors, 493configuring, 745–746example, 746, 748
periodic announcments, 38permitting prefix lists, criteria, 495physical layer (OSI model), 805physical topology, route reflector design, 490ping commands, 599, 782placement
extended access lists, 711standard access lists, 700
planning hierarchical addressing schemes, 69point-to-multipoint mode, OSPF
configuring, 131–132neighbor relationship, 122–123
point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast mode (OPSF), neighbor relationship, 123
point-to-point interfaces, static routing, 568point-to-point mode
IS-IS, link-state database synchronization, 276neighborship, 124OSPF, configuring, 116–117, 132–133subinterfaces, 120topologies, 102, 116–117
point-to-point WANs (IS-IS), configuring, 303poison reverse, 26, 29poisoned routes, 25policy-based routing, 647
BGP, 426port names
TCP, 706–707UDP, 708
port numbers, 706predefined well-known community numbers, 742preferred routes, BGP, 644prefix lists
announcing to Internet, 502applying to BGP, 494characteristics, 495configuring, 496–499
commands, 496exact matches, 497example, 500sequence numbers, 499verifying, 501
prefixes (subnet masks), 690presentation layer (OSI model), 807private addresses, 66
packet filtering, access lists
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processing flowextended IP access lists, 701standard IP access lists, 694
protocol suites, 6protocols, 801
transparency, 248PSNPs, link-state database synchronization
(IS-IS), 275PVCs (permanent virtual circuits), calculating
requirements for, 118
Q-Rqueries, EIGRP, 355
controlling, 380scoping, 379
reachabilityEIGRP routes, 33OSFP, 100path vectors, 643
recovering passwords, 760–763redistribute command, 719redistribution, 181, 557–558, 648–649
access lists, configuring, 576–581addressing, example, 749–752administrative distance, 560best path selection, 559case study, 600–602configuring, 561–563
examples, 752–757exercises, 607–611, 622into EIGRP, 564into OSPF, 563
default metric, defining, 564–566EIGRP
for AppleTalk, 726for IPX, 725
example, 583–588guidelines, 559IGRP, 558implementing, 649in one direction, 571into BGP, 511–512into IGP, 513–514passive interfaces, configuring, 566–567seed metric, 561–562static routes, configuring, 567–575verifying, 589
reliability, EIGRP, 355Reliable Transport Protocol. See RTPreload command, 782Remaining Lifetime field (LSPs), 269
replies, EIGRP, 355requirements
classful routing subnets, 17configuration exercises, equipment, 847–849feasible successors, 362routing, 6stub areas, 190
reserved TCP port numbers, 706–707reserved UPD port numbers, 708resetting BGP sessions, 450, 508restricting vty access, 711restrictions
route reflectors, 493unnumbered interfaces, 84
retransmission list, RTP, 356RFCs (Requests for Comments), 813–816
RFC 1700, Assigned Numbers, 706RFC 1812, TTL, 15
RIP (Routing Information Protocol)boundary routers, configuring, 573–574convergence, 25–28holddown time, 26internal routers, configuring, 573metric, 10poison reverse, 26redistribution, 753
RIPE-NIC (Reseaux IP Europeennes-Network Information Center), 416
route filters, access listsconfiguring, 576–581route maps, 590–597
route map command, 590–591route maps, 646, 736–738
displaying, 599match commands, 737–738PBR, 590–597
verifying, 599sequence numbering, 590–591set commands, 737–738statements, 590
route redistribution, 648–649route reflectors, 487
benefits of, 487clients, 488cluster IDs, 488
configuring, 492clusters, 488compatibility with peer groups, 493configuring, 492
exercises, 517–523design, 488
example, 489–490
route reflectors
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faulty, 490example, 493migrating to, 490nonclients, 488restrictions, 493routing loops, 487verifying, 494
route selection, EIGRP, 360–361route summarization, 75–76, 638–640
CIDR, 83–84classful routing protocols, 80discontiguous networks, 80EIGRP, 353, 369implementing, 78octets, 77OSPF, 195
configuring, 199–202VLSM, 198
VLSMs, 72, 78router IDs, OSPF, 126router is-is command, 289router link entries (OSPF), 179router link LSAs, 116routers
adjacencies, 107BDRs, 106–108Drothers, 107DRs, 106Integrated IS-IS, configuring, 288–294link state, 101neighbors, 101
routesflapping, 25poisoned, 25successors, 32, 354
routing, 5administrative distance, 8classful, 635–637defined, 635hierarchical, 176IGRP, metrics, 11–12interarea, 176metrics, 9neighbor relationships, 13packets, 6policy-based, 647protocol suites, 6requirements, 6RIP, metrics, 10
