Broadcasting communication

7/29/2019 Broadcasting communication

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Radio and Television


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What is Broadcasting?

is the distribution of audio

and video content to a

dispersed audience via any

audio or visual mass

communications medium, but

usually one

using electromagnetic

radiation (radio waves).


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What is Broadcasting?

Broadcasting has been used for purposes of private

recreation, non-commercial exchange of messages,

experimentation, self-training, and emergency

communication such as amateur (ham)

radio and amateur television (ATV) in addition to

commercial purposes like popular radio or TV

stations with advertisements.


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Social Impact of Broadcasting

Focuses on getting one message out and it is up to

the general public to do what they wish with it.

Distribute a signal that will reach the

target audience.

Arrange audiences into entire assemblies


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Types of Broadcasting

Telephone Broadcasting (18811932) Radio Broadcasting

Television Broadcasting

Cable radio

Direct-broadcast satellite (DBS)

Webcasting of video/television


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The Process of Broadcast

Speech CommunicationFactors of communication:

The sender or the source the message

the channel

the medium

the receiver


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The Source

Telecaster

Technicians

Fashion Consultants

Make-up Artists


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The Message

A variety of message forms are available in radio

and TV.

The message maybe affected , distorted or

enhanced by:

time

censorship

advertisers


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The Medium

Airwave Medium

Satellite


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The Receiver


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The Receiver

The broadcast audience exercise control over the

listening situation.

They cannot be forced to watch or listen.

They decide or they do not decide to be the

audience.

They listen for a variety of reasons.

They are entirely unstructured. They are entirely isolated from each other.

UNIQUE FEATURES OF THE BROADCAST AUDIENCE:


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Broadcast Media and Speech

Mass communication Radio broadcasts


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Radio and Television Broadcast

Television broadcast although not on the round-the-clock basis as in radio, and although they are

beamed mainly to urban areas, are followed avidly

by millions in the metropolitan areas in Manila,

Cebu, Iloilo and other urban centers. With

sophisticated receivers listeners can even receive

programs from abroad.


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Most broadcast media fare today are news

reports, variety, discjockey, quiz shows,

interviews and radio and television

dramas. News programs suit radio andtelevision best, especially in competition

with print media. Latter comes out once a

day twice at most while radio reports canbe on a 24hour basis.

Radio and Television Broadcast


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News Programs

Is a regularly scheduled radio or television programthat reports current events.


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News Programs

News is typically reported in series of individualstories that are presented by one or more anchors.

A news program can include live or recorded

interviews by field reporters, expert opinions,

opinion poll results, and occasional editorial

content

A special category of news program are entirely

editorial in format


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Radio and TV Scripts

In radio, the message iswritten out in an outline

from which the

broadcaster bases his talk.

TV script contains the

complete message written

down in a narrative

manuscript


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Useful Techniques in Writing

Scripts Address the entire script to a wide variety of

audience.

Use an emphatic and attention-getting initial. Make your script simple.

Make all main points stand-out

Choose sequence signals properly and use

transitions effectively Develop the script into an informal conversation

style


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Useful Techniques in Writing

Scripts Make your sentences clear and reasonably short

without going for a choppy construction.

Plan the script to fit the time limit. Limit consonants with hissing sounds such as [z]

and [s].

Use simple words.

Organize your script into an orderly a-b-c logicalmethod.


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Drafting the Manuscript

Write the script yourself giving the entire pieceunity, coherence and emphasis

Read a finished unit or portion aloud several times

and rewrite those sentences that sound affected or

forced. Type the script on a standard bond paper with

double spacing between lines in readiness for

microphone reading

Mark portions that can be cut in the event you

overtime

At the end of your script, include material that can

be added or cut as the actual speaking time allows.


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Writing Scripts of Plays

The writer of scripts of plays for radio andtelevision has to be a creative artist.

He has to be familiar with the elements of drama

and ways of theater and must be able to write and

invent situations.

He should know how to develop a dramatic idea,

with all its complexities, to a logical situation.

A radio or television play has to havea good idea for a story.


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Writing Scripts of Plays

It should have conflict. The writer has to be able to manipulate his idea into

a form which will have meaning and appeal to all

kinds of audiences.

As you prepare a script, you should remember that

those who will listen to it on the radio or see it on

television will be people just like you. Your play has

to be about human beings in human situations withwhom your audience can empathize. If they cannot

do so you can expect them to switch to another

radio stations or another television channel.


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Broadcasting in English

The language problem is a vexing one for thebeginning broadcaster.

His schooling having been in English, he will find

that he has to learn to broadcast in the national

language. This is because radio and TV programs

are, with certain exceptions, in Filipino.

