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THE BRITISH ISLES: How The Landscape has been ShapedLook at the video andfill in the missing words or phrases

The Outer HebridesThe Isle of lV\J\S is one of the wildest, most remote places in theBritish Isles. Here can be found the standing stones of Callanish, which are over5000 years old. The rocks they are made from are "3 (SiLLION

years old, making them the oldest things in Britain.At that time, the British Isles did not &X \Si .cotland and Ireland werenear the E - Q u A - - - r o R - while England and Wales were near the SOUT\---\POLE . Yet they were moving towards each another at a fewC-MS .per year and finally crashed together just south of '\\-tc

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SUMMARY NOTES

Shaping The LandThe British Isles has many different landscapes. Our land has been shaped by thefollowing forces:

1. Earth MovementsThe earth is over 4000 million years old. At times violent earth movements havetaken place which dramatically shaped our land. These include:~M~O~U_~~\~_(~N_~~.D~lL=t~f~N~~=- (l)- L : : C & . > . .= 6 : . . . ;_ l ~ < D , - - - - " ~ : : . > - E , ,, - A , - - - _ : L t : : = . .; ; . ,. V . : = E . ,: _ t - (10)_ \ J - , , - 0 l L A = - = ' : : : . . . = ; _ _ N _ O ~ 0 = - S (16)- - " , - C o = - . 1 l= ~ - , - \ _ , N _ _ _ ; .E _ { \S \ S _ \ _ _ I ' V I . . - - - = . = W _ . : . . . .: . . .: I N - " - = G : ; ; . . _ _ ( 1 8 )- - " - , L A - , , N < . . : : . . - : : ~ , - - - = , - L E = - V : . . . . . : 6 ; : . _ L _ ' - - , - I < - \ . . : . _ < ; _ ' . ; . _ N - = C O : ; : , _ _ ( 1 9 )

2. Agents of WeatheringAs soon as new land appeared natural forces started to break it up - calledweathering. These forces include:

_ _ _ _ _ ~ ! . . . . . ! , - = - 8 _ \ (2)r 2 - A ! N (5)-------~~-------------

3. Agents of ErosionAt the same time powerful moving forces began to wear away our rocks,transport them away and deposit them somewhere else. These forces include:~ (3)

WIND (4)_\\itP-s (6)

Wf' -VE. Acno N (12)Thanks to all these agents of weathering and erosion our mountains were worndown and our land became flatter. Most of the pieces of rock which were wornaway eventually ended up on the sea-bed.

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SUMMARY NOTES4. Rock Type

The different agents of weathering and erosion would wear away softer rocksmuch more quickly than hard rocks.Resistant.rocks such as granite form upland areas, because they have not beenworn down as quickly. Less resistant rocks, such as clay and sandstone, formlowlands because they have been worn down quickly.How resistant is a rock depends upon how it was formed. Rocks have beenformed in three ways:

A. ScCDiY.V\et '-Y\~c . . . , ; d : : . . , _ ) N _ . : : . . .E = : . . _ . : : 0 = - - 1 2 - t ' - - - - ' - " \ (8)__~W~M~C~~_\~V~N~E=- (9)_ _ c . o . = :. . . ; . A , _ , _ \ . . . (11)_ _ _ _ _ _ ;L M . : . . . = A . . . : . . ; . t . . - (14)

B. Igneous rocksThese have formed as molten rocks from inside the earth have cooled down.Theyare resistant rocks.Examples are:_ - - ' = " C Z u . : : I ? A ~ \ \ I . : _ v ~ \ E . : : . . _ ( 1 3 )_ _ ~ = - _ ; : S A : . . : _ _ : _ J ; : : _ : ' \ ( 1 7 )

C. Metamorphic rocksThese are rocks which have been changed by great heat or enormous pressure.They are also resistant rocks.Examples are:

marbleslate

New sedimentary rocks are still forming at the bottom of our seas and newigneous rocks are also forming as rocks from inside the earth move up towardsthe surface. At the same time all the agents of erosion and weathering continue tochange the shape of our land. Even next year our landscape will be very slightlydifferent and even more different in one hundred years time, one thousand yearstime and one million years time.

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Hundreds have been found in limestone rock here, making the British Isles theoriginal CSWA-sS tG PMK . Then, tVO million years ago all tracesof them disappeared.

The Seven SistersThe Seven Sisters on the SUSSEX coast are cliffs made of CHAL-1< (14). Ifthe rock is put under the microscope, the S.t-tEL-LS and SK.5 LETDNSof tiny sea-creatures can be seen. It is a huge fossil bed. So, 100 million years agoBritain was covered with water. The sea-level was 300 metres higher thanit is today. We remained at the bottom of this sea for 30 million years.Northern Ireland60 million years ago Britain was drifting towards its present position which hadtaken it cJeI?-a::o miles. On the Antrim coast of Northern Ireland are found40,000 hexagonal CoLL>M.NS called the 0lf\.rv'i.S Cf\-\JSEwA\( _ .They formed when L.A\!A . (15) from volcanoes (16) exploded on the surfaceand rapidly wo t..s ~ . The rock is called basalt (17). This affected much ofwestern Scotland as well. Itcovered much of the Isle-of S~'(e andt v \ . \jL - L - and the Isle of 'S\I\?P A where the same hexagonal columnscan be seen.All this volcanic activity was caused by the birth of the k\LA-~IC_ CCEAN _as two continents moved apart (18). Today it is 3coo miles wide and

WI D E : q . , , ) S at 2.5 inches per year.Then our land level rose (19) and the British Isles emerged from under the seabut tilted at an angle. Ithas since been shaped by WI N 'D wffiER.. ,\c..c and OIJ!t~'EL-VtS into the shapes we recognize today.And all around us rocks are being formed. The M IJ0,'S at the bottom ofthe '1HA:"M.e-S will become the next layer of bedrock in the British Isles.ScotlandIn Scotland it was a visionary genius called 'GA-rv\ES \:-t')""\TON whowas the first person to realise that the earth was millions of years old. Until thenpeople thought that the earth was l a 1900 years old. He was studying rocksnear North ~ :r'e " f2._\.tV \~ . He saw that they were made from lV\u0JS whichformed at the bottom of an ocean and were laid down at just a few WASper year. So they must have taken thousands of years to form. Then they had tobe raised above sea-level, which would also have taken thousands of years. Ontop of them are rocks formed from SA..'J-JDsand 0f .t \- \JELS which musthave taken thousands of years to form. So the earth must be very old indeed and,if the earth has evolved over a very long time, so might human beings. He turnedscience on its head two hundred years ago.

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