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DeductiveReasoningby Sania Kanwal
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Page 2

Deductive Reasoning

Deductive reasoning, or

deduction, starts with a

general case and deduces

specific instances.Deduction starts with an

assumed hypothesis or

theory, which is why it has

been called 'hypothetico-

deduction
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Deductive Reasoning:

1. Induction is a major kind of reasoning process in

which a conclusion is drawn from particular cases.

It is usually contrasted with deduction, thereasoning process in which the conclusion logically

follows from the premises, and in which the

conclusion has to be true if the premises are true.

2. In inductive reasoning, on the contrary, there is no

logical movement from premises to conclusion.

3. The premises constitute good reasons for accepting

the conclusion.

4. The premises in inductive reasoning are usually

based on facts or observations.

5. There is always a possibility, though, that the

premises may be true while the conclusion is false,

since there is not necessarily a logical relationship

between premises and conclusion."


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InductiveReasoningby Aiman Israr
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Page 5

Inductive Reasoning

Inductive reasoning, also

known asinduction, is a

kind ofreasoningthat

constructs or evaluatesgeneralpropositionsthat

are derived from specific

examples
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Page 6

Inductive Reasoning:

1. Induction is a major kind of reasoning process in

which a conclusion is drawn from particular cases.

It is usually contrasted with deduction, thereasoning process in which the conclusion logically

follows from the premises, and in which the

conclusion has to be true if the premises are true.

2. In inductive reasoning, on the contrary, there is no

logical movement from premises to conclusion.

3. The premises constitute good reasons for accepting

the conclusion.

4. The premises in inductive reasoning are usually

based on facts or observations.

5. There is always a possibility, though, that the

premises may be true while the conclusion is false,

since there is not necessarily a logical relationship

between premises and conclusion."


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Free Powerpoint Templates Page 7

Inductive Reasoning

Inductive reasoning is used when generatinghypotheses, formulating theories and

discovering relationships, and is essential for

scientific discovery.


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Examples:

1. Inductive reasoning is probabilistic; it only states that,given the premises, the conclusion is probable.

A statistical syllogism is an example of inductive

reasoning:

90% of humans are right-handed.Joe is a human.

Therefore, the probability that Joe is right-handed is

90% (therefore, if we are required to guess we will

choose "right-handed" in the absence of any other

evidence).
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Examples:

2. Mikhail hails from Russia.Russians are tall.

Mikhail is tall.


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Difference between inductive anddeductive reasoning?

Inductive reasoning starts with empirical observations of

specific phenomena, then establishes a general rule to fit the

observed facts.

Deductive reasoning starts with a general rule, then applies that

rule to a specific instance.

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