The term Filipino may not even suffice here, since

the broadcasters generally use Tagalog to theconsternation of audiences in Cebu, Iloilo, Davao,

not to mention the clannish illocanos.


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Broadcasting in English

Even if you are adept in Tagalog, you have tocontend with Taglish a mongrel language. Even

seasoned Tagalistas commit this error when stuck

for lack of tagalog terms to use.

This dilemma becomes formidable when the

broadcaster finds that there is not a Tagalog term

for a certain foreign word.


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Articulation and Pronunciation

Articulation is the vocal expression orpronunciation that brings together all

articulatory organs in order to produce a

sound of speech. Accurate pronunciation and correct

articulation of sounds enhance the

acceptability of speech and heightencredibility as a speaker.


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Words in our language are made up ofphonemes (individual sounds) that combine

to give meaning.

We use our articulators, the lips, teeth,

tongue, and jaw.

Intelligibility, credibility, and precision of

pronunciation are all linked.

Articulating clearly

Breathing correctly and keeping a healthy

and relaxed throat


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SOME SIGNS OF ARTICULATION DIFFICULTIES INCLUDE:

Understanding of the childs speech by only

those who know the child well, by age 4

Taking a long time to speak or answer questions.

Showing frustration when speaking.

Avoiding to join in or to speak in groups or any

social situation and conversations.


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Confusing and substituting sounds after age 6

Missing word beginnings or endings of words

Missing parts of words, or syllables in longer wordsSaying certain speech sounds in some situations but

not others

SOME SIGNS OF ARTICULATION DIFFICULTIES INCLUDE:


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Speech Variants

Success of communication-either oral orwritten depends primarily on the extent to

which the speaker is sensitive to what is

appropriate language and the proper way ofarticulating it.


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Speech Variants

Differences inspeech and

writing

Regional and social

differences

Degree of

formality


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Pronunciation Patterns

The dictionary presents several pronunciationvariants.

There are two ways of pronouncing a word and

these are set by the style of speaking represented

by the dictionary

Formal

Colloquial

Properly translating symbols into sounds isimportant.


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Pronunciation Patterns

This is a process of three parts:

1. Observe the syllable divisions and the

spelling of each syllable.

2. Locate the accent.

3. Giving special attention to the accented

syllables, notice the markings or signs for vowels and

diphthongs.


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Vocabulary for Radio and

Television Speech The words and expressions for radio and television

must suit the needs of the general listeners and

viewers.

Scientific and technical expressions as much as

possible should be avoided.


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Television Speech Names of famous persons, historical and

contemporary places and events, commonly

used foreign words and expressions, includingnew words must make up a broadcasters

pool of words and should always be at his

fingertips .

If a scientific word must be used at all, it mustne up-to-date, accurate in choice and definition,

and very intelligible to listeners


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Television Speech In using common, everyday words, consider their

connotative and denotative meanings so that

messages you transmit will be received accurately

without any distortions.

Broadcast speech, particularly in radio, which is for

the most part extemporaneous and impromptu

must choose words accurately. The choice of vocabulary expressions sets the

message and reflects on the broadcasters

responsibility and interest in perfecting his craft.


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Your Radio and TV Audience

The broadcaster has to be able to identify hisaudience before going on the air.


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2 KINDS OF AUDIENCE IN PHILIPPINES:

Urban- served mainly by television

Rural- served mainly by radio


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2 KINDS OF AUDIENCE IN PHILIPPINES:

In Highly urban areas, you may content with:

Mid morning and early afternoon weekdayaudiences.

Evening and Sunday listeners and viewers.

Friday Afternoon and Saturday.


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As you broadcast, you must know

that your audience is not

obligated to listen to your aircast;you can never think of them as a

captive audience.


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Radio and Television Speech

The broadcast media-radio and television-pose alanguage to Filipino speakers. Our schooling being

English-oriented, we have difficulty in the broadcast

media because the language generally used is

Tagalog. This language problem especially true in

radio broadcasts which are heard throughout the

archipelago. The television broadcasts are also in

Tagalog, except of course, those prepared locally in

English and canned American and British materials,

not to speak Chinese and Spanish films.


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Radio and Television Speech Whether you use Filipino or English your manner of

speaking must be clear, easy to understand and

helpful in communicating accurate meanings.

Radio Speech because radio listeners are not

provided with visual cues to help them internalizeyour message, radio speaking must be done at a

relatively rapid rate.

Rapid in this context does not mean rushing all

your words and sentences until you run out ofbreath. It refers to a rate of speaking without

allowing your speech to drag resulting in long

pauses.