routing by rumor, 20routing loops, 487routing masks. See subnet masks
routing policies, prefix listsapplying to BGP, 494automatic generation, 499characteristics, 495configuring, 496–499exact matches, 497example, 500sequence numbers, 499verifying, 501
routing protocols, 801administrative distance, 560
modifying, 581–582advanced distance vector, EIGRP, 352believability, 560classful, 15–16
route summarization, 80subnetting, 17
classless, 18automatic summarization, 18subnetting, 19VLSMs, 638
convergence, 24default metric, defining, 564–566distance vector, 20–22EIGRP, convergence, 32–35IGRP, convergence, 29–32link-state, 22–23metrics, 6OSPF, convergence, 35–36RIP
convergence, 25–26, 28holddown time, 26poison reverse, 26
scalability, comparing, 419routing tables, 101
analyzing, 38–39best paths, 6EIGRP, DUAL, 362–367entries, 7OSPF, comparing, 182
routing updates, controlling, 645RTO (retransmit timeout), 358RTP (Reliable Transport Protocol), 355
Sscalability, comparing among routing protocols, 419seed metric, 561–562segments, 809selecting routes
BGP best paths, 440–441, 559
route selection, EIGRP
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modifying administrative distance, 581–582
EIGRP for AppleTalk, 726EIGRP for IPX, 725OSPF, 111–113
sending communities attribute to neighbors (BGP), 741
Seq number (EIGRP), 358sequence numbering
BGP prefix lists, 499route maps, 590–591
serial interfacesEIGRP, configuring, 374unnumbered, 84–85
server placement, helper addresses, 87sessions
BGP, resetting, 508TCP, 706
session layer (OSI model), 807set commands, route maps, 737–738set community command, 740set default interface command, 595–596set ip default next-hop command, 595set ip next-hop command, 594set ip precedence command, 596setup command, 782setup diagram, configuration exercises, 849shortage of IP addresses, causes of, 65–66show access-lists command, 782show CDP neighbors command, 782show CDP neighbors detail command, 782show clns command, 301show clns interface command, 299–300show clns is-neighbors command, 301–302show clns neighbors command, 294, 299
detail keyword, 295show clns protocol command, 298–299show clns route command, 281, 284, 296show controllers command, 782show interfaces command, 361, 782show ip bgp command, example output, 453show ip bgp neighbors command, 494
example output, 454–455show ip bgp summary command, example
output, 454show ip eigrp neighbors command, 356, 358, 386show ip eigrp topology command, 358, 386show ip eigrp traffic command, 386show ip ospf database command, 721show ip ospf interface command, 127, 134show ip ospf neighbor command, 135show ip ospf neighbor detail command, 136show ip policy command, 599
show ip prefix-list command, 501show ip prefix-list detail command, 501show ip protocols command, 133, 297,
300–301, 386show ip route command, 9, 38–39, 133, 282,
297, 372show ip route eigrp command, 386show ip route ospf command, 134show isis database command, 296show isis route command, 281, 284–285, 296show isis spf-log command, 302show isis topology command, 280, 283show lines command, 782show logging command, 782show route-maps command, 782show running-config command, 782show startup-config command, 782show version command, 782SIA (stuck-in-active) routes, 379–380single-area OSPF configuration, 125–129, 719–721SNPA (subnetwork point of attachment), 266solutions to depleting IP addresses, 637–638specifying prefix lists, sequence numbers, 499split horizon
BGP, 485–486EIGRP, 360route reflectors
clients, 488cluster IDs, 488cluster lists, 488compatibility with peer groups, 493configuration exercises, 517–523configuring, 492design, 488–490example, 493faulty design, 490migrating to, 490restrictions, 493verifying, 494
SRTT (smooth round trip timer), 358standard access lists, placement, 700standard areas, 181standard IP access lists, 593, 693
configuring, 696–697example, 699–700numbering, 693processing, 694wildcard masks, 695
standards, ISO, 247–248star topologies, 118
star topologies
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startup (OSPF)discovery process, 110–111exchange process, 109
statements (route maps), 590static routes, 421
administrative distance, 421CLNS, 254configuring, 567–575example, 422filtering, example, 580–581redistributing into BGP, 512
station routers, 257stub areas, 182
