BS Presentation Psychology
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Transcript of BS Presentation Psychology
Intercultural Communication
Group Members
Anjum Raza Faiza Jabeen Tayyaba Arshad Afshan Tahir Saleem Yousaf
Anjum Raza
Intercultural Communication
Australia is ‘arguably the most multicultural nation on earth’.
(Irwin,1996)
Inter Cultural Communication
What is Culture? “Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms which affect the behaviors of a relatively large group of people
Why do cultures differ? History Ecology Technology Biology Institutional networks Interpersonal communication
Types of Inter Cultural Communication
Cross Cultural
Intra Cultural
Inter Cultural
Inter Cultural Communication
What is intercultural communication? A symbolic process in which people from different cultures create shared meaning.
Faiza Jabeen
Components of Intercultural Communication:
• Appropriateness and Effectiveness • Knowledge• Motivation• Action
Appropriateness and effectiveness
those behaviors that are regarded as proper and suitable given the expectations generated by a given culture
Knowledge :
Knowledge The cognitive information you need to have about the people, the context, and the norms of appropriateness that operate in a specific culture
Actions :
Actions The actual performance of those behaviors that are regarded as appropriate and effective. You can have the necessary information, be motivated by the appropriate feelings and intentions but still lack the behavior skills necessary to achieve competence
Tayyaba Arshad
Tips for Intercultural Communication
Direct experience Differences Similarities Stereotyping Variances
Direct Experience:
Direct experience is the best way to begin to learn any culture. Just as the best way to learn a new language is to become immersed in that language, so too is it most helpful to learn another culture by jumping right in.
Differences
Differences can feel like a threat at first. No one likes to feel like a stranger, and feeling unable to communicate or to decipher aspects of behavior that don’t fit with our own habitual experiences can make any of us feel alone.
Intercultural Communication… We tend to overlook similarities and notice
just the differences when we first begin to interact with members of another culture. And then, when we apply the standards of interpretation that we would use in our own cultures to the behavior of those in the unfamiliar culture, we will draw mistaken conclusions.
Stereotyping
Stereotyping due to overgeneralization is a common occurrence, especially among those who only interact with another culture infrequently.
Variances
That means that no matter how much we may perceive groups A and B as different, the
amount of difference between those groups is dwarfed by the amount of variation
within each group. In other words, both groups have shy people and daring people,
honest and dishonest, bellicose and accommodating types, etc.
Afshan Tahir
Enculturation
Ethnocentricity Jargon and Slang Personal Space Stereotypes Eye contact Time
Ethnocentrism
Americans tend to have an ethnocentric perspective on language.Because many cultures around the globe speak English, Americans may forget that some businesses conduct transactions in other languages or that some individuals don't understand
English.
Jargon and Slang
Each culture, even regional cultures within a larger culture, develops unique sets of jargon and slang. Though members of that culture may find these words commonplace and use them with abandon, newcomers to the culture may misunderstand the meanings behind them or fail to understand them altogether
Personal Space
Different cultures can take significantly different approaches to personal space, and a lack of cultural understanding can make some individuals uncomfortable and insult others.
Stereotype
Human nature, can lead one to make assumptions about other people; some cultures use stereotypical images to reaffirm these assumptions. Though some stereotypes may stem from factual observations, many build on personal beliefs and fears that individuals may hold.
Eye Contact In the United States, communicators tend to
maintain direct eye contact with others
during one-on-one communication, and
make sporadic eye contact with an audience
when communicating with large groups.
Though direct eye contact may symbolize
respect in Western cultures,
Time
Different cultures maintain markedly different approaches to time, and communicators who don't understand a culture's time orientation may experience difficulty building relationships in that culture.
Saleem Yousaf
Potential Hot Spots in Inter Cultural Communication
Opening and Closing Conversations Taking Turns During Conversations Interrupting Use of Silence Appropriate Topics of Conversation Use of Humor Knowing How Much to Say Sequencing elements during conversation
Opening and Closing Conversations
Different cultures may have different
customs around who addresses whom when
and how, and who has the right, or even the
duty, to speak first, and what is the proper
way to conclude a conversation.
Taking turns during Conversations
In some cultures, it is more appropriate to take turns
in an interactive way, and in others, it is more
important to listen thoroughly and without
comment, without immediate response, lest a
response be taken as a challenge or a humiliation,
particularly depending on the context of the
conversation, the audience, and the levels of
personal knowledge/relationship between the two
people interacting.
Interrupting
The same issues arise over the issue of interrupting. In some cultures, interruption, vocal, emotional expression, etc. are considered to be the default conversational style, particularly among those considered to be equals, or among men.
Silence
In some forms of communication, silence is to be expected before a response, as a sign of thoughtfulness and deference to the original speaker, yet at other times, silence may be experienced as a sign of hostility
Appropriate Topics of Conversation
In some places, it is considered vulgar to speak openly about money,
Use of Humor
In the West, we often try to build immediate rapport through humor, but of course, this is not universally seen to be appropriate in all contexts. The use of laughter can be experienced as a sign of disrespect by some cultures
Knowing How Much to Say
In some places, less is definitely more, whereas in other places, it is more valued to wrap a rather small point up in a longer preamble, followed by an extended wrap-up.
Sequencing elements during conversation
At what point during a conversation – or an extended conversation or negotiation – is it appropriate to touch upon more sensitive issues? Or how soon in a conversation is it appropriate simply to ask for directions?