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This is where radio speaking differs radically from

that in television.

Long pauses are helpful in TV speech where sound

is accompanied by a variety of visual cues such as

the physical appearance of the speaker, facial

expressions, gestures, the set and the kind.

In radio listeners receive long pauses as silence a

questionable gap that is not very helpful in

understanding meanings.

Radio Speaking


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Pauses therefore, must be used sparingly and in

shorter duration so as not to distort the message.

Silence due to long pauses leaves an empty space

that may even project unpreparedness of

disinterest on the part of the radio speaker.

Radio Speaking


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The radio speaker can make up for the lack of visual

assistance by making full use of his voice the one

most useful instrument that can make or unmake

him as a broadcaster.

He must develop skill using a variety of voice

qualities, rate and pitch and he must have a

command of vocal expressions that can put across

ideas, sentiments and feelings very effective to his

listeners.

Radio Speaking


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Make proper preparation before you go on the air.

Practice reading your manuscript or prepare your

outline well beforehand until you become familiarwith the topic and all its ramifications so that you

may also be able to adlib as needed.

Make your reading sounds like a talk.

In developing your own speaking style amonotonous recital an artificial overemphasis or a

stage inflection.

Radio Speaking


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This unique setting means that you can speak

slower and pause for emphasis or transition longer

than in radio speaking because these visual cues

can fill the aural gaps effectively as in pointing out

details in maps or graphs, and showing films cuts of

news events.

However, longer pauses and slowness in rate should

not be stretched too far for they may lose or distort

the meaning of what is being said.

TV Speech


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Remember that you speak to your TV audience you

are the guest in the home of your viewers so keep

your voice reasonably animated withinconversational limits.

Since television technology changes rapidly and

facilitates very considerably at different stations and

channels, you will need special instructions fromdirectors and technicians in charge each time you

broadcast in order to adapt your presentation to

the special conditions at hand.

TV Speech


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Using the Microphone


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Using the Microphone

There are three basic types of microphones:

Non-directional

Uni-directional Cardioid


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Speaking from the Script

Be sure to put necessarymarks on the script for easy

reading.

Get ready with enoughmaterial to fill your time

allotment.

To prevent running short of time, you should

have included some extra material.


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When reading from a script, the faster yougo, the more robotic you sound.

Talk to your audience and read as if it is

were extemporaneous, unrehearsed andimpromptu.

Interpret the scriptwriters idea intellectually

and emotionally, sustaining your speech with

adlib comments.


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Although the speech is written by a group ofwriters, you must be able to correct or revise

it as need arises. You are in command and

most importantly, responsible. Try to be yourself and not someone else.

Even small changes that are more natural to

your normal way of speaking will make a big

impact on how you sound when reading the

script.


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A script is not a document. It's meant to beread aloud as speech. As such, it must be

written as though you are speaking,

not spoken as though it were writing.


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Youre on Camera

Clothes

Personal appearance Posture

Poise

Gestures

Body Language

FACTORS THAT ENHANCE COMMUNICATIVE EFFECTIVENESSIN A PUBLIC SPEAKING SITUATION:


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Youre on the Air

Be uninhibited. Relax. Arrange the pages of your script loosely so that

each page will slip easily over the other.

Appear to be talking rather than reading. Give life to

your script; speak with vigor, animation, assurance

and authority.

Although the script has been prepared for you,

written, rewritten and rehearsed, read as if

conversing with your audience spontaneously and

enthusiastically.


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Youre on the Air

Avoid dialectal pronunciation since these arenot appropriate especially in straight radio

speaking or announcing.

Unfamiliar words and pronunciations shouldhave been looked up and practiced earlier.

Remember to restate points at intervals for

your listeners who may have turned in late.


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Practice Broadcasts

A microphone, amplifier and loud speaker will helpyou produce stimulated broadcasts. A public

address system and a tape recorder may also be

useful for this purpose.

A centralized sound system if available in your

school can let you make radio broadcasts for the

entire school system. However, if electronic sets are

unavailable for practice broadcasts, make use of

available equipment.


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Practice Broadcasts

Arrange the broadcaster group on one side of theroom, set the live audience at the opposite side

facing away from the broadcasters and put a screen

between the two groups to have an illusion of a real

broadcast . Prepare your programin advance.

In this connection you may need

to be familiar with some signals

that can be useful in your

practice broadcast.

P i B d


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Practice Broadcasts

Cue Cut

Faster

Louder

OK Slow down

Standby

Station break

Time Signals

P i B d


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Practice Broadcasts


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Broadcasting communication

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