configuring, 191–194NSSAs, 716–718requirements, 190
stubby areas, 189–190subinterfaces, 120subnet masking, 66, 637subnet masks, 16, 687
calculating, 687–689prefixes, 690
subnet zero, 67configuring, 67
subnetting, 67classful routing, 17classless routing protocols, 19discontiguous, route summarization, 81–82extending IP addresses
subnetting, 68–69job aids, 681VLSMs, 71–72
calculating, 73example, 74
subnetwork point of attachment (SNPA), 266successors, 32
EIGRP, 354summarization, 75–76, 638–639
CIDR, 83–84classful routing protocols, 16, 80discontiguous networks, 80EIGRP, 353, 369
configuring, 370–372implementing, 78octets, 77OSPF, 195
configuring, 199–202VLSM, 198
VLSM-designed networks, 72, 78summary addresses, creating, 448–449summary link entries (OSPF), 179summary numbers, 70
summary routesadvertising, 512EIGRP, 360OSPF, cost, 181viewing, 9
summary-address command, 291, 372Super Lab, part I
answers to, 662–668configuration exercies, 655–658
Super Lab, part IIanswers to, 669–676configuration exercies, 658–661
supernetting, 639. See also summarizationsuppressing ACKs, 378switched WANs (IS-IS), configuring, 304switching, 5, 13
defined, 635synchronization (BGP), 436–437
disabling, 448syntax, BGP configuration commands, 445system IDs (IS-IS), restrictions, 265–266
Ttables
BGP, 425EXEC commands
IP-related, 785–788WAN interface-related, 795
IP-related configuration commands, 788–795WAN configuration commands (table),
795–796TCP (Transmission Control Protocol), 424
port names, 706–707sessions, 706
TCP/IP applications, 808telnet command, 782testing convergence
EIGRP, 33–35IGRP, 30OSPF, 36RIP convergence, 26
third-party next hops, 431tiered network model, 384–385timers, IS-IS, 256topological database, 22–23, 101
convergence, 24EIGRP, 32–35IGRP, 29–32RIP, 25–26, 28
periodic announcements, 38triggered updates, 38
topologiesOSPF, 102
startup (OSPF)
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broadcast multiaccess, 103–107NBMA, 117–119point-to-point, 116–117
route reflector design, 490topology table, EIGRP, 354, 358totally stubby areas, 182, 189–190
configuring, 191–194requirements, 190
traceroute command, 589, 599, 782traffic
BGP, controlling, 647EIGRP, load balancing, 372routing updates, filtering, 576, 578–581
traffic-share command, 373trailers, 803, 809transparent protocols, 248transport layer (OSI model), 807
routing protocols, 21triggered updates, 38troubleshooting
flapping links, 113Integrated IS-IS, 294–302
trustworthiness, 7–8TTL (time-to-live), BGP configuration, 446TTL field, 15two-area Integrated IS-IS configuration, 293–294two-way redistribution, 575two-way state, 109type 7 LSAs, 716–717type codes for BGP attributes, 429
UUDP port names, 708unicasts, helper addresses, 86–87
configuring, 88–89example, 89–91server placement, 87
unnumbered interfaces, 84–85OSPF, 188
unreachable routes, EIGRP, 33update messages (BGP), 439update policies, peer group configuration, 745–746updates
BGP, controlling, 645–647EIGRP, 355LSAs, 178–180
upper layers of OSI model, 800uptime, EIGRP, 358utilities, confreg, 760
Vvariables of EIGRP metric calculation, 360–361variance 2 command, 374variance 4 command, 374variance command, 372verifying
access list configuration, 713–714BGP operation, 452EIGRP operation, 386OSPF operation, 133–138
multiarea operation, 204policy based routing, 599prefix lists, 501redistribution operation, 589route reflectors, 494
viewingroute maps, 599summary routes, 9
virtual circuit management, 807virtual links, 186
OSPF, configuring, 202–203VLSM (variable-length subnet masking), 19, 71–72, 198,
638calculating, 73calculators, obtaining, 74example, 74OSPF, 198
configuring, 199–202route summarization, 78
vty access, denying, 711
W-ZWAN commands, 776–778WAN interface-related EXEC commands, 795WANs, 801
EIGRP links, configuring, 374–375, 377IS-IS, 305–312
point-to-point configuration, 303switched configuration, 304
weight (multihomed routes)configuring, 507modifying, 510
weight attribute (BGP), 435well-known attributes (BGP), 428
discretionary atomic aggregate, 443local preference, 432
mandatoryAS-path, 429–430next-hop, 430–431
well-known attributes (BGP)
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origin, 434well-known UDP port numbers, 21which route command, 281, 285–286wildcard masks, 695
examples, 695–696implicit, 698
wire, 67
well-known UDP port numbers
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